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VIRGIL 

IN 

ENGLISH RHYTHM. 



WITH ILLUSTRATIONS FROM THE BRITISH POETS, FROM 
CHAUCER TO COWPER. 



REV. ROBERT CORBET SINGLETON, M.A., 

FIRST WARDEN OF ST. PETER'S COLLEGE, RADLEY. 



A MANUAL FOR MASTER AND SCHOLAR. 



" Hie ilia ducis Meliboei 
Parva Philoctets subnixa Petelia muro." — ^En. III., 401, 2. 

" Sweet Poetry's 
A flow'r, where men, like bees and spiders, may- 
Bear poison, or else sweets and wax, away : 
Ee venom-drawing spiders they that will, 
I'll be the bee, and suck the honey still." 

Beaumont and Fletcher, Four Plays in One. 



SECOND EDITION, 

RE-WRITTEN AND ENLARGED. 



LONDON: 
BELL AND DALDY, YORK STREET, COVENT GARDEN. 

1871. 



1 



X 9^ 



LONDON" : 

I'RINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, STAMFORD STREET 
AND CHARING CROSS. 



out 

W. L. Shoemaker 
7 S '06 



PREFATORY REMARKS. 



It would scarcely seem to need any proof that, when the work of 
a Poet is to be translated from one language into another, the poetic 
character should still be observed ; nor is it less obvious that, if the 
object of the undertaking is the benefit of the youthful scholar, the 
strictest regard should be had to accuracy in the process. Further, 
it would appear to be quite indispensable that, whatever may be the 
design of the operation, easy numbers in the original should be 
represented by harmonious arrangement in the version. 

How far any free Translation can be of real service in the case of 
the more advanced student, is a question with which the Author of 
the following attempt has no present concern, as he designs his 
book for the advantage of those to whom such freedom would, 
in his opinion, be a positive injury ; for his object has been to 
afford assistance to the classical Teacher in the instruction of 
his young disciples, and to these latter all such laxness would surely 
be a serious evil. It is for this reason that, in producing Virgil 
in a new English dress for their benefit, he has endeavored to 
combine the three great requisites already alluded to — rigid 
exactness, poetic diction, and rhythmical flow. 

In carrying out this design, the Author has thought it necessary 
to submit to certain restrictions, from which had he relieved him- 
self, his work would have lost in usefulness, though he would have 
gained by increased facility in the execution of it. For instance, 
among other reasons, with a view to facilitate the process of con- 
struing, the Latin words havo been rendered according to the order 
in which they appear in the original, so far at least as seemed con- 



iv PREFA TORY REMARKS. 

sistent with a necessary regard to the English idiom, and the 
reasonable requirements of the rhythm. Then, again, no single 
word in the Latin has ever been consciously passed over without 
the supply of its English equivalent. Further, it has often happened 
that a passage might have been rendered much more effective by 
the employment of words different from those which have been 
used ; yet, notwithstanding the temptation to introduce them, they 
have been rejected, simply because fidelity to the Latin demanded 
others. 

Were it not, indeed, for such ties as these, the present work, 
instead of being a close Translation for the schoolboy, might with 
much less of trouble have been turned into a Poem for the general 
reader. Still, though it is not intended for the latter class, it is 
only fair to observe that any one who desires to see in English what 
Virgil says in his own tongue, will probably find him presented 
here in as agreeable a form as that of any prose version, which 
should aim at equal faithfulness, and be fettered by the same 
restrictions. 

The Translation is accompanied by copious extracts from the 
British Poets from an early date down to the beginning of the 
present century. This has been done, not only to meet the tastes 
of those for whom parallelisms have a great attraction, but also to 
impart to the young student a love for English poetry itself, by in- 
troducing him to its greatest masters, whose remains are conspicuous 
for their genius, beauty, and power. 



York, June 1. 1871. 



THE ECLOGUES. 



Eclogue I. TITYRUS. 



MELIBCEUS. TITYRUS. 



Melibceus. Thou, Tityrus, reclining under- 
neath 
A canopy of widely-spreading beech, 
Thy woodland song upon the slender pipe 
Dost practise ; we our .patrimony's bourns, 
And charming fields, are leaving ; native 

land 
We fly : thou, Tit'rus, easy in the shade, 
Dost teach the woods with Amaryll the fair 
To ring. 

Tityrus. O, Melibceus, 'tis a god 

These restful hours for us hath gained. 

For he 
Shall ever be a god to me : his altar oft io 
A tender lambkin from our folds shall steep. 
He hath allowed mykine to rove at large — 
As thou perceivest — and myself to play 
What [airs] I list upon my rural reed. 

Mel. In sooth I envy not ; I marvel 
more : 



Line 3-5. The complaint of Meliboeus somewhat 
resembles that of Colin in Spenser's ShepJieard's 
Calender, June 13-16 : 

" Thy lovely layes here maist thou freely boste ; 
But I, unhappie man ! whom cruell Fate 
And angrie gods pursue from coste to coste, 
Can no where finde to shroude my luckless 
pate." 

Elsewhere Colin follows the example of Tityrus, 
but surpasses his prototype ; Colin Clout, 636 : 
" The speaking woods, and murmuring waters fall, 
Her name I'll teach in knowen termes to frame ; 

And eke my lambs, when for their dams they call, 
I'll teach to call for Cynthia by name." 

Shakespeare, with great beauty : 
" Holla your name to the reverberate hills, 

And make the babbling gossip of the air 

Cry out, ' Olivia !' " ~ Twelfth Night, i. 5. 

Elsewhere, somewhat differently : 
" Bondage is hoarse, and may not speak aloud ; 

Else would I tear the cave where Echo lies, 

And make her airy tongue more hoarse than mine, 

With repetition of my Romeo's name." 

Romeo and Juliet, ii. 2. 

7. J. Fletcher has "Amaryll" for "Amaryllis," 
where the metre required it ; e. g., The Faithful 
Shepherdess, \: 3. 



Through the whole country round to such 

extent 
Confusion reigns. Lo ! I [these] female 

goats 
Myself am driving onward, sick at heart ; 
This, too, with effort, Tityrus, I lead. 
For here, among the clustered hazel-shrubs, 
Twins having yeaned but now, my hope of 

flock, 21 

Alas ! she left them on the naked flint. 
Oft this mischance to us — had not my wit 
Been stupid — I remember that the oaks, 
Blasted from heav'n, foretold ; [this] oft 

foretold 
The luckless crow from out the hollow holm. 
But ne'er theless, that deity of thine 
Who may he be, impart, O Tityrus, 
To us. 

Tit. The city which they title " Rome," 
O Melibceus, I, a simpleton, 30 

Deemed like to this of ours, whither oft 
We shepherds are accustomed down to drive 
The ewes' soft offspring. So I knew that 

whelps 
Were like to dogs, so kidlings to their dams ; 
So with the petty to compare the great 
Was I accustomed. But as high hath this 
'Mong other cities lifted up her head, 

24. " As when Heaven's fire 

Hath scath'd the forest oaks, or mountain pines ; 
With singed top their stately growth, though bare, 
Stands on the blasted heath." Milton, P. L. i. 

" My piteous plight in yonder naked tree, 
Which bears the thunder-scar, too plain I see ; 
Quite destitute it stands of shelter kind, 
The mark of storms, and sport of every wind." 
A. Philips, Past. 2. 

26. " For did you ever hear the dusky raven 
Chide blackness ?" 

John Webster, Vittoria Corombona, v. 1. 

36. " Look down, Drusilla, on these lofty towers. 
These spacious streets, where every private house 
Appears a palace to receive a king : 
The site, the wealth, the beauty of the place, 
Will soon inform thee 'tis imperious Rome : 
Rome, the great mistress of the conquered world." 
J. Fletcher, The Prophetess, ii. 3. 
B 



V. 26 — 3 6 - 



ECLOGUE I. 



v. 37—55- 



As cypresses are wont among the lithe 
Wayfaring bushes. 

Mel. Pray, what proved to thee 
So grave a reason for thy seeing Rome ? 40 

Tit. 'Twas Freedom, which, [though] 
late, yet cast a look 
Upon an idle man, when once his beard 
More silv'ry to the shaver 'gan to fall. 
Yet did she look, and after length of time 
She came, since us doth Amaryllis own, 
[Us] Galatee hath left. For — seeing I 
Will it avow — so long as Galatee 
Enthralled us, there was neither hope 
Of freedom, nor for perquisite concern. 
Though many a victim issued from my folds, 
And for the thankless city oily cheese 51 
Was pressed, ne'er laden with a coin for me, 
Did [this] my right hand to my home return. 

43. Tendenti, the "barber," should the reader 
prefer it : but it may be supposed that a slave 
would shave his own beard when cash was scarce. 
A barber would find some difficulty in giving such 
a spendthrift as Tityrus any credit. 

45. Tityrus seems to have been somewhat in the 
condition of Cowley, if we may judge from his 
ballad of infinite playfulness, the Chronicle ; e. g. : 

" Mary then, and gentle Anne, 
Both to reign at once began : 
Alternately they sway'd ; 
And sometimes Mary was the fair, 
And sometimes Anne the crown did wear, 
And sometimes both I obeyed." 

46. Perhaps it was his own fault, like Thenot's 
in Fletcher's Faithful Shepherdess, iv. 5 : 

"Oh, hapless love, which, being answered, ends ! 
And, as a little infant cries and bends 
His tender brows, when, rolling of his eye, 
He hath espied something that glisters nigh, 
Which he would have ; yet, give it him, away 
He throws it straight, and cries afresh to play 
With something else: such my affection, set 
On that which I should loathe if I could get." 
Perhaps it was Galatea's : 

" Go, false one ! now I see the cheat : 
Your love was all a counterfeit, 
And I was galled to think that you, 
Or any she, could long be true. 
How could you once so kind appear, 
To kiss, to sigh, to shed a tear, 
To cherish and caress me so, 
And now not let, but bid, me go?" 

Charles Cotton,~.SV>M«^. 
48. " For such a foole I doe him firmly hold, 

That loves his fetters, though they were of gold." 
Spenser, F. Q., hi. 9, 8. 

51. Tityrus would probably have been dissatisfied 
with Cicero : 

" Should Rome, for whom you've done the happY 
service, 
Turn most ingrate, yet were your virtue paid 
In conscience of the fact : so much good deeds 
Reward themselves !" 

Ben Jonson, Catiline, iii. 2. 

52. The cause of Tityrus coming home with 
empty purse was the same that enriched Autolycus, 
at the Clown's expense, in Shakespeare's Winter's 
Talc, iv. 3 : 



Mel. I used to marvel, Amaryllis, why, 
In sorrow, on the gods thou wouldest call ; 
For whom thou would'st allow the fruits to 

hang 
Upon their native tree : 'twas Tityrus 
Was absent hence. The very pines on 

thee, 

Tityrus, on thee the very springs, 
These very copses called. 

Tit. What could I do ? 60 

1 neither from my bondage could escape, 
Nor elsewhere come to know such kindly 

gods. 
Here I that youth, O Melibceus, saw, 
T' whom yearly twice six days our altars 

smoke ; 
'Twas here to me, his suppliant, he first 
Vouchsafed the answer, " Feed, as hitherto, 
Your oxen, O my swains, break in your 

bulls." 
Mel. O blest old" man, then thine thy 

fields shall bide ! 
Yea, large enough for thee, though naked 

stone 
May [cover] all, and fen with oozy rush 70 
The pastures overlay. No wontless food 
Shall harm the breeding females great with 

young, 
Nor scathful contact with a neighbor flock 
Shall damage them. O blest old man, thou 

here, 
Amid familiar streams and hallowed springs, 
Shalt snatch the shady cool. On hither 

side, 
The hedge, which at th' adjoining boundary 
Hath aye its willow-blossom made a feast 
By bees of Hybla, oft shall thee entice 



" If I were not in love with Mopsa, thou shouldst 
take no money of me ; but being enthralled as I 
am, it will also be the bondage of certain ribands 
and gloves." 

67. " You virgins, that did late despair 
To keep your wealth from cruel men, 
Tie up in silk your careless hair, 
Soft peace is come again. 
Now lovers' eyes may gently shoot 

A flame that will not kill ; 
The drum was angry, but the lute 
Shall whisper what you will. 
Sing Io, Io ! for his sake, 

Who hath restored your drooping heads ; 
With choice of sweetest flou-ers, make 

A garden where he treads : 
Whilst we whole groves of laurel bring, 

A petty triumph to his brow, 
Who is the master of our spring, 
And all the bloom we owe." 

Shirley, The Imposture, i. 2. 

76. Or— " Shalt shady cool enjoy." 

See Eel. ii. I. 12. 

79. " There flowery hill Hymettus, with the sound 
Of bees' industrious murmur, oft invites 
To studious musing." Milton, P. ft. b. iv. 



v. 56 — 66. 



ECLOGUE I. 



v. 66—80. 



By gentle murmuring to drop to sleep. 80 
On th' other side, beneath the lofty rock, 
The pruner shall be warbling to the gales ; 
Nor yet, meanwhile, hoarse culvers, thy 

delight, 
Nor turtle, cease from tow'ring elm to coo. 
j. it. Then sooner nimble harts shall feed 

in air, 
And seas leave fishes bare upon the strand ; 
Sooner, — both countries' frontiers traversed 

o'er, — 
Or Parthian exile shall the Arar drink, 
Or Germany the Tigris, than his looks 
Can from my bosom fade away. 

Mel. But we, 90 

Some hence shall pass to Afric's thirsty sons; 
At Scythia others of us shall arrive, 

84. " Making that murm'ring noise that cooing 
doves 
Use in the soft expression of their loves." 
Dryden, The Indian Queen, iii. i. 
" No more shall meads be decked with flowers, 

Nor sweetness dwell in rosy bowers ; 

Nor greenest buds on branches spring, 

Nor warbling birds delight to sing ; 

Nor April violets paint the grove, 

Ere I forget my Celia's love." 

Carew, The Protestation. 

Shakespeare uses the powerful aid of impossi- 
bilities for a different purpose ; Merchant of 
Venice, iv. 1 : 
" You may as well go stand upon the beach, 

And bid the main flood bate his usual height ; 

You may as well use question with the wolf, 

Why he hath made the ewe bleat for the lamb ; 

You may as well forbid the mountain pines 

To wag their high tops, and to make no noise, 

When they are fretted with the gusts of heaven, 

As seek to soften that, his Jewish heart." 

And again, in Coriolanus, v. 3 : 
" Then let the pebbles on the hungry beach 

Fillip the stars ; then let the mutinous winds 

Strike the proud cedars 'gainst the fiery sun, 

Murdering impossibility, to make 

What cannot be, slight work." 
91. " But poorer now than poverty itself;" 

" Now, like a sea-tost navy in a storm, 
Must we be severed unto divers shores ?" 

Webster, The Weakest goeth to the Wall, ii. 3. 
" Thou hast forced 

My heart to sigh, my hands to beat my breast, 

My feet to travel, and my eyes to weep." iii. 1. 

Goldsmith feelingly alludes to the miseries of 

exile : 

" Have we not seen, at pleasure's lordly call, 
The smiling, long-frequented village fall 1 
Beheld the duteous son, the sire decay'd, 
The modest matron, and the blushing maid, 
Forced from their homes, a melancholy train, 
To traverse climes beyond the western main ; 
Where wild Oswego spreads her swamps around, 
And Niagara stuns with thundering sound ?" 

Traveller. 
Again in the Deserted Village : 

" Ah, no ! To distant climes, a dreary scene, 
Where half the convex world intrudes between, 
Through torrid tracts with fainting steps they go, 
Where wild Altama murmurs to their woe." 



And Crete's swift Axus; at the Britons, too, 
Cut off completely by the whole of earth. 
Lo ! shall I ever, [though] a long time hence, 
My native bourns, and humble cabin's roof, 
Uppiled with turf, some beards of corn — 

my realm — 
Hereafter viewing, be in wonder held ? 
Shall these fresh-broken lands, so finely 

tilled, 
A godless soldier hold ? a foreigner 100 
These crops of corn ? Behold ! to what a 

pass 
Disunion us poor citizens hath brought ! 
Behold ! for whom we've sown the fields ! 

Graft now 
Thy pear-trees, Meliboeus, range arow 
Thy vines. Away! my goats, once happy 

flock, 
Away! You nevermore shall I, [while] 

stretched 
Within the verdant grot, see hanging far 
Adown the braky cliff; no carols I 
Shall sing; with me to feed you, O my 

goats, 
No [more] upon the cytisus in bloom, no 
And bitter sprays of willow, shall you 

browse. 
Tit. Yet here this night hadst thou along 

with me 



" Far different these from every former scene, — 
The cooling brook, the grassy-vested green, 
The breezy covert of the warbling grove, 
That only shelter'd thefts of harmless love." 

94. So Ambrose Philips, with a pleasing variety ; 

Past. 2 : 

" Sweet are thy banks ! Oh, when shall I once more 
With ravish'd eyes review thine amell'd shore ? 
When in the crystal of thy waters scan 
Each feature faded, and my colour wan ? 
When shall I see my hut, the small abode 
Myself did raise, and cover o'er with sod ? 
Small though it be, a mean and humble cell, 
Yet is there room for peace and me to dwell." 

100. " His stubborn hands my net hath broken 
quite ; 
My fish, the guerdon of my toil and pain, 
He causeless seized, and, with ungrateful spite, 
Bestowed upon a less deserving swain : 
The cost and labour mine, his all the gain." 
P. Fletcher, Eel. ii. 7. 

" So many new-born flies his light gave life to, 
Buzz in his beams, flesh-flies and butterflies, 
Hornets, and humming scarabs, that not one 

honey-bee, 
That's loaden with true labour, and brings home 
Increase and credit, can 'scape rifling ; 
And what she sucks for sweet, they turn to bit- 
terness." J. Fletcher, The Loyal Subject, ii. 5. 

112. So Spenser's She/heards Calender, Sep- 
tember, 254 : 

" But if to my cotage thou wilt resort, 
So as I can I will thee comfort ; 
There mayst thou ligge in a vetchy bed, 
Till fairer Fortune shew forth his head." J 



ECLOGUE II 



v. 84. 



Been able on the leaf of green to rest. 
With us are mellow apples, chestnuts soft, 
And store of curded milk ; and now afar 
The roof-tops of the rural houses smoke, 

113. The young student maybe referred to Ec. 
ix. 50, where he will see that poma is used of 
pears. 

116. Milton treats the idea in the closing line 
differently : 

" And now the sun had stretched out all the hills." 

Lycidas. 



And longer fall from lofty mounts the 
shades. 



Collins, with a further variety ; Ec. iii. : 

" While evening dews enrich the glittering glade, 
And the tall forests cast a longer shade." 

Dryden applies the idea figuratively to the de- 
clining age of David, king of Israel : 
" Behold him setting in the western skies, 

The shadows lengthening as the vapours rise." 
Absalom, and Achitophel, 268, 9. 



Eclogue II. ALEXIS. 



The shepherd Corydon with fervor loved 
The fair Alexis, darling of his lord ; 
Nor had he aught to hope : only among 
The clustered beeches, shade-abounding 

crests, 
He used unceasingly to come : he there 
Would these unstudied [verses], all alone, 
To mounts and forests fling with idle zeal. 

O barbarous Alexis, reckest thou 
Naught of my lays ? no pity hast for me ? 
Thou in the end wilt goad me on to die. 10 
Now e'en the cattle snatch the shades and 

cool ; 
Now e'en the thorny brakes green lizards 

shroud ; 
And Thestylis for reapers, faint with raging 

heat, 
Together bruises garlic and wild thyme, 
Herbs strong of odor : but along with me, 

Line 6, 7. "Give sorrow words: the grief, that 

does not speak, 
Whispers the o'er fraught heart, and bids it break." 

Macbeth, iv. 3. 
" Unkindness, do thy office ! poor heart, break ! 
Those are the killing griefs, which dare not 
speak." Webster, Vittoria Corombona, ii. 1. 
9. " Mercy hangs upon your brow, like a precious 
jewel, 

O let not then, 
Most lovely maid, best to be loved of men, 
Marble lie upon your heart, that will make you 
cruel ! 

Pity, pity, pity ! 
Pity, pity, pity ! 
That word begins that ends a true-love ditty." 
T. Middleton, Blurt, iii. 1. 
13. Milton makes his Thestylis assist the reapers 
in a different way, assigning the culinary depart- 
ment to Phillis : 

" Hard by, a cottage-chimney smokes, 
From betwixt two aged oaks, 
Where Corydon and Thyrsis met, 
Are at their savoury dinner set 
Of herbs and other country messes, 
Which the neat-handed Phyllis dresses ; 
And then in haste her bower she leaves, 
With Thestylis to bind the sheaves." 

V Allegro. 



Thy footsteps while I trace, ring out the trees 
With hoarse cicadas 'neath a blazing sun. 
Was it not better brook the rueful wrath 
Of Amaryllis, and her haughty scorn ? 
Not [better brook] Menalcas? e'en though 
he 20 

Were swarthy, e'en though thou wert fair. 

lovely boy, trust not too much thy hue : 
White privets drop, dark martagons are 

culled. 
By thee am I disdained; nor who I am 
Dost thou, Alexis, ask ; how rich in flock, 
How full to overflow in snowy milk. 
A thousand lambs of mine upon the mounts 
Of Sic'ly wander ; new milk fails me not 
In summer-tide, nor in the [wintry] cold. 

1 chant [the lays] which used — if e'er his 

droves 30 

He called — Amphion, of Dircsean [birth], 
On Attic Aracynth. Nor am I so 
Uncomely. Late I viewed me on the shore. 



21. " Why, sir ? black 

(For 'tis the colour that offends your eyesight,) 
Is not within my reading, any blemish : 
Sables are no disgrace in heraldry." 

Shirley, Lady of Pleasure, ii. 1. 
27. " Two thousand sheep have I as white as milk, 
Though not so sweet as is thy lovely face ; 
The pasture rich, the wool as soft as silk : 
All this I give, let me possess thy grace." 

Sir Philip Sidney, The Lady of May. 
"An hundred udders for the pail I have, 
That give me milk and curds, that make me cheese 
To cloy the markets ; twenty swarm of bees, 
Whilk all the summer hum about the hive, 
And bring me wax and honey in *bilive." 

B. Jonson, Sad Shepherd, ii. I. 
33. This may call to mind the language of Eve : 
" And laid me down .... to look into the clear 
Smooth lake, that to me seemed another sky. 
As I bent down to look, just opposite 
A shape within the watery gleam appeared, 
Bending to look on me : I started back, 
It started back ; but pleased, I soon returned." 
Milton, P. L., iv. 



* " Bilive," with life, quickly. 



v. 26 — 4 2 « 



ECLOGUE II. 



v. 43—59- 



When quiet through the breezes stood the 

sea : 
I should not Daphnis fear, thyself the judge, 
Since never doth reflection's form beguile. 
Oh ! could it but thy pleasure be with me 
The paltry farms, and unobtrusive cots, 
To haunt, and pierce the harts, and drive 

in group 
The flock of kidlings to the mallow green \ 
With me together in the forests thou 41 
Shalt copy Pan in singing. Pan first taught 
To brace together divers reeds with wax ; 
Pan guards the sheep and keepers of the 

sheep. 
Nor let it irk thee with a reed to chafe 
Thy tiny lip : that he these very [strains] 
Might master, what did not Amyntas do ? 
I have, with seven unequal hemlock-reeds 
Close set, a pipe, which for a gift to me 
Damcetas whilom gave, and, dying, said, 50 
' ' Thee now doth this its second master 

own." 
Damcetas spoke ; the fool Amyntas grudged. 
Moreo'er, two roes, discovered by myself 
In no safe glen, their coats e'en still be- 
sprent 
With white, a ewe's twain udders daily 

drain : 
Which I for thee reserve. This long time 
past, 

33. Carew gives another turn to the idea : 
" Stand still, you floods ! do not deface 
That image which you bear : 
So votaries, from every place, 

To you shall altars rear. 
No winds but lovers' sighs blow here, 

To trouble these glad streams, 
On which no star from any sphere 

Did ever dart such beams. 
To crystal, then, in haste congeal, 
Lest you should lose your bliss ; 
And to my cruel fair reveal 
How cold, how hard she is." 
Sight of a Gentlewoman' s face in the Water. 
" And fair my flock, nor yet uncomely I, 
If liquid fountains flatter not : — and why 
Should liquid fountains flatter us, yet show 
The bordering flowers less beauteous than they 

grow?" A. Philips, Past. 1. 

38. See C. Cotton's " Invitation to Phillis." Also 
Note on y2f«. vi. /. 248. 

" I must have you 
To my country villa : rise before the sun, 
Then make a breakfast of the morning dew, 
Served up by Nature on some grassy hill : 
You'll find it nectar." 

Philip Massinger, The Guardian, i. 1. 
44. " Sing his praises, that doth keep 
Our flocks from harm, 
Pan, the father of our sheep ; 

And arm in arm 
Tread we softly in a round, 
Whilst the hollow neighbouring ground 
Fills the music with her sound." 

J. Fletcher, Faithful Shepherdess, i. 2. 



That she might cany them away from me, 
Hath Thestylis been craving, and her end 

will gain, 
Since paltry are my presents in thine eyes. 
Come hither, O thou beauteous boy ! For 

thee 60 

Their lilies, lo ! in baskets full, the Nymphs 
Are carrying ; for thee a Naiad fair, 
Her sallow gillyflowers and the heads 
Of poppies gath'ring, doth narcissus add, 
And blossom of the sweetly-smelling dill : 
Then, interlacing them with widow -waile, 
And other fragrant plants, soft martagons 
Betrims with yellowing caltha. I myself 
Will cull thee quinces hoar with velvet 

down, . 
And chestnuts, which my Amaryllis loved. 
I waxy plums will add : to this fruit, too, 
Shall dignity be [deigned] : and you, O 

bays, 72 

I'll cull, and thee, O myrtle-plant, the next, 
Since ye, so placed, your musky perfumes 

blend. 
A boor thou art, O Corydon, nor recks 
Alexis of thy gifts ; nor, if in gifts 
Should'st thou vie with him, would Iollas 

yield. 
Alas ! alas ! what is it I have willed 
For my unhappy self ? Upon my flowers 
The southern blast, and on my crystal 

springs 80. 



58. " And she will do so," is very tame. 

61. So "Sensuality" in Nabbes' Microcosmus, iv. 
" Gather all the flowers 

Tempe is painted with, and strew his way. 

Translate my bower to Turia's rosy banks ; 

There, with a chorus of sweet nightingales, 

Make it perpetual spring." 
Similarly Venus engages to Paris : 
" The laurel and the myrtle shall compose 
Thy arbours, interwoven with the rose, 
And honey-dropping woodbine ; on the ground 
The flowers ambitiously shall crowd themselves 
Into love-knots and coronets, to entangle 
Thy feet, that they may kiss them as they tread, 
And keep them prisoners in their amorous stalks." 
Shirley, Triumph of Beauty. 
69. " I pr'ythee let me bring thee where crabs 

grow ; 
And I with my long nails will dig thee pig-nuts ; 
Show thee a jay's nest, and instruct thee how 
To snare the nimble marmoset : I'll bring thee 
To clustering filberds, and sometimes I'll get 

thee 
Young scamels from the rock : wilt thou go with 

me t" Shakespeare, Tempest, ii. 2. 

75 Spenser imitates Virgil here : Shepheard's 
Calender, January, 55 : 

" It is not Hobbinol wherefore I plaine, 
Albee my love hee seeke with dayly suit ; 
His clownish gifts and curtsies I disdaine, 
His kids, his cracknelles, and his early fruit." 
80. " I am no prophet, nor do wish to see 
Upon your spring another wind, than what 



v. 59 — 68. 



ECLOGUE III. 



v. 69—73- 



Wild boars have I, [to reason] lost, let in. 
Whom art thou flying, ah ! thou witless 

one ? 
Even the gods have tenanted the woods, 
And Dardan Paris. Pallas by herself 
Let haunt the fortresses, which she hath 

built ; 
Us above all things let the woods delight. 
The grisly lioness pursues the wolf ; 
The wolf himself the goat ; the cytisus 
In blossom doth the wanton goat pursue ; 
Thee, O Alexis, Corydon : draws each 90 
His proper fancy. See, the ploughs up- 
raised 
The bullocks by the yoke are bearing home ; 
The sun, too, doubles, as he draws away, 
The lengthening shades : me, ne'ertheless, 

is love 
Consuming ; for what bound can there be set 



The wings of pregnant western gales do enrich 
The air withal, which, gliding as you walk, 
May kiss the teeming flowers, and with soft breath 
Open the buds, to welcome their preserver." 

Shirley, The Imposture, iii. 3. 

90. " And every humour hath its adjunct pleasure, 
Wherein it finds a joy above the rest." 

Shakespeare, Sonnet 91. 
The force of ipse, in verse 63 of the original, 

would be best brought out by "in turn." 



To love ? Ah ! Corydon, [ah !] Corydon, 

What frenzy thee hath seized ! Half- 
pruned for thee 

Thy vine is [lying] on the leafy elm. 

Why rather dost thou not some [share], at 
least, 

Of what thy service needs, prepare thee to 
weave off 100 

Of withes and pliant rush? If this doth 
thee 

Disdain, another Alexis thou shalt find. 



100. How clearly the poet saw that useful em- 
ployment was a cure for irregular desires ! 
" Wherefore if thou, I say, 

Dost covet to avoid 
That Bedlam Boy's deceitful bow, 
That others hath annoyed : 
Eschew the idle life \ 

Flee ! flee from doing naught : 
For never was there idle brain 
But bred an idle thought." 

Turberville,' The Lover to Cttpid. 
Philosophy, religious solitude 
And labour wait on temperance. In these 
Desire is bounded ; they instruct the mind's 
And body's actions. 'Tis lascivious ease, 
That gives the first beginning to all ills. 
The thoughts being busied on good objects, sin 
Can never find a way to enter in." 

Nabbes, Microcosmus,\v. 



Eclogue III. PAL^EMON. 



MENALCAS. DAMGETAS. PAL^EMON. 



Menalcas. Inform me, O Damcetas ! whose 

the flock ? 
Is't that of Melibceus ? 

Damcetas, It is not, 

But ^Egon's ; yEgon lately it consigned 
To me. 

Men. O sheep, ye ever luckless flock ! 
While he himself Neaera fonds, and dreads 
Lest she should me prefer to him, his ewes 
This caitiff keeper milketh twice an hour, 
And from the flock the sap is filched away, 
And from the lambs the milk. 

Dam. Still bear in mind 

Lifie 7. It is very doubtful that alienns means 
"hireling;" for Damcetas may have been in too 
comfortable a position to accept of formal pay. He 
paid himself, however, unless Menalcas was un- 
truthful, — which he may very well have been, and 
his companion with him. The character of each 
depends on the testimony of the other ; and all that 
is certain is, that they had both very abusive 
tongues. The probability is, that Damcetas was a 
thief, at all events ; and so he need not have sought 
a remuneration for his trouble in honest cash. Vide 
v. 16 of the Latin text. 



That these [misdoings] should with more 
reserve 10 

Be charged on those who 're men. We 
know both who 

'Twas . . . thee, — the he-goats eyeing it 
askance, — 

And in what holy grot ; — but laughed the 
easy Nymphs. 
Men. 'Twas then, I fancy, when they me 
espied 

With scathful bill-hook hacking Mycon's 
grove, 

And infant vines. 

Dam. Or here by th' aged beech, 

When you the bow and shafts of Daphnis 
broke ; 

Which when, O curst Menalcas, you be- 
held 

Bestowed upon the lad, you were not only 
vexed, 



15. Mala may either be referred to fake, as in 
the translation ; or to Damcetas, when it should be 
rendered "spiteful." 



v. I5—3L 



ECLOGUE III. 



v. 32—39. 



But, if you had not somehow done him 
harm, 20 

You would have died. 

Men. What can flock-owners do, 

When venture knaves the like? Did I not 
see 

You, villain, Damon's he-goat catch by 
craft, 

Lycisca in full bark? And when I cried, 

" Now whither doth yon fellow hie him 
off? 

O Tityrus, collect thy flock," — you skulked 

Behind the rush-plats. 

Dam. Should he not, when beat 

In playing, give the he-goat up to me, 

Which my reed-pipe had by its warblings 
won? 

Should you not know it, that he-goat was 
mine ; 30 

And Damon did himself acknowledge it 

To me, but said he could not give it up. 
Men. In playingjvw* beat him ? Or hath 
a pipe, 

With wax cemented, e'er belonged to you ? 

Were you not in the crossways, dunder- 
head, 

Customed to murder some unhappy tune 

Upon your squeaking straw? 
Dam. Do you, then, wish 

We should between us try what each can do 

By turns ? I this young cow (lest you per- 
chance 

Decline, twice comes she to the pail, twin 
calves 40 

She suckles at her udder ;) stake : do you 



20. Anthon, in referring nocuisses to the bow and 
arrows, seems to be singular. 

ex. " You are a rascal ! he that dares be false 
To a master, though unjust, will ne'er be true 
To any other." 

P. Massinger, A New Way to Pay Old Debts, v. 1. 

35. "Soft! Whither away so fast? 
A true man, or a thief, that gallops so ?" 

Shakespeare, Love's Labour's Lost, iv. 3. 

b6. " Contemned of all ! and kicked too ! Now I 
find it : 
My valour's fled, too, with mine honesty ; 
For since I would be knave I must be coward." 
Beaumont and Fletcher, The False One, iii. 2. 

36. " Gracculo. Our most humble suit is, 
We may not twice be executed. 

Timoleon. Twice ! How meanest thou ? 
Grac. At the gallows first, and after in a ballad 
Sung to some villainous tune." 

Massinger, Bondman, v. 3. 

" You shall scrape, and I will sing 
A scurvy ditty to a scurvy tune." 

Duke of Milan, ii. 1. 
See Milton's Lycidas : 
" And when they list, their lean and flashy songs 
Grate on their scrannel pipes of wretched straw." 



Say with what bet you will with me com- 
pete. 
Men. Aught from the herd I could not 
dare to stake 
With you : for I a father have at home, 
A harsh step-dame I have : and twice a day 
They reckon over, both of them the flock, 
And one the kids. But that which you, 

e'en you, 
Yourself, by far more costly will admit — 
Seeing it is your fancy to be mad — 
My beech en cups I'll pledge, the graven- 
work 50 
Of heav'n-inspired Alcimedon, whereon, 
Embossed upon them with an easy tool, 
A limber vine attires the berry tufts, 
Profusely scattered by the ivy wan. 



44. Spenser has imitated this passage ; Sh. Cal.„ 
March, 40: 

" For, alas ! at home I have a syre, 

A stepdame eke, as hote as fyre, 

That dewly adayes counts mine." 

So the unfortunate Imogen complains of 

" A father cruel, and a stepdame false." 

Shakespeare, Cymbeline, i. 7. 
"A father? No! 
In kinde a father, not in kindlinesse." 
Thomas Sackville, Ferrex and Porrex, i. 1. 
46. " His corn and cattle served the neighbour 
towns 
With plentiful provision, yet his thrift 
Could miss one beast among the herd." 

J. Fletcher, The Noble Gentleman, ii. 1. 

52. On a comparison of v. 38 of the Latin with 
Ec. v. 42, it seems doubtful that Salmasius and La 
Cerda are right in taking torno to mean a " lathe," 
and superaddita, " superadded." This latter word 
there plainly means " inscribed ;" and so here it 
appears to have the force of " embossed over." 

53. So Spenser, in his 8th iEglogue, which is 
amcebsean, in imitation of his predecessors, Theo- 
critus and Virgil : 

" And over them spred a goodly wilde vine, 
Entrailed with a wanton yvy twine." 

Sh. Cal., Aug. 29. 
And again, he ornaments the porch of the Castle 

of Temperance with the ivy and vine ; Faerie 

Queene, ii. 9, 24 : 

" Of hewen stone the porch was fayrely wrought, 
Stone more of valew, and more smooth and fine, 
Then iett or marble far from Ireland brought : 
Over the which was cast a wandring vine, 
Enchaced with a wanton yvie twine." 
The same image of trailing ivy is reproduced in 

an exquisite passage in the description of a fountain 

in the " Bower of Bliss ;" F. Q., ii. 12, 61 : 

" And over all of purest gold was spred 
A trayle of yvie in his native hew ; 
For the rich metall was so coloured, 
That wight, who did not well avis'd it vew, 
Would surely deeme it to bee yvie trew : 
Low his lascivious armes adown did creepe, 
That themselves dipping in the silver dew 
Their fleecy flowres they fearfully did steepe, 

Which drops of christall seemd for wantones to 
weep." 



8 



4°— 49- 



ECLOGUE III. 



v. 50 — 70. 



[Stand] in the midst two figures — Conon, 

and — 
Who was the other one, that with his 

wand 
Mapped out for earth the universal sphere; 
The seasons which the sickleman, those 

which 
The stooping ploughman should observe ? 

My lips 
I have not hitherto to them approached, 60 
But keep them up in store. 

Dam. For us as well 

The same Alcimedon two cups hath made, 
And with the soft acanthus wreathed 

around 
Their handles, and an Orpheus in the midst 
Hath set, and forests following him. My 

lips 
•I have not hitherto to them approached, 
But keep them up in store. If you give 

heed 
To my young cow, there is no ground for 

you 
To praise your cups. 

Men. You never shall escape 

This day ; I'll come where'er you've called. 

Let but— 



56. As Virgil did not want to make Menalcas too 
learned, so Spenser makes Thomalin {Sh. Cal., 
July, 161), after mentioning Moses, forget Aaron's 
name: 

" This had a brother (his name I knew)," &c. 
Gay is more true to pastoral life than any of his 
predecessors : his swains have not even heard of 
philosophers. See the Shepherd's Week, Monday, 
20-30. 

64. Shakespeare's song in Henry the Eighth will 
readily occur to the reader ; iii. 1 : 

" Orpheus with his lute made trees, 
And the mountain-tops that freeze, 

Bend themselves when he did sing : 
To his music plants and flowers 
Ever sprung ; as sun and showers, 
There had been a lasting spring. 
" Every thing that heard him play, 
Even the billows of the sea, 

Hung their heads, and then lay by : 
In sweet music is such art — 
Killing care and grief of heart 
Fall asleep, or, hearing, die." 
Dryden puts the immortal Purcell before Orpheus : 
" We beg not hell our Orpheus to restore ; 
Had he been there, 
Their sovereign's fear 
Had sent him back before. 
The power of harmony too well they knew : 
He long ere this had tuned their jarring sphere, 
And left no hell below." 
Elegy on the Death of Mr. Purcell. 
" Music has charms to soothe a savage breast, 
To soften rocks, or bend a knotted oak. 
I've read that things inanimate have moved, 
And, as with living souls, have been informed 
By magic numbers and persuasive sound." 
Congreve, I he Mourning Bride, I. u 1-5. 



Hear these, or let Palaemon, who, behold, 
Is coming. I shall manage that henceforth 
You do not challenge any man at song. 
Dam. Come, then, if aught thou hast: 

in me delay 
There shall be none, nor any man I fly; 
Only, Palaemon neighbor, these store up 
Within thy deepest thoughts — the matter is 
No trifle. 

Palcemon. Sing ye on, since we our seats 
Have ta'en together on the velvet turf; 79 
And now teems every field, now every tree, 
Now leaf the woods, now fairest is the year. 
Begin, Damcetas; thou shalt follow then, 
Menalcas: in alternate strains ye' 11 sing : 
Camenian [maidens] love alternate strains. 
Da?n. From Jove, ye muses, is my 

spring [of song]; 
Of Jove are all things full; he tends the 

lands; 
For him my lays an interest possess. 

Men. And me doth Phoebus love; his 

rightful gifts 

For Phoebus are for ever [found] with me — 

His bays, and sweetly-blushing martagon. 90 

Dam. Me with an apple Galatsea pelts — 

The wanton maid — and towards the willow 

trees 
She hies, and longs that she may first be 

seen. 
Men. Aye, but to me presents himself 

unasked 
My flame Amyntas, so that Delia is 
No longer more familiar to our dogs. 
Dam. For my own Venus presents are 

procured; 
For I myself marked out the spot, whereon 
The airy culvers have amassed [their nest]. 
Men. That which I could, ten golden 

apples culled, 100 



72. " I loathe to brawl with such a blast as thou, 
Who art nought but a valiant voice ; but if 
Thou shalt provoke me further, men shall say, 
' Thou wert,' and not lament it." 

Beaumont and Fletcher, Philaster, i. 2. 

73. Lacessas (v. 51) would seem to mean "chal- 
lenge," and not "provoke," for the reasons which 
are given by Dr. Trapp. 

78. Palaemon might have replied : 

" Why, look you, sir ! I can be as calm as silence 
All the while music plays. Strike on, sweet friend, 
As mild and merry as the heart of innocence." 

T. Middleton, The Mayor of Queenborough, iii. 1. 

93. " He kissed her, and breathed life into her lips, 
Wherewith, as one displeased, away she trips ; 
Yet, as she went, full often looked behind." 
C. Marlowe, Hero and Lea?tder, Sestiad iii. 3-6. 

" A brisk Arabian girl came tripping by ; 
Passing she cast at him a side-long glance, 
And looked behind in hopes to be pursued." 

J. Dryden, Don Sebastian, iv. 1. 



v. 71—86. 



ECLOGUE III. 



v. 87 — 103. 



From off a wild-wood tree, I to my boy- 
Have sent ; to-morrow other [ten] I'll send. 
Da??i. Oh ! times how many, and what 
[honied words], 
To us hath Galataea said ! Some part, 
O breezes, waft ye to the ears of gods. 
Men. What boots it that, Amyntas, thou 
dost not 
Disdain me in thy very soul, if whilst 
The boars thou huntest, I watch o'er 
the nets ? 
Dam. Send Phyllis to me ; 'tis my 
natal-day, 
Iollas : when I for the crops shall make 
An off'ring with a heifer, come thyself. 
Men. I Phyllis love 'fore other maids ; 
for she 112 

At my departure wept, and long she cried, 
' ' Handsome Iollas, fare thee well, fare- 
well." 
Dam. The wolf is ruefulness to folds, 
To ripened fruit are showers, to the trees 
Are storms, to us is Amaryllis' wrath. 
Men. To seeded crops is moisture a 
delight, 
To weaned kids the arbute, willow lithe 
To teeming flock, Amyntas is alone to me. 
Dam. Our Muse doth Pollio affect, 
although 121 

It is agrestic : O Pierian dames, 
Do ye a heifer for your reader feed. 

Me?i. Yea, Pollio doth e'en himself com- 
pose 

101. " Here be grapes, whose lusty blood 
Is the learned poet's good ; 
Sweeter yet did never crown 
The head of Bacchus ; nuts more brown 
Than the squirrel's teeth that crack them: 
Deign, O fairest fair, to take them. 
For these black-eyed Dryope 
Hath oftentimes commanded me 
With my clasped knee to climb." 

J. Fletcher, Faithful Shepherdess, i. 1. 
A Philips gracefully expands the idea : Past. 1 : 
" How would I wander every day to find 
The choice of wildings, blushing through the 

rind ! 
For glossy plums how lightsome climb the tree ! 
How risk the vengeance of the thrifty bee !" 
103. " His lip is softer, sweeter than the rose ; 
His mouth, and tongue, with dropping honey 
flows." Ben Johnson, Sad Shepherd, ii. 2. 
" Oh ! Charm me with the music of thy tongue ! 
I'm ne'er so blest, as when I hear thy vows, 
And listen to the language of thy heart." 

Otway, The Orphan, ii. end. 
108. " We prune the orchards, and you cranch the 
fruit." 
Massinger, The Emperor of the East, iv. 2. 
113. " When I was absent then her galled eyes 
Would have shed April showers, and outwept 
The clouds in that same o'er-passionate moode, 
When they drowned all the world." 

Marston, Insatiate Co?mtessc, ii. 2. 



Rare poems : feed a bull that with his horn 
Now butts, and tosses with his hoof the 

sand. 
Dam. Who loves thee, Pollio, may he 

come where'er 
He joys that thou art too ! May honies 

stream 
For him, and prickly brier spikenard 

yield ! 
Men. Who Bavius hateth not — that he 

may love 130 

Thy verses, Msevius ! and may he, the 

same, 
Put foxes in the yoke, and milk he-goats ! 
Da77i. Ye, who cull flow'rs, and straw- 
berries, that grow 
Along the ground, O swains, escape ye 

hence ; 
A chilly snake is lurking in the grass. 
Men. O sheep, forbear ye to advance too 

far ; 
There's no safe trusting to the bank ; the 

ram 
Himself his fleece is drying even still. 
Da??t. O Tit'rus, from the river force 

thou back 
Thy browsing she-goats ; when there shall 

be time, 140 

Myself will in spring-water wash them all. 
Men. Drive on the sheep, ye striplings : 

if the heat 
Shall have forestalled the milk, as lately, we 
In vain shall squeeze their udders in our 

hands. 
Dam. Alas ! alas ! how meagre is my 

bull 
Amid the fatt'ning vetch ! The selfsame 

love 
Is bane to flock and master of the flock. 
Men. In these, sure, love is not at all 

the cause : 
Scarce hold they by the bones together : I 
Know not what eye doth witch my tender 

lambs. 150 



126. " Roscommon writes : to that auspicious hand, 
Muse, feed the bull that spurns the yellow sand." 
Dryden, Ep. to Lord Roscommon, 66, 7. 

137. This form of expression is used by Shake- 
speare : 

" For 'tis no trusting to yon foolish lowt." 

Two Ge7itlemen of Verona, iv. 4. 

150. Or, perhaps, viewing nescio gtds as an 
idiom : 

They scarcely hold together by the bones : 

Some eye or other witches my soft lambs. 

" Yet pity me, Leneothoe, cure the wound 

Thine eyes have made ; pity a begging king ; 

Uncharm the charms of thy bewitching face, 

Or thou wilt leave me dead." 

T. May, The Heir, iv. 



IO 



v. 104 — 109. 



ECLOGUE III. 



v. no. 



Dam. Inform me in what lands — and 
thou shalt be 
My great Apollo— may the range of heaven 
Expand itself no further than three ells. 
Men. Inform me in what lands may 
flowers grow, 
O'erwritten with the names of kings, and 

thou 
Possess my Phillis to thyself alone. 

Pal. It is not in my power to adjust 
Disputes between you of such high con- 
cern : 
Both you are worthy of the cow, and he ; 
And whosoe'er may either dread the sweets, 

" My venom eyes 
Strike innocency dead at such a distance." 
Beaumont and Fletcher, The Coxcomb, v. 2. 
" His eyes shoot poison at me ; ha ! he has 

Bewitched me, sure." 

Shirley, The Brothers, iv. 1. 
" You leer upon me, do you ? There's an eye 

Wounds like a leaden sword." 

Shakespeare, Love's Labour's Lost, v. 2. 

155. To this Milton seems to allude in Lycidas, 
where he speaks of Cam "footing slow," with 

" his bonnet-sedge, 

Inwrought with figures dim, and on the edge 

Like to that sanguine flower, inscribed with woe." 

And Young more directly, Night iii. 271, 2 : 
" As poets feign'd from Ajax' streaming blood 

Arose, with grief inscribed, a mournful flower." 

160, 161. Or, if this be considered too free a 
version, the passage may be more literally rendered 
thus: 

And whosoe'er may either dread sweet loves, 

Or may the bitter prove. 

But what these lines have to do with the matter 
in dispute nobody apparently can tell. According 
to the received text, they seem to furnish simple 
nonsense, from which no unauthorised supply of 
imaginary ellipses appears to relieve them. Heyne 
would cut the matter very short by evicting them at 
once, though all the manuscripts agree in conferring 
a legal title on these very troublesome tenants. 
Anthon alters the text without improving the sense. 

The emendation proposed by Wagner is ex- 
tremely slight, and hardly unwarrantable. He 
prefixes an "H", before the first "aut;" and so 
the passage assumes this form : 

" Et quisquis amores 

Haut metuet dulces, aut experietur amaros ;" 
w hich, paraphrased, yields the following meaning : 

And (this appears from the experience of you 
both, that) whosoever is not afraid of love, (and 
therefore admits it into his heart,) will find it (one 
or other of two very opposite things, either) sweet 
or (else) bitter. (He clearly runs a great risk, and 
therefore perhaps he had better have nothing to do 
with it.) 

Yet does not this come in very awkwardly, as 
part of a solemn judgment upon the relative merits 



Or prove the gall, of love. Now shut ye 
up 161 

The rills, my swains ; the meads have 
drunk enough. 



of two aspirants for poetic fame, who, however 
coarse, or worse than coarse, either or both may 
have been, were plainly very accomplished com- 
posers ? But even if it were not awkward, surely it 
is commonplace and weak. After such a trial of 
extreme skill, it was unsatisfactory enough to be 
told that the issue of it was a drawn battle ; but to 
receive the further announcement, that love was 
either honey or gall, must have seemed to them 
very like trifling with their disappointment. 

Perhaps the explanation of Ruaeus is as good as 
any: "Whoever is able to express, in the masterly 
way that you have done, the various effects of 
love." 

Spenser makes Sir Scudamore agree with Palse- 
mon's premises, though not in the implied advice 
which the above interpretation attributes to him : 
Faerie Queene, iv. 10, 1 : 

" True he it sayd, whatever man it sayd, 
That love with gall and hony doth abound ; 
But if the one be with the other wayd, 
For every dram of hony, therein found, 
A pound of gall doth over it redound : 
That I too true by triall have approved ; 
For since the day that first with deadly wound 
My heart was launcht, and learned to have loved, 

I never ioyed howre, but still with care was moved." 

Shakespeare, too, introduces Venus predicting 
this heavy curse upon Love for the death of her 
lover : 

" Since thou art dead, lo ! here I prophesy, 
Sorrow on love hereafter shall attend : 
It shall be waited on by jealousy, 

Find sweet beginning, but unsavoury end. 
Ne'er settled equally, but high and low ; 
That all love's pleasure shall not match her woe." 
Venus and Adonis. 

" Love is sweet : 
Wherein sweet ? 
In fading pleasures that do pain ; 
Beauty sweet : 
Is that sweet, 
That yieldeth sorrow for a gain ? 
If Love's sweet, 
Herein sweet 
That minutes' joys are monthly woes : 
'Tis not sweet, 
That is sweet 
Nowhere but where repentance grows." 

Robert Greene, Menaphoris Song. 
" Love is my bliss, and love is now my bale." 

R. Greene, Friar Bacon. 
" An undigested heap of mixed extremes, 
Whose pangs are wakings, and whose pleasures 
dreams." 

Beaumont and Fletcher, Triumph of Love, i. 
" Such is the posie Love composes ; 
A stinging nettle, mixt with roses." 

Browne, Brit. Fast. b. i. song 3. 



v. i — 15. 



ECLOGUE IV. 



v. 16 — 26. 



Eclogue IV. POLLIO. 



Sicilian muses, somewhat grander strains 
Sing we ! Not all do vineyards charm 
And lowly tam'risks : if we sing the woods, 
May woods deserving of a Consul prove ! 

The latest era of Cumaean song 
Hath now arrived ; afresh the mighty 

round 
Of ages is begun. And now returns the 

Virgin, 
Returns the dynasty of Saturn. Now 
A new succession is from heav'n on high 
Let fall. Do thou but at his birth the boy, 
'Neath whom the [race] of iron first shall 

cease, 1 1 

And rise throughout the world the race of 

gold, 
Lucina chaste, befriend : now thine Apollo 

reigns. 
And thou, too, Pollio, the consul thou — 
This glorious age shall enter [on its course] 
And mighty months begin to roll. With 

thee 
Our chief, if any traces of our guilt 
Continue, cancelled they shall free the 

lands 
From endless terror. He shall share the 

life 
Of gods, and heroes with divinities 20 

Lines 6, 7. Derrick tells us that a new star was 
said to have been seen in the open day about the 
time of Charles the Second's birth. To this Dryden 
thus alludes : 
" Or one, that bright companion of the sun, 

Whose glorious aspect seal'd our new-born 
king ; 
And now, a round of greater years begun, 

New influence from his walks of light did 
bring." Annus Mirabilis, st. xviii. 

8. " That was the righteous Virgin, which of old 
Liv'd here on earth, and plenty made abound ; 
But after Wrong was lov'd, and Justice solde, 
She left th' unrighteous world, and was to heaven 

extold." Spenser, F. Q. vii. 7, 37. 

12. " And with iron sceptre rule 

Us here, as with his golden those in heaven." 

Milton, P. L. ii. 
13. So Pericles: Shakespeare, Pericles, iii. 1: 

" Lucina, 
Divinest patroness and midwife, gentle 
To those that cry by night, convey thy deity 
Aboard our dancing boat : make swift the pangs 
Of my queen's travails !" 

15. Strictly, "this pride of time ;" for to make 
the expression refer to finer makes verse 12 come in 
very awkwardly. 
16. " Henceforth a series of new time began, 

The mighty years in long procession ran." 

Dryden, Abs. and Achit. 1028, 29. 



See intermingled, and himself be seen of 

them ; 
And with ancestral virtues shall he rule 
A world at peace. But unto thee, O boy, 
Her earliest tiny gifts with tillage none, 
Her gadding ivies at each step, with bac- 

caris, 
Shall earth unbosom, and Egyptian beans, 
With the acacia smiling interspersed. 
The she-goats of themselves shall carry 

home 
Their udders swoln with milk ; nor shall 

the herds 
Huge lions fear. The cradle's self for thee 
Shall pour forth charming flowers, ^and the 

snake 31 

Shall die, and guileful plant of bane shall 

die ; 
At large Assyrian spikenard grow. But 

soon 
As th' heroes' praises, and a father's deeds, 



26. Spenser makes the earth equally 
to Dame Nature : 
" But th' Earth herself of her owne motion, 
Out of her fruitful bosom made to growe 
Most dainty trees, that, shooting up anon, 
Did seem to bow their bloss'ming heads full lowe 
For homage unto her, and like a throne did shew. 
And all the Earth far underneath her feete 
Was dight with flowers, that voluntary grew 
Out of the ground, and sent forth odours sweet ; 
Tenne thousand more of sundry sent and hew, 
That might delight the smell, or please the view, 
The which the nymphes from all the brooks 

thereby 
Had gathered, they at her footstoole threw ; 
That richer seem'd than any tapestry 
That princes bowres adorne with painted imagery." 
Faerie Quee?ie, vii. 7, 8, 10. 
28. Such a primeval state as Milton finely de- 
scribes : P. L. iv. : 

" About them frisking play'd 
All beasts of the earth, since wild, and of all 

chase 
In wood or wilderness, forest or den. 
Sporting the lion ramp'd, and in his paw 
Dandled the kid ; bears, tigers, ounces, pards, 
Gamboll'd before them ; the unwieldy elephant, 
To make them mirth, used all his might, and 

wreathed 
His lithe proboscis ; close the serpent sly, 
Insinuating, wove with Gordian twine 
His braided train, and of his fatal guile 
Gave proof unheeded." 
34. Now is he apt for knowledge : therefore know 
It is a more direct and even way, 
To train to virtue those of princely blood 
By examples than by precepts : if by examples 
Whom should he rather strive to imitate 
Than his own father?" 

Webster, Vittoria Corombona, ii. 



v. 2 7—44- 



ECLOGUE IV. 



v. 45—63. 



Thou shalt be able now to read, and learn 
What be their worth, the plain shall by 

degrees 
With downy ear wax yellow, and the bunch 
Shall dangle blushing from untutored thorns, 
And churlish oaks their dewy honies still. 
Yet some few footsteps of the ancient 

crime 40 

Shall steal behind, to bid [men] Thetis 

tempt 
In ships, and girdle round with walls the 

towns, 
And cleave-in furrows into earth. Another 

Tiphys then 
Shall be, another Argo, too, to waft 
Choice heroes ; there shall e'en be other 

wars ; 
Aye, and again to Troy a great Achilles 
Shall be despatched. Thereafter, when 

shall now 
Established age have fashioned thee a 

man, 
Yea, of himself shall from the main with- 
draw 
The voyager, nor naval pine its wares 50 
Shall barter : every produce every land 
Shall yield. The ground shall not the 

harrows brook, 
Nor shall the vine the pruning-knife. Now, 

too, 
The stalwart ploughman shall from off his 

bulls 
Their yokes unloosen. Neither shall the 

wool 
Learn motley hues to feign ; but of himself 
The ram shall in the meadows change his 

fleece 
With now sweet-blushing purple dye, with 

now 
The weed of saffron ; of its own accord, 



37. Or : " waving ear." 
39. Query? " the dews of honey." 
" The earth unploughed shall yield her crop, 
Pure honey from the oak shall drop, 

The fountain shall run milk ; 
The thistle shall the lily bear, 
And every bramble roses wear, 
And every worm make silk." 
Ben Jonson, The Golden Age Restored. 

56. Or perhaps vie?itiri might be rendered " to 
forge," as Spenser says of Duessa : 
"So could she forge all colours save the trew." 



Vermilion, as they graze, shall drape the 

lambs. 60 

" Through ages such as these, career ye 

on !" 
The Destinies have to their spindles said, 
In union with the steadfast will of Fates. 
Advance on thy grand dignities — the time 
Will presently arrive, — O darling child 
Of gods, the mighty foster-son of Jove ! 
Behold with spherick mass a nodding 

world, 
E'en lands, and ocean-paths, and sky 

sublime ! 
Behold how at the age, decreed to come, 
All things rejoice ! Oh ! that to me might 

last 70 

The latest stage of such a lengthful life, 
And inspiration, far as it shall prove 
Sufficient thy achievements to proclaim ! 
No, nor shall Thracian Orpheus me surpass 
In songs, nor Linus ; though a mother 

that— 
And this a father aid — Calliope 
Orpheus, the fair Apollo Linus. E'en if 

Pan, 
Arcadia umpire, should with me compete, 
E'en Pan, Arcadia umpire, would avow 
Himself surpassed. Begin, O infant boy, 80 
To recognise thy mother with a smile ; 
Ten months have brought thy mother long- 
some qualms. 
Begin, O infant boy : [that babe,] on whom 
His parents have not smiled, nor god of 

board, 
Nor goddess hath deemed worthy of her 

bed. 



60. Or: "Shall scarlet, as they feed, array the 

• lambs." 

63. Spenser finely describes the offices of the 
Parcse : Faerie Queene, iv. 2, 48 : 
" There she them found all sitting round about 

The direfull Distaffe standing in the mid, 

And with unwearied fingers drawing out 

The lines of life, from living knowledge hid. 

Sad Clotho held the rocke, the whiles the thrid 

By griesly Lachesis was spun with paine, 

That cruel Atropos eftsoones undid, 

With cursed knife cutting the twist in twain : 
Most wretched men, whose dayes depend on thrids 
so vaine !" 

70. So Eve dreams that Adam says to her : 
" Heaven wakes with all his eyes, 

Whom to behold but thee, Nature's desire '1 

In whose sight all things joy." 

Milton, P. L. v. 



ECLOGUE V. 



v. 10 — 20. 



13 



Eclogue V. DAPHNIS. 



MENALCAS, 
Menalcas. Why not, Mopsus, seeing we 

have met, 
Both skilful, — thou in breathing into slender 

reeds, 
In singing verses I, — here seat us down 
Among the elms, with hazels interspersed ? 
Mopsus. The elder thou : to thee 'tis fair 

that I 
Give way, Menalcas, whether underneath 
The fitful shades — the zephyrs fanning 

them — 
Or rather 'neath the grot we go. Behold, 
How hath the wild-wood vine the grot 

o'erspread 
With scattered bunches ! 

Men. In our mounts with thee 10 

Amyntas only vies. 

Mop. What if the same 

Should strive in singing Phoebus to surpass ? 

Li?ie 3. It is evident from this whole Eclogue, 
and especially from comparing vv. 51, 55 of Eel. III., 
that dicere verstis means to sing songs, not to re- 
hearse or indite them. 

See also Eel. IX., and compare v. 35 with v. 36. 
7. " My lovely Aaron, wherefore look'st thou sad, 
When every thing doth make a gleeful boast ? 
The birds chaunt melody on every bush ; 
The snake lies rolled in the cheerful sun : 
The green leaves quiver with the cooling wind, 
And make a chequer'd shadow on the ground : 
Under their sweet shade, Aaron, let us sit." 

Shakespeare, Tit. A?id. ii. 3. 
" How sweet these solitary places are ! how 
wantonly 
The wind blows through the leaves, and courts 

and plays with 'em ! 
Will you sit down and sleep ? The heat invites 

you. 
Hark, how yond purling stream dances and 

murmurs ! 
The birds sing softly too : pray, take some rest, 
sir." J. Fletcher, The Pilgrim, v. 4. 

q. " So fashioned a porch with rare device, 
Archt over head with an embracing vine, 
Whose bounches hanging downe seemd to entice 
All passers by to taste their lushious wine." 

Spenser, F. Q. ii. 12, 54. 
Another side, umbrageous grots and caves 
Of cool recess, o'er which the mantling vine 
Lays forth her purple grape, and gently creeps 
Luxuriant." Milton, P. L. iv. 

' Deep in the gloomy glade a grotto bends, 
Wide through the craggy rock an arch extends ; 
The rugged stone is clothed with mantling vines, 
And round the cave the creeping woodbine 

twines." Gay, The Fan, i. 99-102. 

12. Certat seems to have better authority than 
certet, and is certainly a more graphic reading. 



MOPSUS. 

Men. Do thou begin, O Mopsus, first, if 
thou 
Or any flames of Phyllis, or the lauds 
Of Alcon hast, or Codrus' brawls : begin ; 
The kids, while feeding, Tityrus will watch. 
Mop. Nay rather I those verses, which 
of late 
Upon a beech's verdant bark I scored, 
And sang and marked them down by turns, 

will try : 
Do thou bid then Amyntas to compete. 20 
Men. As much as doth the supple willow 
yield 
To olive wan, as much as lowly nard 
To beds of crimson roses, in our mind 
So much Amyntas yieldeth unto thee. 
Mop. But cease thou more, O swain ; 
we've reached the grot. 
Quenched by fell death, the Nymphs did 
Daphnis weep. 



15, 16. So Spenser, Sh. Cal. May, 172 : 
" Now, Piers, of fellowship, tell us that saying ; 
For the lad can keep both our flockes from 

straying." 
A. Philips varies the idea : Past. 4 : 
" And since our ewes have grazed, what harm if 
they 
Lie round and listen, while the lambkins play?" 
20. " Shall the queen of the inhabitants of the any 
The eagle, that bears thunder on her wings, 
In her angry mood destroy her hopeful young, 
For suffering a wren to perch too near them ? 
Such is our disproportion." 
P. Massinger, The Great Duke of Florence, iv. 2. 

26. See Milton's Lycidas : 
" But oh ! the heavy change, now thou art gone, 
Now thou art gone, and never must return ! 
Thee, shepherd, thee the woods and desert caves, 
With wild thyme and the gadding vine o'ergrown, 
And all their echoes mourn : 
The willows and the hazel-copses green 
Shall now no more be seen 
Fanning their joyous leaves to thy soft lays." 
The same miseries Spenser makes the conse- 
quence of Colin Clout's absence. Hobbinol tells 
him : Colin Clout, xxii. : 

" Whilst thou wast hence, all dead in dole did lie : 
The woods were heard to waile full many a 

sythe, 
And all their birds with silence to compl'aine : 
The fields with faded flowers did seem to mourne, 
And all their flocks from feeding to refraine : 
The running waters wept for thy returne, 
And all their fish with languour did lament." 
26-29. So Alexander on the death of Clytus : 
" Here I will lie 
Close to his bleeding side, thus kissing him ; 



14 



V. 21 — 4°' 



ECLOGUE V. 



41—46. 



Ye [stood] the witnesses, hazel-shrubs 
And rivers, for the Nymphs, when, clasping 

round 
The pitiable body of her son, 
The mother cruel calls both gods and stars. 
None in those days their pastured oxen 

drove, 3 1 

O Daphnis, to the chilly streams ; no quad- 
ruped 
Or sipped the brook, or touched a blade of 

grass. 
O Daphnis, that e'en Afric lions wailed 
Thy death, both mountains wild and forests 

tell. 
Yea, Daphnis to the chariot taught to yoke 
Armenian tigresses ; 'twas Daphnis [taught] 
Processionals of Bacchus t'introduce, 
And wreathe with velvet leaves the limber 

spears. 
As is the vine the grace to trees, as grapes 
To vines, as bulls to herds, as standing 

corn 41 

To teemful fields — all grace art thou to 

thine. 
When once the Weirds reft thee away, the 

fields 
E'en Pales, and Apollo e'en, forsook. 
Upon the furrows, whereunto we oft 
Plump grains of barley have consigned, 

there grow 
The fruitless darnel and the barren oats ; 
For violet soft, for purple daffodil, 
Thistle, and paliure with pointed thorns 
Spring up. Bestrew the ground with leaves, 

draw shades 50 



These pale dead lips that have so oft advised me ; 

Thus bathing o'er his reverend face with tears : 

Thus clasping his cold body in my arms, 

Till Death, like him, has made me stiff and horrid 
Lee, Rival Queens, iv. end. 
A. Philips happily imitates this passage : 

" The pious mother comes, with grief oppress'd ; 
Ye trees and conscious fountains can attest 
With what sad accents, and what piercing cries, I 
She fill'd the grove, and importuned the skies, 
And every star upbraided with his death, 
When, in her widow'd arms, devoid of breath, 
She clasp'd her son." Past. 3. 

33. So Spenser says of Dido's death: Sh. Cal. 

Nov. 133 : 

" The feeble flockes in field refuse their former 
foode, 
And hang their heades as they would learne to 
weepe." 

39. Velvet, or, "waving," "pliant." 

50. That is, plant flowers to grace the ground, 

and trees to shade the founts. 

" This rosemary is withered ; pray get fresh ! 
I would have these herbs grow up in his grave, 
When I am dead and rotten. Reach the bays ; 
I'll tie a garland here about his head : 
'Twill keep my boy from lightning." 

Webster, Vittoria Corombona, v. 1. 



Upon the springs, O shepherds : such be- 
hests 

Daphnis enjoins to be for him observed. 

Do ye both form a tomb, and on the tomb 

The lay inscribe : "I, Daphnis, in the 
woods, 

Hence even to the constellations famed, 

Of a fair flock the guard, more fair myself." 
Men. Thy song is such to us, O heav'nly 
bard, 

As slumber* to the weary on the grass ; 

54. Instead of an inscription on Albino's tomb, 
Philips introduces Angelot praying : 
" Oh ! peaceful may thy gentle spirit rest ! 
The flowery turf be light upon thy breast ; 
Nor shrieking owl nor bat thy tomb fly round, 
Nor midnight goblins revel o'er the ground." 

Past. 3. 
" But since that I shal die her slauve, 
Her slauve, and eke her thrall : 
Write you, my frendes, upon my grauve 
This chaunce that is befall: 
' Here lieth unhappy Harpalus, 
By cruell louve now slaine ;, 
Whom Phylida vnjustly thus 
Hath murdred with disdaine.' " 
These are the concluding verses of a beautiful 
composition, probably the earliest Pastoral poem in 
the language. It will be found among " Poems of 
Vncertaine Auctors " in Chalmers' "English Poets," 
vol. ii. 

It is impossible here to withhold Ben Jonson's 
masterly Epitaph on the Countess of Pembroke : 
" Underneath this sable herse 
Lies the subject of all verse, 
Sidney's sister, Pembroke's mother : 
Death ! ere thou hast slain another, 
Learned, and fair, and good as she, 
Time shall throw a dart at thee." 

Underwoods, xv. 
"As soon as I am dead, 
Come all and watch about my hearse ; 
Bring each a mournful story and a tear, 
To offer at it when I go to earth : 
With fluttering ivy 'clasp my coffin round ; 
Write on my brow my fortune ; let my bier 
Be borne by virgins, that shall sing by course 
The truth of maids and perjuries of men." 
Beaumont and Fletcher, The JM aids Tragedy, ii. 1. 
57. " For, while I sit with thee, I seem in Heaven 
And sweeter thy discourse is to my ear 
Than fruits of palm-tree, pleasantest to thirst 
And hunger both, from labour at the hour 
Of sweet repast : they satiate, and soon fill, 
Though pleasant ; but thy words, with grace 

divine 
Imbued, bring to their sweetness no satiety." 

Milton, P.L. viii. 
58. Sopor strictly means "deep sleep," but the 
Latin poets use it for " sleep " in general. In the 
same lax way, "slumber" is used by English poets 
to represent "sleep," though strictly it means 
"light sleep." Still, though there is so marked a 
difference between sopor and "slumber," yet as the 
poet does not seem to use the word here in the 
accurate signification attached to it in sEn. in. 173, 
" slumber " may well be admitted, being far more 
harmonious in this passage than "sleep." The 
same liberty is taken in rendering /En. iv. 522. 
V. 45-47 are amplified by Spenser in his exquisite 



v. -17—63- 



ECLOGUE V. 



v. 64 — 82. 



15 



As in the summer-tide to slake the thirst 
By some delicious water's skipping rill. 60 
Nor is't alone on reeds, but in thy voice, 
Thou rivallest thy master : happy swain ! 
Thou now shalt be the second after him. 
Still we will these of ours, howe'er [we 

may], 
To thee in turn recite, and Daphnis thine 
Raise to the stars ; we Daphnis to the stars 
Will bear away : us, too, did Daphnis love. 
Mop. Can aught to us of higher value be 
Than such a favor ? Both the swain him- 
self 
Was worthy to be sung, and those thy lays 
Now long since Stimicon hath praised to us. 
Men. Bright Daphnis marvels at th' un- 
wonted gate 72 
Of th' Empyrean, and beneath his feet 
Beholds the clouds and stars. Hence lively 

joy 
Absorbs the woods, and other rural scenes, 
And Pan, and shepherds, and the Dryad 

maids. 
Nor doth the wolf an ambush for the flock, 
Nor any toils their craft for harts, devise : 
Benignant Daphnis loves repose. The 

mounts 
Themselves, unshorn, in gladness to the 
stars 80 

Fling forth their voices ; now the very 
cliffs, 



description of the " Bower of Bliss :" Faerie Quee?te, 
ii. 5,30: 

" And fast beside there trickled softly downe 
A gentle streame, whose murmuring wave did 

play 
Emongst the pumy stones, and made a sowne, 
To lull him soft asleepe that by it lay : 
The wearie traveiler, wandring that way, 
Therein did often quench his thristy heat, 
And then by it his wearie limbes display, 
(Whiles creeping slomber made him to forget 
His former payne,) and wypt away his toilsom 

sweat." 

72. So Spenser of Dido, in Sh. Cal. Nov. 175 ; 

see also 195, &c. : 

" She raignes a goddess now emong the saintes, 
That whilome was the saynt of shepheards light, 
And is enstalled nowe in heavens night." 
" Now, free from earth, thy disencumber'd soul 

Mounts up, and leaves behind the clouds and starry 
pole." Dryden, Abs. and A chit. 850, 1. 

More directly imitated in Amyntas, 66-73. 
" Damon, behold yon breaking purple cloud ; 
Hear'st thou not hymns and songs divinely loud ? 
There mounts Amyntas ; the young cherubs play 
About their godlike mate, and sing him on his 

way. 
He cleaves the liquid air, behold, he flies, 
And every moment gains upon the skies. 
The new-come guest admires the etherial state, 
The sapphire portal, and the golden gate." 

74. Or : " lively," or " active." 



The very trees, ring out the lays : " A god, 
A god is he, Menalcas !" O be kind 
And gracious to thine own ! Lo ! altars 

four ! 
Behold, O Daphnis, twain of them for thee ; 
Twain altars high for Phoebus. Drinking- 

cups, 
A couple frothing with new milk, each year, 
And craters twain of unctuous oil, I'll set 
For thee ; and specially with copious wine 
Enlivening the feast — before the hearth, 90 
If it shall winter be ; if harvest [tide], 
Within the shade — the Ariusian wines, 
A novel nectar, from the tankards I 
Will pour. To me shall [both] Damsetas 

sing, 
And Lyctian ^Egon ; frisking Satyrs ape 
Alphesibceus. These shall aye be thine, 
Alike what time our yearly off 'rings we 
Shall pay the Nymphs, and when we shall 

perform 
The circuit of the fields. While mountain- 
brows 
The boar [shall love], while fish shall love 

the floods, 100 

And while upon the thyme the bees shall 

feed, 
While cicads on the dew, [thy] glory aye, 
And thy renown, and praises shall endure. 
As unto Bacchus and to Ceres, so to thee 
Their vows each year shall husbandmen 

perform : 
Thou also shalt oblige them to their vows. 
Mop. What [boons] to thee, what boons 

can I return 
For such a song ? For neither me delight 



82. " If, like a statue, 

Cold and unglorified by art, you call 

Our sense to wonder, where shall we find eyes 

To stand the brightness, when you're turned a 

shrine, 
Embellished with the burning light of diamonds, 
And other gifts, that dwell, like stars about you ?" 
Shirley, The Imposture, ii. 3. 

84. Ara and altare are used of the same altar in 
JEn. ii. 514, 515, xii. 171, 174. 

107. Milton similarly in Par. Lost, viii. 5 : 
" What thanks sufficient, or what recompense 

Equal, have I to render to thee, divine 

Historian ?" 

108. " Colin, to heare thy rymes and roundelayes, 
Which thou were wont on wastefull hilles to sing, 
I more delight then larke in sommer dayes, 
Whose echo made the neighbour groves to ring." 
Spenser, Sh. Cal. June, 49. 
" O happy fair ! 
Your eyes are lodestars, and your tongue sweet air, 
More tuneable than lark to shepherd's ear, 
When wheat is green, and hawthorn buds appear." 
Shakespeare, Midsummer Night's Dream, \. 1. 
A. Philips happily imitates verses 45-47, 81-84 : 
Past. 4 : 



i6 



v. 82- 



ECLOGUE VI. 



v. 85—90. 



So much the rising Auster's whisp'ring 

sound, 
Nor shores by billow buffeted, nor brooks, 
Which rill adown among the rocky glens. 



" Oh, Colinet ! how sweet thy grief to hear ! 
How does thy verse subdue the listening ear ! 
Soft falling as the still, refreshing dew, 
To slake the drought, and herbage to renew ; 
Not half so sweet the midnight winds, which 

move 
In drowsy murmurs o'er the waving grove ; 
Nor valley brook, that, hid by alders, speeds 
O'er pebbles warbling, and through whispering 

reeds ; 
Nor dropping waters, which from rocks distil, 
And welly grots with tinkling echoes fill." 

in. " For first she springs out of two marble rocks, 
On which a grove of oakes high-mounted growes, 
That as a girlond seemes to deck the locks 
Of some faire bride, brought forth with pompous 
showes 



Men. We'll first present thee with this 

brittle reed. II2 

This taught us, " Corydon with fervor loved 

The fair Alexis ;" this the same, " Whose 

flock? 
Is't that of Melibceus ?" 

Mop. But do thou 

Accept this crook, which, though he begged 

me oft, 
Antigenes hath never borne away — 
He, too, was worthy then of being loved — 
With even knobs and bronze, Menalcas, 
fair. 



Out of her bowre, that many flowers strowes : 
So through the flowry dales she tumbling downe 
Through many woods and shady coverts flowes. 
That on each side her silver channell crowne." ' 
Spenser, Canto vi. of Mtttabilitie. 
118. Or: "Though he." 



Eclogue VI. SILENUS. 



The first that in the Syracusan strain 
Deigned to disport, nor blushed to haunt 

the woods, 
Was our Thalia. When I would of kings 
And battles sing, the Cynthian twitched 

mine ear, 
And warned : "A shepherd, Tit'rus, it 

becomes 
To feed fat sheep, recite a flimsy lay." 
Now I — for thou shalt have full many [a 

bard] 
Who may thy praises, Varus, yearn to tell, 
And thy grim wars record — will practise 

o'er 
The rural song upon my slender reed. 10 
Unbidden [strains] I do not sing. Yet still, 
If any one, if any one e'en these, 



Line 6. Does any classical British author apply 
the literal meaning of deduction, "thin-spun," to 
compositions of any kind ? Milton uses it of life, 
but evidently with reference to the trite idea of life's 
thread. If the metaphor must be abandoned in the 
translation, many words offer themselves for accept- 
ance, of which perhaps "homely "is as good as 
any. 

Addison, in speaking of Spenser, whom he had 
not enough of poetic taste to admire, says : 
" The long-spun allegories fulsome grow." 
Pope employs the word which is used in the 
version : 

" Proud of a vast extent of flimsy lines." 

Prologue to Satires. 
" His breeding, 
It was not spun the finest ; but his wealth, 
Able to gild deformity, and make 
Even want of wit a virtue." 

Shirk}'-, The Constant Maid, i. 1. 



By fancy charmed, shall read, O Varus, 

thee 
Our tam'risks, thee shall all the woodland 

sing; 
Nor any page to Phoebus sweeter is 
Than that which hath the name of Varus 

traced 
Upon its front. Proceed, Pierian maids. 
The striplings Chromis and Mnasylos 

spied 
Silenus lying in a cave asleep, 
With yestern Bacchus swollen through his 

veins, 2 o 

As ever. Garlands just outside him lay, 
But merely fallen off his head, and hung 
His heavy beaker by its handle worn. 
Assailing him — for oft the aged man 
Had, with the expectation of a song, 
Played false with both of them — they fetters 

throw 
Upon him, from the very garlands [forged]. 
As their companion, JEgle joins herself, 
And sudden comes upon them in their fear, 
/Egle, the fairest of the water Nymphs. 30 
And now, as up he looks, with mulberries 
Blood-red his forehead and his brows she 

stains. 
He, laughing at the trick, — " Why fetters 

tie ?" 
Exclaims : " Release me, lads ; it is enough 
That it is seen that you have had the power. 



20. " Help, Virtue ! these are sponges and not men ! 
Pottles! mere vessels !" 

Pen Jonson, Pleasure reconciled to Virtue. 



v. 2 5—44- 



ECLOGUE VI. 



v. 45—67. 



17 



The songs, which wish ye, hear : the songs 

for you ; 
For her shall be another kind of fee." 
At once begins he of his own accord. 
Then, sooth, both Fauns and savage beasts ; 

to rhythm 
You might see frolic, then stiff oaks to wave 
Their crests. Nor doth so much in Phoebus 

joy 41 

Parnassus' crag, nor Rhodope and Ismarus 
So much at Orpheus rrrarvel. For he sang 
How through the vasty void had been com- 
bined 
The seeds alike of lands, and air, and sea, ! 
And at the same time those of flowing fire ; j 
How all beginnings from these rudiments, i 
And e'en the yielding ball of th' atmosphere ! 
Together grew ; then how the ground began 
To harden, and within the deep apart 50 
To shut the ocean up, and by degrees 
To take the shapes of things ; and [how] anon 
The lands at glimm'ring of a new-born sun 
Are in amaze, and from a greater height 
From clouds uplifted do the showers fall ; 
When forests first begin to spring, and when 
Are straying through the mounts, that know 

them not, 
The scattered forms of life. He next relates 
The stones by Pyrrha cast, the Saturn reign, 
And birds of Caucase, and Prometheus' 

rape. 60 

To these he adds, how, quitted at the spring, 
The seamen had on Hvlas called aloud, 
That all the strand with " Hylas ! Hylas!" 

rang. 



39. So Piers says of Cuddie : Spenser, Sh. Cat. 
Oct. 25 : 

" Soone as thou gynst to sette thy notes in frame, 
O how the rural routes to thee do cleave !" 
" For we will have the wanton Fauns, 
That frisking skip about the lawns, 
The Panisks, and the Sylvans rude, 
Satyrs, and all that multitude, 
To dance their wilder rounds about 
And cleave the air with many a shout 
As they would hunt poor Echo out." 

Ben Jonson, The Penates. 
A different effect of the voice is seen in Shirley : 
■ The tongue that's able to rock heaven asleep, 
And make the music of the spheres stand still, 
To listen to the happier airs it makes, 
And mend their tunes by it." Love TricJis, iv. 2. 
So in Shakespeare, quoted by Gifford : 
" And when Love speaks the voice of all the gods 
Makes heaven drowsy with the harmony." 
46. But whether liquidus means here " flowing," 
or "transparent," or " unmingled," it is not easy to 
oe. 

6$. " Or that same daintie lad, which was so deare 
To great Alcides, that, whenas he dyde, 
He wailed womanlike with many a teare, 
And every wood and every valley wyde 
Me filled with Hylas name ; the nymphes eke Hylas 
cryde." Spenser, /-'aerie Queene, iii. 12, 7. 



And, blessed if there never had been herds, 

Pasiphae he comforts in her love 

For the young snowy bull. ' ' Ah ! hapless 

dame ! 
What frenzy thee hath seized ! The Proetides 
With their fantastic lowings filled the fields ; 
But, ne'ertheless, not one of them pursued 
So scandalous embracements of the beasts, 
Though for her neck she'd feared the plough, 

and oft 71 

Upon her glossy forehead sought for horns. 
Ah ! hapless dame ! You now on moun- 
tains rove ; 
He, cushioned on his side of snowy white 
With downy martagon, beneath a dun 
Holm-oak, on yellowing grasses chews the 

cud, 
Or courts some female in the mighty herd." 
"Shut, nymphs, Dictaean nymphs, now shut 
The forest-passes, if by any chance 
The truant footsteps of the bull may come 
Across mine eyes. Him, haply, either 

charmed 8 1 

By grass of green, or following the droves, 
Some cows may lure away to Gortyn's 

stalls." 
He next the damsel chants, who in amaze 
Beheld the apples of th' Hesperides. 
He next the sister-train of Phaeton 
Encircles with the moss of bitter bark, 
And rears them tow'ring alders from the 

ground. 
Then sings he how, while straying by the 

streams 
Of the Permessus, to Aonian mounts 90 
One of the sisters Gallus led ; and how 
The choir of Phoebus to the hero all 
In homage rose ; how Linus these to him — 
The shepherd of a heav'nly lay, with flowers 

75. It may as well be remarked here that in this 
work there is no pretension of determining what is 
meant by the terms which stand for plants. " Hya- 
cinthus" is usually rendered "martagon," only 
because the learned and careful Martyrj is so posi- 
tive that this is the flower intended ; and to call it 
"hyacinth" would be simply to mislead. What- 
ever hyacinthus meant, it is certain that it did not 
mean "hyacinth." But, it must be confessed, that 
the "imperial martagon" would not form exactly 
the sort of bed that a sensible bull would be likely 
to choose. In autumn, at least, he might nearly as 
well select a couch of sticks. 

85. Spenser thus finely alludes to the story of 
Phaeton : 

" As when the firie-mouthed steedes, which drew 
The Sunne's bright wayne to Phaeton's decay, 
Soone as they did the monstrous Scorpion vew, 
With ugly craples crawling in their way, 
The dreadful sight did them so sore affray, 
That their well-knowen courses they forwent ; 
And, leading th' ever burning lampe astray, 
This lower world nigh all to ashes brent, 
And left their scorched path yet in the firmament." 
F. Q. v. 8, 40. 
c 



v. 68—74- 



ECLOGUE VII. 



v. 75—86. 



And bitter parsley on his tresses crowned — 
Pronounced: "These reeds to thee the 

Muses grant — 
Lo, take them ! — which to Ascra's aged 

[bard 
They granted] erst ; wherewith in playing 

he 
Was wont to trail stiff ashes from the 

mounts. 
Thereon by thee the birth of Grynium's 

glade ioo 

Be chanted, lest there should be any grove* 
Wherein Apollo more may boast himself." 
Why should I tell how [he] of Scylla [sang, 
Daughter] of Nisus, whom hath rumor 

traced : 

95. So Gray makes Nature address Shakespeare : 
" What time, where lucid Avon stray'd 
To him the mighty mother did unveil 

Her awful face : the dauntless child 

Stretch'd forth his little arms and smil'd : 

'This pencil take,' she said, 'whose colours clear 

Richly paint the vernal year. 

Thine, too, these golden keys, immortal Boy ! 

This can unlock the gates of Joy ; 

Of Horror that, and thrilling Fears, 
Or ope the sacred source of sympathetic tears.' " 
Progress of Poesy. 

104. Catrou's and Doering's reading of ant hefore 
qttam would relieve this passage of much of its 
difficulty : but there is so little manuscript authority 



That she, beneath her snowy waist begirt 
With baying monsters, plagued Dulichia's 

ships, 
And in the deepsome gulf, ah ! piecemeal 

rent 
The frighted mariners with her sea-dogs ? 
Or how he told of Tereus' limbs trans- 
shaped ; 
What cates for him, what presents Philomel 
Prepared ; with what career the wastes she 
sought, in 

And with what pinions first, unhappy [bird] ! 
She o'er her own abode flew to and fro. 
[The lays], all which, as Phcebus played 
them erst, 
The blest Eurotas heard, and bade his bays 
By aid of memoiy to learn, he sings : 
The stricken vales return them to the stars ; 
Until to gather in the cotes the sheep, 
And count their tale, did Vesper give com- 
mand, 
And issue forth upon unwilling heaven. 1 20 



for it, that, with Heyne, Forbiger, Wagner, and 

Weise, it is better to leave the difficulty as it is, 

than to tamper with the text. 

118. " By this the moystie Night approaching fast, 
Her deawy humour 'gan on th' earth to shed. 
That warn'd the shepheards to their home to hast 
Their tender flocks, now being fully fed." 

Spenser, Faerie Qiieene, vi. 9, 13. 



Eclogue VII. MELIBGEUS. 



MELIBCEUS. CORYDON. THYRSIS. 



Melibceus. By hazard underneath a whisp'r- 

ing holm 
Had Daphnis sat him down, and Corydon 
And Thyrsis had together driv'n their 

flocks 
Into one spot — sheep Thyrsis, Corydon 
His she-goats swollen out with milk : 
Both blooming in their age, Arcadians both, 
And matched in song, and ready at reply. 
Hither from me, while I bescreen from 

cold 
The tender myrtle-shrubs, the goat himself, 
The husband of my flock, had strayed 

away ; 10 

And Daphnis I espy. When he sees me 
On th' other hand, he cries: "Quick, 

hither come, 
O Melibceus ; safe for thee thy goat 
And kids : and if thou canst delay 

awhile, 
Beneath the shade repose thee ! hither of 

themselves 



The steers will come along the leas to 

drink. 
Here lines his em'rald banks with tender 

reed 
The Mincius, and from out the holy oak 
The swarms are humming. What was I 

to do? 
I nor Alcippe, nor a Phyllis had, 20 

The lambkins, banished from the milk, to 

pen 
At home ; a match, there was, too — Cory- 
don 
With Thvrsis ; — ['twas] a mighty [match]. 

Stilll 
Postponed my grave pursuits to their disport. 
They, therefore, in alternate verses both 
Began to strive : the Muses willed that they 
Alternate [verses] should recite. These 

Corydon, 
Those Thyrsis, [each] repeated in his turn. 
Cor. Libethran Nymphs, our charm, or 

deism to me 



V. 22—43- 



ECLOGUE VII. 



v - 44—59- 



19 



A sonnet, such as ye to Codrus mine ;— 30 
To lays of Phoebus he the nearest makes ; — 
Or, if we have not all the pow'r, my pipe 
Here tuneful from the holy pine shall hang. 
Thy. Arcadian shepherds, with the ivy 

deck 
Your rising poet, that may Codrus' sides 
Be burst with envy ; or, if he have praised 
Beyond his will, with baccar bind my brow, 
Lest tongue of mischief harm your future 

bard. 
Cor. This bristly boar's head, Delia, 

[gives] to thee 
The little Mycon, and the branching horns 
Of long-lived hart. If lasting this should 

prove, 41 

Of polished marble thou full-length shalt 

stand, 
With scarlet buskin booted on thy legs. 
Thy. A bowl of milk, Priapus, and these 

cakes, 
Each year for thee to look for is enough : 
Thou 'rt keeper of a wretched garden. 

Now 
Of marble, suited to our present means, 
We've made thee ; but do thou, if teemful- 

ness 
Our flock shall have recruited, be of gold. 
Cor. O Nerean Galatee, to me more 

sweet 50 

Than Hybla's thyme, more bright than 

swans, more fair 
Than blanching ivy — soon as shall the bulls, 
Full-fed, reseek their cribs, if any care 
For thy own Corydon possess thee, come. 
Thy. Nay, may I seem more bitter unto 

thee 
Than Sardon herbs, more rough than 

butcher's-broom, 
Than stranded sea-weed baser, if this light 
Is not already longer unto me 



Line 35. S trictly, fron tern should be rendered by 
"his brow," not "my brow," referring to poeta ; 
but the confusion between Codrus and Thyrsis 
would thus become inextricable. 

" CcBsar. Cato, you will undo him with your 
praise. 

Cato. Caesar will hurt himself with his own envy. 

People. The voice of Cato is the voice of Rome. 

Cato. The voice of Rome is the consent of 
heaven." Ben Jonson, Catiline, iii. 1. 

49. " What is't ? but effect it, 

And thou shalt be my ^sculapius : 
Thy image shall be set up in pure gold, 
To which I will fall down, and worship it." 
Beaumont and Fletcher, Thierry and Theodoret, 
ii. 1. 

58. Much the same were the feelings of Britomart 
at the absence of Artegal : Spenser, F. Q. v. 6, 5 : 
" And then, her griefe with errour to beguyle, 
She fayn'd to count the time againe anew, 
As if before she had not counted trew : 



J Than a whole year. Go home, full-fed ; 
] if [you 

I Have] any modesty, begone, ye steers. 60 
Cor. Ye mossy springs, and grass more 
soft than sleep, 
And verdant arbute, which is screening 

you 
With scattered shade, the solstice from the 

flock 
Ward off; now eomes the scorching sum- 
mer, now 
Upon the merry vine-spray swell the buds. 
Thy. Here hearth and oily pines, here 
plenteous fire 
Aye be, and lintels black with ceaseless 

soot : 
Here we as much for chills of Boreas care 
As either for the number [of the sheep] 
The wolf, or boiling rivers for their banks. 
Cor. Both junipers and prickly chestnut 
trees y 1 

Stand bristling ; strewed in every quarter 

lie 
Its fruits beneath each tree ; now all things 

smile : 
But if the fair Alexis from these mounts 
Depart, you e'en would see the rivers dry. 
Thy. The field is parched ; through 
tainture of the air 
The dying herbage thirsts ; his viny shades 
Hath Liber grudged the hills : at the 

approach 
Of our own Phyllis all the grove will 
bloom, 



For dayes, but houres ; for moneths that passed 

were, 
She told but weeks, to make them seeme more 

few : 
Yet, when she reckned them still drawing neare, 
Each hour did seem a moneth, and every moneth a 
yeare." 
" The art of numbers cannot count the hours 
Thou hast been absent." 

Middleton, The Family of Love, v. 2. 
" Marian. Could you so long be absent? 
Robin. What, a week ! Was that so long? 
Marian. How long are lovers' weeks, 
Do you think, Robin, when they are asunder? 
Are they not prisoners' years ?" 

B. Jonson, Sad Shepherd, i. 2. 
" Still, when we expect 
Our bliss, time creeps ; but when the happier things 
Call to enjoy, each saucy hour hath wings." 

Shirley, The Traitor, i. 2. 
74. " But neither breath of Morn, when she ascends 
With charm of earliest birds ; nor rising sun 
On this delightful land ; nor herb, fruit, flower, 
Glistening with dew ; nor fragrance after showers ; 
Nor grateful evening mild ; nor silent Night, 
With this her solemn bird ; nor walk by moon, 
Or glittering star-light, without thee is sweet." 
Milton, P. L. iv. 
79. Cowley gives a different turn to the idea : 
speaking of spring, he says : 

C 2 



v. 60—64. 



ECLOGUE VIII. 



v. 65—70. 



And Jove drop plenteous down in. joyful 
rain. 80 

Cor. T Alcides poplar dearest is, the vine 
To Bacchus, to the lovely Venus plant 
Of myrtle, unto Phoebus his own bay ; 
Loves Phyllis hazel-shrubs : so long as 

these 
Shall Phyllis love, nor myrtle-plant, nor bay 
Of Phoebus, shall the hazel-shrubs surpass. 



How could it be so fair, and you away ? 
How could the trees be beauteous, flowers so gay ? 
Could they remember but last year.^ 

How you did them, they you delight, 
The sprouting leaves which saw you here, 
And call'd their fellows to the sight, 
Would, looking round for the same sight in vain, 
Creep back into their silent barks again." 

The Mistress : Spring. 



Thy. The ash-tree in the woods is 

loveliest, 
The pine in gardens, poplar by the floods, 
The silver-fir upon the lofty mounts : 
But if thou oft'ner would'st revisit me, go 
Fair Lycidas, the ash-tree in the woods, 
The pine in gardens should make way for 

thee. 
Mel. I these remember, and that all in 

vain 
Competed conquered Thyrsis. From that 

time 
Is Cory don the Cory don for us. 



93. Is it quite certain that " Corydon for ever," 
(which is, after all that has been written about it, 
the meaning of the last line in the Latin,) is exactly 
a judicious cheer? 



Eclogue VIII. PHARMACEUTRIA. 



DAMON. ALPHESIBCEUS. 



The shepherds Damon and Alphesibceus' 

song, 
Whom, mindless of her browse, the heifer 

viewed 
In wonder, while contending ; at whose lay 
The pards were with amazement struck, 

and, changed 
In their careerings, rivers came to rest : — ■ 
We Damon's and Alphesibceus' song will 

chant. 
Whether thou dost for me now overpass 
The rocks of great Timavus, or dost cruise 
Along the margin of Illyria's sea ; 
Lo ! will that day be ever [here], when 1 10 
May be allowed to celebrate thy deeds ? 
Lo ! will it [come], that I may be allowed 
To bear throughout the universe thy lays, 
Alone for Sophoclean buskin meet ? 
My spring [of song] from thee on thee shall 

end : 



Line 5. The active use of requiesco seems to rest 
on slender foundation. The passage from Ciris 
proves nothing ; and that from Propertius, ii. 22, 25, 
little more. However, there is one from the latter 
author much more to the point: ii. 34, 75: " Quam- 
vis ille suam lassus requievit avenam." Able authors 
take both views of the matter ; and this is certain, 
that no one can say that the word is not used 
actively here, though such a use is extremely rare. 

The skill of Damon and Alphesibceus is attributed 
to Thyrsis by Milton in his Comus : 
" Thyrsis ? whose artful strains have oft delayed 

The huddling brook to hear his madrigal." 
15. " Then ever, beauteous Contemplation, hail ! 

From thee began, auspicious maid, my song ; 

With thee shall end." 

Wjrton, Pleasures of Melancholy. 



Receive the lays, commenced at thy com- 
mands, 
And suffer thou this ivy round thy brows 
To creep along among thy conqu'ring bays. 
The chilly shadow of the night had 
scarce 
Departed from the sky, what time the dew 
Upon the tender herbage to the flock 21 
Is welcomest ; — upon his rounded crook 
Of olive leaning, Damon thus began : 
Damon. Arise, and usher in the bounte- 
ous day, 
Forestalling it, O Lucifer ; while I, 
By Nisa my betrothed's unworthy love 
Beguiled, am plaining, and the deities, 
(Though by their being witnesses [thereto] 
No vantage have I gained, yet) as I die, 
Am I addressing at my latest hour. 30 

Begin with me, my pipe, Maenalian strains. 
Maenalus both a tuneful wood, and pines 
That speak, hath ever ; ever doth he hear 
The shepherds' loves, and Pan, who was 

the first, 
Who suffered not that reeds should idle 

[rest]. 
Begin with me, my pipe, Maenalian strains. 



18. " Laurel is a victor's due ! 

I give it you, 
I give it you ; 
Thy name with praise, 
Thy brow with bays 

We circle round : 
All men rejoice 
With cheerful voice, 
To see thee like a conqueror crowned. 
Middleton, More Dissemblers besides Womsn, 



v. 26 — 4°« 



ECLOGUE VIII. 



v. 4I—55- 



To Mopsus is my Nisa given : what 
May not we lovers look for ? Griffins now 
With horses shall be yoked, and in the age 
Ensuing shall the fearful fallow-deer 40 
With stag-hounds to the drinking-troughs 

repair. 
Fresh torches, Mopsus, cut : for thee a bride 
Is being escorted [home] : O bridegroom, 

strew 

The nuts : for thee doth Hesper CEta quit. 

Begin with me, my pipe, Msenalian strains. 

O mated to a worthy spouse ! Whilst 

thou 

Look'st down on every man, and while my 

pipe 
Is thy abhorrence, while my she-goats, too, 
And shaggy eye-brow, and my dangling 

beard ; 
Nor deem'st thou any god minds human 
things. 50 

Begin with me, my pipe, Msenalian strains. 

In our enclosures thee, a tiny [maid] — 
Your guide was I — I with thy mother saw 
The dewy apples culling : then the year, 
Next from th' eleventh, just had me em- 
braced ; 
I just was able from the ground to reach 
The brittle branches. When I looked, how 
I was lost ! 

37. " If his possessing her your rage does move, 
'Tis jealousy, the avarice of love." 

Dryden, T/te Maiden Quee?i, iii. 1. 

" Then, when our eager wishes soared the highest, 
Ready to stoop and grasp the lovely game, 
A haggard owl, a worthless kite of prey, 
With his foul wings, sailed in, and spoiled my 

quarry." Otway, Venice Preserved, i. 1. 

39. Such anomalies are graphically paralleled by 

Pope in the 3rd Book of the Dtmciad: 

** Thence a new world, to Nature's laws unknown, 
Breaks out refulgent, with a heaven its own : 
Another Cynthia her new journey runs, 
And other planets circle other suns. 
The forests dance, the rivers upward rise, 
Whales sport in woods, and dolphins in the 
skies." 

57. " Why, Philocles, what lost already, man ! 
Struck dead with one poor glance '." 

May, The Heir, ii. 
" I tell you what she is, 
What she expects, and what she will effect, 
Unless you be the miracle of men, 
That come with a purpose to behold, 
And go away yourself." 
Beaumont and Fletcher, TJie Laws of Candy, ii. 1. 

" How art thou lost ! How on a sudden lost !" 
Milton, P. L. b. ix. 
Similarly Marcus, of the sight of Lucia, in 
Addison's Cata, iii. 1 : 

" And yet, when I behold the charming maid, 
I'm ten times more undone." 
And Cowley : 

" I came, I saw, and was undone." 

Mistress: The Thraldom. 



How fell distraction hurried me away ! 
Begin with me, my pipe, Mamalian strains. 
Now know I what is Love : to him 
among 60 

The rugged rocks doth either Tomarus, 
! Or Rhodope, or utmost Garamants, 
I An imp nor of our breed, nor blood, give 

birth. 
\ Begin with me, my pipe, Maenalian strains. 
Fell Love hath taught a mother to distain 
Her hands all over with her children's 
blood : 
} O mother, also barbarous wert thou ! 
, More barbarous the mother, or that boy 

More impious ? More barbarous that boy ; 
j O mother, also barbarous wert thou ! 70 
i Begin with me, my pipe, Maenalian strains. 

Now even let the wolf unbidden fly 
I The sheep ; let churlish oaks gold apples 

bear ; 
j With daffodilly let the alder bloom ; 
1 Let tam'risks drop rich ambers from their 
rinds ; 
E'en owlets vie with swans ; let Tityrus 

63. " For such a warped slip of wilderness 
Ne'er issued from his blood." 
Shakespeare, Measure for Measure, iii. 4. 

65. The unprejudiced reader, who is not absurdly 
wedded to Virgil, as Dr. Trapp and others, can 
hardly help going along with Heyne in his caustic 
remarks on verses 49, 50. However, he seems too 
hasty in expunging them from the text. Why maj- 
not Virgil have written bad lines as well as any 
other poet? Milton, who was vastly his superior in 
genius, has written scores of them. 

In the 49th verse, instead of the awkward supply 
of magis before improbus, may not puer improbv.s 
Me be one phrase ? Vide Geo. iii. 431, Hie ini- 
probus; A£n. v. 397, Improbus iste. iio that the 
meaning would be : Fell Love taught, &c. You, 
mother, were barbarous as well as he (Love). Was 
the mother the more barbarous, or that wicked boy ? 
That wicked boy was (more barbarous) ; you, 
mother, were barbarous too (though he more so). 

66. " Oh, mother, do not lose your name! forget 
not 

The touch of nature in you, tenderness ! 
'Tis all the soul of woman, all the sweetness ! 
Forget not, I beseech you, what are children, 
Nor how you have groaned for them ; to what 

love 
They are born inheritors, with what care kept ; 
And, as they rise to ripeness, still remember 
How they imp out your age ! and when tine 

calls you, 
That as an autumn flower you fall, forget not 
How round about your hearse they hang like 

pennons." 
Beaumont and Fletcher, Thierry and Thcodorct, 
v. 2. 

67. " This is the very top, 
The height, the crest, or crest unto the crest 
Of murder's arms : this is the bloodiest shame, 
The wildest savagery, the vilest stroke, 

That ever wall-eyed wrath, or staring rage, 
Presented to the tears of soft remorse." 

Shakespeare, King John, iv. 3. 



v. 5 6—68. 



ECLOGUE VIII. 



v. 69 — 81. 



Become an Orpheus, Orpheus in the woods, 
Among the dolphins an Arion [be]. 
Begin with me, my pipe, Maenalian strains. 
Let all things even to mid sea be turned. 
Ye forests, fare ye well. Headforemost I 
Shall from a skyey mountain's watching- 
post 82 

Upon the waves be borne adown : this gift, 
The latest of a dying man, retain. 
Cease thou, now cease, my pipe, Maenalian 
strains. 
These Damon [sang] : do ye, Pierian 
maids, 
What [strains] Alphesibceus in reply 
Returned declare : we cannot all do all. 
Alphesibceus. Bring water forth, and with 
a downy wreath 
Festoon these altars, and rich vervains 
burn, 90 

And the male frankincense : that I may 

try 
My paramour's sound senses to derange 
With sorc'rous rites : naught here, but 

spells, there lacks. 
Bring home from town, my spells, bring 
Daphnis [home]. 



Spells even can from heav'n unsphere 

the moon ; 
By spells did Circe change Ulysses' mates ; 
Cold in the meads through charming bursts 

the snake. 
Bring home from town, my spells, bring 

Daphnis [home]. 
I first around thee twine these triple 

threads, 
With threefold color chequered, and three 

times 100 

This image round the altars do I lead : 
In number odd the deity delights. 
Bring home from town, my spells, bring 

Daphnis [home]. 
Twine thou, O Amaryllis, in three knots 
Three colors ; twine them, Amaryllis, now, 
And say : ' ' The chains of Venus do I 

twine." 
Bring home from town, my spells, bring 

Daphnis [home]. 
As doth this clay grow hard, and as this 

wax 
Grows fluid at the one and selfsame fire — 



82. " Still fate is in my reach : from, mountains 
high, 
Deep in whose shadow craggy ruins lie, 
Can I not headlong fling this weight of woe, 
And dash out life against the flints below ? 
Are there not streams, and lakes, and rivers wide, 
Where my last breath may bubble on the tide ?" 
Gay, Dione, v. 2. 

90. " Black spirits and white, red spirits and gray, 
Mingle, mingle, mingle, you that mingle may ! 
Titty, Tiffin, keep it stiff in ! 
Firedrake, Puckey, make it lucky ! 
Liard, Robin, you must bob in ! 
Round, around, around, about, about ! 
All ill come running in, all good keep out ! 

Middleton, The Witch, v. 2. 

93. The power of magic is described with infinite 
beauty by Shakespeare in his Tempest, v. 1 : 
" Ye elves of hills, brooks, standing lakes, and 

groves ; 
And ye, that on the sands with printless foot, 
Do chase the ebbing Neptune, and do fly him, 
When he comes back ; you demy-puppets, that 
By moonshine do the green-sour ringlets make, 
Whereof the ewe not bites ; and you, whose 

pastime 
Is to make midnight mushrooms : that rejoice 
To hear the solemn curfew ; by whose aid 
(Weak masters though ye be) I have bedimm'd 
The noontide sun, call'd forth the mutinous winds, 
And 'twixt the green sea and the azur'd vault 
Set roaring war ; to the dread rattling thunder 
Have I given fire, and rifted Jove's stout oak 
With his own bolt ; the strong-bas'd promontory 
Have I made shake, and by the spurs pluck'd up 
The pine and cedar ; graves, at my command, 
Have wak'd their sleepers ; oped, and let them 

forth 
By my so potent art." 



94. Or 



my Daphnis bring. 



95. " Can you doubt me, then, daughter, 

That can make mountains tremble, miles of 

woods walk, 
Whole earth's foundation bellow, and the spirits 
Of the entombed to burst out from their marbles ; 
Nay, draw yond moon to my involved designs?". 
Middleton, The Witch, v. 2. 

99. There is a marked allusion to these magical 
rites in Spenser's account of Glauce's efforts in 
behalf of Britomart, though her object was the 
exact reverse of Virgil's witch: — "to undoe her 
daughter's love :" 

" Then, taking thrise three heares from off her 
head, 
Them trebly breaded in a threefold lace, 
And round about the pots mouth bound the 

thread ; 
And, after having whispered a space 
Certein sad words with hollow voice and bace, 
Shee to the virgin sayd, thrise sayd she itt : 
' Come, daughter, come ; come, spit upon my 

face ; 
Spitt thrise upon me, thrise upon me spitt : 
Th' uneven nomber for this business is most fitt.' " 
F. Q. iii. 2, 50. 

100. So Dame Partlett to Chanticleer : Dryden, 
Cock and Fox, 187, 8 : 
" Take just three worms, nor under nor above, 

Because the gods unequal numbers love." 
109. " His picture made in wax, and gently molten 

By a blue fire, kindled with dead men's eyes, 

Will waste him by degrees." 

Middleton, The Witch, v. 2. 

As thus I stab his picture, and stare on it, 
Methinks the duke should feel me now: is not 
His soul acquainted? Can he less than tremble, 
When I lift up my arm to wound his counterfeit ? 
Witches can persecute the lives of whom 
They hate, when they torment their senseless 

figures, 
And stick the waxen model full of pins." 

Shirley, The Traitor, v. 2. 



v. 82 — 99* 



ECLOGUE IX. 



v. ioo — 109. 



23 



So Daphnis by our love. Strew salted 

meal, no 

And with bitumen light the crackling bays. 
Me felon Daphnis burns, in Daphnis I 

this bay. 
Bring home from town, my spells, bring 

Daphnis [home]. 
May such a passion Daphnis [seize], as 

when, 
Worn out in seeking for the youthful bull 
Through lawns and lofty groves, a heifer 

sinks 
Down by a water-rill on verdant sedge, 
Distracted, nor remembers to withdraw 
From night's late [hour.] Him such a 

passion seize, 
Nor let his curing be a care to me ! 120 
Bring home from town, my spells, bring 

Daphnis [home]. 
This cast-apparel erst th' arch-traitor left 
For me, dear pledges of himself, which now 
I at the very entrance, earth, consign 
To you ; these pledges Daphnis owe [to me]. 
Bring home from town, my spells, bring 

Daphnis [home]. 
These herbs and poisons these, in Pontus 

culled, 
Mceris himself gave me : full many grow 
In Pontus. Oft with these I've Mceris seen 
Become a wolf, and hide him in the 

woods ; 130 

Oft spirits summon from their lowest graves, 
And seeded crops transport to other ground. 



in. The bay was probably put inside the 
image, being hollow. 
132. " Or dost thou envy 

The fat prosperity of any neighbour ? 

I'll call forth Hoppo, and her incantation 

Can straight destroy the young of all his cattle ; 



Bring home from town, my spells, bring 

Daphnis [home]. 
The ashes, Amaryllis, bear abroad, 
And throw them in a running brook, and 

o'er 
Thy head ; nor should'st thou cast a look 

behind. 
With these I Daphnis will assail : naught he 
Of deities, naught recks he of my spells. 
Bring home from town, my spells, bring 

Daphnis [home]. 
Behold ! while I delay to bear them 

forth, 140 

The very ashes of their own accord 
Have on the altars seized with bick'ring 

flames. 
Auspicious may it prove ! I know not 

what, 
[But something] 'tis for certain ; Hylax, too, 
Is barking in the sill. Do we believe 
[The omen] ? Or do they, who are in love, 
Themselves to their own selves imagine 

dreams ? 
Spare, spells, now spare him ! Daphnis 

comes from town. 

Blast vineyards, orchards, meadows ; or in one 

night 
Transport his dung, hay, corn, by reeks, whole 

stacks, 
Into thine own ground." 

Middleton, The Witch, i. 2. 
144. This expression is used by Milton in Comus: 
" For certain 
Either some like us night-foundered here." 
And by Shakespeare, MercJuxnt of Venice, v. 1 : 
" For here I read for certain that my ships 
Are safely come to road." 
147. " Am I awake, or dream I ? Is it true, 
Or does my flattering fancy but suggest 
What I most covet ?" May, The Heir, ii. 



Eclogue IX. MCERIS. 



LYCIDAS 
Lycidas. Whither, O Mceris, do thy feet 

[bear] thee ? 
Is't to the city, whither leads the way ? 
Mceris. O Lycidas, we've reached [the 
day] alive, 
When a strange owner of our little farm, 
(Which ne'er we feared,) should tell us, 

" These are mine ; 
Old tenants, move away." Now overborne, 



Lined. "Greedy of gain, either by fraud or 

stealth ; 
And whilst one toils, another gets the wealth." 
Middleton, More Disseinblers besides Womei, 



MCERIS. 

In woe, since chance is shifting all, do we 
These kids to him — no luck go with them ! 
— send. 
Ly. I sooth had surely heard, that where 
the hills 
Begin to slope them off, and sink their ridge, 
With gentle dip, as far as to the stream, 1 1 
And antiquated beech, now shivered tops, 
All by his lays had your Menalcas saved. 
Mcc. Hear it thou didst ; a rumor e'en it 
was ; 
But lays of ours as much, O Lycidas, 
Avail 'mid warlike weapons, as they say 
Do Chaon pigeons when the eagle swoops. 



24 



v. 14 — 29. 



ECLOGUE IX. 



v. 30 — 5c. 



But save a crow upon the left, from out 
A hollow ilex, had forewarned me 
By any means whatever to cut short 20 
The fresh disputes, nor would thy Mceris 

here, 
Nor would Menalcas even, be alive. 

Ly. Alas ! occurs to any guilt so deep ? 
Alas ! were consolations thine from us, 
Well nigh along with thee, Menalcas, 

reft ? 
Who could the Nymphets sing ? Who strew 

the ground 
With blooming plants, or mantle o'er the 

springs 
With emerald shade ? Or [who could sing] 

the lays 
Which I caught up by stealth from thee of 

late, 
When thou to Amaryllis, our delight, 30 
Would'st take thee: — " Tityrus, till I re- 
turn — 
The journey is but short — feed thou my 

goats, 
And drive them on to drink when they are 

fed, 
O Tityrus ; and, in thy driving them, 
Of going in the way of my he-goat — 
That fellow butteth with his horn — be- 
ware !" 
Mce. Nay, rather those, — nor they yet 
finished off, — 
Which he to Varus sang: "Varus, thy 

name, 
Let only Mantua for us survive — 
Ah ! Mantua, a neighbor, too, too near 40 
The evil-starred Cremona — as they chant, 
The swans on high shall carry to the stars." 



26. " Strew, strew the glad and smiling ground. 
With every flower, yet not confound 
The primrose drop, the spring's own spouse, 
Bright day's-eyes, and the lips of cows, 
The garden-star, the queen of May. 
The rose, to crown the holyday." 

Ben Jonson, Tan's Anniversary. 
" Whose name shall now make ring 

The echoes V Of whom shall the nymphets sing ?" 
" Blush no more, rose, nor lily pale remain, 
Dead is that beauty which yours late did stain." 

Drummond, Sonnets, P. ii. 13, 10. 
41. Shakespeare thus alludes to the warbling of 
the swan : 

" Let music sound while he doth make his choice ; 
Then, if he lose, he makes a swan-like end, 
Fading in music." Merchant of Venice, iii. 2. 
And again, in King JoJin, v. 7 : 

" 'Tis strange that death should sing. 
I am the cygnet to this pale faint swan, 
Who chaunts a doleful hymn to his own death, 
And from the organ-pipe of frailty sings 
His soul and body to their lasting rest." 
" Thus on Meander's flowery margin lies 
The expiring swan, and as he sings he dies." 
Pope, Rape of the Lock, canto v. 



Ly. So may thy swarms escape Cyrnean 
yews ! 
So may, upon the cytisus full-fed, 
Thy kine swell out their teats ! Begin, if 

aught 
Thou hast. Me also have a poet made 
Pieria's ladies ; I have verses too ; 
Me likewise do the shepherds call a bard : 
But not in them a weak believer I. 
For [lays] I seem to warble, neither yet 50 
Of Varus nor of Cinna worthy, but a goose 
To cackle in the midst of tuneful swans. 

Mce. That sooth am I about, and silently, 

Lycid, with myself I turn it o'er, 
If I could recollect it ; nor is mean 

The sonnet : ' ' Hither come, O Galatee ; 
For what is thy diversion in the waves ? 
Here spring all bright ; here, round the 

rills, 
The earth unbosoms her enamelled flowers ; 
The silver poplar here o'erhangs the grot, 60 
And limber vines pleach bowers. Hither 

come ; 
The frantic waves allow to lash the shores." 
Ly. What those, which I had heard thee 

when alone 
Warbling beneath the cloudless night ? The 

air 

1 recollect, if I could catch the words. 
Mce. " O Daphnis, wherefore art thou 

gazing up 
Upon the constellations' rise of old ? 
Lo ! hath the Diomean Caesar's star 
Advanced ; the star, whereby might fields 

of corn 
Delight them in their produce, and whereby 
The bunch might draw its hue on sunny 

hills. 71 

Engraft the pear-trees, Daphnis ; sons of sons 



Garth, still more musically : 
" The tuneful swans on gliding rivers float, 
And warbling dirges die on every note." 

Dispensary, canto iv. 

51. " At last, whenas our quire wants breath, 
Our bodies being blest, 
We'll sing, like swans, to welcome death, 
And die in love and rest." 

Webster, The Duchess of Malf, iv. 2. 

" Who hath his flock of cackling geese compared 
With thy tuned quire of swans?" 

Carew, To Ben Jonson. 

59. " Shepherd, I pray thee stay. Where hast 

thou been ? 
Or whither goest thou ? Here be woods as green 
As any ; air likewise as fresh and sweet 
As where smooth Zephyrus plays on the fleet 
Face of the curled streams ; with flowers as many 
As the young spring gives, and as choice as any; 
Here be all new delights, cool streams and wells, 
Arbours o'ergrown with woodbines, caves, and 

dells." 
J. Fletcher, The Faithful Stuphtrdcss, i, 3. 



v. 51—56. 



ECLOGUE X. 



v. 57—67. 



25 



Shall cull thy fruits." Age all things sweeps 

away, 
The mem'ry too. I recollect that oft, a boy, 
The ling'ring suns I buried as I sang : 
So many songs are now by me forgot. 
Now very voice, too, Mceris flies ; the wolves 
Have first seen Mceris. But, however, these j 
Full oft to thee Menalcas will recite. 

Ly. By pleading pretexts our enjoyments J 

thou 80 

Deferr'st for long. And now, all lulled for j 

thee, 



73. This idea is beautifully expressed by Dryden : 
" O'er whom Time gently shakes his wings of 
down, 
Till with his silent sickle they are mown." 

Astrcea Redux, 109. 
" The end crowns all ; 
And that old common arbitrator, Time, 
Will one day end it." 

Shakespeare, Troilus and Cressida, iv. 5. 

75. " How oft in pleasing tasks we wear the day, 
While summer suns roll unperceived away !" 

Pope, Ep. to Mr. Jervas, 

A. Philips, somewhat differently from Virgil : 
" For many songs and tales of mirth had I 
To chase the loit'ring sun adowne the sky." 

Past. 1. 

78. To this notion Dryden alludes ; Hind and 
Panther, 551, 2 : 
" The surly Wolf, with secret envy burst, 

Yet could not howl : the Hind had seen him first." 



The surface [of the lake] is still ; and, look ! 

Hath ev'ry breath of breezy whisper fallen. 

From this we have exactly half the way ; 

For 'gins Bianor's burial-place to show. 

Here, where the farmers strip the clustered 
leaves, 

Here, Mceris, sing we ; here do thou the 
kids 

Set down : we still shall to the city come. 

Or, if we fear lest night may gather rain 

Before, we may — the road will irk the less — ■ 

Go singing still ; that singing we may go, 91 

I'll disencumber thee of this thy load. 
Mce. Cease more, O swain ; and that 
which presses now 

Let us discharge : the songs we then shall 
sing 

The better, when he shall have come him- 
self. 

82. So Parnell in his beautiful Night-piece on 
Death : 

" The slumb'ring breeze forgets to breathe ; 
The lake is smooth and clear beneath." 

84. Medius seems not to be used by classical 
writers strictly in the sense of "half;" but it is 
hard to make decent English of the sense "middle," 
without an objectionable paraphrase. 
" Discourse hath made the way less tedious : 

We have reached the cell already." 

Shirley, St. Patrick for Ireland, v. 3. 

90. Or, if tcedit be read with Wagner : " the 
journey irketh less." 



Eclogue X. GALLUS. 



This latest effort, Arethuse, do thou 
Vouchsafe me : lays a few to Gallus mine, 
But which Lycoris may herself peruse, 
Must be recited : who will lays deny 
To Gallus ? So along with thee, when thou 
Shalt underneath Sicilian surges glide, 
May not salt Doris blend her wave ! Begin : 
Let us the restless loves of Gallus tell, 
While flat-nosed she-goats nibble tender 

shrubs. 
We sing not to the deaf : woods echo all. 10 
What lawns, or woodlands what, held 

you, O Naiad maids, 



Line 11. There is a marked resemblance between 
this Eclogue and Milton's Lycidas ; but how immea- 
surably the English has distanced the Latin poet, 
must be obvious to any one who can divest himself 
of prejudice: 

" Where were ye, nymphs, when the remorseless 
deep 
Closed o'er the head of your loved Lycidas ? 
For neither were ye playing on the steep. 
Where your old bards, the famous Druids, lie, 
Nor on the shaggy top of Mona high," &c. 



When Gallus Math unworthy passion pined ? 
For neither unto you Parnassus' brows, 
For neither any [brows] of Pindus caused 
Delay, nor Aon Aganippe. Him 
E'en bay-trees, even tamarisks bewept ; 
Him, lying underneath a lonely cliff, 
E'en piny Msen'lus and the rocks of cold 
Lycseus wept. The sheep, too, stand 
around ; — 

19. So Pope, Past. 2 : 
" Soft as he mourn'd the streams forgot to flow, 

The flocks around a dumb compassion show." 

" There was speech in their dumbness, language 
in their very gesture." — Shakespeare, Winter's 
Tale, v. 2. 

This whole account of Gallus brings to mind the 
melancholy youth in Gray's Elegy : 
" There at the foot of yonder nodding beech, 

That wreathes its old fantastic roots so high, 
His listless length at noontide would he stretch, 

And pore upon the brook that babbles by. 
Hard by yon wood, now smiling as in scorn, 

Mutt'ring his wayward fancies, would he rove; 
Now drooping, woful, wan, like one forlorn, 

Or craz'd with care, or cross'd in hopeless love." 



26 



v. 17—35- 



ECLOGUE X. 



v. 36—53. 



They neither are ashamed of us, nor thou 20 
Be of the flock ashamed, O heav'nly bard : 
Yea, sheep by rivers fair Adonis fed ; — 
And came the shepherd ; plodding swine- 
herds came ; 
The drenched Menalcas came from wintry 

mast. 
All ask, " Whence [comes] this passion 

unto thee ?" 
Apollo came: "Why, Gallus, rave?" he 

cries ; 
" Thy care, Lycoris, hath another tracked 
Alike through snows, and through dread 

camps." Came, too, 
Silvanus, with a [crown of] rural grace 
Upon his head, his blooming fennel plants, 
And monster lilies tossing to and fro. 31 
Pan came, the god of Arcady, whom we 
Ourselves beheld with berries bloody-red 
Of danewort, and with cinnabar, aglow. 
" Will there be any bound [to this] ?" saith 

he; 
' ' Love recks not of the like. Nor felon 

Love 
By tears, nor grasses by the rills, nor bees 
By cytisus are cloyed, nor by the leaf 
She-goats." But sad the other saith : 

"Still ye 
Shall sing of these, Arcadians, to your 
mounts ; — 40 

In singing ye, Arcadians, skilled alone. 
Oh ! then how softly might my bones re- 
pose, 
Should your reed-pipe hereafter tell my 

loves ! 
And would to heav'n that I were one of 
you, 



42. " Farewell for evermore ! 

If you shall hear that sorrow struck me dead, 
And after find me loyal, let there be 
A tear shed from you in my memory, 
And I shall rest in peace." 

Beaumont and Fletcher, Philaster, iii. 1. 
" Lie lightly on my ashes, gentle earth !" 

J. Fletcher, Botiduca, iv. 3. 
44. " Oh, that I had been nourished in these woods 
With milk of goats and acorns, and not known 
The right of crowns, nor the dissembling trains 
Of women's looks ; but digged myself a cave, 
Where I, my fire, my cattle, and my bed, 
Might have been shut together in one shed ; 
And then had taken me some mountain girl, 
Beaten with winds, chaste as the hardened rocks, 
Whereon she dwelt, that might have strewed my bed 
With leaves and reeds, and with the skins of beasts, 
Our neighbours." 

Beaumont and Fletcher, Philaster, iv. 2. 
" Take again 
Your ill-timed honours ; take 'em, gods ! 
And change me to some humble villager, 
If so at last for toils at scorching noon, 
In mowing meadows, and in reaping fields, 
At night she will but crown me with a smile." 
Lee, Theodosius, i. 1. 



And had been either guardian of your flock, 
Or vintager of your enripened bunch ! 
Of surety, had or Phyllis been my rage, 
Or had Amyntas, or whoever else — 
What then, if swart Amyntas were ? E'en 

dark 
Are violets, and martagons are dark — 50 
With me among the willows, underneath 
The limber vine, he might lie down ; her 

wreaths 
For me would Phyllis cull, Amyntas, [he] 
Would sing. Here icy springs, here velvet 

meads, 
Lycoris, here the woodland ; here could I 
Be worn away with thee through very age. 
Now madding love of callous Mars in arms, 
Among mid weapons and confronted foes, 
Detains me : thou far off thy native land, — 
Ne'er may it be my fortune to believe 60 
[A truth] so grievous ! — dost the snows of 

Alps, 
Ah ! heartless ! and the chills of Rhine, 

apart 
From me, alone behold. Ah ! let the chills 
Not harm thee ! Ah ! let rugged ice not 

gash 
Thy tender foot-soles ! I will go, and lays, 
Which in Chalcidian strain by me were 

framed, 
On the Sicilian shepherd's reed will play. 
'Tis fixed that I within the woods, among 
The dens of savage beasts would liefer bear, 
And carve my loves upon the tender trees : — 



54. " Fly to the arbours, grots, and flowery meads, 
And in soft murmurs interchange our souls ; 
Together drink the crystal of the stream, 
Or taste the yellow fruit which autumn yields, 
And when the golden evening calls us home, 
Wing to our downy nest, and sleep till morn." 
Lee, Theodosius, ii. 1. 

56. " My all that Heaven can give ! 

Death's life with you ; without you, Death to live." 
Dryden, Aurungzebe, iv. 1. 

64. " But oh ! that hapless virgin, our lost sister ! 
Where may she wander now, whither betake her 
From the chill dew, among rude burs and thistles ! 
Perhaps some cold bank is her bolster now, 
Or 'gainst the rugged bark of some broad elm 
Leans her unpillowed head." Milton, Coinus. 

70. When Prince Arthure discovers the " gentle 
squire," he finds that he had followed the example 
of Gallus, in making the trees the monuments of his 
affection : 

" And eke by that he saw on every tree 
How he the name of one engraven had 
Which likely was his liefest love to be." 

Spenser, F. Q. iv. 7, 46. 

And so also Colin : Colin Clout, 632 : 
" Her name in every tree I will endosse, 
That, as the trees do grow, her name may grow." 

We find Orlando doing the same in As You Like 
It, iii. 2 : 



v. 54—63- 



ECLOGUE X. 



64—77. 



27 



Grow they will, ye will grow, my loves. 

M ean while 7 1 

O'er Meen'lus will I range with mingled 

Nymphs, 
Or hunt the hot wild boars ; no chills shall 

bar 
My compassing with hounds Parthenian 

glades. 
Meseems that now through rocks and ring- 
ing groves 
I'm roaming; 'tis my joy from Parthian bow 
To shoot Cydonian arrows ; as if this 
Were healing for my frenzy, or that god 
May leam to soften at the ills of men. 
Now neither Hamadryads any more, 80 
Nor songs themselves charm us ; ye very 
woods, 



" Hang there, my verse, in witness of my love : 

And thou, thrice crowned queen of night, survey 
With thy chaste eye, from thy pale sphere above, 

Thy huntress' name, that my full life doth sway. 
O Rosalind ! these trees shall be my books, 

And in their barks my thoughts I'll character ; 
That every eye, which in this forest looks, 

Shall see thy virtue witness'd everywhere. 
Run, run, Orlando ; carve on every tree 
The fair, the chaste, and unexpressive she." 

Drayton varies the idea in Quest of Cynthia, 
5.6: 

" At length upon a lofty fir 
It was my chance to find 
Where that dear name, most due to her, 

Was carved upon the rind. 
Which whilst with wonder I beheld, 

The bees their honey brought, 
And up the carved letters filled, 
As they with gold were wrought." 
Shirley uses tears instead of wood-cuts : 

" That every tear could fall 
Into some character, which you might read, 
That so I might dispense with my sad tongue, 
And leave my sorrows legible." 

The Imposture, iv. 5. 
Cowley makes such carvings fatal to the tree : 
" I cut my love into his gentle bark, 

And in three days, behold ! 'tis dead." 
" Pardon, ye birds and nymphs, who loved this 
shade ; 
And pardon me, thou gentle tree ; 
I thought her name would thee have happy made, 

And blessed omens hoped from thee : 
'Notes of my love, thrive here,' said I, 'and 
grow ; 
And with ye let my love do so.' " 

The Mistress : The Tree. 
"Oh ! might I here 
In solitude live savage : in some glade 
Obscured, where highest woods, impenetrable 
To star or sunlight, spread their umbrage broad 
And brown as evening : cover me, ye pines, 
Ye cedars ; with innumerable boughs 
Hide me." Milton, P. L.. b. ix. 



Once more give way. Our woes cannot 

change him, 
Nor if we in the midst of frosts were both 
To drink the Hebrus, and Sithonian snows 
Of wat'ry winter-tide to undergo ; 
Nor if, when dying on the lofty elm, 
The bark is shriv'ling, we should shift the 

sheep 
Of ^Ethiopians under Cancer's star. 
Love conquers all : let us too yield to Love." 
'Twill be enough, Pierian maids divine, 90 
That these your bard hath chanted, while 

he sits, 
And weaves with mallow slim his slender 

frail. 
Ye these of deepest interest will make 
To Gallus : [yea] to Gallus, love of whom 
As fast is growing on me every hour, 
As in the infant spring the alder green 
Uprears her. Let us rise ; the shade is wont 
To prove calamitous to those who sing ; 
Calamitous the shade of juniper ; 
The shades, too, harm the crops. Go, full- 
fed, home,— 100 
go, she-goats. 



82. " Nothing rocks love asleep but death." 

J. Fletcher, The Pilgrim, v. 4. 

89. " Love is your master, for he masters you ; 
And he that is so yoked by a fool, 
Methinks, should not be chronicled for wise." 
Shakespeare, Tivo Gentleme?i of Verona, i. 1. 

94. Cardinal Wolsey speaks similarly of his de- 
votion to the king : Shakespeare, Hen. VIII. iii. 2 : 
" My loyalty, 
Which ever has, and ever shall be growing, 
Till death, that winter, kill it." 

99. Cowley says the same of the yew : 
" Beneath a bower for sorrow made, 
Th' uncomfortable shade 
Of the black yew's unlucky green, 
Mixed with the mourning willow's careful grey." 
The Complaint. 

100. " Shepherds all and maidens fair, 
Fold your flocks up, for the air 
'Gins to thicken, and the sun 
Already his great course hath run. 
See the dewdrops, how they kiss, 
Every little flower that is, 
Hanging on their velvet heads, 
Like a rope of crystal beads : 
See the heavy clouds are falling, 
And bright Hesperus down calling, 
The dead night from under ground ; 
At whose rising mists unsound, 
Damps and vapours fly apace, 
Hovering o'er the wanton face 
Of these pastures, where they come, 
Striking dead both bud and bloom." 
J- Fletcher, The Faithful Sliepherdess, ii. 1. 



THE GEORGIGS. 



BOOK I. 



What makes gay crops, beneath what star 

the earth 
To turn, Maecenas, and to elms to wed 
The vines, 'tis meet ; what be the care of 

beeves, 
What management in keeping of the flock ; 
How vast the knowledge for the thrifty 

bees : — 
I hence will undertake to sing. O ye, 
All-brilliant luminaries of the world, 
Who lead the year, as through the heav'n 

it glides ; 
O Liber and boon Ceres, since the earth 
Hath through your gift Chaonian mast 

exchanged io 

For the rich ear, and Acheloan cups 
Hath blent with [new] discovered grapes ; 

and ye, 
The rustics' fav'ring Pow'rs, O Fauns — 

advance 
Your foot in time, both Fauns and Dryad 

maids : — 



Line 3. "Two rows of elms ran with proportioned 
grace, 
Like Nature's arras, to adorn the sides ; 
The friendly vines their loved barks embrace, 
With folding tops the checkered ground-work 
hides." Shirley, Narcissits, st. 13. 

" Or they led the vine 
To wed her elm : she, spoused, about him twines 
Her marriageable arms, and with him brings 
Her dower, the adopted clusters, to adorn 
His barren leaves." Milton, Par. Lost, b. v. 
Shakespeare makes Titania say beautifully of the 
ivy: 

" Sleep thou, and I will wind thee in my arms : 
Fairies, begone ; and be all ways away. 
So doth the woodbine, the sweet honeysuckle, 
Gently entwist, — the female ivy so 
Enrings the barky fingers of the elm." 

Midsitmmer Nighfs Dream, iv. 1. 
" Thou art an elm, my husband, I a vine, 

Whose weakness, married to thy stronger state, 
Makes me with thy strength to communicate." 
Shakespeare, Comedy of Errors, ii. 2. 
" Everlasting hate 
The vine to ivy bears, nor less abhors 
The colewort's rankness, but with amorous twine 
Clasps the tall elm." J. Philips, Cider, b. i. 
11. Or, " draughts." 
14. Or, "at once." 



Your gifts I sing. And thou, O [thou], for 

whom 
The earth, by thy majestic trident struck, 
Unbosomed first the snorting courser, 

Neptune ! 
And patron [thou] of lawns, through whom 

three hundred steers, 
Snow-white, are browsing Cea's juicy 

brakes ; 
E'en thou, too, quitting thy paternal lawn, 
And woodlands of Lycaeus, Pan ! of sheep 
The guardian, if thy Maenalus to thee 22 
Is of concern, be kindly present here, 
O [god] of Tegea ! Minerva, too, ; 
Creatress of the olive ; and thou youth, 
Discloser of the crooked plough; and [thou,] 
Silvanus, bearing, from its root [uptorn], 
A tender cypress ; and ye gods and god- 
desses, 
All, whose delight it be to guard the fields, 
Both ye, who rear from no [implanted] 

seed 30 

The infant fruits, and who on seeded crops 
Drop down the plenteous show'r from 

heav'n ; and thou, 
In chief, whom what assemblies of the 

gods 
Hereafter shall enjoy is unresolved : 
Whether to visit cities, Caesar, and the 

charge 
Of countries mayest thou desire, and thee 
The vasty globe, as parent of its fruits, 
And of its weather-changes lord, may hail, 
Environing thy brows with myrtle-plant 
Of thy own mother ; — or thou mayest come 
The god of the immeasurable sea, 41 

And mariners thy deity alone 
Adore, the farmost Thule be thy serf, 



16. See the fabled dispute between Neptune and 
Minerva, treated by Spenser in his beautiful poem, 
Muiopotmos. 

" Percussa " is rather " thrilled," or " shocked." 

18. Or, "Tenant," "haunter." 

25. Inventrix, creatress ; so repertor, creator : 
s£u. xii. 829, 

34. That is, though it might be known in heaven, 
it is a question on earth. 



v. 31—51. 



BOOK I. 



v. 52 — 82. 



29 



And Tethys buy thee for her son-in-law 
With all her waves ; — or whether thou a 

star, 
New [-born], annex thee to the lazy months, 
There where a space between Erigone 
And the pursuing Claws is opened out : — 
The fiery Scorpion of himself for thee 
E'en now draws in his arms, and hath 
resigned 50 

A more than due proportion of the sky : — 
Whate'er thou'lt be — for let nor Tartarus 
Expect thee for its monarch, nor on thee 
Let so accurst a lust of ruling come, 
Though Greece may her Elysian plains 

admire, 
Nor Proserpine recovered feel concern 
T' attend her mother : — grant an easy course, 
And nod [thy sanction] to my bold em- 
prize : 
And pitying with me the rural [swains], 
Unknowing of the path, advance, and now, 
Inure thee now to be invoked with vows. 61 
In early spring, when rimy moisture 
thaws 
On hoary mountains, and the crumbling 

clod 
Unbinds itself before the western breeze, 
Let now at once the bull begin for me 
Beneath the deeply sunken plough to groan, 
And, by the furrow worn, the share to 

flash. 
That corny seedland answers at the last 
The greedy tiller's prayers, which twice the 

sun, 
Twice frosts hath felt : its harvests passing 
bound 70 

Have burst his garners. But ere we with 

steel 
An unknown surface cleave, be it our task 
The winds, and changeful habit of the 
clime, 



51. " But this fair gem, sweet in the loss alone, 
When you fleet hence, can be bequeathed to none ; 
Or, if it could, down from th' enamelled sky 
All heaven would come to claim this legacy." 

Marlowe, Hero and Leander, Sestiad 1. 
" Thou shalt 
Be drawn with horses, white as Venus' doves, 
Till heaven itself, in envy of our bliss, 
Snatch thee from earth, to place thee in his orb. 
The brightest constellation." 

Shirley, The Politician, ii. 1. 

62. " And made the downy Zephyr, as he flew, 
Still to be followed by the Spring's best hue." 
B. Jonson, The Vision of Delight, See note on 

Geo. ii. /. 449. 

But he introduces a harbinger, still more charm- 
ing : 

" I grant the linet, lark, and bullfinch sing, 
But best the dear good angel of the spring, 
The Nightingale." 

The Sad SJicpherd, ii. 2. 



To learn before, and both the native tilths 
And dispositions of the spots, and what 
Each district may produce, and what may 

each 
Refuse. Here cereal crops, there clusters 

come 
More happily ; the fruits of trees elsewhere ; 
And uncommanded wax the grasses green. 
Dost thou not see how Tmolus saffron 
scents, 80 

Ind iv'ry sendeth, Saba's tender sons 
The frankincense their own ; but naked 

Chalybs, 
Their iron ; Pontus, too, rank castory, 
Epirus palm-wreaths of Elean mares ? 
From first these laws and everlasting terms 
Upon established spots hath Nature laid, 
What time at first Deucalion tossed the 

stones 
Upon an empty globe, whence men were 

born, 
A flinty race. Then come, the soil of 

earth 
That's rich, let straightway from the year's 
first months 90 

Thy sturdy bulls upturn, and as they lie, 
Let dusty-mantled summer bake the clods 
With rip'ning suns. But should the land 

not prove 
Prolific, towards Arcturus' very [rise], 
Sufficient will it be to hang it up, 
With a diminished furrow : there — lest 

weeds 
May harass the delighted produce ; here — 
Lest scanty moisture quit the barren sand. 
In every other year shalt thou, the same, 
Allow thy fallow-lands, that have been 
reaped, I 00 

To idle, and the listless plain to cake 
With rust ; or there shalt sow the golden 

spelts 
Beneath a constellation changed, whence 

thou 
Shalt first the merry pulse with rattling pod, 
Or tiny seeds of vetch, and brittle haulm 
Of bitter lupin, and its rustling grove, 
Have carried off. For burnetii up the 

plain 
The crop of flax, the oat [-crop] burns it up, 
Burn it up poppies, soaked in Lethe's sleep. 
But still in every other year the toil 1 10 
Is easy : only be thou not ashamed 
To glut the sapless mould with ordure rich, 
Nor over thy exhausted grounds to toss 
The ash unclean. Thus, too, by change of 
crops 

114. Ben Jonson has "ash" in the singular : 
" Put it out rather, all out, to an ash." ^ 

D. is an Ass, ii, 1. 



30 



v. 83 — 107. 



THE GEORGICS. 



V. I08 — 120. 



The fields repose ; nor meanwhile no re- 
turn 
Ariseth from the earth unploughed. Oft, 

too, 
It hath bestead to fire the barren fields, 
And burn light stubble in the crackling 

flames : 
Whether thereby the lands secreted powers 
And juicy food conceive ; or every fault 120 
Is melted out of them by fire, and forth 
The baneful moisture oozes ; or that heat 
More passages, and darksome breathing- 
pores 
Unloosens, where to th' infant blades the 

sap 
May come ; or hardens more, and braces 

close 
The gaping arteries, lest filmy rains, 
Or too fierce power of the raging sun, 
Or piercing cold of Boreas sear them up. 
Much, too, doth he, who breaks the lazy 

clods 
With rakes, and hurdles of the osier trails, 
Bestead the fields ; nor him in vain regards 
The golden Ceres from Olympus high : 132 
And who the ridges, which upon the plain, 
When broken up, he rears, once more 

breaks through 
With plough transversely turned, and works 

his ground 
Incessantly, and lords it o'er his lays. 
For dropping summers and for winters 

fair 
Entreat, O swains : through wintry dust 

the spelts 
Are blithest, blithe the field. In tillage 

none 
Doth Mysia vaunt herself so much, and 

e'en 140 

At their own harvests marvel Gargar's 

[heights]. 
Why sing of him, who, when the seed is 

cast, 
In close encounter presses on his fields, 
And quells the piles of no rich land ? Then 

brings he o'er 
His seeded grounds a flood and following 

rills ; 
And when the seared ground is withering 

up 

115. The construction in verse 83 is imitated by 
Milton in several places : e. g. Par. Lost, b. i. : 
" Nor did they not perceive the evil plight 
In which they were." 

" Nor doth the moon no nourishment exhale." 
• lb., b. v. 

134. Proscindo is technically to " break up," i.e. 
lay-ground ; for arva here obviously means this. 

140. That is, " in such a climate as this." 



With dying herbage, lo ! adown the brow 
Of some hill-channel he the brook allures. 
It, tumbling o'er the glossy shingle, wakes 
A noisy brawl, and with its bubbling 

streams 150 

Relieves the parching fields. Why [sing of 

him], 
Who, lest the straw should lodge through 

loaded ears, 
His crops' rank humor in the tender blade 
Feeds down, when first the seedlings level 

make 
His furrows ; and who through the spongy 

sand 
Drains off the gathered moisture of the 

pool? 
In chief if in unsettled months a stream, 
O 'erf] owing, bursts abroad, and far and 

near 
Encases all with crusted slime, whence reek 
The hollow channels with the moisture 

warm. 160 

Nor still, when these have travails both 

of men 
And beeves, in turning up the earth, es- 
sayed, 
Naught do the graceless goose, and Stry- 

mon's cranes, 



161. See note on 1. 115, where examples are 
quoted of Milton's imitation of such constructions 
as those in verses 118-120. 

163. Iniprobus has a variety of meanings, whether 
applied to persons, qualities, or things ; all of which 
arise from the radical signification of " improper," 
and hence "immoderate." In the present instance, 
the great mass of commentators refer the expression 
more to the physical desires of the goose, than to his 
(poetically) moral turpitude ; that is, the goose was 
rather a glutton than a rogue. Now the fact is, 
that he was both, — and a mischievous bird besides ; 
an exact parallel to his brother in crime, the catguts, 
in the third Book. The following remarks may 
serve as a help to ascertain its sense in the present 
case. 

The word in question is employed sixteen times 
by Virgil ; and after a careful analysis of its signifi- 
cation in these different instances, which it would 
be too long to detail, these conclusions would seem 
to result : 

It is applied eleven times to persons, and five 
times to qualities or things. 

Of the eleven times used of persons, in seven 
cases it is used in the strongest sense, implying 
moral guilt. Twice it is doubtful, leaving the appli- 
cation to anscr and anguis to be determined. 

Of the five occasions on which it is used in con- 
nection with qualities or things, thrice it bears a 
bad, and twice a harmless, sense. 

Upon the whole, then, considering the immense 
mischief perpetrated by the wild goose, joined to 
his extraordinary appetite ; (for he eats hugely, and 
tramples and scalds what he does not eat :) con- 
sidering also the plain predominance of the bad 
sense in Virgil, "graceless" would seem to meet 
the necessities of the case, or the excellent term 
employed by Dr. Kennedy, " felon." 

If the more usual view be taken, "glutton" is 



v. 121—133- 



BOOK I. 



v. 134—150. 



3i 



And succory with bitter roots, obstruct, 
Or shade molest. The Father hath him- 
self 
Decreed that easy should not be the 

path 
Of tilth, and he first roused the lands by 

skill, 
Whetting with cares the hearts of human 

kind ; 
Nor suffered he his realms to lie benumbed 
In leaden torpor. Ere [the reign of] Jove 
No swains reduced the fields : not e'en to 

mark, 171 

Or parcel off the champaign by a bourn, 
Was lawful. For the common stock they 

sought, 
And of her own accord the earth her all 
More freely, at demand of none, produced. 
He baleful venom to the sable snakes 
Imparted, and commanded wolves to prowl, 
And ocean to be roused ; and from the 

leaves 
Shook honies down, and he sequestered 

fire, 
And, everywhere in rills careering, wines 
He stayed ; that practice, by the dint of 

thought, 181 

The various crafts might slowly hammer 

out, 



an effective rendering: which word is surely an 
adjective, though Johnson and Webster do not 
recognise it as such. Richardson differs from them, 
as well he may ; for it is too constantly joined by 
the poets to nouns substantive to admit of " appo- 
sition:" e. g. Spenser, Muiopotmos, 179, "glutton 
sense;" Shakespeare, 2 Hen. IV. i. 3, "glutton 
bosom;" and again, " glutton eye ;" Dryden, Rel. 
Lai. 33, " glutton souls ;" Hind a?id P. 2275, 
" glutton kind ;" &c. 

166. " For sloth, the nurse of vices, 

And rust of action, is a stranger to him." 
Massinger, The Great Duke of Florence, i. 1. 
" The fort, that's yielded at the first assault, 
Is hardly worth the taking." ii. 3. 

" The thrifty heavens mingle our sweets with gall, 
Least, being glutted with excess of good, 
We should forget the giver." 

Rawlins, The Rebellion, v. end. 

174. " Covered with grass more soft than any silk, 
The trees dropt honey, and the springs gushed 

milk ; 
The flower-fleeced meadow, and the gorgeous 

grove, 
Which should smell sweetest in their bravery 
strove ;" 
" Whilst to the little birds' melodious strains 

The trembling rivers tripped along the plains ;" 
" The battening earth all plenty did afford, 
And without tilling, of her own accord." 

Drayton, Noah's Flood. 
176. Or, perhaps : " He wicked venom to the 
baleful snakes." 

182. How poor are they, that have not patience!" 
Shakespeare, Othello, iii. 3. 



And in the furrows seek the blade of corn ; 
That from the veins of flint it forth might 

strike 
The hidden fire. Then first the rivers felt 
The hollowed alders ; then the mariner 
Numbers and names invented for the stars, 
The Pleiads, Hyads, and Lycaon's sheeny 

Bear. 
In nooses then wild creatures to entrap, 
And dupe them with the lime, it was de- 
vised, 190 
And mighty glades to girdle round . with 

dogs. 
And one now lashes with his casting-net 
The spacious river, searching for its depths ; 
And through the main another trails along 
His dripping lines. Then stiffness of the 

steel, 
And blade of grating saw ; for primal 

men 
With wedges used to cleave the splitting 

wood. 
Then divers crafts came in : unsparing Toil 
Prov'd conq'ror over all, and Indigence, 
That spurs [men] on in their distressed 

estate. 200 

'Twas Ceres first instructed mortal kind 
With iron to upturn the earth, when now 
The mast and arbutes of the holy wood 
Were failing, and Dodone refusing food. 
Soon, too, was travail to the corn annexed, 

183. Or, "through," "by." 
185. "These earthly godfathers of heaven's lights 

That give a name to every fixed star." 

Shakespeare, Love's Labour's Lost, i. 1. 

186. Or : "Then the sailor coined 

Numbers and names for stars, the Pleiad-train, 

The Hyads," &c. 

192. With the great weight of commentators, it 
is better to make alta refer to amnem. Notwith- 
standing Forbiger's steadiness, and Wagner's change 
of mind, does there seem to be sufficient warrant for 
the awkwardness which their view involves ? Does 
it not impose an unfair duty upon the conjunction 
que ? 
198. " Impossible ! Nothing's impossible ! 

We know our strength only by being tried. 

If you object the mountains, rivers, woods 

Impassable, that lie before our march : — 

Woods we can set on fire : we swim by nature ; 

What can oppose us then but we may tame ? 

All things submit to virtuous industry : 

That we can carry with us ; that is ours." 

Southern, Oroonoko, iii. 4. 

205. This primitive condition of the earth, prior 
to culture, is realised by the loss of Peace ; which 
miserable state of things is feelingly described by 
the Duke of Burgundy in King Henry V. v. 2 : 
" Alas! she hath from France too long been chas'd, 

And all her husbandry doth lie on heaps, 

Corrupting in its own fertility. 

Her vine, the merry cheerer of the heart, 

Unpruned dies ; her hedges even-pleached, 

Like prisoners wildly overgrown with hair, 



32 



v. i5i — 174- 



THE GEORGICS. 



v. 175 — 192. 



That scathful blight should prey upon the 

stalks, 
And in his laziness might bristle up 
The thistle in the fields. Crops go to 

wrack ; 
Succeeds a prickly forest, even burrs 
And caltrops ; and amid the shiny tilths 210 
Curst darnel and the barren oats bear rule. 
Wherefore, unless with unremitting rakes 
Thou both shalt worry weed, and with a din 
Alarm the birds, and with thy pruning- 

hook 
The shadow of the darkling country check, 
And in thy prayers shalt have invoked the 

shower ; — ■ 
Alas ! upon another's massy pile 
Thou bootlessly shalt gaze, and in the 

woods 
Thy hunger comfort through the shaken oak. 
Sung, too, must be what are the imple- 
ments 220 
Of hardy rustics, without which their crops 
Nor could be sown, nor spring. The share 

in chief, 
And heavy timber of the bended plough, 
And waggons of the Eleusinian Dame, 
That lazy troll ; the sledges, too, and drags, 
And harrows of unrighteous weight ; more- 

o'er, 
The furniture of Celeus, wrought of twig, 
And cheap, and hurdles of the arbutus, 
And mystic fan of Bacchus : all the which, 
Long previously foreseen, in thoughtful 

mood, 230 

Shalt thou lay by in store, if thee awaits 
The honor, to the heav'n-born country clue. 
First, in the forests bowed with mighty 

force, 
Into a plough-tail is an elm reduced, 
And [this] the figure of a crooked plough 
Receives. Thereto from out the base a 

pole, 
Stretched forward to eight feet, twain 

moulding-boards, 
Share-beams with double back, are fitted 

on. 
Felled, too, there is beforehand for the 

yoke 
A lightsome linden, and a lofty beech 240 
For staff, which from the rear may wheel 

around 



Put forth disorder'd twigs ; her fallow leas 
The darnel, hemlock, and rank fumitory 
Doth root upon ; while that the coulter rusts, 
That should deracinate such savagery ; 
The even mead, that erst brought sweetly forth 
The freckled cowslip, burnet, and green clover, 
Wanting the scythe, all uncorrected, rank, 
Conceives by idleness ; and nothing teems, 
But hateful docks, rough thistles, kecksies, burs, 
Losing both beauty and utility." 



The bottom of the carriage ; and the smoke 
Searches the timber hung above the hearths. 
Pow'r have I many a rule of them of yore 
To cite to thee, unless thou dost recoil, 
And slender interests it irks to learn. 
The floor, among the chief, with roller huge 
Must levelled be, and kneaded with the 

hand, 
And rendered firm with binding Cretan 

earth, 
Lest weeds work up, or, overcome by dust, 
It gape, and divers plagues at thee should 

mock. 251 

Oft hath the tiny mouse beneath thy lands 
Both placed her homestead, and her garners 

built ; 
Or, cheated of their eyes, the moles have 

delved 
Their chambers ; and, in hollows found, 

the toad : 
And vermin, which, full many, breed thy 

grounds ; 
Both weevil wastes a vasty pile of corn, 
And ant, in terror at a helpless eld. 

Mark also, when the almond in the 
woods 
Shall throw her into rich array of bloom, 260 
And arch her scented boughs, if embryoes 
Abound, in equal sort will corn ensue, 
And mighty threshing come with mighty 

heat : 
But if through rampancy of leafage shade 

exceeds, 
Stalks, rank in chaff, thy floor will vainly 

bruise. 



242. Every editor seems to read cumis instead of 
cursus, which is substituted by Wagner and For- 
biger, though, as it would seem, with small manu- 
script authority. The difficulty in the common 
text to them was this : 1st, that erirrus implies 
wheels, and that no Roman plough had such an 
appendage ; and 2nd, that it must be capable of 
carrying somebody, which the plough was not. To 
the first objection the reply is, that their authority, 
Schulz, was mistaken in saying that no Roman 
plough had wheels, as an antique has been dis- 
covered which represents one with them. To the 
second, that a machine drawn by brutes, and guided 
by a human being, may, in poetic language, fairly 
claim the name : a consideration which is strength- 
ened by a remark of Holdsworth, that the stiva 
was actually a foot-board, on which the ploughman 
stood. 

243. Foe is is not rendered by " flues " or " chim- 
neys," as it is a disputed point whether the Romans 
had any special aperture for the escape of smoke. 
254. " As the blind mole, the properest son of earth, 

Who, in the casting his ambitious hills up, 
Is often taken and destroyed i' the midst 
Of his advanced work." 

Middleton, A Game at Chess, iv. 4. 

265. "The careful ploughman doubting stands, 

Lest on the threshing-floor his hopeless sheaves 

Prove chaff." Milton, P. L. iv. 



v. 193 — 2 °6. 



BOOK I. 



v. 206 — 237. 



33 



Their seeds have I, in sooth, seen many- 
drug 
When sowing, and in natron steep them 

first, 
And murky olive-lees, that there might 

prove 
A fuller produce in the guileful pods. 
And though they, quickened o'er a scanty 

fire, 270 

Were moistened, have I seen them, — 

gathered long, 
And tested with a world of travail, — yet 
Deteriorate, unless the energy of man 
Year after year each largest with the hand 
Should cull. So all things by the Destinies 
Are hasting to decay, and, sinking down, 
Are backward borne : not otherwise than he 
Who up the breasting river scarce his skiff 
With oarage forces on, if he his arms 
Hath haply slacked, and down the swift 

descent 280 

The channel sweeps him with its giddy tide. 

„ Moreo'er, as much are to be watched by us 

Arcturus' constellation, and the days 
Of Kids, and sheeny Dragon, as by those 
By whom, when wafted towards their native 

land 

271. It is hard to acquiesce in the view which 
puts a period after maderent , instead of esset. This 
arrangement displaces quatnvis from its natural 
relation to tamen, in order to set it in a weak con- 
nection with exiguo ; it assigns to maderent a 
meaning which it is doubtful that it ever bore ; and 
gives an abruptness to the commencement of a new 
sentence, which is thus made to begin at vidi. The 
objections to the opposite view are not fatal, and do 
not seem to be strong. However, if the more 
modern interpretation be preferred, the translation 
will run thus : 

that there might prove 
A fuller produce in the guileful pods, 
And they might o'er a fire, however small, 
Be softened quick. I've seen those gathered 

long, &c. 
276. So several translators ; but, if deemed a 
little too free, it is easy to substitute : 
" Are hurrying to worse." 
So thought Thenot in Spenser's Sh. Cat. Feb. 12: 
" Must not the worlde wende in his common course 
From good to bad, and from bad to worse, 
From worst unto that is worst of all, 
And then returne to his former fall?" 
"These our actors, 
As I foretold you, were all spirits, and 
Are melted into air, into thin air : 
And like the baseless fabric of this vision, 
The cloud-capped towers, the gorgeous palaces, 
The solemn temples, the great globe itself, 
Yea, all which it inherit, shall dissolve, 
And, like this insubstantial pageant faded. 
Leave not a rack behind." 

Shakespeare, Tempest, iv. 1. 

280. A tque certainly does sometimes mean "im- 
mediately," but not in classical times. A good 
sense can be obtained by the ordinary use, and 
therefore it is to be preferred. 



Across the gusty waters, are essayed 
Pontus and oyster-full Abydos' straits. 
When Libra even shall have made the hours 
Of day and sleep, and midway now disparts 
The globe to light and shades, my masters, 

work 290 

Your bulls, sow barleys in the plains, e'en 

close 
To th' eve of latest show'r of brumal-tide, 
Impracticable. Yea, a flax-crop, too, 
And Cereal poppy is it time in earth 
To hide, and now at once to bend to ploughs ; 
While, dry the ground, we may, while hang 

the clouds. 
In spring time is for beans the sowing ; then 
Thee likewise, O thou Median [plant], re- 
ceive 
The crumbling furrows, and for millet comes 
The yearly care, when, bright with gilded 

horns, 300 

The Bull unlocks the year, and, slinking off 
Before the star his foeman, sets the Dog. 
But if for wheaten crop, and hardy spelts, 
Thou'lt work thy ground, and press for 

ears alone, 
First let th' Atlantic maidens at the Dawn 
To thee be hidden, and the Gnosian star 
Of blazing Diadem withdraw, ere thou 
Consign to furrows seeds their due, and ere 
Thou haste to trust the promise of the year 
To earth unwilling. Many have commenced 
Before the set of Maia; but those [swains] 311 
The hoped-for crop with empty ears hath 

duped. 
But if both vetch and paltry kidney-bean 
Thou'lt sow, nor the Pelusian lentil's care 
Shalt spurn away, no darkling signs to thee 
Bootes, as he sinks, will send : begin, 
And stretch thy sowing to mid [-winter] 

frosts. 
For this, in settled portions meted out, 
The golden Sun directs the sphere along 
The constellations of the world in twelves. 
Five zones embrace the heav'n ; whereof is 

one 321 

For ever crimsoned with the flashing Sun, 
And scorched for ever by its fire; round 

which 
The outermost upon the right and left 
Are drawn, with azure ice and murky 

showers 
Congealed. 'Tween these and that in 

centre, twain 
To sickly mortals by the boon of gods 



309. "With conscious certainty the swain 
Gives to the ground his trusted grain, 
With eager hope the reddening harvest eyes 

And claims the ripe autumnal gold, 
The meed of toil, of industry the prize." 

T. Warton, Ode xvi. 



34 



v. 238 — 262. 



THE GEORGICS. 



v. 262 — 284. 



Are granted ; and a path is scored thro' both, 
Whereon aslant the cycle of the signs 
Might wheel itself. The world, as e'en aloft 
To Scythia and Rhipaean heights it towers, 
Is sunk aslope to Lybia's southern gales. 332 
This pole to us is ever reared on high ; 
But that beneath our feet the pitchy Styx 
Beholdeth, and the Manes deep adown. 
The monster Dragon here with coiling fold 
Glides off around and midst of the two Bears, 
After the fashion of a flood, — the Bears, 
In ocean's surface fearing to be dipped. 
There, as they tell, or hushes dead of night, 
And ever by a pall of night the dark 341 
Is thickened ; or returns from us the Dawn, 
And takes them back the day ; and when 

on us 
The Sun at rising earliest hath breathed 
With puffing coursers, purpling Eve lights 

up 
Her backward fires. From this can we 

for el earn 
The weather in the changeful sky ; from this 
Both harvest day and sowing tide, and when 
The traitor face of sea with oars to force 
Is fitting ; when to launch the furnished 

fleets, 350 

Or pine in season in the woods to fell. 

Nor is it to no purpose that we watch 
The settings and the risings of the signs, 
And, even with its seasons four distinct, 
The year. If e'er a chilly show'r confines 
The farmer, many a labor, which would 

needs 
Be hurried over at a future hour 
Beneath a sky unclouded, — to advance 
Is giv'n. The ploughman forges to a point 
His blunted ploughshare's churlish fang ; 

he scoops 360 

340. Tempestivics means " timeful," " timely," 
"timous:" that is, "in the proper time," with a 
tendency to the signification of "earlier than need 
be." So intempcstivus, intempestus, means " un- 
timeful," "untimely," "timeless," with a tendency 
to the signification of " earlier than ought to be." 
Now it is plain, that intevipesta here must have an 
import different from those borne by the last three 
terms. It would seem, then, that it takes its force 
from the primitive meaning of " unbroken into 
periods." The night is practically unbroken into 
periods, when people cease to work, and retire to 
rest : thus, intempesta nox comes to signify "dead 
of night." Further, if they lie awake, or have to 
keep watch during the hours of darkness, these 
seem so long, that it is as if there were no periods, 
no end: hence the idea of "dreary." Either of 
these terms would appear to satisfy the expression. 
344. " But look ! the morn, in russet mantle clad, 

Walks o'er the dew of yond' high eastern hill." 
Shakespeare, Havitet, i. 1. 
" The blushing childhood of the cheerful morn 

Is almost grown a youth, and over-climbs 

Yonder gilt eastern hills." 

Brewer, Lingua, i. 5. 



Troughs from the tree ; or on his flock the 

brand 
Hath he enstamped, or tallies on his heaps. 
Stakes others point, or forks of double prong, 
And ties Amerian for the limber vine 
Prepare. Let now the pliant frail be plight 
Of bramble twig ; now roast upon the fire 
Thy grains, now bray them in the quern. 

Nay e'en 
On days of jubilee some tasks to ply 
The law divine and human laws allow. 
The rills to drain no scruple hath forbid ; 370 
Before the corn to stretch a fence ; for birds 
To plan an ambush ; thorns to fire ; and 

plunge 
The flock of bleaters in the wholesome flood. 
Ofttimes the plodding ass's ribs with oil, 
Or with cheap apples, doth its driver lade, 
And, trudging back, a dented stone, or lump 
Of jetty pitch, he brings him home from 
town. 

. The Moon herself hath granted various 

days 
In various rank, auspicious to your toils. 
The fifth do thou avoid : [upon that day] 380 
Were ghastly Orcus and the Furies born ; 
Then Terra in an execrable birth 
Both Cseus and Iapetus brings forth, 
And fell Typhosus, and the brotherhood, 
Banded by oath to tear the heavens down. 
They thrice attempted Ossa to implant 
On Pelion ; aye, on Ossa, too, to roll 
Leaf-fraught Olympus ; thrice the up-piled 

mounts 
The Father laid in ruins with his bolt. 
The seventh, [coming] next upon the tenth, 



362. Or, perhaps : "sacks." 

367. If "quern" be thought a little too free a 
version of saxo, a dull substitute is easily found, 
without damage to the rhythm. 
3S0. " A wicked day, and not a holy day : . . . 
Nay, rather, turn this day out of the week ; 
This day of shame, oppression, perjury: 
Or, if it must stand still, let wives with child 
Pray that their burdens may not fall this day, " 
Lest that their hopes prodigiously be cross'd : 
But on this day let seamen fear no wreck ; 
No bargains break that are not this day made : 
This day, all things begun come to ill end ; 
Yea, faith itself to hollow falsehood change." 
Shakespeare, King John, iii. 1. 

381. To quote Milton on the subject of the evil 
angels would be trite, as his sublime descriptions 
are familiar to every one ; but his great predecessor 
says finely : 

" Th' Almighty, seeing their so bold assay, 
Kindled the flame of His consuming yre, 
And with His onely breath them blew away 
From heavens hight, to which they did aspyrc, 
To deepest hell and lake of damned fyre, 
Where they in darkness and dread horror dwell, 
Hating the happie light from which they fell." 
Spenser, Hymne of Heavenly Love, 85. 



v. 284 — 3° 8 - 



BOOK L 



308 — 329. 



35 



Auspicious is, as well to plant the vine, 391 
As captured beeves to tame, and to attach 
The leashes to the warp; the ninth for flight 
...More favorable, enemy to thefts. 

Sooth many [tasks] have 'neath the chilly 
night 
Presented them more fitly, or what time, — 
The Sun new [-ris'n], — the lands is Lucifer 
Bedewing. In the night the stubbles light 
More fitly, in the night dry meads are mown; 
The ropy moisture faileth not the nights. 400 
E'en one there is, who by the lasting fires 
Of winter light keeps up his watch, and 

points 
His torches with the sharpened steel. Mean- 
while, 
Her tedious travail cheering with a song, 
With shrilly reed his partner threads the 

warp ; 
Or through [the aid of] Vulcan simmers 

down 
The liquor of the nectared must, and skims 
With leaves the palpitating cauldron's wave. 

But ruddy Ceres in the midst of heat 
. Is cut, and in the midst of heat the floor 410 
IThe [sun-] dried harvest bruises. Robeless 

plough, 
Sow robeless. Winter to the husbandman 
Is idle [time]. In frosts the farmers chief 
Their store enjoy, and, blithe among them- 
selves, 
Reciprocal carousals make their care : 
Lures jolly winter, and unbinds their woes. 
As when the heavy-freighted vessels now 
Have touched the haven, and upon the sterns 
The happy sailors ranged their wreaths. But 

still 
Both oaken mast 'tis then the time to strip, 
And berries of the bay, and olive, too, 421 
And blood-red myrtle-fruits ; then gins for 

cranes, 
And toils for harts to set, and long-eared 
hares ■ 

394. " He works by glow-worm light ; the moon's 
too open.", Ben Jonson, Time V indicated. 

409. " Have we been tilling, sowing, labouring, 
With pain and charge, a long and tedious winter, 
And when we see the corn above the ground, 
Youthful as is the morn, and the full ear, 
That promises to stuff our spacious garners, 
Shall we then let it rot, and never reap it ?" 

J. Fletcher, The Noble Gentleman, ii. 1. 

423. " Yet if for silvan sports thy bosom glow, 
Let thy fleet greyhound urge his flying foe. . . . 
He snaps deceitful air with empty jaws, 
The subtle hare darts swift beneath his paws : 
She flies, he stretches : now with nimble bound 
Eager he presses on, but overshoots the ground : 
She turns, he winds, and soon regains the way, 
Then tears with gory mouth the screaming prey." 

Gay, Rural Shorts, ii. 289. 
See also Somerville, The Chase, b. ii. 



To course ; 'tis then [for him] the fallow- 
deer 
To pierce, who whirls around the hempen 

thongs 
Of Balearic sling, when deep the snow 
Is lying, when the floods drive down the ice. /■ 
Why should I sing of Autumn's storms 

and stars ? 
Aye, and, when now both shorter is the day, 
And gentler is the heat, what watchful arts 
Must be employed by men ; or when down 

falls 431 

Spring rife in rain, now when hath on the 

plains 
The bearded harvest bristled up, and when 
The milky grains upon their stalk of green 
Are swelling ? Frequently have I, what 

time 
Upon his golden fields the husbandman 
Would introduce the sickler, and would now 
Reap off his barleys with their bitter haulm, 
The battles of the winds all clashing seen, 
Which far and near the burdened standing 

corn 440 

Would, from their deepest roots shot forth 

aloft, 
Upwrench : — so in some pitchy hurricane 
Would winter carry off both airy straw 
And. stubbles on the wing. Oft, too, there 

swoops 
A boundless host of waters from the sky, 
And, mustered from the height [of heav'n], 

the clouds 
A grim tornado coil with sable showers ; 
The lofty firmament comes sluicing down, 
And with stupendous rain the merry crops 
And travails of the oxen washes off ; 450 
The dykes are brimmed, and hollow rivers 

swell 
With roaring, and with panting waters 

seethes 
The ocean-plain. The Sire himself, amidst 
A night of clouds, with gleaming right hand 

hurls 
His ievin-fires, at which commotion quakes 



435. There is a fine description of a storm by 
Milton, P. R. iv. : 

" And either tropic now 
'Gan thunder, and both ends of heaven ; the clouds, 
From many a horrid rift, abortive pour'd 
Fierce rain with lightning mix'd, water with fire 
In ruin reconciled : nor slept the winds 
Within their stony caves, but rush'd abroad 
From the four hinges of the world, and fell 
On the vex'd wilderness, whose tallest pines, 
Though rooted deep as high, and sturdiest oaks 
Bow'd their stiff necks, loaden with stormy blasts, 
Or torn up sheer." 

Thomson also [Autumn, 311-343) finely imitates 
this and other of Virgil's descriptions of storms. J I e 
has many other successful passages on the like sub- 
ject: see Summer, 1103-1168. 

D 2 



36 



v. 330—356. 



THE GEORGICS. 



v. 357—368. 



The vasty earth ; wild beasts have fled away, 
And through the nations crouching dread 

dismayed 
The hearts of men. He with his blazing bolt 
Or felleth Athos down, or Rhodope, 
Or the Ceraunian heights ; the southern 

blasts '460 

Redouble and the thickest rain ; now woods, 
Now shores, beneath the mighty tempest 

wail. 
In dread of this, the months and stars of 

heaven 
Watch thou : whereto may Saturn's chilly 

star 
Withdraw him ; to what circuits through 

the sky 
The fire Cyllenian strays. In special wise 
Adore the gods, and yearly rites repeat 
To mighty Ceres, on the merry turf 
Performing, just at latest winter's fall, 
Now in the cloudless spring. Then fat are 

lambs, 470 

And then most mellow wines ; then slum- 
bers sweet, 
And thick upon the mounts the shades. 

For thee 
Let worship Ceres all the rural youth, 
For whom do thou thy honeycombs with 

milk 
And Bacchus mild dilute ; and thrice around 
The infant produce let the victim pass 
Auspicious, which let all thy choir and mates 
Escort in glee, and Ceres with a shout 
Woo to their homesteads. Nor let any first 
The sickle lay beneath his ripened ears, 480 
Before to Ceres, with the twisted oak 
Encircled on his temples, he presents 
Ungainly gambols, and his carols sings. 
And these that we may have it in our 

power 
By symptoms sure to learn, the Sire himself 
Hath fixed what warning should the monthly 

Moon 
Afford ; with what foretoken should subside 
The southern blasts ; what viewing many a 

time, 
The husbandmen the nearer to the sheds 
Their cattle might confine. Forthwith, 

when winds 490 

Are rising, either ocean's friths begin 

457. Some say that humilis pavor implies a feel- 
ing of cowardice ; if so, it should be rendered by 
"base alarm." But would not this weaken the 
poet's meaning ? If the fear were unwarrantable, 
it would detract from the greatness of the display. 

484. See this fine passage finely imitated by 
Thomson, Winter, 118-147. 
491. "A boding stillness reigns 

Dread through the dun expanse, save the dull 

sound 
T hat from the mountain, previous to the storm 



Betossed to swell, and on the lofty mounts 
Dry crashing to be heard ; or, booming 

far, 
The shores to be in turmoil, and the growl 
Of woods to freshen. Even then the surge 
Can ill refrain itself from bending keels, 
When from mid ocean fleet wing home 

their way 
The divers, and a screaming waft to shore, 
And when sea-coots upon dry land disport, 
And fens well known the heron quits, and 

soars 500 

Above the lofty cloud. Oft, too, the stars, 
When wind is hanging over, thou wilt see 
Glide headlong from the sky, and through 

the shade 
Of night long trains of blazes in the rear 
Gleam white : oft airy chaff and fallen 

leaves 
A-flutt'ring, or upon the water's face 



Rolls o'er the muttering earth, disturbs the flood, 
And shakes the forest-leaf without a breath." 

Summer, n 16. 
Does Virgil anywhere, in his descriptions of a 
gale of wind, introduce this sublime element of 
stillness ? Dryden is a little too bold : 
" Thus when black clouds draw down the labouring 
skies, 
Ere yet abroad the winged thunder flies, 
An horrid stillness first invades the ear, 
And in that silence we the tempest fear." 

Astrcea Redux, 5-8. 
" We often see, against some storm, 
A silence in the heavens, the rack stand still, 
The bold winds speechless, and the orb below 
As hush as death, anon the dreadful thunder 
Doth rend the region." 

Shakespeare, Hamlet, ii. 2. 
It is doubtful whether freta here means more 
than "waters:" which secondary meaning, if it be 
insisted on, may be adopted by substituting " floods" 
for "friths" in the translation. However, as a 
general rule, it is safer, where there is no strong 
reason to the contrary, to take a word in its primary/ 
rather than in a derived signification. See v. 386/ 
The poet probably alludes here to what is techni^- 
cally called the " swell " of the sea, which, it is well 
known, often reaches a lee-shore in advance of 
the wind which has raised it. This phenomenon 
Shakespeare seems to have had in view in RicJiard 
III., ii. 3 : 

" By a divine instinct men's minds mistrust 
Ensuing danger ; as, by proof, we see 
The water swell before a boist'rous storm." 

498. One cannot pretend always to render cor- 
rectly the terms which stand for birds, any more 
than those which mean plants or colours. All the 
translators here render mergi by "cormorants;" 
but it is uncertain that this is the import of the 
word, though it doubtless means " divers " of some 
sort or other. Ruaeus, who is particular in such 
matters, says that it means the bird so called. 
However, if the common rendering is insisted on, 
there seems to be no means of proving it wrong ; 
and so the line may be read : 
The cormorants, and waft their scream to shore. 

506. The poet does not mean to imply by impru- 



3^9 — 



BOOK I. 



v. 389 — 401. 



37 



The swimming feathers in a frolic join. 
But from the quarter of the grisly North 
What time it lightens, and what time the 

dome 
Alike of East and West is thund'ring, all 
With brimming dykes the rural regions 

swim, 511 

And every seaman on the ocean furls 
His dripping canvas. Never storm of rain 
To inadvertent [swains] hath proved of 

harm : 
Or, at its rising, in the valley-depths 
Therefrom the skyish cranes have fled 

away ; 
Or heifer, as she gazes up to heaven, 
With widely-spreading nostrils snuffed the 

gales ; 
Or twitt'ring swallow flitted round the 

meres, 
And frogs in ooze croaked forth their old 

complaint. 520 

The oftener, too, from out her inner cells, 
* Fretting a narrow path, the ant her eggs 
Hath carried : and the giant bow hath 

drunk ; 
And, from their feed withdrawing in a train 
Immense, the host of rooks with serried 

wings 
Hath whizzed. Now divers ocean-bircls, 

and those, 
Which rummage round the Asian meads, 

among 
Sweet plashes of Cayster, may you see 
In rivalry upon their shoulders shed 
The plenteous dews, now run upon the waves, 
And joy with zeal of washing all in vain. 531 
Then with full voice the saucy crow invokes 



The rain, and solitary, by herself, 
She struts along upon the thirsty sand. 
Nor even, as they card their nightly tasks, 
! Have maidens been unconscious of a storm, 
When they within their blazing lamp of 

earth 
Should see the oil its sparkles sputter off, 
And mould'ring mushroom-forms in clusters 

rise. 
Nor less, ensuing on a gush of rain, 540 
Suns and clear open weather to foresee, 
And learn by settled marks, shalt thou have 

pow r er. 
For neither then their margin in the stars 
Looks blunt, nor, debted to a brother's 

beams, 
The moon to rise, nor filmy flakes of wool 
Throughout the welkin to be borne along. 
Outspread not to the soft-warm sun their 

wings 
Upon the beach the halcyons, beloved 
Of" Thetis ; frowzy swine bethink them not 
^To toss about the bundles from their mouth, 
Unloosened ; but the vapors rather seek 55 1 



dentibus that rain cannot damage those who do not 
foresee it ; for they are just the persons to be 
damaged ; — but, that the signs of it are so plain, 
that, popularly speaking, no one can be said to be 
"inadvertent," who thus, popularly, having no 
existence, cannot be damaged. 

526. Weise, and most other editors, if not all but 
Wagner and Forbiger, have varias, a much better 
reading than varice. 

532. " Saucy," either from the impudence of her 
demeanour, or the impertinence of her act ; for 
what business has she to call for rain, when her 
betters would rather be without it? 

If this word of multifarious meaning, improbus, 
(see note on I. 163,) be considered, with Ruaeus, to 
have the force of importunus here, the line will run 
thus : 

Then with full voice the crow invokes the rain, 

Importunate, and lonely by herself. 

In the first edition of this work the passage 
appeared thus : 

Then doth the saucy crow with husky voice, 

The rain invoke, and on the thirsty sand 

[All] solitary saunter by herself. 

This noisiness before wet is attributed by Shake- 
speare to a different bird. Rosalind, in bantering 



Orlando, says that she will be "more clamorous 
than a parrot against rain." 

As You Like It, iv. 1. 
The different effect that can be produced by an 
alliteration of the letter " S " may be seen in Col- 
lins' Ode to Evening : 

" Now air is hush'd, save where the weak-eyed bat, 
With short shrill shriek, flits by on leathern 

wing." 
But a softer combination appears immediately 
after : 

" May not unseemly with its stillness suit." 
A more pointed effect than that in the Latin text 
is produced by Pope, Windsor Forest : 

" She said, and melting as in tears she lay, 
In a soft silver strain dissolved away." 
Alliterations, when sparingly used, are at times 
very effective. For instance, in Dryden's line, Cock 
and the Fox, 411 : 

" I fear not death, nor dangers, nor disgrace," 
the sense would be just the same if "perils" were 
substituted for " dangers ;" but few would say that 
the change entailed no detriment. The same is 
true of a preceding line, 406. Speaking of doctors, 
Chanticleer says : 

"Their tribe, trade, trinkets, I defy them all." 
Shakespeare also : Two Gentle7nen of Verona, 
i. 3-: 
" Sweet love, sweet lines, sweet life ! 

Here is her hand, the agent of hqr heart." 
Churchill, in his PropJiecy of Famine, says : 
" Who often, but without success, have prayed 

For apt alliteration's artful aid." 
534. Or, " stalks." 
544. " How she conveyed him softly in a sleep, 
His temples bound with poppy, to the steep 
Head of old Latmus, where she stoops each night, 
Gilding the mountain with her brother's light, 
I To kiss her sweetest." [The allusion is to the 
, Moon and Endymion.~\ 

J. Fletcher, The Faithful Shepherdess, i. 3. 



v. 40i — 4 22 ' 



THE GEORGICS. 



v. 422-439. 



The lowest [grounds], and brood upon the 

plain ; 
And, sunset watching from a gable-top 
To idle purpose plies the bird of night 
Late hootings. Nisus looms in view, aloft 
In limpid air, and for the purple lock 
The forfeit Scylla pays. What way soe'er 
She flying cleaves light ether with her wings, 
Lo ! hostile, murderous, with mighty whirr, 
Along the breezes Nisus hunts her close ; 
Where Nisus to the breezes wafts him on, 
She flying cleaves light ether with her 

wings $62 

In hurried snatches. Then their brilliant 

notes 
The rooks, with straitened throat, three 

times or four, 
Redouble ; oft, too, in their roosts on high, 
I know not with what charm, past custom, 

blithe, 
Among themselves they rustle in the leaves. 
It joys them, when the show'rs are chased 

away, 
Their tiny offspring, and their darling nests, 
Again to visit : not, I sooth believe, 570 
Because a god-born intellect is theirs, 
Or deeper insight into things by fate ; 
But when the storm, and shifting damp of 

heaven, 
Have changed their paths, and Jove, with 

Austers dank, 
Condenses what but now was rarefied, 
And what was dense relaxes, altered be 
The pictures of their spirits, and their 

breasts 
Now different emotions — different, 
So long as wind was driving on the clouds — 
Conceive : hence [springs] that symphony 

of birds ■ • - ^ Q 



554. In his magnificent description of the Cave of 
Despair, Spenser finely introduces the owl : 
" On top whereof ay dwelt the ghastly owle, 
Shrieking his balefull note." 

Faerie Queene, i. 9, 33. 

" And when the bleating lamb doth bid good night 
Unto the closing day, then tears begin 
To keep quick time unto the owl, whose voice 
Shrieks like the belman in the lover's ears." 

Middleton, Blurt, iii. 1. 

" It was the owl that shrieked, the fatal belman, 
Which gives the stern'st good night." 

Shakespeare, Macbeth, ii. 2. 

571. Dryden applies the idea to the emigrating 
swallow : 
" From hence she has been held of heavenly line, 

Endued with particles of soul divine." 

Hind and Panther, 1727,8. 

580. " Therein the mery birdes of every sorte 
Chaunted alowd their chearefull harmonee, 
And made emongst themselves a sweete consort." 
Spenser, F. Q. ii. 5, 31. 



Throughout the fields, and cattle in delight, 
And ravens croaking triumph from their 

throats. 
But if to the swift-speeding Sun, and 

moons, 
That follow in their cycle, thou shalt look, 
Ne'er thee to-morrow's hour shall lead 

astray, 
Nor by the crafts of cloudless night shalt 

thou 
Be tricked. What time the Moon first 

gathers in 
Returning fires, if she shall have embraced 
The sable ether with a darkling horn, 
Immense for tillers, and the deep, will rain 
Be brewing. But if she a maiden red 591 
Have o'er her visage poured, there will be 

wind : 
At wind doth ever golden Phoebe flush. 
But if at her fourth rise — for that [will 

prove] 
The most unerring counsellor — undimmed, 
Nor with blunt horns, through heav'n shall 

she career, 
Both all that day, and those which shall 

arise 
Therefrom, to the completion of the month, 
From rain and tempests will be free ; and 

vows 
The rescued mariners upon the shore 600 
Shall pay to Glaucus, and to Panope, 
And Melicerta [of] Inoan [birth]. 

The Sun, too, both as he is rising forth, 
And when he hides him in the waves, 

will sisals 



" Here is melody, 
A charm of birds." 

G. Peele, The Arraignment of Paris, i. 1. 
" With charm of earliest birds." 

Milton, P. L. iv. 641. 
" The warblers lively tunes essay, 
The lark on wing, the linnet on the "spray ; 
While music trembles in their songful throats, 
The bullfinch whistles soft his flute-like notes. 
The bolder blackbird swells sonorous lays ; 
The varying thrush commands a tuneful maze ; 
Each a wild length of melody pursues ; 
While the soft-murmuring, amorous wood-dove 

cooes ; 
And when in spring these melting mixtures flow, 
The cuckoo sends her unison of woe." 

Savage, Wanderer, c. 5. 
582. Cffrvus seems properly to mean the " raven;" 
but in v. 382 it most certainly stands for the " rook," 
which probably is its signification in v. 410. Here 
it may represent the same bird ; in which case the 
line should run : 

And rooks a triumph cawing from their throat. 
604. Gay thus beautifully describes the sun set- 
ting in the sea : 

" Engag'd in thought, to Neptune's bounds I stray, 
To take my farewell of the parting day. 
Far in the deep the sun his glory hides, 
A streak of gold the sea and sky divides ; 



v. 439—459- 



BOOK I. 



v. 460—47: 



39 



Afford : the sun the surest signs attend, 
Both those which in the morning he re- 
stores, 
And those which at the rising of the stars. 
When he with blotches shall have chequered 

o'er 
His infant dawning, buried in a cloud, 
And from his central disk shall have re- 
recoiled, 610 
Be show'rs mistrusted by thee ; for there 

swoops 
From [heav'n] on high a southern blast, 

alike 
To trees, and crops, and cattle, fraught with 

woe. 
Or when towards dawn among the huddled 

clouds 
His scatt'ring beams shall shoot them 

forth, or when 
Aurora wan shall rise, the saffron couch 
Of Tithon leaving — welaway ! — ill then 
The vine-leaf shall bescreen the mellow 

grapes, 
In such profusion, patt'ring on the roofs, 
Leaps bristling hail. This, too, what time 
he now 620 

Departs from spanned Olympus, 'twill be- 
stead 
The more to bear in mind. For oft we see 
Upon his visage straying fitful hues : 
The dun speaks rain, the fiery, eastern gales. 
But if the blotches with a crimson glare 
Shall 'gin to be commixed, all [nature] 

then 
Alike with storm and torrents thou shalt 

view 
In ferment. Let not any in that night 
Encourage me to voyage through the deep, 
Nor wrest away my cable from the land. 
But if when he shall both restore the day, 
And bury it restored, all-bright his disk 632 
Shall prove, thou needlessly wilt be ap- 
palled 



The purple clouds their amber linings show, 
And edg'd with flames rolls every wave below ; 
Here pensive I behold the fading light, 
And o'er the distant billow lose my sight." 

Rural Sports, i. 99-106. 
612. So Shakespeare, Venus and Adonis : 
" Like a red moon, that ever yet betoken'd 
Wreck to the seaman, tempest to the field, 
Sorrow to shepherds, woe unto the birds, 
Gusts and foul flaws to herdsmen and to herds." 
616, " Oh, lend me all thy red, 

Thou shame-faced Morning, when from Tithon's 

bed 
Thou risest ever-maiden !" 

J, Fletcher, The Faithful Shepherdess, i. 3. 
" Is not yon gleame, the shuddering morne that 
flakes, 
With silver tinctur, the east vierge of heaven ?" 
Marston, Antonio and Mellida, 1st P., iii. 



By showers, and with bright'ning Aquilo 
Thou shalt behold the forests waved. In 

fine, 
What evening late may bring, wherefrom 

the wind 
May chase the calmy clouds, what Auster 

dank 
May hatch, the Sun to thee will signs afford. 
The Sun to call a traitor who may dare ? 
He e'en that dark convulsions are at hand 
Oft gives us warning, and that treachery 
And shrouded wars begin to swell. He 

e'en 642 

[When] Caesar ['s light was] quenched com- 

passioned Rome, 
What time his lustrous head he curtained 

o'er 
With rusted iron's darkling hue, and feared 
Ungodly ages everlasting night. 
Though at that hour e'en earth, and ocean- 
plains, 
And dogs ill-omened, and ill-boding birds, 
Afforded presages. How oft we saw, 

643. Shakespeare thus finely describes the death 
of Caesar, J. C. iii. 2 : 

" For when the noble Caesar saw him stab, 
Ingratitude, more strong than traitor's arms, 
Quite vanquish'd him: then burst his mighty 

heart ; 
And, in his mantle muffling up his face, 
Even at the base of Pompey's statue, 
Which all the while ran blood, great Caesar fell. 
Oh ! what a fall was there, my countrymen !" 
" But sneaking Brutus, 
Whom none but cowards and white-livered knaves, 
Would dare commend, lagging behind his fellows, 
His dagger in his bosom, stabbed his father." 

Dryden, The Duke oj Guise, ii. 1. 
645. " So, when the sun in bed, 

Curtain'd with cloudy red, 
Pillows his chin upon an orient wave." 

Milton, Ode on Nativity, 26. 
" 'Twas such a night involv'd thy towers, O Rome, 
The dire presage of mighty Caesar's doom, 
When the sun veil'd in rust his mourning head, 
And frightful prodigies the skies o'erspread." 
Gay, Trivia, iii. 377. 

648. Is attention to gender to be insisted on, in 
spite of the claims of refinement ? 

649. Like those that Shakespeare makes presage 
the death of Duncan : 

" The night has been unruly. Where we lay 
Our chimneys were blown down, and, as they 

say, 
Lamentings heard i' the air : strange screams of 

death ; 
And prophesying, with accents terrible, 
Of dire combustion, and confus'd events 
New hatch'd to the woeful time. The obscure 

bird 
Clamour'd the livelong night ; some say the earth 
Was feverous and did shake." Macbeth, ii. 3 

And more directly of Caesar's death itself, Casca 
says, J. C. i. 3 : 

Cicero, 
I have seen tempests, when the scolding winds 
Have riv'd the knotty oaks ; and I have seen 



4 o 



v. 471—487. 



THE GEORGICS. 



v. 487—495- 



Forth surging from her bursten furnaces, 
^Etna boil over on the Cyclops' fields, 651 
And roll her balls of flames and molten 

rocks ! 
The din of weapons through the breadth of 

heaven 
Germania heard ; Alps thrilled with wont- 
less quakes. 
A voice was also heard by all the world 
Throughout the stilly groves — a mighty 

[voice] — 
And spectres wan in wond'rous shapes were 

seen 
Towards dusk of night ; the brutes, too, 

uttered speech ; 
Accursed thought ! the rivers pause, and 

lands 
Yawn wide ; and iv'ry, struck with grief, 
Weeps o'er the fanes, and bronzes sweat 

distil. 661 

Whirling them round within his frantic gulf, 
The monarch of the floods, Eridanus, 
Washed off the forests, and through all the 

plains 
The cattle with their cotes he swept away. 
Nor, at the selfsame hour, or did the veins 
In dismal entrails threatful cease to look, 
Or from the wells the stream of blood to 

flow, 
And stately towns to echo through the night 
With howling wolves. At no time else 

there fell 670 



The ambitious ocean swell, and rage, and foam, 

To be exalted with the threat'ning clouds : 

But never till to-night, never till now, 

Did I go through a tempest dropping fire. 

Either there is a civil strife in heaven, 

Or else the world, too saucy with the gods, 

Incenses them to send destruction." 

" In the most high and palmy state of Rome, 
A little ere the mightiest Julius fell, 
The graves stood tenantless, and the sheeted dead 
Did squeal and gibber in the Roman streets. 
As, stars with train of fire and dews of blood, 
Disasters in the sun ; and the moist star, 
Upon whose influence Neptune's empire stands, 
Was sick almost to doomsday with eclipse." 

Hamlet, i. 1. 

" Why all this noise because a king must die? 
Or does heaven fear because he swayed the earth, 
His ghost will war with the high Thunderer? 
Curse on the babbling fates, that cannot see 
A great man tumble, but they must be talking !" 
Lee, Rival Queens, ii. 1. 

660. Illacrimo usually signifies to " weep for, or 
over " a thing. If this meaning, which is adopted 
in the translation, be accepted, the import of the 
passage will be, — that the statues of the gods were 
alarmed for the safety of the temples and of religion, 
and so wept at the sad prospect of what might 
happen : those of ivory weep, those of bronze per- 
spire, with the agitation of grief. This is the more 
beautiful view, though not therefore necessarily 
the right one : yet mcestum seems to render it 
imperative. 



More levin-flashes from a cloudless sky, 
Nor have so oft disastrous comets blazed. 
Therefore a second time Philippi saw 
Rome's marshalled lines in mutual fight 

engage, 
With balanced arms ; nor was it [deemed] 

unmeet 
By gods above that twice with blood ot 

ours 
Emathia fat should wax, and spacious 

plains 
Of Haemus. Aye, in sooth, the time will 

come, 
When in those bourns the husbandman, as 

he 
The ground is working with his bended 

plough, 680 

On javelins, gnawed away with rugged rust, 

672. " Woe to the hand that shed this costly blood 1 
Over thy wounds now do I prophesy, — 
Which, like dumb mouths, do ope their ruby lips, 
To beg the voice and utterance of my tongue ;— 
A curse shall light upon the limbs of men ; 
Domestic fury, and fierce civil strife, 
Shall cumber all the parts of Italy ; 
Blood and destruction shall be so in use, 
And dreadful objects so familiar, 
That mothers shall but smile when they behold 
Their infants quarter'd with the hands of war ; 
All pity chok'd with custom of fell deeds : 
And Caesar's spirit, ranging for revenge, 
With Ate by his side, come hot from hell, 
Shall in these confines, with a monarch's voice, 
Cry, " Havock !" and let slip the dogs of war ; 
That this foul deed shall smell above the earth, 
With carrion men groaning for burial." 
Mark Antony s Soliloquy over Ccesar's Corpse : 

% C. iii. 1. 

" O thou soft natural death, thou art joint twin 
To sweetest slumber ! No rough-bearded comet 
Stares on thy mild departure ; the dull owl 
Beats not against thy casement ; the hoarse wolf 
Scents not thy carrion : pity winds thy corse, 
Whilst horror waits on princes." 

Webster, Vittoria Corombona, v. 1. 

674. " The jars of brothers, two such mighty ones, 

Are like a small stone thrown into a river, 

The breach scarce heard; but view the beaten 

current, 
And you shall see a thousand angry rings 
Rise in his face, still swelling and still growing." 
J. Fletcher, The Bloody Brother, ii. 1. 

680. Perhaps it may be necessary to remark on 
molitus, v. 494, that it has been rendered "work- 
ing," although a past participle. This proceeds 
upon the assumption that Virgil here has followed 
the principle, so common with the poets, of using 
the past participle of deponent verbs in a present 
sense, though they have a participle present. The 
reason of the license may be seen in Wagner, Qiucs. 
Virg. xxix. 3. In the present instance it is plain 
that it is during the act oi working the earth that 
the ploughman makes his strange discovery. For- 
biger, indeed, observes that, strictly speaking, it is 
after the operation that the wonder appears ; but 
perhaps it is truer to say that the operation and the 
wonder are contemporaneous. The past sense would 
seem to separate the one from the other by too wide 
an interval. 



v. 496—505- 



BOOK II 



v. 505—514. 



41 



Shall light, or with his weighty harrows 

strike 
On helmets empty, and gigantic bones 
Behold with wonder in their graves un- 
earthed. 
Gods of my ancestors ! my country's gods ! I 
And Romulus, and matron Vesta, who 
The Tuscan Tiber, and Palatial heights 
Of Roma dost protect, this youth, at least, ] 
Forbid ye not to help a ruined age ! 
Enough now long time past by blood of 
ours 690 

Laomedontian Troja's broken oaths 
We've expiated. Now this long time past 
Heav'n's royal court begrudges thee to us, 
O Caesar, and complains of thy concern 
For triumphs of [a world] of men, as where 
Reversed are right and wrong ; so many 



683. The same wonder is excited, according to 
Collins, by an opposite cause. Speaking of one of 
the Hebrides, he says : 

" To that hoar pile, which still its ruins shows : 
In whose small vaults a; pigmy folk is found, 

Whose bones the delver with his spade up- 
throws, 
And culls them, wondering, from the hallowed 
ground." 

Ode on the Superstitions of the Highlands. 
692. Dryden makes the tears of England equally 
effective in a graver case : 

" So tears of joy, for your returning spilt, 
Work out and expiate our former guilt." 

Astrcea Redux, 274, 5. 
696. "We shall have other liberal sciences 
Taught us too soon : lying and nattering, 
Those are the studies now ; and murder shortly 
I know will be humanity." 
Beaumont and Fletcher, Cupid's Revenge, iii. 3. 



Throughout the globe ; so many shapes of 

crimes ; 
Not any worthy homage to the plough ; 
The fields lie waste, the tillers drafted off, 
And bending sickles into yieldless sword [s] 
Are forged. Euphrates here, Germania 

there, 701 

Is rousing war ; the leagues between them 

burst, 
The cities that are neighbors bear their 

arms ; 
Ungodly Mars fumes all throughout the 

globe : — 
As when from forth the barriers four-horse 

cars 
Have flung them, on the courses do they 

spring, 
And, idly straining thongs, the charioteer 
Is hurried by his steeds, nor heeds the car 

the reins. 



" So our most just decrees, 
Dead to infliction, to themselves are dead, 
And liberty plucks justice by the nose ; 
The baby beats the nurse, and quite athwart 
Goes all decorum." 

Shakespeare, Measure for Measure, i. 4. 

699. Pope finely describes the evils of tyranny : 
: The fields are ravish'd from the industrious 
swains, 
From men their cities, and from gods their 

fanes : 
The levelled towns with weeds lie covered o'er ; 
The hollow winds through naked temples roar : 
Round broken columns clasping ivy twined ; 
O'er heaps of ruin stalk'd the stately hind ; 
The fox obscene to gaping tombs retires, 
And savage howlings fill the sacred quires." 

Windsor Forest. 



BOOK II. 



Thus far the tilth of fields and stars of 

heaven : 
Now thee, O Bacchus, will I chant, and e'en 
Along with thee the saplings of the wood, 
And brood of olive, of a lazy growth. 
Hither, O thou Lenaean father — here 
Are all things with thy bounties full ; for 

thee 
With vine-leafed Autumn laden, blooms the 

field, 
Froths up the vintage with its brimming vats ; 
Hither, O thou Lenaean father, come, 
And thy uncovered legs, their buskins 

doffed, 10 

In must new [-made] along with me distain. 

In the first place, in giving birth to trees 

Diversified is Nature ['s plan]. For some, 

No sons of men compelling, of themselves, 



Of their unfettered will, appear, and plains, 
And winding rivers, far and wide possess ; 
As downy osier, and elastic brooms, 
Poplar, and groves of willow, silv'ring o'er 
With blue-gray leaf. But some from 

planted seed 
Arise, as stately chestnuts, and [the tree,] 20 
Which leafs for Jove the chiefest of the 

woods, 
The yEsculus ; and, counted oracles by 

Greeks, 

Line 21. Or, " Monarch," or " Giant." 
22. Dryden takes an ingenious advantage of the 
legend in his Panegyrick of Charles II., 129 : 
" Thus, from your royal oak, like Jove's of old, 
Are answers sought, and destinies foretold : 
Propitious oracles are begg'd with vows, 
And crowns that grow upon the sac:ed boughs." 



4 2 



V. 16—34. 



THE GEORGICS. 



v. 35—54- 



The oaks. Sprouts up in others from the 

root 
The closest thicket, as in cherry-trees, 
And elms : aye, even the Parnasian bay, 
An infant 'neath a mother's vasty shade, 
Uprears itself. These methods Nature first 
Vouchsafed : by these springs verdant every 

race 
Of forests, and of shrubs, and holy groves. 
Others there are, the which along its 

path 30 

Mere practice hath discovered for itself. 
One, — suckers from the mothers' tender 

frame 
Dissund'ring, hath in furrows laid them 

down ; 
Another — plunges settings in the field, 
And four-cleft stakes, and poles with pointed 

wood; 
And of the [members of the] forest some 
The lowered arches of the layer wait, 
And nurseries alive in soil their own. 
No root need others, and the topmost shoot 
The pruner scruples not to earth to trust, 40 
Restoring it. Nay e'en, when cut the 

trunks — 
A marvel to be told ! — there is a root 
Of olive thrust from out the sapless wood. 
And many a time the branches of one [tree] 
Undamaged to another's see we turn ; — 
And, changed, the pear engrafted apples 

yield, 
And stony cornels blush upon the plums. 



. 32. In v. 23 Manso reads teneras instead of 
tenero, on slender manuscript authority. Virgil 
perhaps consulted the sound somewhat to the pre- 
judice of the sense, thinking that the ear would be 
more offended by the close proximity of such de- 
finite syllables as as, than the mind would be by 
the transference of tenderness from the offspring to 
the mother. Perhaps, too, he thought that the 
unmerciful tearing of suckers from her frame might 
reduce her to a condition which, in poetry at least, 
might warrant the soft epithet. 

47. It seems much better to render v. 34 thus, 
rather than according to the other view, which 
would compel a change to 

And stony cornels purple o'er with plums. 
For, 1 st. It makes coma the tree instead of the 
fruit, which ought not to be done except in case of 
necessity. 2nd. It is far-fetched to call any tree 
lapidosa, however suitable the term may be to its 
produce. The objection to the other view is, that 
no one would think of engrafting an inferior fruit, 
like the cornelian cherry, on its superior, the plum. 
But to this it may be answered, that the matter is 
one of taste. Some people might prefer cornels to 
plums, especially to bad plums, which the Romans 
doubtless had as well as ourselves. 

Cowley has a graceful passage upon the subject 
itself: 

" We nowhere Art do so triumphant see, 
As when it grafts or buds the tree : 

In other things we count it to excel, 

If it a docile scholar can appear 

To Nature, and but imitate her well ; 



Wherefore arise ! O learn their special 
tilths, 
According to their kind, ye husbandmen, 
And their wild fruits by culture soften 
down ; 50 

Nor let your lands lie idle. 'Tis a joy 
The heights of Ismarus with Bacchus thick 
To plant, and with the olive to array 
The great Taburnus. And be thou at hand, 
And launch with me upon our task com- 
menced, 

[thou] our pride ! O justly of our fame 
The noblest share, — Maecenas ! and on wing 
Vouchsafe the canvas to the opening sea. 

1 list not every [subject] in my lays 

To compass, no, not even though I had 60 
A hundred tongues, and hundred mouths, 

a voice 
Of iron : — be at hand, and coast along 
The margin of the nearest shore : the lands 
[Are lying] within grasp. I will not here 
With fabled verse, and thro' digressive 

rounds 
And prefaces protracted thee detain. 

[The trees,] which lift them of their free 

accord 
Up to the climes of light, unfruitful sooth, 
But blithe and brave, arise ; because there 

lives, 
In secret in the soil, conceptive power. 70 
Still these, too, if should any graft, or trust, 
Transferred, to trenches deeply worked, 

will doff 
Their savage nature, and by constant tilth, 
To whatsoe'er expedients you invite, 
Not slow will follow. Yea moreo'er, the 

stem, 
Which barren issues from the lowest roots, 
Will do the same, if it be ranged apart 



It overrules, and is her master, here. 
It imitates her Maker's power divine, 
And changes her sometimes, and sometimes does 

refine : 
It does, like grace, the fallen tree restore 
To its bless'd state of Paradise before : 
Who would not jo5 r to see his conquering hand 
O'er all the vegetable world command ? 
And the wild giants of the wood receive 

What law he's pleased to give ? 
He bids th' ill-natured crab produce 
The gentler apple's winy juice ; 

The golden fruit, that worthy is 
Of Galatea's purple kiss : 
He does the savage hawthorn teach 
To bear the medlar and the pear : 
He bids the rustic plum to rear 
A noble trunk, and be a peach. 
Even Daphne's coyness he does mock, 
And weds the cherry to her stock, 
Though she refused Apollo's suit ; 
Even she, that chaste and virgin tree, 
Now wonders at herself, to see 
That she's a mother made, and blushes in her fruit." 
The Gai*de7i. 



v. 54—73- 



BOOK II. 



73—94- 



43 



Through fields implanted: now the lofty 

leaves 
And branches of the mother shade it o'er, 
And rob it, growing, of its fructive powers, 
And parch it when it bears. Again, the 

tree, 8 I 

Which rears her up from scattered seeds, 

slow comes, 
For late descendants doomed to form a 

shade ; 
And fruits degen'rate, in forgetfulness 
Of former juices ; and the grape sends forth 
Unseemly clusters, booty for the birds. 
In sooth on all is travail to be spent, 
And all into a furrow forced, and tamed 
At heavy cost. But olives give return 
From truncheons better, from a layer vines, 
The Paphian myrtle from the solid wood. 91 
From sets both hardy hazels take their rise, 
And ash gigantic, and the shady tree 
Of coronal Herculean, and the mast 
Of the Chaonian sire ; moreover, [thus] 
Takes stately palm its rise, and silver-fir 
The haps of ocean doomed to see. Yea, too, 
Is grafted on the offspring of the nut 
The bristly arbutus, and barren planes 
Have borne stout apple -stems ; with chest- 
nut's [bloom] 100 
Hath beech, and mountain-ash hath silvered 

o'er 
With snowy blossom of the pear, and swine 
Have craunched the acorn underneath the 

elms. 
Nor single is the way to graft, and eyes 

81. Uruntgue ferente7n : i. e. should the ademp- 
tio not be so complete as absolutely to deprive it of 
fetus. Uruntve would make the passage much 
more intelligible; but there does not appear to be 
any authority for the reading ; while nothing should 
be more strenuously resisted than amending an 
author's text in the absence of any evidence that it 
is corrupt. 

92. " Sets " for plantis seems the only term 
which will apply to all the trees named. It would 
appear that rooted plants are intended, which are 
struck or reared in a nursery, and then removed to 
the grove. If this be not the meaning of this 
difficult passage, it is hard to say what is. Per- 
haps Virgil may here be more of a poet than a 
planter ; or trees may be propagated in a different 
way now from the modes current in his time. One 
thing is certain, that what he says in vv. 69-72 is 
utterly at variance with the experience and phi- 
losophy of modern days. Botanists affirm, that it 
not only never was done, but that it is impossible. 

104. The translations generally understand by 
simplex " identical ;" i. e. that the mode of grafting 
and inoculating were not the same. Is it likely that 
people would think they were ? Is it not more 
natural to suppose, with Heyne, that the poet 
means that there were different methods of con- 
ducting both these operations, though he gives but 
one example of each? 

Shakespeare thus alludes to them : 



Insert. For where the buds thrust forth 

themselves 
From 'mid the bark, and burst its filmy 

coats, 
A slight incision in the knot itself 
Is made ; therein from out another tree 
A bud they womb, and with the sappy bark 
They teach it to incorp'rate. Or again, no 
Stocks clear of knot are open cut, and deep 
Into the solid [wood] a path is split 
With wedges ; then are bearing stems let 

in : 
Nor long the time, and vast hath shot to 

heaven 
A tree with teemful boughs, and in amaze 
It views strange leaves, and fruitage not its 

own. 
Moreover, single is not [found] the race, 
Nor in the gallant elms, nor willow-tree 
And lotus, neither in the cypresses 
Of Ida ; neither do the olives rich 120 

Into one fashion grow, — the Orchades, 
And Radii, Pausia, too, with berry harsh ; 
And apples, and Alcinous's groves. 
Nor is the shoot the same in Crustuman, 
And Syrian, and the weighty Voleme pears ; 
Hangs not the same the vintage from our 

trees, 
That Lesbos gathers from Methymna's 

spray. 
There be the vines of Thasos, and there be 
The Mareotic whites ; — for unctuous lands 
These fit, for lighter those ; the Psithian, 

too, 130 

More serviceable for a raisin wine ; 
And thin Lageos, [that is] doomed anon 
To try the feet, and tie the tongue ; the reds, 



" You see, sweet maid, we marry 
A gentler scion to the wildest stock, 
And make conceive a bark of baser kind 
By bud of nobler race : this is an art 
Which does mend nature." 

Winter's Tale, iv. 3. 

J. Philips also ; Cider, b. i. : 
" Wouldst thou thy vats with generous juice should 
froth ? 
Respect thy orchats : think not that the trees 
Spontaneous will produce a wholesome draught. 
Let art correct thy breed ; from parent bough 
A scion meetly sever ; after, force 
A way into the crab-stick's close-wrought grain 
By wedges, and within the living wound 
Enclose the foster twig ; nor over nice 
Refuse with thy own hands around to spread 
The binding clay : ere long their differing veins 
Unite, and kindly nourishment convey 
To the new pupil : now he shoots his arms 
With quickest growth ; now shake the teeming 

trunk ; 
Down rain the impurpled balls, ambrosial fruit !" 

133. Thomson, in a graphic but coarse description 
of a drunken bout, alludes to the effect of excessive 
liquor on the feet and tongue : Autumn, 535, 552 : 



v. 95 — io8. 



THE GEORGICS. 



v. 109 — 133. 



And early-ripe. And with what verse shall I 
Sing thee, O Rhoetic? Nor for this do thou 
With bins Falernian vie. Vines, too, there be 
Of Aminaeum, soundest-bodied wines, 
In whose respect the Tmolian rises up, 
And Phanae's king himself ; Argitis, too, 
The less, with whom no other could have 

vied 140 

Or in so full a flow, or lasting on 
Throughout so many years. I could not 

thee, 
O welcomed of the gods and second boards, 
Thou Rhodian, have passed by ; Bumastus, 

too, 
With swollen clusters. But no reckoning is 
How many be the kinds, nor what their 

names ; 
Nor sooth in reckoning to embrace them 

doth it boot ; 
Which he who fain would know, the self- 
same would 
Fain learn how many sands on Lybia's plain 
By Zephyr are turmoiled ; or, when on 

barks 150 

More furious swoops the eastern blast, [fain] 

know 
How many Ionian surges reach the shores. 



" But earnest, brimming bowls 
Lave every soul, the table floating round, 
And pavement faithless to the fuddled foot. . . . 

Their feeble tongues, 
Unable to take up the cumbrous word, 
Lie quite dissolved." 

J. Philips, too, in Cider, b. i. ; which whole 
poem is a happy imitation of the Georgics : 
" But, farmer, look where full-ear'd sheaves of rye 
Grow wavy on the tilth ; that soil select 
For apples ; thence thy industry shall gain 
Tenfold reward ; thy garners thence with store 
Surcharged shall burst ; thy press with purest 

juice 
Shall flow, which in revolving years may try 
Thy feeble feet, and bind thy faltering tongue." 

Yet this is not always the effect : 

" When we get a cup, sir, 
We old men prate apace." 

J. Fletcher, The Loyal Subject, iv. 5. 

138. To make Tmolius and Pha,7iceus refer im- 
mediately to wine, would seem too gross a Graecism 
even for Virgil. 

149. " The which more eath it were for mortall 
wight 
To tell the sands, or count the starres on hye." 
Spenser, F. Q. iv. 11, 53. 

Addison introduces the Libyan whirlwind in a 
noble simile, foreshadowing the death of Cato : 
Cato, end of 2nd Act : 

" So, where our wide Numidian wastes extend, 
Sudden, the impetuous hurricanes descend, 
Wheel through the air, in circling eddies play, 
Tear up the sands, and sweep whole plains away. 
The helpless traveller, with wild surprise, 
Sees the dry desert all around him rise, 
And smothered in the dusty whirlwind dies." 



Nor, sooth, can every soil bear every 
[sort]. 
By rivers willows, and by miry tarns 
Grow alders ; barren on the craggy mounts 
The mountain ashes ; shores in myrtle- 
groves 
Are most delighted ; lastly, Bacchus loves 
The open hills, yews Aquilo and frosts. 
See, too, the world by farthest tillers tamed, 
And eastern homes of Arabs ; and tattooed 
Geloni. Unto trees are portioned out 161 
Their countries : Ind alone black ebony 
Brings forth ; to Saba's sons alone belongs 
The sprig of incense. Why to thee re- 
hearse 
Both balsams oozing from the musky wood, 
And berries of Acanthus aye in leaf? 
Why woods of Ethiopians, silv'ring o'er 
With velvet wool, and how the Chinamen 
Comb down the filmy fleeces from the 

leaves ? 
Or groves, which nearer to the ocean, Ind 
Doth bear, the corner of the farthest globe, 
Where to out-top the tree's aerial crest 172 
Not any arrows have at [one] discharge 
Had power ;— and that nation is, in sooth, 
Not slack, when donned their quivers. 

Media yields 
The rueful juices and the ling'ring taste 
Of blessed citron, than the which more 

prompt — 
If felon stepdames e'er have tainted draughts, 
And mingled drugs and not unharmful 

spells, — 
No antidote arrives, and from the limbs 180 
Expels the sable bane. The tree itself 
Gigantic is, and likest in its guise 
The bay ; and were it not it flings far-wide 
A different perfume, it a bay would be : 



166. Milton uses an equivalent for semper froit- 
de?itis : 

" With myrtle brown, and ivy never-sere." 

Lycidas. 

171. It is not easy to see the exact meaning of 
sinus here. Voss thinks it signifies the swelling 
out of the world's extremity ; in which case it 
should be rendered " bosom." 

174. So Dryden of the height of Arcite's pyre : 
" So lofty was the pile, a Parthian bow, 
With vigour drawn, must send the shaft below." 
Palamon and Arcite, 2229, 30. 
179. " For the maid servants and the girls of the 
house, 
I spiced them lately with a drowsy posset : 
They will not hear in haste." 

Middleton, The Witch, iv. 3. 
" The surfeited grooms 
Do mock their charge with snores : I have drugged 

their possets, 
That death and nature do contend about them, 
Whether they live or die." 

Shakespeare, Macbeth, ii. 2. 



v. 133—150. 



BOOK II. 



v. 151 — 164. 



45 



The leaves not falling off at any winds ; 
The bloom retentive e'en among the chief : 
Their breaths and fetid mouths the Medes 

therewith 
Foment, and old asthmatic folk they cure. 
But neither let the country of the Medes, 
Thrice rich in forest, nor let Ganges fair, 190 
Aye even Hermus, muddy with its gold, 
With eulogies of Italy compete ; 
Not Bactra, nor the Indians, and entire 
Panchaia, rich with incense-bearing sands. 
These spots no bulls, from nostrils breathing 

fire, 
Have ploughed for monster dragon's seeded 

teeth ; 
Nor hath with helmets, and with serried 

spears, 
A springing crop of heroes bristled up ; 
But teemful corn, and Bacchus' Massic juice, 
Have filled them, olives tenant them and 

fruitful herds. 200 

'Tis hence forth flings him tow'ring on the 

plain, 
The warrior horse ; 'tis hence thy snowy 

droves, 
Clitumnus, and that proudest sacrifice, 
The bull, oft bathed in thy religious flood, 
Rome's triumphs to the fanes of gods have 

led. 
Here spring unceasing, and in stranger 

months 
A summer-tide ; twice pregnant are the 

flocks, 
Twice serviceable for its fruits the tree. 

185. " With laurels evergreen were shaded o'er, 
Or oak, or other leaves of lasting kind, 
Tenacious of the stem, and firm against the 
wind." Dryden, Flower and Leaf, 278-80. 

188. " The Britons squeeze the works 

Of sedulous bees ; and, mixing odorous herbs, 
Prepare balsamic cups, to weezing lungs 
Medicinal, and short-breath'd ancient sires." 
J. Philips, Cider, b. ii. 

189. Thomson has a successful imitation of this 
fine passage in Liberty, v. 32-82, in which he 
makes Britain take the place of Italy. 

204. Garth is very happy in his description of the 
Fortunate Islands, where he dilates upon such a 
scene as this line suggests : 
" Eternal spring with smiling verdure here 
Warms the mild air, and crowns the youthful year. 
From crystal rocks transparent rivulets flow ; 
The tuberose ever breathes, and violets blow. 
The vine undress'd her swelling clusters bears, 
The labouring hind the mellow olive cheers ; 
Blossom and fruit at once the citron shows, 
And as she pays discovers still she owes. 
The orange to her sun her pride displays, 
And gilds her fragrant apples with his rays : 
No blasts e'er discompose the peaceful sky, 
The springs bu.t murmur, and the winds but sigh. 
The tuneful swans on gliding rivers float, 
And warbling dirges die on every note." 

Dispensary, c. 4. 



But ravening tigresses are far^aloof, 
And lions' raging brood ; nor aconites 210 
Unhappy [mortals] as they cull betray; 
Nor snoots unmeasured folds along the 

ground 
The scaly snake, nor with so huge a trail 
Into a coil contracts him. Do thou add 
So many peerless cities, and their toil 
Of works ; so many towns, up-piled by hand 
Upon the craggy cliffs ; the rivers, too, 
That glide beneath their aged walls. Should 

I 
The sea describe, which washes her above, 
And which below ? Or such her spacious 

lakes ? 220 

Thee, Larius, vastest, and Benacus, thee, 
With waves and roar of ocean tow'ring 

high? 
Should I describe her havens, and the mole, 
Piled on the Lucrine, and the sea in wrath 
With thundering hissings, where the Julian 

wave 
Booms from afar, as back the deep is poured, 
And the Tyrrhenian tide is sluiced within 



211. " The seas in tumbling mountains did not 
roar, 

But like moist crystal whispered on the shore ; 
No snake did trace her meads, nor, ambushed, 

lower 
In azure curls beneath the sweet spring flower; 
The nightshade, henbane, napel, aconite, 
Her bowels then not bare, with death to smite 
Her guiltless brood." 

LJrummond, Flowers of Sion, Fairest Fair. 

212. " Here thou shalt rest 
Upon this holy bank : no deadly snake 
Upon this turf herself in folds doth make ; 
Heie is no poison for the toad to feed ; 

Here boldly spread thy hands : no venomed weed 
Dares blister them ; no slimy snail dare creep 
Over thy face when thou art fast asleep ; 
Here never durst the babbling cuckoo spit ; 
No slough of falling star did ever hit 
Upon this bank." 

J. Fletcher, The Faithful Shepherdess, iii. 1. 

" These, as a line, their long dimensions drew, 
Streaking the ground with sinuous trace." 

Milton, P. L., b. 7. 

223. Thomson, alluding to the public works of 
Britain : 
" And, by the broad imperious mole repell'd, 

Hark how the baffled storm indignant roars !" 
Liberty, v. 715. 

Goldsmith happily describes similar efforts in 

Holland : 

" Methinks her patient sons before me stand, 
Where the broad ocean leans against the land, 
And, sedulous to stop the coming tide, 
Lift the tall rampire's artificial pride. 
Onward methinks, and diligently slow, 
The firm, connected bulwark seems to grow : 
Spreads its long arms amidst the watery roar, 
Scoops out an empire, and usurps the shore ; 
While the pent ocean, rising o'er the pile, 
Sees an amphibious world beneath him smile." 
Traveller. 



46 



v. 164 — 184. 



THE GEORGICS. 



v. 184—209. 



The narrows of Avernus ? She, the same, 
Her rills of silver, and her mines of bronze, 
Hath in her veins unveiled to view, and 
flowed 230 

With gold full plenteous. She a mettled 

race 
Of heroes, — Marsi, and Sabellian youth, 
And Ligur, to calamity inured, 
And Volsci, armed with javelins, hath pro- 
duced ; 
The Decii she, the Marii, and the great 
Camilli, Scipio's offspring, steeled in war ', 
And thee, Caesar, mightiest [of all], 
Who at this hour in Asia's farthest coasts, 
E'en now a conqueror, art warding off 
The craven Indian from the Roman towers. 
All hail ! great nurse of fruits, Saturnian 
land, 241 

Great [nurse] of heroes ! For thy sake on 

themes 
Of ancient praise and skill do I advance, 
The hallowed springs emboldened to un- 
lock, 
And Ascra's lay I sing through towns of 
Rome. 
There now is place for innate characters 
Of soils ; what pow'rs to each, what hue, 

and what, 
In yielding produce, be their native force. 
First, churlish lands and stingy hills, 
where light 
The clay, and shingle on the braky fields, 
[Is found], delight in the Palladian grove 25 1 
Of long-lived olive. For a sign there stands 
Wild-olive, in profusion springing up 
In the same territory, and the fields 
Bestrewed with wild-wood berries. But the 

soil, 
That greasy is, and in delicious ooze 



240. Shakespeare makes John of Gaunt say 
finely : 
" This royal throne of kings, this sceptr'd isle, 

This earth of majesty, this seat of Mars, 

This other Eden, demi-paradise, 

This fortress, built by nature for herself 

Against infection and the hand of war ; 

This happy breed of men, this little world ; 

This precious stone set in the silver sea, 

Which serves in it the office of a wall, 

Or as a moat defensive to a house, 

Against the envy of less happier lands ; 

This blessed plot, this earth, this realm, this 
England, 

This nurse, this teeming womb of royal kings, 

Fear'd by their breed, and famous by their 
birth." King Ricliard II., ii. 1. 

249. Ferhaps Collins would furnish a better word, 
as a version of maligtii, in his Ode an Foetic Cha- 
racter : 

" Where, tangled round the jealous steep, . 
Strange shades o'erbrow the valleys deep." 

Milton, in P. L., b. xi. 15, speaks of " envious 
winds." 



Is blithesome, and the plain that thick [is 

stocked] 
With grass, and is prolific in its breast, — 
Such as within a mountain's hollow vale 
Ofttimes to look adown on we are wont ; — 
Stream hither from the summits of the cliffs 
The brooks, and trail along enriching 

slime : — 262 

And that which to the southern gale is 

reared, 
And feeds the fern abhorred by crooked 

ploughs : 
This will to thee one clay right hardy vines, 
And with abundant Bacchus rilling forth, 
Supply ; this is prolific of the grape ; 
This — of the liquor, such as we outpour 
From saucers and from gold, what time his 

[horn 
Of] iv'ry hath the bloated Tuscan blown 270 
Hard by the altars, and we offer up 
From bending chargers entrails in a steam. 

But if thy fancy rather be to tend 
The herds, and calves, and younglings of 

the ewes, 
Or goats that sear the tilths, do thou seek 

out 
The gorged Tarentum's glades and distant 

[leas], 
And, — such as hapless Mantua hath lost, — 
A plain, that feeds upon its grassy flood 
The snowy swans. Thy flocks no crystal 

springs, 
No grass shall fail ; and howsoever much 280 
Thy cattle in the lengthful days shall browse, 
The icy dew shall in the scanty night 
So much replace. Lands, well nigh black, 

and fat 
Beneath the sunken ploughshare, and whose 

mould 
Is crimp (for we in ploughing copy this), 
Is best for corn : from no plain wilt thou 

see 
More wains departing home with plodding 

steers ; 
Or [that] wherefrom the plougher in his 

wrath 
Hath carried off a wood, and overturned 
The groves [that] idle [stood] through many 

a year, 290 

And the time-honored homesteads of the 

birds 

272. Or: 

The steaming entrails from the bending trays. 

291. So Dryden, of the destruction of timber for 

Arcite's funeral pile : 

" Nor how the Dryads, or the woodland train, 
Disherited, ran howling o*er the plain : 
Nor how the birds to foreign se.its repair'd, 
Or beasts that bolted out, and saw the forest 
bared ; 



V. 210 — 234- 



BOOK II 



v. 234 — 263. 



47 



Hath he uprooted with their deepest stocks ; 
High [heav'n] have they, their nests for- 
saken, sought ; 
But the raw plain hath glistened forth be- 
neath 
The ploughshare driven in. For, of a truth, 
The hungry gravel of the hilly ground 
Scarce caters lowly casia-plants for bees 
And rosemary ; and tufa rough, and clay 
Of Crete, by dun chelydri channelled out, 
Deny that other soils alike for snakes 300 
Sweet cates purvey, and winding shrouds 

afford. 
That which breathes out thin mist and 

flitting steam, 
And drinks the moisture in, and when it lists 
Itself returns it from itself ; that, too, 
Which robes it aye in emerald turf its 

own, 
Nor iron scathes with scurf and briny rust — 
That soil will pleach thee elms with jovial 

vines ; 
That teemful is in oil ; that thou wilt find 
In tilling both indulgent to the flock, 
And tol'rant of the crooked share. Such 
[land] 3 to 

The wealthy Capua plougheth, and the 

coasts 
Bord'ring Vesuvius' ridge, the Clanius, too, 
Not to the tenantless Acerrae just. 

Now, by what method each thou may'st 
have power 
To know, will I declare. If it be thin, 
Or past the custom aiy manner close, 
Should'st thou demand, (since one befriends 

thy corn, 
The other, wine,— the close doth rather 

Ceres, 
Lyeeus all the loosest,—) first a spot 
Shalt thou select by sight, and bid a pit 320 
Be deeply sunken in the solid [soil], 
And ali the earth shalt thou replace again, 
And level with thy feet the surface sands. 
Shall they be lacking, thin, and for the 

flock 
And bounteous vines more fit, its breast 
will prove. 



Nor how the ground, now clear'd, with ghastly- 
fright 

Beheld the sudden sun, a stranger to the light." 
Palamon and Arcite, 2243-8. 

299. In rendering exesa, commentators differ. 
One takes it in its simple sense of " eating away ;" 
another^ in the dependent sense of "making 
cavities." If the former required justification, 
cibum would furnish more than enough ; while 
latebras would at least excuse the latter, which is 
less commonplace, and more pleasing. 

3?5- Wagner and others read viridis, instead of 
mruii, but it would seem with slender authority 
from manuscripts. 



But if they shall deny that they can pass 
Into their proper beds, and when the dykes 
Are filled, shall earth abound, the field is 

dense ; 
For sullen clods and heavy ridges look, 
And with thy sturdy steers break up the 
land. _ 330 

But briny ground, and what is "bitter" 

called, 
For grain unblest, — that neither mellow 

grows 
By ploughing, nor doth it preserve his race 
For Bacchus, nor for fruits their rightful 

names : — 
Such sample will afford : do thou thy frails 
Of matted osier, and the colanders 
Of thy wine -presses from the smoky roofs 
Pull down. Therein let that malignant 

soil, 
And from the springs sweet waters,' to the 

brim 
Be trampled : all the fluid, sooth, will 
struggle forth, 340 

And drops enormous issue through the 

twigs ; 
But clear the flavor will a proof betray, 
And by a sense of bitterness distort 
The miserable mouths of those that try. 
So, too, the land which unctuous is, in fine, 
By this means learn we : never in the 

hands 
When tossed it crumbles, but in guise of 

pitch 
In handling to the fingers clings. [The 

soil,] 
That moisty is, the nobler grasses feeds, 
And of itself is ranker than is right. 350 
Ah ! be not mine that too prolific ground, 
Nor show itself too strong with infant ears ! 
That which is heavy by its very weight 
Its silent self bewrays, — and what is light. 
Ready it is beforehand by the eyes 
To learn the black, and what to each the hue ; 
But to search out the cursed cold is hard : 
Pitch-pine trees only, and the harmful yews, 
Or ivies dun at times disclose its tracks. 
These things observed, the earth remem- 
ber thou 360 
Long first to throughly melt, and thickly 

score 
Great mounts with trenches, first — the clods 

outstretched 
Upon their back to Aquilo to shew, 
Ere thou dig in the vine's rejoicing race. 
Most excellent the fields with crumbling 
mould : 



358. "Death does delight in yew, and I have 
robbed a church-yard for him." 

Shirley, Cupid and Death, I. 12. 



4§ 



v. 263—2! 



THE GEORGICS. 



v. 288—310. 



That [task] the winds and icy hoar-frosts 

make 
Their care, and stalwart delver stirring up 
His loosened acres. But if any swains 
No watchfulness hath 'scaped, first search 

they out 
A spot alike, where first may be prepared 
A nurs'ry for the trees, and [one,] whereto 
Hereafter, ranged abroad, it may be borne, 
Lest the young scions should decline to 

know 372 

A mother, on a sudden changed. Yea, too, 
The quarter of the sky upon the rind 
They mark, that in what fashion each hath 

stood, 
Upon what side the heats of Auster borne, 
What rear it hath directed to the Pole, 
They may replace it : 'tis of such avail 
To mould their habits in their tender 

[forms.] 
Whether on hills or plains it better be 
To set the vine, seek first. Should'st thou 

lay out 381 

Fields of the fertile champaign, plant them 

close : 
In a close [rank] not slower in his yield 
Is Bacchus ; but— if soil upraised in knolls, 
And hills aslope, be tender to your rows, 
Nor less let every alley to a nail — 
The trees in posture — with the avenue, 
Cut through them, square. As oft in 

mighty war, 
What time a lengthful legion has deployed 
Its squadrons, and upon the open plain 390 
The host hath halted, and the lines are 

ranged, 
And all the earth is waving far and near 
With flashing bronze, nor yet the grisly 

frays 
Do they commingle, but irresolute 
Mars wanders in the midst of arms. Let 

all 
Be meted out in even ranks of paths ; 
Not only that the view the vacant mind 
May feed, but since not otherwise will earth 
Vouchsafe to all like vigor, nor the boughs 
Have pow'r to stretch them into empty 

[space], 400 

Perchance, too, thou may'st ask what be 

the depths 



379. Or, if taken more generally : 

To form their habits during tender [years]. 
396. Similarly Chaucer, Flower and Leaf, st. 5 

" In which were okes great, streight as a line, 
Under the which the grass, so fresh of hew, 
Was newly sprong, and an eight foot or nine 
Every tree well fro his fellow grew, 
With branches brode, laden with leves new, 
That sprongen out ayen the sunne-shene, 

• Some very red, and some a glad light grene." 



For trenches. I would dare to trust my vine 
E'en to a shallow drill. At greater depth, 
And far adown in earth the tree is firmed : 
The ^Esculus among the first, which, high 
As with its summit to the gales of heaven, 
So deep it stretches with its roots to hell. 
Hence this nor storms, nor gusts, nor 

show'rs uptear ; 
Unstirred it bides, and many sons of sons, 
While rolling [o'er it] many an age of 

men, 410 

In lasting it survives. Then far and near 
As forth it spreads its gallant boughs and 

arms 
On this side and on that, it by itself 
Upholdeth in the midst a mighty shade. 
Nor let thy vineyards to the setting 

sun 
Incline ; nor hazel plant among the vines ; 
Nor seek the topmost scions, or strip down 
Thy settings from the summit of the tree ; — 
So mighty is their love of earth ! nor harm 
The shoots with blunted iron ; nor do thou 
Among them sets of wild-wood olive plant. 
For oft from heedless shepherds fire hath 

dropped, 422 

Which thievishly beneath the oily bark 
At first concealed, hath on the timbers 

seized, 
And, stealing forth upon the leaves aloft, 
A mighty crackling to the welkin raised. 
Thence coursing on in conquest through 

the boughs, 
And through the lofty crests, it rules, and 

wraps 
In blazes all the grove, and gross with 

gloom 
Of pitch, shoots forth to heav'n a murky 

cloud ; 430 

In chief if some tornado from the height 



404. But the season may be wrong for removal : 
" Thus in the summer a tall nourishing tree, 
Transplanted by strong hand, with all her leaves 
And blooming pride upon her, makes a show 
Of spring, tempting the eye with wanton blossom ; 
But not the sun, with all his amorous smiles, 
The dews of morning, or the tears of night, 
Can root her fibres in the earth again, 
Or make her bosom kind to growth and bearing, 
But the tree withers." Shirley, Chabot, v. 3. 
407. " Observe the forest oak, the mountain pine, 
The towering cedar, and the humble vine, 
The bending willow that o'ershades the flood, 
And each spontaneous offspring of the wood. 
The oak and pine, which high from earth arise, 
And wave their lofty heads amidst the skies, 
Their parent earth in like proportion wound, 
And through crude metals penetrate the ground ; 
Their strong and ample roots descend so deep, 
That fix'd and firm they may their station keep 
And the fierce shocks of furious winds defy, 
With all the outrage of inclement sky." 

Sir R. Blackmore, Creation, b. ii. 



v. 311—324. 



BOOK II. v. 324—349. 49 

Demand. Then yEther, the almighty sire, 
With fertilizing showers droppeth down 
Upon the lap of his rejoicing bride, 
And all her embryoes he, mighty, feeds, 
Blent with her mighty frame. Then echo 

forth 
The wayless thickets with the warbling 

birds, 
And Venus herds reseek on days decreed ; 
The bounteous field is in the throes of birth ; 
And to the Zephyr's breezes softly- warm 460 
The fields unlock their breasts. Abounds 

in all 
A gentle moisture ; and to stranger suns 
The buds in safety dare themselves to trust. 
Nor fears the viny spray the rising gales 
Of south, or shower, hunted through the 

heaven 
By mighty northern blasts, but pushes forth 
Its buds, and all its leafage it unfolds. 
That days none other at the infant birth 
Of the arising world had o'er it dawned, 
Or held another course, could I have 
deemed. 470 

That [tide] was spring ; the mighty globe 

kept spring, 
And eastern gales forebore their wintry 

gusts, 
What time primeval flocks drank in the 

light, 
And men's earth-gendered race its head 

upraised 
From flinty fields, and savage beasts were 

loosed 
Upon the woods, and stars upon the sky. 
Nor would soft things be able to endure 
This travail, were not such profound re- 
pose 
To intervene betwixt both cold and heat, 
And Heav'n's indulgence to relieve the 
lands. 480 

For what remains, what shoots soever 
thou 
Shalt plunge throughout thy fields, with 

rich manure 
Bestrew, and mindful hide with plenteous 

soil ; 
Or delve in spongy stone, or rugged 

shells : 
For 'tween them will the waters trickle 
through, 



Hath tilted on the forests, and the blast 
Rolls round the burnings as it hunts them on. 
When this [occurs], no vigor from the root 
Have they, nor when cut down have pow'r 

to rise 
Anew, and like themselves to spring afresh 
In verdure from the deep of earth : unblest, 
Wild olive lords it with his bitter leaves. 

Nor thee let any counsellor so sage 
Induce, when Boreas breathes, stiff earth to 

stir : 440 

Then winter prisons in the fields with ice, 
Nor, when the seed is cast, doth it allow 
The frozen root to grapple to the earth. 
For vineyards is the planting best, what 

time 
In blushing spring the bird of white hath 

come, 
Loathed by long snakes : or towards the 

earliest chills 
Of autumn, when the speeding Sun not yet 
Is touching on the winter with his steeds, 
Now slips the summer by. Yea spring 

to leaves 
Of groves, to woods is spring a boon ; 

in spring 450 

The lands are swelling, and their genial 
• seeds 



434. Forbiger thinks, and not without reason, 
that v. 312 should be punctuated as Wakefield 
recommends: Hoc, ubi non a stirpe vale?it, &c, 
making v. 314 the consequence implied by hoc. In 
this case the translation of v. 312 must be varied 
thus : 

" Thus, since they have no vigor from the root, 
Nor, when cut down, have pow'r to rise anew, 
And, copies of themselves, to spring afresh," &c. 
438. Perhaps some may prefer: 

" Survives wild olive," &c. 
449. Spenser has a beautiful passage on this 
subject, embodied in an address to Venus, Faerie 
Queene, iv. 10, 45 : 

" Then doth the daedale earth throw forth to thee 
Out of her fruitfull lap abundant flowres ; 
And then all living wights, soone as they see 
The Spring breake forth out of his lusty bowres, 
They all doe learne to play the paramours : 
First doe the merry birds, thy prety pages, 
Privily pricked with thy lustfull powres, 
Chirpe loud to thee out of their leavy cages, 
And thee their mother call to coole their kindly 

rages." 
449. " Wonder must speak or break ! What is 
this? grows 
The wealth of Nature here, or Art ? it shows 
As if Favonius, father of the Spring, 
Who in the verdant meads doth reign sole king, 
Had roused him here, and shook his feathers, wet 
With purple swelling nectar ; and had let 
The sweet and fruitful dew fall on the ground, 
To force out all the flowers that might be found ; 
Or a Minerva with her needle had 
The enamoured earth with all her riches clad, 
And made the downy Zephyr, as he flew, 
Still to be followed with the Spring's best hue." 
Ben Jonson, Vision 0/ Delight. 



452. " Ethereal Jove then glads with genial showers 
Earth's mighty womb, and strews her lap with 

flowers ; 
Hence juices mount, and buds embolden'd try 
More kindly breezes, and a softer sky. 
Kind Venus revels. Hark ! on every bough 
In lulling strains the feather'd warblers woo ; 
Fell tigers soften in th' infectious flames, 
And lions, fawning, court their brinded dame--." 
Tickell, Fragment on Hunting. 



v. 349— 37o. 



THE GEORGICS. 



v. 371 — 400. 



And subtile breath [of heav'n] will work 

below, 
Aye, and their spirits will the plants up- 
raise. 
Ere now, too, have been found, who with a 

stone 
At top, and with the. burden of a sherd 
Enormous, would depress them : this, a 

shield 490 

'Gainst sluicy showers ; this, what time 

with drought 
The Dog, heat-bringing, splits the yawning 

fields. 
When planted be the scions, it remains 
The soil to crumble oftener at the roots, 
And ply remorseless drags, or work the 

• ground 
Beneath the sunken share, and wheel about 
Among the very vine-rows straining steers. 
Then glossy canes, and shafts of rod un- 
fa arked, 
And ashen stakes to fit, and sturdy prongs, 
By strength whereof they may themselves 

inure 500 

To struggle upward, and to scorn the winds, 
And track the stages through the heights 

of elms. 
And while their infant age with new 

[-born] leaves 
Is rip'ning, thou must spare the tender 

[plants] ; 
And while the tendril shoots it to the gales 
In joyance, through the cloudless [air] let 

loose 
With slackened reins, it must not yet be 

tried 
With edge of knife, but with the hands 

inbent 
The leaves be • nipped, and gathered here 

and there. 
Thereafter, when they now with lusty stems 
Their elms infolding, shall have mounted up, 
Then strip their locks, then lop their arms : 

— ere this 512 

They dread the iron : — then at last exert 
A heartless sway, and curb the gadding 

bouohs. 



512. " Go thou, and, like an executioner, 

Cut oft" the heads of too-fast growing sprays." 

" All superfluous branches 
We lop away, that bearing boughs may live." 

Shakespeare, King Richard II., iii. 4. 
Spenser uses "locks" of trees, as Virgil Coma:: 
F. Q., ii. 11, 19: 
" As withered leaves drop from their dryed stockes, 
When the wroth western wind does reave their 

locks." 
Milton, also, /'. L., b. x. : 

" While the winds 
Blow moist and keen, shattering the grateful locks 
Of these fair spreading trees." 



Pleached, too, must hedges be, and 

every flock 
Restrained ; in chief while delicate the leaf, 
And unaware of toils, to which, beyond 
The ruffian winters, and the tyrant Sun, 
Wild bulls unceasingly and pestering roes, 
Do wanton harm ; [upon it] browse the 

sheep 520 

And greedy heifers. Nor so much the 

chills, 
All curdled with the silv'ry rime, or heat, 
Down bearing scathful on the parching 

cliffs, 
Have worked it mischief, as those flocks 

[have caused] ; 
The poison, too, of their remorseless fang, 
And scar imprinted on the nibbled stem. 
For fault none else to Bacchus is the goat 
On every altar slain, and olden plays 
The stages enter, and rewards for wit, 
Hamlets and crossways round, have Theseus' 

sons 530 

Proposed, and 'mid the goblets jovial 

danced 
In downy meadows on the smeary skins. 
Yea, Auson boors, a Troy-sprung race, 

disport 
With doggrel ditties and unbridled mirth, 
And don the ghastly masks of hollowed 

bark : 
And upon thee, O Bacchus, do they call 
In hymns of gladness, and to thee uphang 
The swinging visors from the lofty pine. 
Hence every vineyard with a plenteous 

crop 
Is rip'ning, and the hollow vales are filled, 
And deepsome glades, and every spot, 

whereto 541 

The god hath veered about his comely head. 
To Bacchus, therefore, will we duly chant 
His rightful honor in our country's songs, 
And chargers and the holy cakes present ; 
And, led by horn, the consecrated goat 
Shall at the altar stand, and we will roast 
His oily entrails upon hazel-spits. 

There is, moreo'er, in tending vines, 

that second toil, 
Which of exhaustion never hath enough. 550 
For all the ground from year to year both 

thrice 
And four times must be cloven, and the clod 
For ever broken by inverted drags ; 



525. " So may thy tender blossoms fear no blight, 
Nor goats with venom'd teeth thy tendrils bite." 
Dryden, Palamon and Arcite, 669, 70. 
531. " Ful red cheekt Bacchus, let Lyeus flote 
In burnisht gobblets. Force the plump lipt god 
Skip light lavoltaes in your full sapt vaines." 

Marston, Antony and Mellida, P. 2, v. 4. 
538. Or, perhaps: "gentle visors." 



V. 400 — 4 2 4- 



BOOK II 



v. 424—446. 



The grove must all be lightened of the leaf. 
Returns in cycle to the husbandmen 
Past toil, and on itself the year is wheeled 
Along through its own tracks. And now 

at length, 
When its late leafage hath the vineyard 

dropped, 
And chilly Aquilo hath shaken down 
From woods their pride — e'en then the 

hind, alert, 560 

His pains outstretches to the coming year, 
And with hooked fang of Saturn he pur- 
sues 
His vine forsaken, as he clips it close, 
And by his pruning moulds it into shape. 
Be first thy ground to dig, be first to burn 
The brush-wood borne away, and be the 

first 
The stakes to carry back beneath thy roof ; 
Be last to reap. Shade twice assails the 

vines ; 
Twice overrun the crop with matted thorns 
The weeds : sore either toil. Praise spacious 

farms ; 570 

A small one cultivate. Moreover, too, 
Sharp twigs of butcher-broom throughout 

the wood, 
And by the banks the river-reed is cut, 
And care of willow-grove unfilled employs. 
Now fettered are the vines ; now trees lay 

down 
The pruning-blade ; now sings his farthest 

rows 
The worn-out vintager : natheless the earth 
Is to be worried, and the mould stirred up ; 
And now must J ove be feared for ripened 

grapes. 
On th' other hand, no tilth is [requisite] 
For olives ; nor the fore-crooked knife do 

they 581 

Await, and griping harrows, when they 

once 
Have fastened to the earth and borne the 

gales. 
To the young plantings of herself the earth, 
When by the hooked fang she is unlocked, 
Purveys her moisture, and her weighty 

fruits, 



560. Pope says very beautifully in his 4th Pas- 
toral, 31 : 

" Now hung with pearls the dropping trees appear, 
Their faded honours scatter'd on her bier. 
See, where on earth the flowery glories lie, — 
With her they flourish'd, and with her they die." 

Collins, too, applies " honour " to express leaves ; 
Eclogue iv. : 
" Yon citron grove, whence first in fear we came, 

Droops its fair honours to the conquering flame." 

563. Or: " His widowed vine, close cl pping it." 



When by the share. On this account do 

thou 
The olive foster, rich, and dear to Peace. 
The fruit-trees, also, soon as they their 
stems 
Have felt in vigor, and their rightful 
strength 590 

Have gained, in snatches struggle to the 

stars 
By energy their own, and needing naught 
Of our assistance. Nor the less, meanwhile, 
With produce heavy waxes every grove, 
And flush with berries of a bloody hue 
The wild resorts of birds. The cytisi 
Are cropped, the stately forest brands sup- 
plies, 
And nightly fires are fed, and pour their rays. 
And scruple men to plant and pains bestow? 
Why greater [themes] pursue ? The sallow- 
shrubs 600 
And lowly brooms, — or they to flock the leaf, 
Or shades to shepherds furnish, and a fence 
For seeded grounds, and food for honev 

[-bees]. 
And 'tis a joy Cytorus to behold, 
Waving with box, and groves of Naryx' 

pitch ; 
It joys the fields to witness, nor to rakes 
Beholden, nor to any pains of men. 
The very forests, barren on the crest 
Of Caucasus, which gusty eastern blasts 
Unceasingly both break and bear away, 610 
Grant each their various produce ; grant 

they pines, 
A wood for ships of service, for our houses 
Both juniper and cypresses. Hence spokes 
Have farmers turned for wheels, hence 

drums for wains, 
And bending keels for barks laid down. In 

twigs 
Are willow-trees prolific, elms in leaves ; 

588. " Then as the olive 

Is the meek ensign of fair fruitful peace, 
So is this kiss of yours." 

Middleton, The Witch, iv. 1. 
612. Verses 442-453 will bring to the recollection 
of the readers of Spenser, Faerie Queene, i. 1,8,9: 
" Much can they praise the trees so straight 
and hy : 
The sayling pine ; the cedar proud and tall ; 
The vine-propp elme ; the poplar never dry ; 
The builder oake, sole king of forrests all ; 
The a-pine, good for staves ; the cypresse funerall ; 
The laurell, meed of mightie conquerours 
And poets sage ; the firre that weepeth still ; 
The willow, worne of forlorne paramours ; 
The eugh, obedient to the benders will ; 
The birch, fur shaftes ; the sallow for the mill ; 
The mirrhe sweete-bleeding in the Litter wound ; ' 
The warlike beech ; the ash for nothing ill ; 
The fruitful] olive ; and the platane round ; 
The carver holme ; the maple, see'.dom inward 
sound." 

E 2 



v. 447—460. 



THE GEORGICS. 



v. 460—473. 



But myrtle for stout spears, and, good for 

war, 
The cornel ; into Iturean bows 
The yews are bent. Nor do the glossy limes, 
Or box that takes a polish in the lathe, 620 
No shape receive, or by the sharpened tool 
Are grooved. Nor less, too, swims the 

seething wave 
The buoyant alder, launched upon the Po ; 
Nor less, too, do the bees their swarms 

ensconce 
As well within the vaulted [hives of] bark, 
As in the hollow of the cankered holm. 
What to be named alike have Bacchus' gifts 
Bestowed? E'en Bacchus hath for crime 

supplied 
Occasions. He the Centaurs in their rage 
With death o'erpowered, — Rhcetus both, 

and Pholus, 630 

Hylaeus, too, with mighty wassail-bowl 
Against the Lapithae denouncing threats. 

O happy, too, too [happy] if they knew 
The blessings that are theirs, — the swains, 

to whom, 
Of her own self, afar from wrangling arms, 
Most righteous earth unbosoms from the soil 

621. See note on Geo. i. 115. 
628. Spenser thus alludes to the fight : 
" And there the relicks of the drunken fray, 
The which amongst the Lapithees befell ; 
And of the bloodie feast, which sent away 
So many Centaures drunken soules to hell, 
That under great Alcides furie fell." 

Faerie Queene, iv. 1, 23. 
" All now was turned to jollity and game, 
To luxury and riot, feast and dance ; 

thence from cups to civil broils." 

Milton, P. L., b. xi. 
Milton also makes Samson say : 

" Nor envied them the grape, 
Whose heads that turbulent liquor fills with fumes." 

" Nor the Centaurs' tale 
Be here repeated, how with lust and wine 
Inflamed they fought, and spill'd their drunken souls 
At feasting hour." J. Philips, Cider, b. ii. 

Gay, however, is rather jealous of the reputation 

of Bacchus : 

" Drive hence the rude and barbarous dissonance 
Of savage Thracians and Croatian boors : 
The loud Centaurian broils with Lapitha? 
Sound harsh and grating to Lenaean god." 

Poem on Wine. 
It may be bad enough, even without hostilities : 

" He that lives within a mile of this place 
Had as good sleep in the perpetual 
Noise of an iron mill. There's a dead sea 
Of drink i' the cellar, in which goodly vessels 
Lie wrecked ; and in the middle of this deluge 
Appear the tops of flaggons and black-jacks, 
Like churches drowned i' the marshes." 

Beaumont, The Scornful Lady, ii. 2. 

633. Thomson finely imitates this whole passage, 
verses 458-540, in his Autumn, 1235-1373 ; but it 
is too long to quote. 



A ready diet ! If no mighty tide 

Of morning greeters, through its haughty 

doors, 
A stately mansion forth from all its halls 
Disgorges ; neither do they stare agape 640 
On gates enamelled with the lovely shell, 
And garments made the sport of gold, and 

forms 
In Ephyr's bronze ; nor is their snowy wool 
Dyed in Assyria's poison, nor is marred 
With casia service of the crystal oil : 
Yet careless rest, and life that knows not 

guile, 
Rich in a varied wealth ; yet hours of ease 
In fields extended, grots, and living meres ; 
Yet Tempe cool, and lowings of the kine, 
And balmy slumbers underneath the tree, — 
Keep not aloof. There woodlands and the 

lairs 65 1 

Of savage beasts, and youth enduring toils, 
And used to scantness ; holy rites of gods, 



638. " Hast thou not seen my morning chambers 
filled 
With sceptred slaves, who waited to salute me?" 
Dryden, All for Love, iii. 1. 
644. " Shall we seek Virtue in a satin gown, 

Embroidered Virtue ? Faith in a well-curled 
feather ?" 

J. Fletcher, The Loyal Subject, iii. 2. 
" I want the trick of flattery, my lord ; 
I cannot bow to scarlet and gold lace ; 
Embroidery is not an idol for my worship." 
Shirley, The Duke's Mistress, i. 1. 
646. " But carelesse Quiet lyes." 

Spenser, F. Q., i. 1, 41. 
" There in close covert by some brook, 
Where no profaner eye may look, 
Hide me from day's gairish eye, 
While the bee with honied thigh, 
That at her flowery work doth sing, 
And the waters murmuring, 
With such consort as they keep, 
Entice the dewy-feathered sleep." 

Milton, II Penseroso. 
See T. Warton's elegant poem, The Hamlet. 

652. Shakespeare makes Henry the Sixth agree 
with the poet ; the king says, 3 Hen. VI., ii. 5 : 
" Ah, what a life were this ; how sweet ! how- 
lovely ! 
Gives not the hawthorn bush a sweeter shade 
To shepherds, looking on their silly sheep, 
Than doth a rich embroider'd canopy 
To kings, that fear their subjects' treachery? 
O, yes, it doth ; a thousandfold it doth. 
And to conclude, — the shepherd's homely curds, 
His cold thin drink out of his leather bottle. 
His wonted sleep under a fresh tree's shade, 
All which secure and sweetly he enjoys, 
Is far beyond a prince's delicates, 
His viands sparkling in a golden cup, 
His body couched in a curious bed, 
When care, mistrust, and treason wait on him." 
653. " The use of things is all, and not the store : 
Surfeit and fullness have killed more than Famine." 

Ben Jonson, The Staple of Ncius, end. 
" Upon those lips, the sweet fresh buds of youth, 
The holy dew of prayer lies, like pearl 



v. 473—492. 



BOOK II. v. 492—506. 35 

And greedy Acheron's roar! Blest, too, 

is he, 680 

Who knows the rural deities, both Pan, 
And old Silvanus, and the sister Nymphs ! 
Him have no fasces of the populace, 
Nor monarchs' purple warped ; nor civil 

feud, 
The traitor brothers goading, or the Dace, 
Down swooping from the Danube oath- 

colleagued ; 
Not Roman fortunes and expiring realms : 
Nor has he either, in compassion, mourned 
The destitute, or envied him that hath. 
What fruits the boughs, what willing fields 

themselves, 690 

Of free accord, have yielded, he hath culled ; 
Nor laws of iron and the frantic bar, 
Nor people's archive-halls, hath he beheld. 
Some fret with oarage hidden seas, and rush 
On steel ; they pierce the courts and gates 

of kings. 
One with extermination makes assault 
Upon his city, and Penates sad, 
That he may from a jewel quaff, and sleep 

683. " A wise man never goes the people's way : 
But as the planets still move contrary 
To the world's motion, so doth he to opinion." 
Ben Jonson, The New Inn, iv. 3. 
688. That is, in his happy neighborhood there 
is no poverty to be seen : it does not mean to deny 
that 

" The poor man's cry he thought a holy knell : 
No sooner gan their suits to pierce his ears, 
But fair-eyed pity in his heart did dwell ; 
And like a father that affection bears 
So tendered he the poor with inward tears, 
And did redress their wrongs when they did call ; 
But, poor or rich, he still was just to all." 

Robert Greene, A Maiden's Dream. 
692. " To drown the tempest of a pleader's tongue," 
Massinger, The Fatal Dowry, i. 1. 
695. The kings were courted because they lacked 
either the sense or honesty to say : 

" Wherefore pay you 
This adoration to a sinful creature? 
I'm flesh and blood, as you are, sensible 
Of heat and cold, as much a slave unto 
The tyranny of my passions, as the meanest 
Of my poor subjects. The proud attributes, 
By oil-tongued flattery imposed upon us, 
Coined to abuse our frailty, though compounded, 
And by the breath of sycophants applied, 
Cure not the least fit of an ague in us. 
We may give poor men riches, confer honours 
On undeservers, raise or ruin such 
As are beneath us, and, with this puffed up, 
Ambition would persuade us to forget 
That we are men : but he that sits above us, 
And to whom, at our utmost rate, we are 
But pageant properties, derides our weakness." 
Massinger, The Emperor 0/ the East, v. 2. 
698. " Instead of gold 

And cups of hollowed pearl, in which I used 
To quaff deep healths of rich pomegranate wine, 
This scallop shall be now my drinking cup 
To sip cold water." 

Webster, 'The Thracian Wonder, iii. 2. 



And worshipped sires : 'mong them her 

latest tracks 
Did Justice, from the earth withdrawing, 

print. 
But me the chiefest, may the Muses, 

sweet 
'Bove all [attractions], whose religious 

[gifts] 
I bear, deep smitten with a mighty love, 
Embrace, and shew the pathways and the 

stars 
Of heav'n, the changeful fadings of the sun, 
And travails of the moon ; whence [comes] 

the quake 661 

To earth ; beneath what pow'r deep seas 

upheave, 
When burst their barriers, and again sink 

back 
Themselves upon themselves ; why speed 

so fast 
To dip them in the ocean wintry suns, 
Or what delay withstands the laggard nights. 
But if, lest I be able to approach 
These parts of Nature, chill around my heart 
My blood have proved a hindrance, may 

the fields 
Charm me, and streamlets rilling in the 

dales ; 670 

The floods and forests may I love, unfamed ! 
Oh ! [could I live] where [lie] the plains, 

Sperchseus too, 
And, wildly revelled o'er by Spartan maids, 
The ridges of Tayget. Oh ! [for one] 
To set me down in Hsemus' icy glens, 
And curtain me with vasty shade of boughs ! 
Happy [the man] who hath availed to learn 
The springs of Nature, and all fears, and 

fate, 
Deaf to appeal, hath flung beneath his feet 



Dropt from the opening eyelids of the morn 
Upon the bashful rose." 

Middleton, A Game at Chess, i. 1. 
" The immortal gods 
Accept the meanest altars, that are raised 
By pure devotion ; and sometimes prefer 
An ounce of frankincense, honey or milk, 
Before whole hecatombs, or Sabaean gums, 
Offered in ostentation." 

Massinger, The Bondman, iv. 3. 
655. " Or wert thou that just Maid, who once 
before 
Forsook the hated earth 1" 

Milton, Ode on the Death of an Infarit. 
661. " To dance 

With Lapland witches, while the labouring moon 
Eclipses at their charms." Milton, P. L., b. ii. 
669. " Nor ask I from you 

Your learning and deep knowledge ; though I am 

not 
A scholar, as you are, I know them diamonds, 
By your sole industry, patience, and labour, 
Forced from steep rocks, and with much toil at- 
tained." J. Fletcher, The Elder Brother, v. 1. 



54 



v. 506 — 518. 



THE GEORGICS. 



v. 519—539. 



On Sarra's purple ; wealth another hoards, 
And o'er his deeply-buried gold he broods. 
One, awe-struck at the Rostra, stands 

amazed ; 701 

Another, staring on with mouth agape, 
The clapping through the seats, yea doubly 

pealed, 
Of commons both and sires hath held en- 
chained. 
They joy, bespattered with their brothers' 

blood, 
For exile, too, their homes and thresholds 

dear 
Do they exchange, and seek a land that lies 
Beneath another sun. The husbandman 
The earth hath sundered with his crooked 

plough : 
Hence the year's travail ; hence his native 

land 710 

And children's infant children he supports ; 
Hence droves of oxen and deserving steers. 
Nor is there rest ; but either with its fruits 
The year o'erflows, or in the birth of flocks, 
Or sheaf of Cereal stalk, and with its yield 
The furrows lades, and vanquishes the 

barns. 



" Their sumptuous gluttonies, and gorgeous feasts 
On citron tables or Atlantic stone ; . . . . 
Their wines of Setia, Cales, and Falerne, 
Chios, and Crete ; and how they quaff in gold, 
Crystal, and myrrhine cups, emboss'd with gems 
And studs of pearl." Milton, P. R., b. iv. 

" I, that forgot 

I was made of flesh and blood, and thought the 
silk, 

Spun by the diligent worms out of their entrails, 

Too coarse to clothe me, and the softest down 

Too hard to sleep on." 

Massinger, The Bondman, iii. 3. 

700. " You swear, forswear, and all to compass 

wealth : 
Your money is your god, your hoard your heaven." 

Robert Greene, James tlie Fourth, v. 4, 
" No ! I'll not lessen my dear golden heap, 
Which, every hour increasing, does renew 
My youth and vigour ; but, if lessened, — then, 
Then my poor heart-strings crack ! Let me enjoy 

it, 
And brood o'er 't, while I live, it being my life, 
My soul, my all." 

Massinger, The Roman Actor, ii. 1. 
" But the base miser starves amidst his store, 
Broods on his gold, and, griping still at more, 
Sits sadly pining, and believes he's poor." 

Dryden, Wife of Bath's Tale, 468-70. 
" As some lone miser, visiting his store, 
Bends at his treasure, counts, recounts it o'er ; 
Hoards after hoards his rising raptures fill, 
Yet still he sighs, for hoards are wanting still." 

Goldsmith, Traveller, 
703. " This applause, 

Confirmed in your allowance, joys me more 
Than if a thousand full-crammed theatres 
Should clap their eager hands, to witness that 
The scene I act did please, and they admire it." 
Massinger, The Renegade, iv. 3. 



Winter is come : in olive-mills is brayed 
The Sicyon berry ; with the acorn blithe, 
The swine return; their arbutes give the 

woods, 
And autumn in variety lays down 7 20 

Its produce, and the mellow vintage high 
Is ripened on the sunny rocks. Meanwhile 
His darling boys around his kisses hang ; 
The taintless house its chastity preserves ; 
Their udders do the kine drop milky down, 
And plump upon the merry green the kids 
Between them struggle with confronted 

horns. 
Himself the days of feast observes, and, 

stretched 
Along the turf, where in the midst the fire 
Is burning, and his comrades wreathe the 

bowl, 730 

Thee, pouring, O Lensean, he invokes ; 
And for the masters of the flock appoints 
The games of flying javelin on the elm ; 
And stalwart frames they strip for rural list. 
This life of yore the olden Sabines led ; 
This Remus and his brother ; thus in sooth 
Etruria brave hath waxed, and Rome become 
The loveliest of things, and for herself 
Seven heights hath singly girdled with a 

wall. 
Ere, too, the sceptre of the Cretan king, 
And ere a godless nation banqueted 741 
On butchered steers, the golden Saturn led 
This life on earth. Nor had they, too, 

723. The cessation of such tendernesses is sadly 
described by Gray in his Elegy : 
" No children run to lisp their sire's return, 
Or climb his knees the envied kiss to share." 
Thomson has a tender touch of nature, taken, 
like this of Virgil, from home life. In a very suc- 
cessful description of a father lost in a snow-storm, 
he says : 

" In vain his little children, peeping out 
Into the mingling storm, demand their sire 
With tears of artless innocence." 

Winter, 313-315. 
730. " The woods, or some near town 

That is a neighbour to the bordering down, 
Hath drawn them thither 'bout some lusty sport, 
Or spiced wassail-bowl, to which resort 
All the young men and maids of many a cote, 
Whilst the trim minstrel strikes his merry note." 
J. Fletcher, The Faithful Shepherdess, v, 1. 
743. So Milton describes mankind after the 
Flood"; P. L., b. xii. : 

" With some regard to what is just and right 
Shall lead their lives, and multiply apace, 
Labouring the soil, and reaping plenteous crop, 
Corn, wine, and oil ; and, from the herd or flock, 
Oft sacrificing bullock, lamb, or kid, 
With large wine-offerings pour'd, and sacred feast, 
Shall spend their days in joy unblamed." 
And Thomson, of the reign of Peace ; Britannia, 
113, &c. : 

" Pure is thy reign, when, unaccursed by blood, 
Nought save the sweetness of indulgent showers 



v. 5 39— 540. 



BOOK III. 



v. 541—542. 



55 



Yet heard the trumpets blasted, nor as yet, 
On hardy stithies laid, the falcions clang. 



Trickling distils into the vernant glebe, 
Instead of mangled carcases, sad-seen, 
When the blithe sheaves lie scattered o'er the 

field; 
When only shares, the crooked knife, 



But we have an interminable plain 
Accomplished in our circuits, and it now 
Is time our coursers' smoking necks to fref 

And hooks imprint the vegetable wound ; 
When the land blushes with the rose alone, 
The falling fruitage and the bleeding vine." 



BOOK III. 



Thee likewise, mighty Pales, also thee, 
O worthy of remembrance, will we sing, 
Thou shepherd from Amphrysus ; you, ye 

woods, 
And rivers of Lycaeus. Other [themes], 
The which might idle spirits have enchained 
With minstrelsy, all now world-wide are 

spread. 
Who either stern Eurystheusdoth not know, 
Or altars of Busiris, the unpraised ? 
By whom hath stripling Hylas not been 

sung, 
And Lato's Delos, and Hippodame, 10 
And Pelops, with an ivory shoulder badged, 
Keen on his steeds? A path must be 

essayed, 
Whereby myself too I may lift from earth, 
And float triumphant thro' the mouths of 

men. 
I, foremost, to my native land with me, 
(Let only life survive, ) as I return 
From Aon peak will lead the Muses down; 
I, foremost, Mantua, to thee will bring 
The palms of Idumea, and a fane 
Upon the verdant plain will I uprear 20 
Of marble, by the water, where, immense 
With lazy windings, Mincius strays away, 
And fringes o'er his banks with tender reed. 
For me shall Caesar in the centre stand, 
And hold the fane. For him a conq'ror I, 
In Tyrian purple, too, observed of all, 



Line 15. Gray thus finely alludes to the decay of 
poetry in Greece, and its translation to Rome ; 
Progress of Poesy : 
" Where each old poetic mountain 
Inspiration breath'd around ; 
Ev'ry shade and hallow'd fountain 
Murmur'd deep a solemn sound : 
Till the sad Nine, in Greece's evil hour, 
Left their Parnassus for the Latian plains." 

22. So Milton, in Lycidas : 
" O fountain Arethuse, and thou honour'd flood, 

Smooth sliding Mincius, crown'd with vocal 
reeds." 

26. Ophelia, mourning over Hamlet's insanity, 
speaks of him as 
" The expectancy and rose of the fair state, 

The glass of fashion, and the mould of form, 

The observ'd of all observers." Hamlet, iii. 1. 



A hundred four-yoked chariots will impel 
Along the floods. The whole of Greece 

for me, 
Alpheus leaving and Molorchus' groves, 
In races and the cestus raw shall strive. 30 
Myself, upon my head bedecked with leaves 
Of shaven olive, will my gifts present. 
E'en now the grave processions to the 

shrines 
It joys to lead, and view the butchered 

steers ; 
Or how the scene with shifted fronts with- 
draws, 
And how the intertissued Britons raise 
The purple curtains. On the folding-doors 
The battle of the Gangarids will I 
Of gold and massive ivory portray, 
And conquering Quirinus' arms ; and here, 
Surging with war, and flushing huge, the 

Nile, 41 

And pillars, tow'ring up with naval bronze. 
I Asia's humbled cities will subjoin, 
And chased Niphates, and the Parth, that 

trusts 
In flight, and in his rear-directed shafts ; 
Twain trophies, also, from a severed foe 
By prowess reft, and, triumphed over twice, 
Nations from either shore. And there shall 

stand 
The stones of Paros, effigies that breathe, 

44. " Oh ! let us gain a Parthian victory : 
The only way to conquer is to fly." 

Dryden, Love TriumpJuint, ii. 1. 
49. " I am but dead, stone looking upon stone : 
What was he that did make it ? See, my lord, 
Would you not deem it breathed, and that those veins 
Did verily bear blood ?" 

Shakespeare, The Winter s Tale, v. 3. 
" Some carve the trunks, and breathing shapes 
bestow, 
Giving the trees more life than when they grow." 
Cowley, Davideis, b. ii. 
" The fairest, softest, sweetest frame beneath, 
Now made to seem, and more than seem, to 
breathe." Parnell, Hesiod. 

" And breathing forms from the rude marble start." 

T. Warton, Sonnet v. 
" Heroes in animated marble frown, 
And legislators seem to think in stone." 

Pope, Temple of Fame. 



5 6 



v. 35—67- 



THE GEORGICS. 



v. 68 — 77. 



The lineage of Assaracus, and names 50 
Of the Jove-issued race, both father Tros, 
And Troja's Cynthian founder. Envy curst 
Shall dread the Furies, and the rigid tide 
Of Cocyt, and Ixion's twisted snakes, 
And monster wheel, and the unconquerable 

stone. 
Meanwhile the Dryads' woods and glades 

untouched 
Track we, Maecenas, thy no soft behests : 
My soul without thee nothing lofty founds. 
Lo ! come, burst slow delays ! with loud 

halloo 
Cithseron calls us, and Tayget's hounds, 60 
And Epidaurus, breaker-in of steeds : 
The cry, too, doubled by the lawns' ap- 

proof, 
Comes thund'ring back. Soon ne'ertheless 

shall I 
Be girt to celebrate the burning fights 
Of Caesar, and his name in fame to waft 
Throughout as many years, as Csesar stands 
In distance from Tithonus' earliest source. 

If either any, stricken with amaze 
At prizes of Olympic palm, feeds steeds ; 
Or any — bullocks, sturdy for the ploughs ; — 
Chief let him choose the bodies of the 

dams. 
Best is the figure of the grim-eyed cow, 72 
In whom uncomely is the head, in whom 
Abundant is the neck, and from her chin 
As far as to her legs the dewlap hangs. 
Then to her lengthful side there is no bound : 
All is enormous, e'en the foot ; and th' ears 
Are shaggy underneath the crumpled horns. 
Nor would distasteful be to me one badged 
With spots and white, or that declines the 

yoke, 80 

And is at times uncivil with her horn, 
And in her guise [comes] nearer to a bull, 
And who all tow'ring [stands], and as she 

walks 
Brushes her footsteps with her tip of tail. 
The age, Lucina and clue marriage-rites 
To suffer, ceases before ten, begins 
After four years ; the rest is neither meet 
For breeding, nor robust for ploughs. 

Meantime, 
While to thy flocks survives a merry youth, 
Let loose the males ; to Venus be the first 
To send thy cattle-droves, and race from 

race 91 

Supply by breeding. Each best day of life 
From wretched mortals is the first to fly : 
Steal on diseases, and a crabbed eld, 



94. " Who would live long ? 

Who would be old ? 'tis such a weariness, 
Such a disease, that hangs like lead upon us. 
As it increases, so vexations, 



And toil, and ruthlessness of rigid death 
Sweeps them away. There aye will be, 

whose frames 
Thou wouldest liefer should be changed : 

then aye 
Do thou recruit them ; and lest thou again 
Should seek them lost, forestall, and for 

thy herd 
A youthful offspring year by year allot. 100 
Nor less, too, is the choice the same for 

brood 
Of horses. Do but thou on those, which 

thou 
Shalt settle for the nation's hope to raise, 
Especial pains now straight from tender 

[years] 
Bestow. From first the colt of noble strain 
In statelier fashion paces in the fields, 
And plants and plants again his supple 

legs ; 
And in the van to enter on the path, 

Griefs of the mind, pains of the feeble body, 
Rheums, coughs, catarrhs : we are but our living 

coffins." 

J. Fletcher, A Wife for a Month, ii. 5. 
" Time is the moth 
Of Nature, devours all beauty." 

Shirley, The Humorous Coiirtier, i. 1. 
" A flower that does with opening morn arise, 

And, flourishing the day, at evening dies ; 

A winged eastern blast, just skimming o'er 

The ocean's brow, and sinking on the shore ; 

A fire, whose flames through crackling stubble 
fly; 

A meteor, shooting from the summer sky ; 

A bowl adown the bending mountain roll'd ; 

A bubble breaking, and a fable told ; 

A noontide shadow, and a midnight dream, — 

Are emblems which, with semblance apt, proclaim 

Our earthly course." Prior, Solomon, b. iii. 
99. " Scions such as these 

Must become new stocks, for us to glory 

In their fruitful issue : so we are made 

Immortal one by other." 

Middleton, A Fair Quarrel, iii. 2. 

108. On the impatience of the horse Pope is very 
happy : 
" The impatient courser pants in every vein, 

And, pawing, seems to beat the distant plain : 

Hills, vales, and floods appear already cross'd, 

And ere he starts a thousand steps are lost." 

Windsor Forest. 
108-125. " Oft in this season too the horse, provoked, 
While his big sinews full of spirits swell, 
Trembling with vigour, in the heat of blood, 
Springs the high fence : and, o'er the field effused, 
Darts on the gloomy flood, with steadfast eye, 
And heart estranged to fear : his nervous chest, 
Luxuriant and erect, the seat of strength, 
Bears down th' opposing stream: quenchless his 

thirst ; 
He takes the river at redoubled draughts, 
And with wide nostrils snorting, skims the wave." 
Thomson, Summer, 506-515. 
" Survey the warlike horse ! Didst thou invest 

With thunder his robust distended chest ? 

No sense of fear his dauntless soul allays ; 

Tis dreadful to behold his nostrils blaze : 



v. 77—92. 



BOOK III. 



v. 93— 123. 



57 



And threatful rivers to essay he dares, 
And venture him upon the unknown bridge; 
Nor starts at idle noises. High his neck, 
And finely shaped his head, his barrel 

short, 112 

And plump his back, and rampant swells 

with thews 
His mettled chest. [The steeds of] gener- 

cms [stamp] 
Are brownish chestnuts, and the iron-greys: 
The sorriest hue is of the white and dun. 
Then if a clang from far have any arms 
Sent forth, he knows not in his place to i 

stand ; 
He quivers with his ears, and in his joints 
He quakes, and, snorting, rolls the gathered 

fire 120 

Beneath his nostrils. Thick his mane, and 

tost 
On the right shoulder down it sinks to rest. 
But through the loins a double spine is 

traced; 
And earth he scoops, and with its massive 

horn 
His hoof deep echoes. Such like, tamed 

by reins 
Of Amyclaean Pollux — Cyllarus; 
And they, whose story Grecian bards have 

told, 
Mars' twain-yoked steeds, and great 

Achilles' car. 
And such like did Saturnus e'en himself 
Shed forth a mane along a courser's neck, 



To paw the vale he proudly takes delight, 
And triumphs in the fulness of his might. 
High-raised, he snuffs the battle from afar, 
And burns to plunge amid the raging war ; 
And mocks at death, and throws his foam around, 
And in a storm of fury shakes the ground. 
How does his firm, his rising heart advance 
Full on the brandish'd sword and shaken lance, 
While his fix'd eye-balls meet the dazzling shield, 
Gaze, and return the lightning of the field ! 
He sinks the sense of pain in generous pride, 
Nor feels the shaft that trembles in his side ; 
But neighs to the shrill trumpet's dreadful blast 
Till death ; and when he groans, he groans his 
last." Dr. Young, Paraphrase on Job. 

118. Shakespeare gives a different turn to the 

effect of music on the colt : 

" For do but note a wild and wanton herd, 
Or race of youthful and unhandled colts, 
Fetching mad bounds, bellowing and neighing 

loud, 
Which is the hot condition of their blood ; 
If they but hear perchance a trumpet sound, 
Or any air of music touch their ears, 
You shall perceive them make a mutual stand, 
Their savage eyes turn'd to a modest gaze, 
By the sweet power of music." 

MercJiant 0/ Venice, v. 1. 

What this great poet here says is an accurate 
picture of the fact, as any one who has been much 
accustomed to the country must have observed. 



Fleet on his wife's approach, and, as he 

fled, 131 

Filled lofty Pelion with a shrilly neigh. 
Him likewise, when, or burdened with 

disease, 
Or now, too languid from his years, he fails, 
Conceal at home, nor his unnoble eld 
Forgive. The older is for Venus chill, 
And vainly his unwelcome task he drags ; 
And, if it ever to engagement comes, — 
As sometimes in the stubbles without 

strength 
A mighty fire, — he impotently fumes. 140 
Their mettle, therefore, and their age shalt 

thou 
Mark chiefly; next, their other qualities, 
And parents' race, and what in each the pain 
When conquered, what their triumph in 

the palm. 
Dost thou not see, when in the headlong 

strife 
The cars have seized the plain, and dash 

away, 
Forth bursten from the goal ; when hopes 

of youths 
Are lifted high, and drains a beating throb 
Their palpitating hearts? Upon [their 

steeds] 
They press with twisted lash, and stooping 

forward give 150 

The reins: the axle hot with fury flies; 
And crouching now, and now erect, they 

seem 
Aloft through empty ether to be swept, 
And soaringtothe gales. Nor pause, nor rest; 
But high is raised a cloud of yellow sand; 
They're moist with the pursuers' foam and 

breath : 
So deep the love of praises, of so deep 
Concern is conquest. Ericthonius first 
Adventured cars and coursers four to yoke, 
And, fleet, in triumph o'er the wheels to 

stand. 160 

Reins gave the Pelethronian Lapithse, 
And the ring-courses, mounted on their 

back, 
And taught the rider under arms to prance 
Upon the ground, and his disdainful steps 
To curve. Alike is either toil; alike 
Seek out the masters both the young, and 

hot 
In mettle, and in races keen; though oft 
In flight the other may his routed foes 
Have chased, and as his native land allege 
Epirus and Mycenoe brave, and fetch 170 
His lineage drawn from Neptune's very 

stock. 
These [rules] observed, they're zealous 

towards the time, 



58 



v. 123 — x 4 8 ' 



THE GEORGICS. 



v. 149 — 176. 



And all their pains bestow, with solid fat 
To plump out him, whom they have chosen 

chief", 
And have pronounced the husband of the 

herd; 
And downy herbs they cut, and streams 

purvey 
And spelt j lest he should fail to over- 
match 
The charming toil, and puny sons announce 
Their fathers' leanness. But the herds 

themselves 
With meagreness do they, resolved of will, 
Reduce; and when the now well-known 
delight 181 

First dalliance stimulates, they both with- 
hold 
Their browse, and bar them from the 

springs. Oft, too, 
They shake them in the race, and tire them 

out 
Beneath the sun, when heavily the floor 
Is groaning with the beaten grains, and 

when 
To rising Zephyr empty chaff is tossed. 
This do they, lest, through pamp'ring in 

excess, 
Too blunt the service for the genial field 
Should prove, and sluggish furrows it 
might coat 190 

With fat; but that [the field] athirst may 

seize 
On Venus, and the deeper veil her [form]. 

Again the care of sires begin to wane, 
And that of dams to take its place. What 

time, — 
The months completed, — pregnant do they 

stray, 
Let no one suffer them to draw the yokes 
With heavy wains, nor with a leap to 

clear 
The road, and scour the leas in mettled 

flight, 
And swim the ravening floods. In open 

lawns 
They feed, and hard by brimming brooks, 
where moss 200 

[Is found], and bank of brightest green 

with grass ; 
And grots may shelter them, and rocky 

shade 
Extend along. There is around the groves 
Of Silarus, and, blooming with its holms, 
Alburnus, an abundant winged thing, 
For which Asilus is the Latin name ; — 
The Greeks have turned it ALstros in their 
tongue ; — 

176. " Downy ;" or, " full-grown.." 



Fierce, buzzing shrill; whereat all panic- 
struck 
Throughout the woods in every quarter fly 
The herds: storms ether, with their roars 
convulsed, 210 

And dry Tanager's woods and banks. Erst- 
while 
With this monstrosity did Juno wreak 
Her fearful wrath, what time she planned 

a plague 
For the Inachian heifer. This, too, thou 
(For fiercer it assails in noon-day heats,) 
Shalt from the pregnant herd ward off, 

and feed 
Thy cattle at the newly-risen sun, 
Or when the stars are ush'ring in the night. 

After the birth, attention to the calves 
Is all transferred; and from the first the 

marks 
And titles of the breed on them they brand, 
And [sever] those, which either they prefer 
To rear for preservation of the herd, 223 
Or hallowed for the altars to reserve, 
Or earth to sunder, and upturn the plain, 
Bristling with broken clods. The other 

droves 
Are fed through emerald herbage. Those 

which thou 
For task and service of the field shalt 

mould, 
Now spur [when] calves, and enter on a 

course 
Of taming, while the spirits of the young 
Are flexible, while pliant is their age. 23 1 
And first, loose hoops of slender withy bind 
Below the neck; thereon, what time their 

necks, 
Unshackled, they to thraldom shall have 

used, 
Tied from the very collars, fellows yoke, 
And force the steers to move their step in 

time. 
And now by them unfreighted wheels be oft 
Drawn o'er the ground, and on the surface- 
dust 
Their traces let them print. Next, strain- 
ing 'neath 
A lusty load, let beechen axle creak, 240 
And pole of bronze drag on the wedded 

orbs. 
Meanwhile, not grasses only for the young, 
Unbroken, neither willows' slender leaves, 
And oozy sedge, but seedling corn shalt 
thou 



221. The branding of sheep, Thomson, in dig- 
nified terms, thus describes ; Summer, 406 : 
" Some mingling stir the melted tar, and some, 

Deep on the new-shorn vagrants' heaving side. 

To stamp his master's cypher, ready stand." 



v. 176 — 198. 



BOOK III. 



v. 198—224. 



Crop with thy hand. Nor shall for thee 

thy kine, 
That have brought forth, (in fashion of 

our sires, ) 
Brim up the snowy milk-pails, but dispend 
Their udders wholly on their darling brood. 

But if thy fancy rather [lead] to wars 
And furious brigades, or to scud along 250 
Alphean floods of Pisa on thy wheels, 
And in the wood of Jove the flying cars 
To drive ; the steed's first task it is to view 
The mettle and the arms of warriors, and 

to stand 
The trumps, and brook the wheel, as with 

the draught 
It groans ; and in his stall the jingling 

curbs 
To hear ; then more and more to take 

delight 
In the caressing praises of his lord, 
And love the sounding of a patted neck. 
And these now let him from the first, when 

weaned 260 

From his dam's breast, adventure, and in 

turn 
To gentle muzzles lend his mouth, [still] 

weak, 
Aye, quaking e'en, e'en artless from his age. 
But, three completed, when fourth summer- 
tide 
Shall have approached, at once let him 

begin 
To run the ring, and sound with measured 

steps, 
And arch th' alternate foldings of his legs, 
And be like one that toils; then to the race, 
Then let him dare the winds, and while he 

flies 
Throughout the open plains, as one by reins 
Untrammelled, let him scarce his footmarks 

plant 271 

Upon the surface of the sand. As when 
From Hyperborean coasts hath Aquilo 
Full swooped, and Scythia's storms and 

droughty clouds 
Disperses : then the lofty fields of corn, 



258. " Nearer and nearer now he stands, 

To feel the praise of patting hands." 

Gay, F., i. 13, 
" The bounding steed, you pompously bestride, 
Shares with his lord the pleasure and the pride." 
Pope, Essay on Man, Ep. iii. 35, 6. 
269. " I am of Pliny's opinion, I think he was begot 

by the wind ; 
He runs as if he were ballassed with quicksilver." 
Webster, The Duchess of Malfi, i. 2. 
" And in that haste, too, madam, I was told 
The speed of wings was slow ; their fiery horse, 
Bathing in foam, yet fled, as if they meant 
To leave the wind and clouds behind them." 

Shirley, The Doubtful Heir, v. 4. 



59 

And champaigns, waving, with the gentle 

puffs 
Wax crisp, and crests of forests raise a roar, 
And distant billows hurry to the strands : 
It flies, at once the fields in its career, 
At once the waters, sweeping. [Such as] 
this 280 

Or at the winning-posts and courses vast 
Of Elis' plain will reek, and from his mouth 
Dash forth the gory foam, and better bear 
The Belgic war-cars on his supple neck. 
Then at the last with thickened mash allow 
Their bulky frame to swell, now broken in ; 
For ere their breaking in, they high will 

raise 
Their mettle, and when caught refuse to 

brook 
The limber thongs, and galling curbs obey. 
But no pains-taking braces more their 
powers 290 

Than Venus, and the stings of hidden love, 
To keep aloof, whether to any [swain], 
More pleasing be the use of beeves or 

steeds. 
And hence the bulls they banish far away, 
And into lonely feeding-grounds, behind 
A barrier mount, and over spacious floods ; 
Or keep them jailed within at glutted cribs. 
For step by step the female saps their 

powers, 
And burns them by their gazing, nor allows 
The mem'ry of their lawns or grass. She, 
sooth, 300 

By her enchanting charms e'en oft compels 
Her haughty paramours to wage a war 
Between them with their horns. In Sila 

vast 
A lovely heifer feeds : they, turn by turn, 
With giant vigor intermingle frays 
With wounds repeated ; bathes the jetty 

gore 
Their frames ; and, turned against the 

struggling [foes], 
Their horns are tilted with a thund'ring 

groan, 
And forests peal again, and distant heaven. 
'Tis not the custom for the combatants 310 

290. " Bulls and rams will fight 

To keep their females, stand'ng in their sight ; 
But take 'em from them, and you take at once 
Their spleens away : and they will fall again 
Unto their pastures, growing fresh and fat ; 
And taste the waters of the springs as sweet 
As 'twas before." 

Beaumont and Fletcher, Philaster, iii. 1. 

300. " Tell her thy brother languishes to death, 
And fades away, and withers in his bloom ; 
That he forgets his sleep, and loathes his food." 
Marcus to Portius, in Addison's Cato, iii. 1. 

310. So Octavian addresses Antony: 



6o 



v. 224 — 246. 



THE GEORGICS. 



v. 247—268. 



To stall together ; but the vanquished one 

Retires, and lives an exile far away 

In bourns unknown ; sore moaning his 

disgrace, 
And the haught conqu'ror's blows ; then 

o'er the loves 
Which he unvenged hath lost ; and to- 
wards the stalls 
Oft casting wistful looks, he hath withdrawn 
From his ancestral kingdoms. So his 

pow'rs 
With all concern he practises, and lies 
The livelong night, among the galling 

stones, 
On couch unlittered, fed on prickly leaves 
And pointed rush ; and brings him to the 

test, 321 

And learns his wrath to centre in his horns, 
Against a tree-bole butting, and the winds 
Provokes with thrusts, and with the scat- 
tered sand 
Plays prelude to the fight. Thereon, what 

time 
His strength is mustered, and his pow'rs 

repaired, 
He moves his standards, and is headlong 

borne 
On his forgetful foeman : as a surge, 
When it begins to whiten 'mid the sea, 
Afar and from the deep its bosom draws ; 
And as, when rolled along to land, all 

wild 331 

It booms among the rocks, nor less than 

e'en 
A mount it topples down ; but from its 

base 
The water seethes in whirlpools, and aloft 
The sable sand it tosses from below. 

Yea, every race on earth, alike of men 
And savage beasts, and race of ocean, 

flocks, 
And birds enamelled, rush to rage and fire : 
To all is love the same. At no time else, 
Forgetful of her cubs, the lioness 340 

Hath more ferocious ranged about the 

plains ; 
Nor shapeless bears have dealt on every 

side 

" I must perforce 
Have shown to thee such a declining day, 
Or look on thine ; we could not stall together 
In the whole world." 

Shakespeare, Antony and Cleopatra, v. 1. 

339. See among Cowley's Poems that on The 
Force of Love, which begins : 

" Throw an apple up an hill, 
Down the apple tumbles still ; 
Roll it down, it never stops 
Till within the vale it drops : 
So are all things prone to love, 
All below, and all above." 



So many deaths and havoc through the 

woods ; 
Then the wild boar is truculent, then worst 
The tigress. Ah ! it then is ill to stray 
In Libya's lonely fields. Dost thou not see 
How thrills a quiv'ring all throughout the 

frames 
Of steeds, if but the scent hath wafted 

home 
The well-known airs. And neither stay 

them now 
The reins of men, nor lashes fell, not cliffs 
And vaulted rocks, and floods a barrier set, 
And whirling in their wave the mounts 

engrasped. 352 

E'en tilts and whets his tusks the Sabine 

boar, 
And with his hoof the earth before him 

tears, 
And chafes his ribs against a tree, and this 
And that side steels his shoulders for the 

wounds. 
What [feat performs] the stripling, in whose 

bones 
Fell passion circulates its mighty fire ? 
Forsooth, the friths, by bursten storms 

turmoiled, 
Late swims he in the blinded night, o'er 

whom 360 

Is thund'ring heav'n's colossal gate, and 

dashed 
Against the cliffs, the seas return a din ; 
Nor can his wretched parents call him back, 
Nor [yet] the maiden, doomed thereon to die 
By felon death. What — Bacchus' spotty 

pards, 
And offspring keen of wolves and dogs ? 

Why [tell] 
What battles wage the dastard harts ? In 

sooth, 
Before them all is marked the rage of 

mares ; 
And Venus e'en herself the soul inspired 
That time, wherein his Potnian mares four- 
yoked 370 
Devoured the limbs of Glaucus with their 

jaws. 



353. " Or, as two boars, whom love to battle draws, 

With rising bristles and with frothy jaws, 

Their adverse breasts with tusks oblique they 

wound ; 
With grunts and groans the forest rings around." 
Dryden, Palamon and Ay-cite, 814-17. 

364. " Speake, fate-crosse lord ! 

If life retaine his seat within you, speake ! 
Else like that Sestian dame, that saw her love 
Cast by the frowning billowes on the sands, 
And leane death, swolne big with the Hellespont, 
In bleake Leander's body, — like his love, 
Come I to thee : one grave shall serve us both." 
Marston, Insatiate Countesse, iii. 3. 



269 — 290. 



BOOK III. 



v. 291 — 319. 



61 



These passion lures across Gargarean 

heights, 
And cross Ascanius booming ; mountains 

they 
O'erpass, and over rivers swim. And 

straight, 
When 'neath their eager marrows is applied 
The flame — in spring the rather, since in 

spring 
The ardor to their bones returns — they all, 
With face turned toward the Zephyr, take 

their stand 
On lofty crags, and snuff the subtile gales ; 
And oft, without embracements any, by 

the wind 
Impregnate — wondrous to be told — thro' 
rocks, 381 

And cliffs, and sunken dales, they scattered 

fly; 
Not, Kurus, to thy risings, nor the sun's, — 
Towards Boreas and Caurus, or [the clime], 
Whence Auster is in deepest sable bom, 
And glooms the welkin with his rainy chill. 
Hereon at length, what by a truthful name 
" Hippomanes" the shepherds call, drips 

down 
A clammy poison from the groin — hippo- 
manes — 
Which many a time have felon step-dames 

culled, 
And mingled drugs, and not unharmful 
spells. 390 

But flies meanwhile, flies past recoveiy, 
time, 
While round each [theme], by love [there- 
of] entranced, 
We sail along. Be this enough for herds : 
Remains the second portion of our task — 
To treat of woolly flocks and shaggy goats. 
Be this your toil ; hence hope ye for renown, 
Brave swains. Nor am I doubtful in my 

mind, 
How vast it is to master these with words, 
And add this dignity to petty [themes]. 400 



385. "While through the damp air scowls the lour- 
ing South, 

Blackening the landscape's face, that grove and 
hill 

In formless vapours undistinguished swim." 

T. War ton, Pleasures of Melancholy. 

Armstrong, speaking of the climate of England 

[Health, b. i.), says : 

" Steep'd in continual rains, or with raw fogs 
Bedew'd, our seasons droop : incumbent still 
A ponderous heaven o'erwhelms the sinking soul. 
Labouring with storms, in heapy mountains rise 
Th embattled clouds, as if the Stygian shades 
Had left the dungeon of eternal night, 
Till black with thunder all the South descends." 

391. "When we have chid the hasty-footed time." 
Shakespeare, Midsummer Night's Dream, iii. 2. 



But me along Parnassus' lonely heights 
Sweet love transports : it joys to pace its 

peaks, 
Where not a path of former [bards] is turned 
Adown to Castalie with gentle slope. 

Now, Pales worshipful, I now must sound 
With lofty lip. Commencing, I decree 
That sheep in downy cotes their grass should 

crop, 
Till leafy summer is anon restored ; 
And that the flinty ground with plenteous 

straw, 
And bundles of the ferns, ye strew beneath, 
Lest ice in dullness harm the tender flock, 
And bring upon them mange, and foot-rot 
foul. 412 

Then, deviating hence, I you enjoin 
To cater leafy arbutes for the goats, 
And runnels fresh supply, and post their 

sheds 
Aloof from winds, afront the winter's sun, 
Turned towards meridian day, what time 

at length 
Now chill Aquarius sets, and drops his dew 
At the year's close. These also must by us 
Be tended with no lighter pains ; nor less 
Will prove their service ; tho' Milesian 
wools 421 

Are bartered at a heavy cost, when grained 
With Tyrian crimsons. Hence [in] closer 

[rank] 
Their offspring, hence a store of plenteous 

milk. 
The more, — when drained the udder, — shall 

have frothed 
The milk-pail, merry rills the more shall 

stream 
From their squeezed paps. Nor less, mean- 
while, the beards, 
And chins befrosted, and the flaunting shag 
Of the Cinyphian he-goat do they shear 
For service of the camps, and covertures 
For miserable seamen. But they feed 431 
Upon the forests and Lycaeus' crests, 
And bristly brambles and height-loving 

brakes ; 
And of themselves they mindful to the sheds 
Return, and lead along their [kids], and 

scarce 
With weighty udder overpass the sill. 
So with all zeal the frost and squalls of snow, 
(The less they have the need of human care,) 



430. " Beasts have more courtesy : they live about 

me. 
Offering their warm wool to the shearer's hand 
To clothe me with." . . . . " Birds bow to me, 
Striking their downy sails to do me service, 
Their sweet airs ever echoing to mine honour, 
And to my rest their plumy softs they send me." 
F. Beaumont, The Triumph 0/ 'Time, i. 



62 



v. 320— 347- 



THE GEORGICS. 



v. 347—361. 



Shalt thou ward off, and gladly bring their 

food, 
And provender of twig ; nor shalt thou shut 
Thy hay-lofts all throughout the winter- 
tide. 441 
But still, at Zephyr's call, when gladsome 

warmth 
To glades and feeding-grounds shall either 

flock 
Despatch, with earliest star of Lucifer 
The chilly paddocks let us tread, while morn 
Is fresh, while silv'ry are the blades, and 

dew 
Upon the tender herbage to the flock 
Is sweetest. Then, when hour the fourth 

the drought 
Of heav'n hath gathered up, and with their 

chirp 
The plaintful cicads shall the vine-trees 
rend, _ 45° 

At wells, or deepsome pools, bid thou thy 

flocks 
To drink the water, as it scampers on 
In oaken conduits. But in noon-day heats 
Seek out a shady dell, if anywhere 
The mighty oak of Jove with aged wood 
Spread giant branches, or if anywhere, 
In gloom with clust'ring holms, a grove 

lies near 
With holy shade : then [bid] to give again 
The subtile waters, and again to feed 
At setting of the sun, when chilly eve 460 
Cools down the air, and now the dewy moon 
The glades recruits, and shores are echoing 

back 
The halcyon, the thistle-finch the brakes. 
Why Libya's shepherds, why their feed- 
ing-grounds, 
Should I to thee in song describe at large, 
Their kraals, too, peopled, with their scat- 
tered roofs ? 
Oft day and night, and for a month entire 
In order, feeds the herd, and wends its way 
To distant deserts with no hostry -homes ; 
So vast a stretch of plain there lies. His all 
The Afric herdsman with him drives,— both 
tent, 471 

And Lar, and arms, and Amyclaean hound, 
And Cretan quiver ; no wise else than doth 
The mettled Roman in his father's arms, 
When under his unrighteous burden he 



463. Dryden, elegantly translating Chaucer, says 

of the goldfinch : 

" A goldfinch there I saw with gaudy pride 

Of painted plumes, that hopped from side to side, 
Still pecking as she passed, and still she drew 
The sweets from every flower, and sucked the 

dew ; 
Sufficed at length, she warbled in her throat, 
And tuned her voice to many a merry note." 

Flower and Leaf, 1 06- 1 1 1 . 



Pursues the route, and in the foeman's face, 
Ere he is looked for, while the camp is 

pitched, 
Stands in battalion. But not so, where 

[lie] 
The hordes of Scythia, and Mseotis' wave, 
And muddy Ister, whirling round its sands 
Of amber, and where Rhodope returns, 481 
Outstretched beneath the centre of the pole. 
There, prisoned in the stalls they keep the 

herds ; 
Nor any grass or on the field appears, 
Or leaves upon the tree ; but shapeless lies 
In snow-drifts, and in ice profound, the 

earth 
Far-wide, and towers up to seven ells : 
Aye winter, aye the Cauri blasting chills. 
Then ne'er the Sun disperses blanching 

shades, 
Nor when, upon his coursers borne, he 

mounts 490 

The lofty firmament, nor when he bathes 
His headlong car in Ocean's ruddy plain. 
Its [icy] casings curdle in a trice 
Upon the running stream, and now the wave 
Upon its chine upholds the ironed wheels, 



489. This is, of course, not true. Dryden beau- 
tifully describes the joy felt by the natives of these 
northerly regions at the approach of their summer, 
such as it is : 

" In those cold regions where no summers cheer, 
Where brooding darkness covers half the year, 
To hollow caves the shivering natives go ; 
Bears range abroad, and hunt in tracks of snow : 
But when the tedious twilight wears away, 
And stars grow paler at the approach of day, 
The longing crowds to frozen mountains run ; 
Happy who first can see the glimmering sun.'' 
Prologue to his Royal Highness. 

495. " When hoary Thames, with frosted osiers 

crown'd, 
Was three long years in icy fetters bound, 
The waterman, forlorn along the shore, 
Pensive reclines upon his useless oar, 
Sees harness'd steeds desert the stony town, 
And wander roads unstable, not their own ; 
Wheels o'er the harden'd waters smoothly glide, 
And rase with whiten'd tracks the slippery tide." 
Gay, Trivia, ii. 359-66. 

Thomson has a fine description of Frost in his 

Winter, 713, &c. : 

" What art thou, Frost ? And whence are thy 
keen stores 
Derived, thou secret, all-invading power, 
Whom even th' illusive fluid cannot fly ? 
Is not thy potent energy, unseen, 
Myriads of little salts, or hook'd, or shaped 
Like double wedges, and diffused immense 
Through water, earth, and ether ? Hence at eve 
Steanvd eager from the red horizon round, 
With the fierce rage of Winter deep-suffused 
An icy gale, oft shifting, o'er the pool 
Breathes a blue film, and in its mid career 
Arrests the bickering stream. The loo.-en"d ice, 
Let down the flood and half dissolved by day, 
Rustles no more ; but to the sedgy bank, 



v. 362—379. 



BOOK III. 



v. 380 — 398. 



63 



That [wave] to vessels erst, to spreading 

wains 
Now hostess ; and the bronzes through the 

land 
Asunder start, and stiffen garbs when 

donned, 
And with their hatchets hew they fluid 

wines, 
And throughly into massive ice the pools 
Have turned, and ice-drop on their beards 

un trimmed 501 

Hath grisly caked. Meanwhile throughout 

the air 
Xo otherwise it snows ; die cattle ; stand 
Enveloped in the rime the bulky frames 
Of oxen, and in huddled troop the harts 
Are palsied in the new [ly fallen] mass, 
And scarce with antler tips above it rise. 
These not with hounds slipped on, nor any 

toils, 
Or frighted by the cord of crimson plume, 
They chase ; but while to purpose none 

they push 510 

The mountain, set a barrier, with their 

chest, 
In conflict close they stab them with the 

steel, 
And kill them as they deeply bray, and 

blithe 
With lusty shouting bring them home. 

Themselves 
In low-delved caverns fleet away their hours 
Of leisure underneath the depth of earth, 
And piles of oak, and elms entire, have 

rolled 
Upon their hearths, and giv'n them to the 

flame. 
Here night they'spend in frolic, and in glee 

Fast grows, or gathers round the pointed stone, 
A crystal pavement, by the breath of heaven 
Cemented firm ; till, seized from shore to shore, 
The whole imprison'd river growls below." &c. 
502. Does not Virgil seem to be describing the 
usual state of things in these northern regions '. 
And if so, can Heyne's rendering of nova by inso- 
lente be sustained/ It seems far better, with the 
learned critic quoted by Wagner, to refer it to a 
sudden, heavy fall of snow,— perhaps the first in 
the season. 

517. " 'Tis late and cold ; stir up the fire ; 
Sit close and draw the table nigher ; 
Be merry, and drink wine that's old, 
A hearty medicine 'gainst a cold ; 
Your beds of wanton down the best, 
Where you shall tumble to your rest." 
J. Fletcher, The Lover's Progress, iii. 5. 

519. Ducunt, they spend ; or, eke. The whole 
passage is imitated happly, yet not without ideas of 
his own, by Thomson, Winter, 809, &c. : 

" Yet there life glows ; 
Yet cherish'd there, beneath the shining waste, 
The furry nations harbour : tipp'd with jet, 
Fair ermines, spotless as the snows they press ; 



The viny goblets with fermented wort, 520 
And service-berries tart, they copy. Such 
A reinless race of mortals, laid beneath 
The Hyperborean Wain, is buffeted 
By the Rhipsean eastern blast, and wrapt 
With tawny shag of cattle o'er their frames. 

If wool should be of interest to thee, 
First let the prickly thicket, and the burs, 
And caltrops be away ; shun pastures rank ; 
And from the very first do thou cull out 
The flocks, with wools of velvet white. 

But him, 530 

Though he may be a ram e'en lustrous-fair, 
Beneath whose palate moist a sable tongue 
But lurks, refuse, lest he with ding}- spots 
Should dusk the fleeces of the [newly] born ; 
And in the circuit of the teemful plain 
Look out another. Thus, with snowy boon 
Of wool (if it be worthy of belief) 
Did Pan, the god of Arcady, beguile 
Thee, duped, O Luna ; to the deepsome 

groves 
Thee wooing ; nor didst thou the wooer 

scorn. 54° 

But let [the swain] whose passion is for 

milk, 
The cytisus, and plenteous melilot, 
And salted herbs, himself, with his own 

hand, 
Bear to the cribs. Hence both they love 

the more 
The rivers, and the more their udders 

stretch, 
And in the milk the covert taste of salt 
Repeat they. Many [farmers] keep aloof 

Sables, of glossy black ; and, dark-embrown'd, 
Or beauteous freak'd with many a mingled hue, 
Thousands besides, the costly pride of courts. 
There, warm together press'd, the trooping deer 
Sleep on the new-fall'n snows ; and, scarce his 

head 
Raised o'er the heapy wreath, the branching elk 
Lies slumbering sullen in the deep abyss. 
The ruthless hunter wants nor dogs nor toils, 
Nor with the dread of sounding bows he drives 
The fearful flying race ; with ponderous clubs, 
As weak against the mountain-heaps they push 
Their beating breast in vain, and piteous bray, 
He lays them quivering on th' ensanguined snows. 
And with loud shouts rejoicing bears them home." 
Their wintry life he describes differently ; Liberty, 
iii. 523-32 : 

" But, cold-compress'd, when the whole loaded 
heaven 
Descends in snow, lost in one white abrupt, 
Lies undistinguish'd earth ; and, seized by frost, 
Lakes, headlong streams, and floods, and oceans 

sleep. 
Yet there life glows : the furry millions there 
Deep dig their dens beneath the sheltering snows ; 
And there a race of men prolific swarms, 
To various pain, to little pleav.ire, u>ed ; 
On whom, keen-parching, beat Rhipa;an winds ; 
Hard like their soil, and like their climate fierce." 



64 



v. 398—423. 



THE GEORGICS. 



v. 423—443. 



The kidlings, from their mothers now di- 
vorced, 
And fasten in the front their infant mouths 
With muzzles spiked with steel. What 

they have milked 550 

At rising day, and in the daily hours, 
At night they press ; what now at shades 

[of eve], 
And as the sun is setting, towards the dawn 
They carry forth in baskets, — to the towns 
The shepherd trudges, — or with scanty salt 
They season, and for winter store it up. 
Nor should with thee the care of dogs be 

last, 
But with [the others] Sparta's nimble pups, 
And mettled [mastiff] of Molossus, feed 
On fatt'ning whey. Ne'er, — these thy 

sentinels, — 56° 

Shalt thou the nightly robber for thy stalls, 
And inroads of the wolves, or from the rear 
Unquieted Iberians, dread. Oft, too, 
The shy wild asses thou in chase shalt drive, 
And hunt with hounds the hare, with hounds 

the deer. 
Oft, routed from their forest wallowing- 

haunts, 
Wild boars, pursuing with their bay, shalt 

thou 
Discomfit, and thro' lofty mountains force 
The giant hart with shouting to the toils. 

Learn also scented cedar in the stalls 570 
To burn, and with galbanean fume to chase 
The fell chelydri. Many a time beneath 
The cribs unstirred, or, baleful to be 

touched, 
Hath adder skulked, and fled alarmed from 

heaven ; 
Or snake, beneath the shelter and the shade 
Inured to creep, — the bitter plague of 

kine, — 
And on the cattle to bespirt his bane, 
Hath hugged the ground. Take stones in 

hand, take clubs, 
O shepherd, and as he uplifts his crests, 
And hissing necks is swelling, strike him 

down. 58° 

And now in flight his craven head he deep 
Hath buried, when his central folds, and 

train 



582. " On his rear, 

Circular base of rising folds, that tower'd 
Fold above fold, a surging maze ! His head 
Crested aloft, and carbuncle his eyes ; 
With burnish'd neck of verdant gold, erect 
Amid his circling spires, that on the grass 
Floated redundant." 

Milton, Par. Lost, b. ix. 
And J. Philips, in imitation of Milton : 

" And as a snake, when first the rosy hours 
Shed vernal sweets o'er every vale and mead, 
Rolls tardy from his cell obscure and dank ; 



Of his remotest tail are paralysed, 
And trails its flagging coils the farthest ring. 
There is, moreover, in Calabrian lawns 
That baleful serpent, rolling up his chine, 
Scale-clad, with chest uplifted, and with 

spots 
Enormous speckled o'er his lengthful 

paunch ; 
Who, while are gushing any streams from 

founts, 
And while the lands are dank with moisty 

spring 590 

And rainy Austers, haunts the standing 

pools ; 
And, chamb'ring by the banks, here gluts 

the felon 
His jetty maw with fish and croaking frogs. 
When once dried up the fen, and with the 

heat 
The lands are yawning wide, he sallies 

forth 
Upon diy ground, and, rolling eyes ablaze, 
He rages through the fields, both fierce 

from thirst, 
And frenzied by the heat. May it not prove 
Mypleasure then beneath the cope of heaven 
To snatch soft slumbers, nor upon a ridge 
Of woodland to have lain along the grass, 
When fresh from casted slough, and bright 

with youth, 602 

He rolls, forsaking either young or eggs 
Within his shroud, uplifted to the sun, 
And quivers in his mouth with trifid tongue. 

Of their diseases, also, I will thee 
The springs and symptoms teach. Offensive 

mange 
Assails the sheep, what time the chilly 

shower 
Hath settled to the quick too deeply down, 
And winter, crispy with its silver ice ; 610 



But when by genial rays of summer sun 
Purged of his slough, he nimbler thrids the brake, 
Whetting his sting, his crested head he rears 
Terrific, from each eye retort he shoots 
Ensanguined rays, the distant swains admire 
His various neck and spires bedropp'd with gold." 
Cerealia. 

585. See a grand paraphrase on the description 
of Leviathan by Dr. Young, which is too long to 
quote. 

602. "Casted;" or, if Shakespeare's grammar is 
at fault : 

"When fresh from his cast slough." 
So Spenser, Faerie Qticene, iv. 3, 23 : 
" Some new-borne wight ye would him surely 
weene ; 
So fresh he seemed and so fierce in sight ; 
Like as a snake, whom wearie winters teene 
Hath worne to nought, now feeling sommers 

might 
Casts off his ragged skin, and freshly doth him 
dight." 



V- 443—475- 



BOOK III. 



v. 476—492. 



65 



Or *vvhen, on being sheared, unwashed hath 

clung 
The sweat, and prickly briers gashed their 

frames. 
In the sweet rivers, therefore, all the flock 
The masters drench, and with a reeking 

fleece 
The ram is in the eddy plunged, and, 

launched 
Upon the fav'ring current, down he floats ; 
Or, [when 'tis] shorn, with bitter olive-lees 
They smear the frame, and scum of silver 

blend, 
And living sulphurs, and Idsean pitch, 
And bees-wax rich in oiliness, and squill, 
And noisome hellebore, and black asphalt. 
No happy turn, however, to their woes 622 
Comes more immediate than if any [swain] 
With steel could open lay the ulcer-head. 
The plague is fostered, and by being veiled 
It thrives, the while the shepherd to the 

wounds 
His healing hands refuses to apply, 
Or sits him down, demanding of the gods 
More favorable omens. Further, too, 
When, stealing to the bleaters' inmost 

bones, 630 

The anguish rages, and upon their limbs 
The parching fever preys, it hath bestead 
The kindled inflammations to expel, 
And 'tween the lowest [surfaces] of hoof 
To stab the vein that pulses with the blood : 
In fashion wherewithal Bisalts are wont, 
And mettlesome Gelonjan, when he hies 
To Rhodope and to the Getae's wastes, 
And curded milk with horse's blood he 

swills. 
[The ewe,] which far thou mayest have 

remarked, 640 

Or ofter 'neath the mellow shade to creep, 
Or nibbling tips of grass more listlessly, 
And last to follow, or amid the plain 
To lay her down when grazing, and alone 
Yielding to night advanced, at once with 

knife 
The plague arrest, ere dread contagion steal 
Among the wareless crowd. Not, bringing 

storm, 
So frequent swoops the whirlwind from the 

main, 
As many be the maladies of flocks. 
Nor single subjects do diseases clutch ; 650 
But summer-pastures, wholly, in a trice, 
Both hope and herd at once, ay, all the race 
From its beginning. [This,] then, might 

he know, 
If any one the welkin-mounting Alps, 
And Norian fortresses upon the hills, 
And Iapydian Timavus' fields, 



Now e'en thereafter in so long a time 
Should witness, and the shepherds realms 

forlorn, 
And lawns unpeopled in their length and 

breadth. 
Here erst from [some] distemper of the 

air 660 

A piteous season rose, and with full heat 
Of autumn glowed, and all the race of flocks 
To death delivered over, all [the race] 
Of savage beasts ; and lakes it putrified ; 
The feeding-grounds with pestilence it 

baned. 
Nor single was the path of death ; but when 
The fiery thirst, thro' all the arteries forced, 
Had shrivelled up their wretched limbs, 

again 
O'erflowed a liquid gleet, and all the bones, 
Little by little sinking thro' the plague 670 
In ruins, to its substance it reduced. 
Ofttimes, amid the worship of the gods, 
The victim, standing at the altar, whilst 
The woollen fillet with the snowy band 
Is twined, among the falt'ring ministers 
Sank dying down. Or if the priest had first 
Slain any with the steel, thence neither 

blaze 
The altars with the entrails laid thereon, 
Nor answers can the questioned seer return; 
And scarce the knives, beneath [the gullet] 

plunged, 680 

660. " Thirst, giddiness, faintness, and putrid 
heats, 

And pining pains, and shivering sweats, 
On all the cattle, all the beasts did fall ; 
With deform'd death the country's cover'd all. 
The labouring ox drops down before the plough ; 
The crowned victims, to the altar led, 
Sink, and prevent the lifted blow ; 
The generous horse from the full manger turns his 
head, 

Does his loved floods and pastures scorn, 
Hates the shrill trumpet and the horn ; . . . 
The starving sheep refuse to feed, 
They bleat the.r innocent souls out into air ; 
The faithful dogs lie gasping by them there ; 
The astonished shepherd weeps, and breaks his 

tuneful reed." Cowley, Plagues of Egypt. 

663. " The plague, that in some folded cloud 

remains, 
The bright sun soon disperseth ; but observe, 
When black infection in some dunghill lies, 
There's work for bells and graves, if it do rise." 
Webster, Appius and Virginia, iii. 2. 

676. Though under very different circumstances, 
Spenser finely describes the fall of the victim ; 
Faerie Queene, iii. 4, 17 : 

" Like as the sacred oxe that carelesse stands 
With gilden homes, and flowry girlonds crownd, 
Proud of his dying honor and deare bandes, 
Whiles th' altars fume with frankincense arownd 
All suddeinly with mortall stroke astownd 
Doth groveling fall, and with his streaming gore 
Distaines the pillours and the holy grownd, 
And the faire llowres that decked him afore." 

F 



66 



v. 49 2 — 5 2I < 



THE GEORGICS. 



v. 521 — 530. 



Are dyed with blood, and with a meagre 

gore 
The surface-sand bedarkened. Hence the 

calves 
In every quarter die 'mid fertile grass, 
And cherished lives at brimful cribs resign. 
Hence on caressing dogs a madness comes, 
And shatters sickly swine a wheezing cough, 
And suffocates them with their quinzied 

jaws. 
Down falls, no harvest reaping of his tasks, 
And mindless of his browse, the conq'ring 

steed, 
And at the springs recoils, and with his 

hoof 
Stamps earth in frequent blows ; his ears 

are sunk ; 691 

There, too, an intermittent sweat, and that, 
In sooth, to those in death's embrace dead- 
cold ; 
The skin is parched, and at the touch [the 

palm] 
That handles callous it withstands. These 

marks 
In the first days ere death do they present. 
But if, while in its progress, the disease 
Begins to rankle, then in sooth the eyes 
Are in a blaze, and from a depth is heaved 
The breath, at times encumbered by a 

groan ; 700 

And stretch with long [-drawn] sob their 

lowest flanks, 
And presses leaguered jaws a furry tongue. 
Through horn inserted 'twas of some avail 
To pour Lenaean drenches in : that seemed 
The only safety for the dying [steeds]. 
Anon this very [act] their ruin proved, 
And, reinforced, with madness did they 

burn, 
And e'en themselves, now just in throes of 

death, 
(The gods vouchsafe the holy better [fates], 
And to their foes that frenzy !) piecemeal 

rent 710 

Their mangled members with their naked 

teeth. 
But lo ! while smoking 'neath the galling 

share, 
Down sinks the bull, and gore commixed 

with froth 
Spews from his mouth, and heaves his latest 

groans. 
Sad goes the ploughman, loosing from the 

yoke 
The bullock mourning at a brother's death, 
And in the middle of his toil deep-firmed 
He leaves the ploughs. No shades of 

stately groves, 
No velvet meads, are able to arouse 



His soul ; not stream, which, tumbled -o'er 

the rocks, 720 

More crystalline than amber seeks the plain; 
But flaggy have become his deepest flanks, 
And dulness whelms his listless eyes, and 

droops 
To earth with downward load his neck. 

What boot 
His travail or his deeds of kindness ? What 
With share to have upturned the heavy 

lands ? 
And yet to them not Bacchus' Massic gifts, 
Nor banquets in removes have proved of 

harm. 
On leaves and diet of the simple grass 
They feed ; their draughts are crystal 

springs, and rills 730 

Chafed in their flow ; nor doth unrest break 

off 



720. "The bubbling spring which trips upon the 
stones.''' Drayton, Rosamo?idto Henry. 

731. The idea in exercita C7irsu is beautifully 

handled by Addison in his Cato, end of 1st Act : 

" So the pure limpid stream, when foul with stains 
Of rushing torrents and descending rains, 
Works itself clear, and as it runs, refines ; 
Till, by degrees, the floating mirror shines, 
Reflects each flower that on the border grows, 
And a new heaven in its fair bosom shows." 
Dryden applies it figuratively, to illustrate the 

purification of the heart : 

" And that so little, that the river ran 

More clear than the corrupted fount began. 
Nothing remain'd of the first muddy clay ; 
The length of course had wash'd it in its way ; 
So deep, and yet so clear, we might behold 
The gravel bottom, and that gravel gold." 
Elegy on the Death of a very young Gentleman. 
Pocula suntfontes liquidi ; so Milton makes the 

chorus say of Samson : 

" Whose drink was only from the liquid brook." 
Sir R. Blackmore says the same of the shepherd ; 

Creation, b. iv. : 

" Behold the shepherd, see th' industrious swain, 
Who ploughs the field, or reaps the ripen'd grain, 
How mean, and yet how tasteful is their fare ! 
How sweet their sleep ! their souls how free from 

care! 
They drink the streaming crystal, and escape 
Th' inflaming juices of the purple grape." 
Shakespeare represents Brutus saying to his 

servant : 

" Boy ! Lucius ! Fast asleep? It is no matter ; 
Enjoy the honey-heavy dew of slumber: 
Thou hast no figures, nor no fantasies, 
Which busy care draws in the brains of men : 
Therefore thou sleep'st so sound." 

Julius Ccrsar, ii. 1. 
And more at large in 2 Henry IV., iii. 1, where 

the King says : 

" How many thousands of my poorest subjects 
Are at this hour asleep ! — Sleep, gentle sleep ! 
Nature's soft nurse ! how have I frighted thee, 
That thou no more wilt weigh my eye-lids down, 
And steep my senses in forgetfulness ? 
Why rather, sleep, liest thou in smoky cribs, 
Upon uneasy pallets stretching thee, 



v. 53o— 537- 



BOOK III. 



537—562. 



67 



Their healthful slumbers. At no other time 
They tell that in those districts kine were 

sought 
For Juno's holy rites, and by wild beeves, 
Ill-fellowed, to her stately treasure-domes 
The chariots were conveyed. For this it is 
With much ado with hoes they chink the 

earth, 
And with their very nails dig in the corn, 
And thro' the lofty mounts with strained 

neck 
The creaking waggons drag. Xo wolf seeks 

out 740 

And hush'd with buzzing night-flies to thy slumber; 

Than in the perfum'd chambers of the great, 

Under the canopies of costly state, 

And lull*d with sounds of sweetest melody ? 

O thou dull god, why liest thou with the vile 

In loathsome beds ; and leav'st the kingly couch, 

A watch-case, or a common 'larum-bell '? 

Wilt thou upon the high and giddy mast 

Seal up the ship-boy's eyes, and rock his brains 

In cradle of the rude imperious surge, 

And in the visitation of the winds, 

Who take the ruffian billows by the top, 

Curling their monstrous heads, and hanging them 

With deaf ning clamours in the slippery clouds, 

That, with the hurly, death itself awakes — 

Can'st thou, O partial sleep ! give thy repose 

To the wet sea-boy in an hour so rude ; 

And, in the calmest and most stillest night, 

With all appliances and means to boot, 

Deny it to a king "? Then, happy low, lie down ! 

Uneasy lies the head that wears a crown." 

Yet he does sleep ; and as the Prince watches 

by him, the latter exclaims : 

" Why doth the crown lie there upon his pillow, 
Being so troublesome a bedfellow ? 
O polished perturbation ! golden care ! 
That keep'st the ports of slumber open wide 
To many a watchful night ! — sleep with it now ! 
Yet not* so sound, and half so deeply sweet, 
As he, whose brow, with homely biggin bound, 
Snores out the watch of night." Act iv. 4. 

Sir Richard Blackmore, too ; Creation, b. iv. : 

" Familiar horrors haunt the monarch's head, 
And thoughts, ill-boding, from the downy bed 
Chase gentle sleep ; black cares the soul infest, 
And broider'd stars adorn a troubled breast." 

" Morpheus ! the humble god that dwells 
In cottages and smoky cells, 
Hates gilded roofs and beds of down, 
And, though he fears no prince's frown, 
Flies from the circle of a crown." 

Sir John Denham, Song. 

Young's lines are well known : 
" Tired Nature's sweet restorer, balmy Sleep ! 
He like the world, his ready visit pays 
Where Fortune smiles ; the wretched he for- 

sakes ; 
Swift on his downy pinion flies from woe, 
And lights on lids unsullied with a tear." _ 

The Complaint, Night i. 1-5. 
" No frowning care yon bless'd apartment sees, 
There sleep retires, and finds a couch of ease. 
Kind dreams, that fly remorse, and pamper'd 

wealth, 
There shed the smiles of innocence and health." 
Savage, Wanderer, c. 1. 



A place of ambushment around the folds, 
Nor does he prowl about the herds by night : 
A fiercer pang subdues him. Craven deer 
And flying harts now both among the 

hounds, 
And round the homesteads wander. Xow 

the brood 
Of the illimitable sea, and all the tribe 
Of swimming [creatures] on the farthest 

strand, 
Like shipwrecked corses, washes up the 

wave ; 
Against their wont to rivers fly the seals ; 
And dies, within his winding-shroud en- 
sconced 750 
In vain, the adder, and with scales erect 
The thunder-stricken hydri. E'en to birds 
Unrighteous is the air, and, headlong fallen, 
Beneath the lofty cloud their life they leave. 
Moreo'er, nor now avails it that their food 
Is changed, and sought prescriptions harm : 

the chiefs 
Have yielded, — Chiron son of Phillyra, 
Melampus, too, of Amythaon sprung. 
Storms wan Tisiphone, and, into light 
Let loose from Stygian murk, before her 

drives 760 

Diseases and Affright ; and, day by day 
Uprising higher, she her rav'nous head 
Advances. With the bleating of the flocks, 
And frequent bellowings, streams, and 

withered banks, 
And sloping hills, resound. And now by 

troops 
She havoc deals, and in the very stalls 
Piles corses, melted with the loathsome 

bane ; 
Till in the earth to hide them, and in pits 
To hearse, they learn. For neither in the 

hides 
Was service, nor the flesh can any [swain] 
Or cleanse in waters, or with flame o'er- 

come. 771 

Xor e'en to shear the fleeces, cankered 

through 
With pestilence and foulness, nor to touch 

754. J. Philips uses similar expressions in de- 
scribing the death of birds from a different cause : 

" Sulphureous death 
Checks their mid flight, and heedless while they 

strain 
Their tuneful throats, the towering heavy lead 
O'ertakes their speed : they leave their little lives 
Above the clouds, precipitant to earth." 

Cider, b. ii. 

771. "With flame o'ercome," i.e., cook them. 
For, upon the whole, the view presented in the 
version seems to be the most consistent. Ttey 
burned the carcases entire ; as there was no worth 
in their hides, their flesh, or their fleece. 

F 2 



68 



v. 562—565. 



THE GEORGICS. 



v. 565—566. 



The mould'ring woof, have they the pow'r. 

Nay e'en 
If any had the loathsome garbs essayed, 
Inflammatory blains and filthy sweat 
His fetid limbs pursued ; nor was the time 



Thereafter long, when, as he pauses still, 
His tainted joints the sacred fire would eat. 



778. " As he pauses ;' 
fected dress. 



to throw off the in- 



BOOK IV. 



Next the ethereal honey's heav'nly boons 
Will I pursue : this portion, too, do thou 
Regard, Maecenas. Shows of pigmy things, 
That claim thy wonder, — both the high- 

souled chiefs, 
And habits, and pursuits, and clans, and 

wars, 
Of a whole nation will I duly sing. 
Upon a petty [theme] the travail, yet 
Not petty the renown, if adverse gods 
Permit one, and invoked Apollo hears. 

In the first place, a resting-spot and post 
Must for thy bees be sought, whereto may 

lie 11 

Nor inlet for the winds, (for winds prevent 
Their bringing home their forage, ) nor may 

sheep 
And butting kidlings trample on the flowers, 
Nor heifer, as she wanders thro' the plain, 
Shake down the dew, and bruise the spring- 
ing blades. 
And, speckled o'er their scale-encrusted 

backs, 
Be lizards far aloof from thy rich cotes, 
And Meropes, and other birds, and Procne, 
Upon her bosom scored with hands of 

blood. 20 

Line 1. " But when 

He does describe the commonwealth of bees, 
Their industry, and knowledge of the herbs 
From which they gather honey, with their care 
To place it with decorum in the hive, 
Their government among themselves, their order 
In going forth and coming loaden home, 
Their obedience to their king, and his rewards 
To such as labour, with his punishments, 
Only inflicted on the slothful drone : — 
I'm ravished with it." 

J. Fletcher, The Elder Brother, i. 2. * 

3. Or, perhaps: 

" The drama of a pigmy commonwealth." 

7. Verses 6 and 7 are imitated by Pope in the 
opening of his inimitable mock heroic, the Rape of 
the Lock : 

" What dire offence from amorous causes springs, 
What mighty contests rise from trivial things, 
I sing. — This verse to Caryl, Muse ! is due : 
This, even Belinda, may vouchsafe to view : 
. Slight is the subject, but not so the praise, 
If she inspire, and he approve my lays." 



For all they widely waste, and e'en [the 

bees], 
While flying, in their mouth they bear away, 
Delicious diet for their ruthless nests. 
But crystal springs, and plashes green with 

moss, 
Be nigh at hand, and, scamp'ring thro' the 

grass, 
A shallow rivulet ; and let the palm, 
( >r oleaster huge, the outer court 
O'ershade, that, when the new [ly-issued] 

kings 
Shall lead the earliest swarms in spring 

their own, 
And, sallied from the combs, the youth 

disport, 30 

A neighb'ring bank may woo them to give 

way 
Before the heat, and in their path a tree 
Harbor them 'neath its hostelries of leaf. 
Into the middle, whether still shall stand 
The water, or it shall career along, 
Fling willows slant and bulky stones, that 

they 
On frequent bridges may have pow'r to 

light, 
And spread their pinions to the summer 

sun, 
If haply headlong Eurus shall have sprent 
The loiterers, or plunged them in the flood. 
T"P.ound these let em'rald casias, and wild 

thymes, 41 

Their perfume shedding far and near, and 

store 
Of savory, [its scent] strong breathing, 

bloom, 
And beds of violet drink the wat'ring spring. 
But let the hives themselves, should they 

for thee 
Or of the hollow bark be stitched, or plight 
Of limber twig, have narrow avenues ; 
For winter candies honey with its cold, 

22. So Thomson, Spring, 675 : 

" Away they fly, 
Affectionate, and undesiring bear 
The most delicious morsel to their young." 
33. More literally : " leafy hostelries." 



v. 36—58. 



BOOK IV. 



v. 58—67. 



69 



And heat dissolves the same, to fluid turned : 
Each force for bees alike is to be feared. 5 o 
Nor in their homes in vain with rivalry 
The narrow vents with wax do they be- 
smear, 
And close the rims with fucus and with 

flowers, 
And, gathered for these very services, 
A cement keep, more glutinous than e'en 
The birdlime and the Phrygian Ida's pitch. 
Yea oftentimes in excavated shrouds, 
(If true is rumor,) underneath the earth 
Their household have they hugged, and 

deep 
Been found both in the vaulted pumice- 
rocks, 60 
And grot of [some] heart-eaten tree. Do 

thou, 
However, both with glossy mud anoint 
Their chinky chambers, warming them 

around, 
And throw across them thin [supplies of] 

leaves. 
Nor overnear their homes the yew allow, 
Nor burn thy coral crabs upon the hearth, 
Nor place reliance on the fen profound, 
Or where the smell of mire is rank, or 

where 

The vaulted rocks with verberation ring, 

And echo of the voice impinged rebounds. 

For what remains, what time the golden 

Sun 71 

Hath chased the routed winter from the 

lands, 
And heav'n uncurtained with his summer- 
light, 
They straight the lawns and forests range, 

and reap 
Gay flow'rs, and sip the surface of the 

brooks, 
Light [-poised]. Hence, with what charm 

I know not blithe, 
Their offspring and their nests they cherish; 

hence 
With skill fresh wax elaborate, and mould 
Their gluey honeys. Hence when now dis- 
charged 



53. "Fucus;" i.e., "propolis." 

79. Milton has a very beautiful simile of bees 
issuing from the hive on a fine day ; P. L., b. i. : 
" As bees 
In spring-time, when the Sun with Taurus rides, 
Pour forth their populous youth about the hive 
In clusters : they among fresh dews and flowers 
Fly to and fro, or on the smoothed plank, 
The suburb of their straw-built citadel, 
New rubb'd with balm, expatiate and confer 
Their state affairs." 

Thomson is also highly successful ; Spring, 508 : 



From out their caverns to the stars of 
heaven, 80 

A swarm above thee thou shalt have espied, 
Floating throughout the crystal summer- 
air, 
And shalt in wonderment a darkling cloud 
See warping on the wind, — observe them 

close ; 
Sweet streams and leafy bow'rs they ever 

seek. 
Hither do thou the scents commanded strew, 
Bruised balm, and honeywort's unnoble 

herb ; 
And tingling sounds awake, and rattle 

round 
The cymbals of the Mother. Of themselves 
They on the seats bedrugged will settle 
down ; 90 

They of themselves within their inmost cots 
Will bury them, in fashion [all] their own. 
But if they shall have issued to the fight, 



<W 



" Here their delicious task the fervent bees, 
In swarming millions, tend : around, athwart, 
Through the soft air, the busy nations fly, 
• Cling to the bud, and, with inserted tube, 
Suck its pure essence, its ethereal soul ; 
And oft, with bolder wing, they soaring dare 
The purple heath, or where the wild thyme grows, 
And yellow load them with the luscious spoil." 
" Yet hark, how through the peopled air 
The busy murmur glows ! 
The insect youth are on the wing, 
Eager to taste the honied spring, 

And float amid the liquid noon : 
Some lightly o'er the current skim, 
Some show their gayly-gilded trim, 
Quick-glancing to the sun." 

Gray, Ode to Spri?tg. 
" Thick as the bees, that with the spring renew 
Their flowery toils, and sip the fragrant dew, 
When the wing'd colonies first tempt the sky, 
O'er dusky fields and shaded waters fly, 
Or, settling, seize the sweets the blossoms yield, 
And a low murmur runs along the field." 

Pope, Temple of Fame. 
This and other passages in Virgil call to mind 
Pope's beautiful description of the Sylphs in the 
Rape of the Lock, c. ii. : 
" Some to the sun their insect wings unfold, 
Waft on the breeze, or sink in clouds of gold ; 
Transparent forms, too fine for mortal sight, 
Their fluid bodies half dissolved in light, 
Loose to the wind their airy garments flew, 
Thin glittering textures of the filmy dew, 
Dipt in the richest tincture of the skies, 
Where light disports in ever-mingling dyes ; 
While every beam new transient colours flings, 
Colours that change whene'er they wave their 
wings." 
92. " So swarming bees that, on a summer's day 
In airy rings and wild meanders play, 
Charm'd with the brazen sound, their wanderings 

end, 
And, gently circling, on a bough descend." 

Dr. Young, The Last Day, b. ii. 
93. Among the different modes of punctuating 
this fine, but irregularly constructed, passage, 



v. 6; — 8 : 



THE GEORGICS. 



112. 



(For many a time on monarchs twain a feud j Reversed in flight. These tumults of their 
Hath stalked with mighty hubbub, and souls, 

forthwith And these encounters so severe 

The spirits of the commons and their hearts | checked 



Throbbing for war, we may afar foreknow 
For those that loiter does the warlike bray 
Of grating bronze upbraid, and there is 

heard 
A sound, that apes the trumpet's broken 
blasts :) ioo 

Then in commotion they together flock, 
And sparkle with their pinions, and their 

stings 
Point sharp upon their beaks, and fit their 

thews, 
And round the king, and at the very tent 
Of their commander, muster they in crowds, 
And challenge with their lusty cries the foe. 
So, when they have secured a cloudless 

spring, 
And open plains, they sally from the gates ; 
In heav'n on high 'tis battle ; booms a din ; 
Huddled they cluster in a mighty ball no 
And headlong drop : — no thicker in the air 
The hail, nor from the shaken holm pours 

down 
So thick [a show'r] of mast. [The kings] 

themselves 
Throughout the central ranks, with noted 

wings, 
"Wield giant spirits in a puny breast ; 
E'en for so long determined not to yield, 
Until the overwhelming conqueror 
Or these, or those, hath forced to show 
their backs, 

none seems satisfactory, and therefore a different 
view of the part which is to be considered elliptical, 
is here taken. According to this, the embarass- 
ment attending que in continuoque appears to be 
removed ; while the objection, fairly raised by 
"Wagner against the views of Heyne and Voss, is in 
a great measure avoided. 

115. "But, boy, fear not; I will outstretch them 
all: 
My mind's a giant, though my bulk be small." 
Anoni'mous, The first part of Jeronimo. 
115. So Milton, P. L., vii., of the ant: 

" In a small room large heart enclosed." 

And Shakespeare, K. If. V., ii. Chorus: 

" O England ! — model to thy inward greatness, 

Like little body with a mighty heart." 

And again : "I never saw 

Such noble fury in so poor a thing." 

Cymbeline, v. 5. 
Milton in the same way, in Sa?nson Agonistes : 
" Go, baffled coward ! lest I run upon thee. 
Though in these chains, bulk without spirit vast." 
Dryden, in speaking of the dismay of the Dutch 
fleet, inverts the idea : 

" Faint sweats all down their mighty members run ; 
Vast bulks which little souls but ill supply." 

Annus Mirabilis, 70. 



when 
120 

By tossing of a little dust, subside. 
But when both gen'rals from the battle thou 
Shalt have recalled, the one, who meaner 

seems, 
(Lest in his waste he mischief thee,) consign 
To death ; allow the nobler in the court, 
Untenanted, to reign. The one will prove 
With gold-encrusted spangles in a blaze. 
For twain the species be : this nobler [king] 
Both in his guise distinguished, brilliant, 

too, 
With ruddy scales ; that other, grim with 
sloth, 130 

And trailing, base, a breadth of paunch. 

As twain 
The monarchs' figures, so the commons' 

frames. 
For some in hideousness are rough ; as 

when 
From dust aloft the thirsty traveller comes, 
And sputters from his droughty mouth the 

earth. 
Others shine forth, and with a glitter flash, 
Ablaze upon their bodies, dashed with 

gold 
And even drops. This proves the worthier 

breed : 
Therefrom in heav'n's appointed season 

thou 
Shalt squeeze thy luscious honeys ; — neither 
[yet] 140 

So luscious, as both crystal-bright, and 

taste 
Austere of Bacchus ready to subdue. 

But when the swarms unsettled fly 
abroad, 
And in the welkin sport, and scorn the 

combs, 
And quit their chilly homesteads, thou 

shalt bar 
Their restless spirits from their idle play. 
Nor is to bar them a gigantic toil. 
Do thou from off the kings their pinions 

pluck : 
Not any [bee], while they delay, will dare 
To wend his route aloft, or from the camp 
To tear the standards up. Let gardens 
woo, l S l 

j That breathe [a perfume] from their saffron 
flowers, 
And, sentry 'gainst the robbers and the 

birds, 
Be their protection with his willow scythe, 
: The Hellespontiac Priapus' guard. 
I Let him to whom such [tasks] of int'rest be, 



v. ii2 — 134- 



BOOK IV. 



v. 134—153. 



From lofty mountains bringing thyme and 

pines, 
Plant them himself far-wide around their 

homes ; 

Himself let chafe his hand with galling toil; 

Himself set fruiting saplings in the ground, 

And loving waters o'er them draw in rills. 

And truly, towards my travail's farthest 

bound 162 

Were I not how my canvas drawing in, 
And hasting on to veer my prow to land, 
I peradventure, too, might sing what pains I 
Of cultivation gardens rich would deck, 
And doubly-blooming Paestum's beds of j 

rose ; 
And how the endive-plants in runnels 

quaffed 
Might take delight, and banks with parsley I 

green ; 
And, writhing through the grass, the cu- 

cumber 170 ] 

Swell out into a paunch. Nor daffodil, 
Late-fiow'ring, or the lithe acanthus' stalk, 
Could I have passed unsung, and ivies wan, 
And myrtle-shrubs enamored of the shores. 
For I recall to mind, that I beneath 
The stately towers of CEbalia, where 
The dark Galesus dews the golden tilths, 
An aged swain of Corycus had seen, 
To whom few acres of abandoned ground 
Belonged ; nor fruitful was that [soil] thro' 

steers, 180 

Nor fit for cattle, nor for Bacchus meet. 
Yet even here his potherbs, thin [in row], 
Among the brakes and snowy lilies round, 
And vervains, planting, fine-grained poppy, 

too, 
The wealth of monarchs in his mind he 

matched ; 
And, late at night returning to his home, 
His boards he cumbered with unpurchased 

cates. 
The first was he in spring to cull the rose, 



161. Or, if irriget be taken in its secondary, 
and imbres in its primary sense : 

"And sprinkle over them the loving showers." 
185. " My mind's a kingdom." Ben Jonson. 

" For 'tis the mind that makes the body rich." 

Shakespeare, Taming of the Shrew, iv. 3. 

" I want not, for my mind affordeth wealth." 

Robert Greene, The Hermit's Verses. 
" No, Lucio, he's a king, 
A true right king, that dares doe aught, save wrong, 
Feares nothing mortall but to be unjust. 
Who is not blowne up with the flattering puffes 
Of spungy sycophants, who stands unmoved, 
Despite the justling of opinion." 

" This, Lucio, is a king, 
And of this empire every man's possest, 
That's worth his soule." 

Marston, Antonio and Mellida, P. 1, iv. 4. 



And in the autumn fruits ; and when e'en 

still 
Drear winter with its cold would brast the 

rocks, 190 

And with its ice the race of waters rein, 
He tresses of the downy martagon 
E'en now was clipping, chicling summer 

late, 
And lagging Zephyrs. Therefore he, the 

same, 
With pregnant bees, and many a swarm, 

was first 
To overflow; and from squeezed combs to 

force 
The frothing honeys. He had limes and 

pine 
Of fullest yield ; and with as many fruits 
In infant blossom as the teemful tree 
Had robed itself, so many it retained 200 
In autumn ripe. He also into rows 
Transplanted far-grown elms, and flinty 

pear, 
And black-thorn stocks, already bearing 

plums, 
And plane, to topers now affording shade. 
But these, in sooth, do I, shut out by bounds 
Too strict, pass over, and to other [bards] 
To be recorded after me I leave. 

Now come, what instincts Jove himself 

to bees 
Assigned, will I unfold ; for what reward 
The Curets' tuneful sounds and clanking 

bronze 210 

They, tracing, fed the monarch of the sky 
Beneath the grot of Dicte. They alone 
Have sons in common, city-mansions 

shared 



192. See note on Geo. ii. v. 368. 

201. " The teeming autumn, big with rich increase, 
Bearing the wanton burden of the prime." 

Shakespeare, Sonnet 97. 

213, &c. " For so work the honey bees ; 

Creatures that, by a rule of nature, teach 
The act of order to a people's kingdom. 
They have a king and officers of sorts : 
Where some, like magistrates, correct at home ; 
Others, like merchants, venture trade ahroad ; 
Others, like soldiers, armed in their stings, 
Make boot upon the summer's velvet buds ; 
Which pillage they with merry march bring home 
To the tent royal of their emperor : 
Who, busied in his majesty, surveys 
The singing masons building roofs of gold ; 
The civil citizens kneading up the honey ; 
The poor mechanic porters crouding in 
Their heavy burdens at his narrow gate ; 
The sad-ey'd justice, with his surly hum, 
Delivering o'er to executors pale 
The lazy yawning drone." 

Shakespeare, A". //. V., i. 2. 
" The careful insect midst his works I view, 

Now from the flowers exhaust the fragrant dew ; 
With gulden treasures load his little thighs, 



72 



v. 154 — T 7o. 



THE GEORGICS. 



v. 171 — 197. 



In partnership, and under noble laws 
They pass existence, and a native land, 
And settled household-gods alone they 

know ; 
And mindful of the coming winter, toil 
In summer ply, and for the common stock 
Store up their gains. For some watch o'er 

the food, 
And by fixed pact 'are in the fields em- 
ployed. 220 
A part within th' inclosures of their homes 
Narcissus' tear, and, clammy, [tapped] 

from bark, 
A gum, the first foundations for the combs, 
Lay down ; then hang they up the gluey 

wax. 
Others, the nation's hope, the full-grown 

young, 
Lead forth ; thrice limpid honeys others 

pack, 
And with the crystal nectar puff the cells. 
There are, to whom hath fallen out by lot, 
The sentry at the gates, and in their turn 
They scan the waters and the clouds of 
heaven ; 230 

Or burdens of the [workers] coming in 
Receive, or, in battalion formed, the drones, 
A lazy cattle, banish from the cribs : 
Work glows, and scented honeys smell of 

thyme. 
And as when Cyclops haste the thunder- 
bolts 



And steer his distant journey through the skies ; 
Some against hostile drones the hive defend, 
Others with sweets the waxen cells distend ; 
Each in his toil his destin'd office bears, 
And in the little bulk a mighty soul appears." 

Gay, Rural Sports, \: 83-90. 
222. This use of lacrima, v. 160, is imitated by 
Sir Richard Blackmore in one of his beautiful 
passages in Creation, b. ii. : 

" The fragrant trees, wbich grow by Indian floods, 
And in Arabia's aromatic woods, 
Owe all their spices to the summer's heat, 
Their gummy tears, and odoriferous sweat." • 
235. The same operation is described as going on 
in Mammon's cave, by Spenser, Faerie Queene, ii. 
7, 36: 

" One with great bellowes gathered filling ayre, 
And with forst v/ind the fewell did inflame ; 
Another did the dying bronds repayre 
With yron tongs, and sprinckled ofte the same 
With liquid waves, fiers Vulcans rage to tame, 
Who, maystring them, renewd his former heat : 
Some scumd the drosse that from the metall came ; 
Some stird the molten owre with ladles great :" &c. 
Milton similarly : 
" In other part stood one who, at the forge 
Labouring, two massy clods of iron and brass 
Had melted ; (whether found where casual fire 
Had wasted woods on mountain or in vale, 
Down to the veins of earth ; thence gliding hot 
To some cave's mouth ; or whether wash'd by 
stream 



From ductile blocks, in bulPs-hide bellows 

some 
Admit the breezes, and discharge them 

back ; 
Some dip the screeching bronzes in the pool: 
With stithies planted on him ^Etna groans. 
They 'tween them with colossal force their 

arms 240 

Upheave to measure, and with griping 

tongs 
The iron turn and turn. Not otherwise, 
(If we may tiny things compare with vast,) 
An inbred passion of possessing spurs 
Cecropian bees— in his own office each. 
The towns are to the old a charge, and 

combs 
To wall, and fashion their Daedalian roofs. 
But, jaded, late at night betake them home 
The younger, loaded on their legs with 

thyme ; 
And on the arbute-berries all around 250 
They feed, and blue-grey willows, casia too, 
And blushing crocus, and the gummy lime, 
And rust-hued martagons. With all is one 
The rest from work, with all is one the toil. 
At morning from the gates they sally 

forth ;— 
Not anywhere delay : — again, when Eve 
These same, from feed [recalled], at length 

hath warned 
Forth from the champaign to withdraw, 

their homes 
Then seek they, then their bodies they 

refresh ; 
A hum arises, and they buzz around 260 
Their borders and their thresholds. Then, 

when now 
Within their couching-chambers they them- 
selves 
Have ordered, all is stillness for the night, 
And their own slumber holds their wearied 

limbs. 
Nor sooth, — rain overhanging, — from the 

hives 
Retire they over far, or trust the sky 
When eastern gales are drawing on, but 

round 
They safely water 'neath the city walls, 
And rambles short essay, and pebbles oft, 
As skiffs unsteady in the tossing wave, 
Their ballast raise : therewith themselves 

they poise 271 

Thro' unsubstantial clouds. Thou'lt marvel 

chief 



From underground ;) the liquid ore he drain'd 
Into fit moulds prepared ; from which he form'd 
First his own tools ; then, what might else be 

wrought 
Fusil or graven in metal." P. L., xi. 



v. 197 — 223. 



BOOK IV. 



v. 223 — 243. 



73 



That this observance should have pleased 

the bees — 
That neither do they riot in embrace, 
Nor slothfully on Venus waste their frames, 
Or bear their young with throes ; but by 

themselves 
They cull their children in their mouth 

from leaves, 
And honied herbage ; by themselves their 

king 
And tiny Quirites they supply, and mould 
Anew their palaces and waxy realms. 280 
Oft, too, in roving thro' the flinty rocks 
Their pinions they have chafed — yea, e'en 

their life 
Beneath their load resigned ; — so great the 

love 
Of flow'rs, and pride of gend'ring honey. 

Hence 
Though these a span of narrow life befall, 
(For no more than a seventh summer-tide 
Is lengthened,) yet imperishable lasts 
The lineage, and stands firm through many 

a year 
The fortune of the house, and ancestors 
Of ancestors are counted. Further, too, 
Not thus their king do Egypt, and great 

Lydia, 291 

And tribes of Parthians, and the Median 

[flood], 
Hydaspes, venerate. The king un- 
harmed — 
There dwells one spirit in them all ; when 

lost— 
They've broken fealty, and the honeys 

heaped 
Themselves have plundered, and to atoms 

rent 
The fretwork of the combs. The guard of 

toils 
Is he ; at him in wonder do they gaze, 
And all, with humming full, around him 

stand, 
And throng him close, and ofttimes lift 

him up 300 

Upon their shoulders, and their frames to 

war 
Expose, and seek through wounds a 

splendid death. 
Some, from these marks, and following 

out 
These instances, have said that in the bees 
There dwells a portion of the heav'nly mind, 
And draughts ethereal. For that deity 
Pervades alike all lands, and tracts of sea, 
And sky sublime ; that hence the flocks, 

the herds, 

282. Or : " and freely life." 



Mankind, of savage creatures every tribe — 
Each [being] for itself at birth derives 310 
A subtile life. Moreover, to this source 
All [living things] thereafter are reduced, 
And at their dissolution are restored ; 
That neither is there room for death, but 

quick 
They wing their journey to the rank of star, 
And mount them to the firmament on high. 
If ever thou their narrow home, and, 
stored 
In treasure-cells, their honeys would'st un- 
seal, 
First, sprinkled with a draught of waters, 

rinse 
Thy mouth, and in thy hand before thee 
stretch 320 

The piercing smoke. Their heavy produce 

twice 
They gather ; twain the harvest-times ; as 

soon 
As hath Taygete, the Pleiad maid, 
Her comely visage to the lands revealed, 
And with her foot hath spurned the Ocean- 
tides, 
Disdained ; or when the self-same, as she 

flies 
The constellation of the wat'ry Fish, 
More melancholy from the sky sinks down 
Within the winter-waves. In them dwells 

wrath 
Past bound, and when annoyed their bane 
they breathe 330 

Into their stingings, and their viewless bolts 
They leave behind them, to the arteries 
Firm fixed, and in the wound their lives 

lay down. 
But if, in dread of rig'rous winter-tide, 
Thou'lt both be sparing for the time to come, 
And look with mercy on their shattered 

souls, 
And broken fortunes ; — yet to fumigate 
With thyme, and cut away the empty wax, 
Who would demur? For often, unre- 
marked, 
The lizard hath begnawed the combs, and 
cells, 340 

316. The German critic quoted by Jahn observes, 
that the latter clause of verse 227 of the text conies 
in languidly after the former ; to which Voss replies, 
that it is only an amplification of the preceding 
idea. But surely this is a weak answer ; for it is at 
least as easy for an amplification to be languid as 
not. According to the view of some translators, 
the passage would be rendered thus : 

"And take their station in the height of heaven ;" 

which would give a stronger sense ; but it is by no 
means certain that succcdere will bear the inter- 
pretation thus put upon it. 

340. That is : beetles by cellfuls. 



74 



v. 243 —265. 



THE GEORGICS. 



v. 266 — 293. 



And, at another's viands sitting down. 
The [task-] exempted drone ; or hornet 

fierce 
Hath mixed among them with unbalanced 

arms ; 
Or moths — cursed crew ; or, of Minerva 

loathed, 
The spider in the door-way hath hung up 
Her flowing toils. The more have they 

been drained, 
So the more keenly all will strain to mend 
A fallen people's wreck, and full will brim 
The combs, and weave their magazines 

from flowers. 350 

But if, (since our mischances, too, on 

bees 
Hath life entailed,) their bodies shall be 

faint 
With dismal sickness, which at once shalt 

thou 
Be able by no doubtful marks to learn : — 
Straight in the ailing is a diff'rent hue ; 
A grisly meagreness the visage mars ; 
Then from the dwellings carry they abroad 
The carcases of those that lack the light, 
And lead their doleful obsequies ; or they 
With legs entangled at the threshold hang, 
Or lag indoors within their cloistered 

homes, 361 

All both with hunger spiritless, and dull 
With rivelled dullness : then a deeper tone 
Is heard, and drawlingly they hum : as 

cold 
At times on forests Auster growls ; as 

booms 
Chafed ocean with recoiling waves ; as 

storms 
In prisoned furnaces the rav'ning fire : — 
Here will I counsel thee at once to burn 
Galbanean scents, and honeys introduce 
In water-pipes of reed, yea, cheering on, 



345. See Spenser's beautiful description of 
Aragnoll's spinning his web to catch Clarion, in 
Muiopotmos, 357 : 

" And weaving straight a net with manie a fold 
About the cave, in which he lurking dwelt, 
With fine small cords about it stretched wide, 
So finely sponne, that scarce they could be 
spide :" &c. 

The process of capture is gracefully described by 
Dryden : 

" So the false spider, when her nets are spread, 
Deep ambush'd in her silent den does lie ; 
And feels far off the trembling of her thread, 
Whose filmy cord should bind the struggling 
fly. 
Then if at last she find him fast beset, 

She issues forth, and runs along her loom : 
She joys to touch the captive in her net, 
And drag the little wretch in triumph home." 
Ann. Mir., 180, 1. 



And wooing them [in their] exhausted 

[state] 371 

To their familiar food. And 'twill bestead 

To blend bruised taste of gall, and roses 

dried, 
Or sodden must enriched thro' plenteous 

fire, 
Or [sun-] dried clusters from the Psithian 

vine, 
And thyme of Attica, and centaur-plants, 
Rank smelling. In the meads, too, is a 

flower, 
For which the name Amelhis swains have 

coined ; — 
To those who seek an easy plant [to find] : 
For lifts it from a single matted sod 380 
A giant bush ; [of] golden [hue] itself, 
But in the petals, which, full many a one, 
Are shed around, faint twinkles purple tint 
Of dusky violet. Oft with platted wreaths 
Thereof the altars of the gods are trimmed ; 
Harsh in the mouth its flavor ; this in dells 
That have been pastured, do the shepherds 

cull, 
And fast by Mella's serpentizing streams. 
Stew roots of this in spicy wine, and serve 
In baskets full the viands at their gates. 

But if upon a sudden all his stock 391 
Shall any [swain] have failed, nor, whence 

a race 
Of new [-ly fostered] breed may be recalled, 
Shall he possess [the means], it e'en is time 
Th' Arcadian master's memorable plans 
To ope, and how ere this from slaughtered 

steers 
The tainted gore hath often yielded bees. 
High tracing it from its primeval source, 
The legend all will I unfold. For where 
The Pella-named Canopus' blessed race 
Inhabits near the Nile, that stagnant lies 
Through overflowing flood, and round their 
fields 402 

Are carried in their painted skiffs ; and 

where 
The quivered Persis' frontier presses close ; 
And into seven separated mouths 
Asunder runs, while flushing on, the stream, 
E'en from the colored Indians borne adown, 
And blooming Egypt, with its sable slime 

400. " What wonder, in the sultry climes, that 
spread 
Where Nile redundant o'er his summer bed 
From his broad bosom life and verdure flings, 
And broods o'er Egypt with his wat'ry wings, 
If with advent'rous oar and ready sail 
The dusky people drive before the gale ; 
Or on frail floats to neighb'ring cities ride, 
That rise and glitter o'er the ambient tide." 
Gray, Alliance 0/ Education and Government. 
401. It is by no means certain that stagnantcm 

is not active. 



v. 293 — 3 J 6. 



BOOK IV. 



V. 317—338. 



75 



It fertilises : — all that country grounds 
Infallible deliv'rance on this craft. 410 

In the first place, a scanty spot is chosen, 
And for these very services confined. 
This, both with tiling of a narrow roof, 
And with contracted walls, do they inclose, 
And add four loopholes, with the light 

aslant 
From the four winds. A calf then, arching 

now 
His horns upon a brow of two years' age, 

is sought. 
In him the nostrils twain, and breath of 

mouth, 
While many a struggle he opposes, tight 
Are blocked, and, slain by blows, his bat- 
tered flesh 420 
Through the unbroken hide is crushed to 

pulp. 
Thus laid, they leave him in his cloistered 

hold, 
And 'neath his ribs lay scraps of branches, 

thyme, 
And fresh [-culled] casias. This is carried 

on 
When Zephyrs first are chasing on the 

waves, 
Before with earliest hues the meadows 

flush, 
Before the prating swallow hangs her nest 
Beneath the beams. Meanwhile acquiring 

heat, 
Within the softened bones the juice fer- 
ments, 
And, in surprising fashions to be seen, 430 
Live creatures, destitute of feet at first, 
And soon with pinions whizzing, swarm 

around, 
And traverse more and more the subtile 

air : 
Till, like a rainy-torrent, gushing forth 
From clouds of summer, they have burst 

away ; 

Or like the arrows from the driving chord, 

If e'er light Parths commence the op'ning 

fights. 

What deity, O Muses, what — struck out 

This craft for our behoof? Whence took 

its rise 
This new experience [on the part] of men ? 

427. Hirundo is a general name for several kinds 
of swallows. Perhaps Virgil alludes to the martin, 
as Shakespeare does in the following passage from 
Macbeth, i. 6 : 

" This guest of summer, 
The temple-haunting martlet, does approve, 
By his lov'd mansionry, that the heaven's breath 
Smells wooingly here : no jutty, frieze, buttress, 
Nor coigne of vantage, but this bird hath made 
His pendent bed, and procreant cradle." 



The shepherd Aristaeus, taking flight 
From Peneus' Tempe, when his bees were 
lost 442 

(As [goes] the legend, ) by disease alike 
And hunger, melancholy took his stand 
Hard by the holy [well-] head of the stream, 
At its far bound, outpouring many a plaint ; 
And in this strain his parent he addressed : 
" Mother, Cyrene mother, who dost haunt 
The lowest [regions] of this bubbling fount, 
Why me from the all-glorious line of gods, 
(If only, whom thou sayest, is my sire — 
Thymbra's Apollo,) loathed of fates, hast 
borne ? 452 

Or whither banished is thy love of us ? 
Why would'st thou bid me hope for heav'n ? 

Lo ! e'en 
This very credit of my mortal life, 
Which scarce the skilful ward of fruits and 

flocks 
Had wrought me out, essaying every [art], 
With thee for mother, do 1 quit. Nay 

come, 
And with thy hand thyself my fruiting 

groves 
Uproot ; bring hostile fire upon my stalls, 
And kill my harvests ; burn my seeded 
crops, 461 

And wield the lusty axe against my vines, 
If such sore weariness of my renown 
Hath seized thee." Now his mother heard 

the cry 
Beneath the chamber of the deepsome flood. 
Around her their Milesian wools her 

Nymphs 
Were carding, with full hue of glassy-green 
Ingrained : — e'en Drymo, Xantho, too, 

alike 
Ligaea, and Phyllodoce — their locks 
Out-streamed in lustre o'er their snowy 
necks ; 470 

Nessee, Spio too, Thalia too, 



459- What Aristaeus, with something of petulance, 
hypothetically called upon his mother to do, Sir 
Guyon absolutely effected for the " Bower of 
Bliss;" Faerie Queene, ii. 12, 83: 
" But all those pleasaunt bowres, and pallace brave, 
Guyon broke downe with rigour pitilesse ; 
Ne ought their goodly workmanship might save 
Them from the tempest of his wrathfulnesse, 
But that their blisse he turn'd to balefulnesse ; 
Their groves he feld ; their gardins did deface ; 
Their arbors spoyle ; their cabinets suppresse ; 
Their banket-houses burne ; their buildings race ; 
And, of the fayrest late, now made the fowlest 
place." 

*' boundlesse woe, 
If there be any black yet unknown griefe, 
If there be any horror yet unfelt, 
Unthought-of mischief in thy fiend-like power, 
Dash it upon my miserable head : 
Make me more wretch, more cursed if thou canst." 
MaiSton, Antonio and Mellida, P. 2, i. 5. 



76 



v. 338—364. 



THE GEORGICS. 



v. 364—388. 



Cymodoce as well, Cydippe too, 

And auburn [-tressed] Lycorias— one a 

maid, 
The other having then Lucine's first pangs 
Experienced ; Clio too, and Beroe 
Her sister, daughters of the Ocean both, 
With gold both girdled, both with dappled 

skins ; 
And Ephyre, and Opis, and the Asian 

[maid] 
Deiope, and nimble Arethuse, 
Her arrows laid aside at last. 'Mong 

whom 480 

Was Clymene relating th' idle pains 
Of Vulcan, and th' intrigues and blissful 

thefts 
Of Mars, and down from Chaos reck'ning 

o'er 
The crowded loves of gods. By which her 

song 
Enchanted, while around their spindles 

they 
Their downy tasks spin off, his mother's 

ears 
Once more the wail of Aristseus struck, 
And on their crystal thrones were all 

amazed. 
But ere the other sisters Arethuse, 
Forth-gazing, lifted up her auburn head 
Above the billow-crest ; and from afar : 
" O scared not idly by so deep a groan, 
Cyrene sister, he himself for thee, 493 

Thy chief affection, Aristseus sad 
By father Peneus' billow stands in tears, 
And calls thee heartless by thy name. " To 

her 
His mother, shocked in soul with strange 

alarm, 
Cries, " Lead, haste, lead him to us ; 'tis 

allowed 
For him to touch the thresholds of the gods. " 
At once does she enjoin the deepsome 

floods 500 

Far- wide to part asunder, where the youth 
Might introduce his steps. But him around, 
In mountain-fashion arched, the billow 

stood, 
And welcomed him within its bosom vast, 
And sent him on beneath the stream. And 

now, 
In wonder gazing on his mother's court, 
And wat'ry realms, and lakes in caves en- 
jailed, 

482. Goldsmith speaks of a more moral descrip- 
tion of furta in the Deserted Village : 
" The breezy covert of the warbling grove, 

That only sheltered thefts of harmless love." 

507. " Come now, ye Naiads, to the fountains lead ; 
Now let me wander through your gelid reign. 



And rumbling groves, he went his way, 

and stunned 
At the vast coil of waters, all the floods, 
Careering 'neath the mighty earth, he 

viewed, 5 10 

Dispread in various regions, — Phasis e'en, 
And Lycus, and the [fountain-] head, 

wherefrom 
The deep Enipeus disembogues him first ; 
Whence father Tiber, and whence Anio's 

tides, 
And, rife in rock, the booming Hypanis ; 
Caicus, too, of Mysia, and, engilt 
Upon his double horns on bull-like face, 
Eridanus ; than which no other stream 
Along the teeming tilths, with fiercer force 
On flushes to the purple main. As soon 
As he arrived within the chamber's roof, 
With pumice hanging, and Cyrene learnt 
Her offspring's causeless weepings, for his 

hands 523 

The sisters duly crystal springs present, 
And bring him towels with a shaven nap. 
Some load the boards with cates, and serve 

and serve 
The brimming goblets ; with Panchsean fires 
Blaze up the altars : and his mother cries : 
" Do thou take beakers of Maeonian wine ; 
To Ocean pour we." She herself at once 
Entreats both Ocean, sire of [all] things, 

and the Nymphs, 531 

The sister- train — the hundred who the 

woods, 
The hundred who the rivers, haunt. Three 

times 
With crystal nectar Vesta in a glow 
She sprent ; three times the blaze, shot up 

aloft 
To the dome-crest, flashed back : with 

which presage 
Her spirit bracing, thus herself begins : 
"In the Carpathian gulf of Neptune 

dwells 
A seer, the azure Proteus, he who spans 



I burn to view th' enthusiastic wilds 
By mortal else untrod. I hear the din 
Of waters thundering o'er the ruin'd cliffs. 
With holy reverence I approach the rocks, 
Whence glide the streams renown'd in ancient 

song. 
Here from the desert down the rumbling steep 
First springs the Nile ; here bursts the sounding 

Po 
In angry waves ; Euphrates hence devolves 
A mighty flood to water half the east ; 
And there, in gothic solitude reclin'd, 
The cheerless Tanais pours his hoary urn." 

Armstrong, Health, b. ii. 
539. " Proteus is shepheard of the seas of yore, 
And hath the charge of Neptune's mighty heard ; 
An aged sire with head all frowy hore, 
And sprinckled frost upon his deawy beard : 



v. 388—406. 



BOOK IV. 



v. 406 — 427. 



77 



The vasty ocean with his fish, and car 
With double-footed coursers yoked. He 

now 54 l 

Emathia's havens and his native land, 
Pallene, is revisiting. To him 
Both we the Nymphs look up with awe, 

and e'en 
The aged Nereus : for the prophet knows 
All things which are, which were, which 

yet to come 
Are trailing on ; since so to Neptune good 

it seemed, 
Whose monster-cattle and unsightly seals, 
He pastures underneath the wat'ry- whirl. 
By thee must he, my son, in fetters first 
Be caught, that all the source of the disease 
He may discover, and the issues bless. 552 
For without force no counsels will he grant, 
Nor him by praying may'st thou bend ; 

brute force 
And manacles, when captured, on him 

strain : 
Round these at last will unavailing wiles 
Be shattered. I myself will thee, what 

time 
Shall Sol have kindled up meridian heats, 
What time the herbage is athirst, and now 
More welcome to the cattle is the shade, 
Lead to the aged [seer's] sequestered 

haunts, 561 

Where, wearied, he betakes him from the 

waves ; 
That readily, in slumber as he lies, 
Thou may'st assail him. But when with 

thy hands 
And fetters thou shalt hold him tightly 

grasped, 
Then divers shapes, and forms of savage 

beasts, 



Who, when those pittiful outcries he heard 
Through all the seas so ruefully resownd, 
His charett swift in hast he thether steard. 
Which with a teeme of scaly Phocas bownd 
Was drawne upon the waves, that fomed him 
arownd." Spenser, F. Q. } iii. 8, 30. 

566. So Spenser says of Archimago; F. Q., i. 2, 10: 

" He then devisde himself how to disguise ; 
For by his mighty science he could take 
As many formes and shapes in seeming wise, 
As ever Proteus to himselfe could make : 
Sometime a fowle, sometime a fish in lake, 
Now like a foxe, now like a dragon fell ; 
That of himselfe he ofte for feare would quake, 
And oft would flie away." 
The attentive reader will no doubt remark the 

graphic turn with which this imitation concludes. 
The passage also calls to mind the lines in Milton's 

Comus : 

" Boldly assault the necromancer's hall ; 
Where if he be, with dauntless hardihood, 
And brandish'd blade rush on him ; break his 
glass, 



Will baffle thee. For in a trice will he 
Become a bristly boar, and tigress swart, 
And scale-clad dragon, and a lioness 
With tawny neck ; or piercing roar of flame ♦ 
Will he discharge, and thus from out his 
bonds 571 

Will drop, or, melted into waters thin, 
Escape away. But how the more shall he 
Transmute him into every guise, so much, 
My son, the more do thou the griping 

chains 
Strain tight, till such shall he become, with 

frame 
Transformed, as thou beheldest him, when 

he 
With sleep commenced was muffling up 
his eyes." 
These speaks she, and ambrosia's flowing 
scent 
Distils around, wherewith she overspread 
Her son's whole body, and o'er him there 
breathed 581 

From tresses trimly laid a musky air, 
And o'er his limbs a lively vigor came. 
There is a vasty cavern in the side 
Of a heart-eaten mountain, whereinto 
Full many a billow by the blast is forced, 
And into curves receding splits itself ; 
At times for [storm-] caught seamen anchor- 
age 
Right safe : within doth Proteus screen 

himself 
By the obstruction of a monster rock. 590 
In ambush here the Nymph the stripling 

posts 
Turned from the light away ; takes she 

herself 
Her station at a distance, gloomed in mists. 
Now rav'ning Sirius, scorching thirsty Inds, 
Was blazing, and in heav'n had fiery Sol 
Accomplished his meridian round ; the 
herbs 



And shed the luscious liquor on the ground, 
But seize his wand : though he and his cursed 

crew 
Fierce sign of battle make, and menace high, 
Or like the sons of Vulcan vomit smoke, 
Yet will they soon retire, if he but shrink." 

584. " His bowre is in the bottom of the maine, 
Under a mightie rockc, gainst which doe rave 
The roring billowes in their proud disdaine, 
That with the angry working of the wave 
Therein is eaten out a hollow cave, 
That seemes rough masons hand with engines 

keene 
Plad long while laboured it to engrave : 
There was his wonne." 

Faerie Queene, iii. 8, 37. 

587. Or: " Splits itself upon sequestered coves ;" 
but this rendering is hardly consistent with tutis- 
sima. See Heyne on ./£"«. i. 161. 



78 



v. 42 7—447- 



THE GEORGICS. 



v. 448 — 467. 



Were with'ring, and in droughty channels 

warmed, 
His beams were seething hollow streams 

to slime ; 
When Proteus, seeking his accustomed 

caves, 
Was coming from the billows. Him 

around 600 

The wat'ry nation of the mighty deep 
Disporting, scattered wide the bitter spray. 
For slumber stretch themselves the seals, 

apart 
Upon the strand ; himself (as doth at 

times 
The guardian of a fold upon the mounts, 
When evening from their grazing to the 

sheds 
Brings home the calves, and by their 

bleatings heard 
The lambkins whet the wolves), sits central 

down 
Upon a cliff, and reckons o'er their tale. 
O'er whom since now the vantage offered is 
To Aristseus, having scarce allowed 611 
The senior to lay down his jaded limbs, 
With lusty shout he rushes on, and him 
Surprises with the handcuffs as he lies. 
He, not unmindful, on the other hand, 
Of his own craft, transfigureth himself 
Into all marvels of [created] things — 
Both fire, and fearful beast, and flowing 

flood. 
But when no guile discovers an escape, 
Into himself, defeated, he returns, 620 
And with the mouth of man at last he 

spake : 
' ' Pray who, thou most presumptuous of 

youths, 
Bade thee our habitations to approach ? 
Or what," he cries, " hence seekest thou ?" 

But he : 
" Thou knowest, Proteus, knowest of thy- 
self, 
Nor is one able thee to dupe in aught ; 



601. " But is not yonder Proteus' cave, 
Below that steep, 
Which rising billows brave ? 
It is : and in it lies the god asleep ; 
And, snorting by, 
We may descry 
The Monsters of the deep." 
Dryden, A Ibion and A Ibanius, iii. 

617. "To dreadfull shapes he did himselfe trans- 
forme : 
Now like a gyaunt ; now like to a feend ; 
Then like a centaure ; then like to a storme, 
Raging within the waves." F. Q., iii. 8, 42. 

" Sudden the god a lion stands ; 

He shakes his mane, he spurns the sands ; 

Now a fierce lynx with fiery glare, 

A wolf, an ass, a fox, a bear." Gay, F., i. 33. 



But cease thy wishing [to make dupes of 

us]. 
The gods' injunctions following have we 

come, 
In fallen circumstances hence to seek 
Oracular replies." So much he spake. 
To these the seer at length with effort vast 
His eyeballs, flashing with a blue-green 

glare, _ 632 

Rolled on him, and deep gnashing [with 

his teeth], 
He thus with destinies his lips unlocked : 

" 'Tis not the wrath of less than is divine 
That vexeth thee : thou expiatest grievous 

crimes. 
For thee doth Orpheus, in a piteous case 
In nowise owing to his own desert, 
These punishments, save fates withstand, 

awake, 
And fiercely rages for his ravished bride. 
She sooth, while headlong she was flying 

thee 641 

Along the streams — a maiden doomed to 

die — 
A monstrous water-snake before her feet, 
Haunting the margents in the lofty grass, 
Perceived not. But the Dryads' sister-choir 
The highest regions of the mountains filled 
With shrieking ; wept the Rhodopean 

towers, 
Pangsean heights alike, and Rhesus' land 
Mavortian, and the Getae, Hebrus too, 
And Attic Orithyia. He himself 650 

Soothing on hollow shell his heart-sick 

love, 
Thee, darling spouse, thee on the lonely 

shore 
All by himself, thee at the dawning day, 
Thee as it sank adown, was wont to chant. 
Yea, jaws of Taen'rus, gates of Dis profound, 



635. See note on Geo. i. 115. 

655. Pope's splendid allusion to this legend is 
well known ; but it must be quoted : 
" But when, through all the infernal bounds 
Which flaming Phlegethon surrounds, 

Love, strong as death, the poet led 
To the pale nations of the dead, 
What sounds were heard, 
What scenes appear'd, 

O'er all the dreary coasts ! 
Dreadful gleams, 
Horrid screams, 
Fires that glow, 
Shrieks of woe, 
Sullen moans, 
Hollow groans, 
And cries of tortured ghosts ! 
But hark ! he strikes the golden lyre ; 
And see ! the tortured ghosts respire, 

See, shady forms advance ! 
Thy stone, O Sisyphus, stands still, 
Ixion rests upon his wheel, 

And the pale spectres dance ; 



468 — 4^3. 



BOOK IV. 



v. 483 — 502. 



79 



And, glooming with a murky dread, the 

grove 
He entered, and the Manes he approached, 
And their terrific monarch, and the hearts 
Unknowing how to melt at mortal prayers. 
But by his strain aroused from lowest seats 
Of Erebus, advanced the subtile shades, 
And phantom-forms of those that lack the 

light ; 662 

As numerous [as] thousands of the birds 
[That] bury them among the leaves, what 

time 
Doth eve, or wintry shower drive them 

down 
From mountains : mothers, husbands too, 

and frames 
Of high-souled heroes that have done with 

life; 
Boys, and unwedded maids, and striplings 

laid 
On fun'ral-piles before their parents' eyes : 
Whom round the sable ooze, and hideous 

reed 670 

Of Cocyt, and with lazy wave the fen 
Unlovely binds, and Styx, nine times out- 
poured 
Between, confines them. Yea, astonied 

stood 
The very homes and deepest hell of Death, 
And, twisted through their locks with azure 

snakes, 
The Furies ; and restrained his triple mouth 

The Furies sink upon their iron beds, 
And snakes uncurl'd hang listening round their 
heads. 
" But soon, too soon, the lover turns his eyes : 
Again she falls, again she dies, she dies ! 
How wilt thou now the fatal sisters move ? 
No crime was thine, if 'tis no crime to love. 
Now under hanging mountains, 
Beside the falls of fountains, 
Or where Hebrus wanders, 
Rolling in mseanders, 
All alone, 

Unheard, unknown, 
He makes his moan ; 
And calls her ghost, 
For ever, ever, ever lost ! 
Now with furies surrounded, 
Despairing, confounded, 
He trembles, he glows, 
Amidst Rhodope's snows : 
See, wild as the winds, o'er the desert he flies ; 
Hark ! Hsemus resounds with the Bacchanals' 
cries — 

Ah see, he dies ! 
Yet even in death Eurydice he sung, 
Eurydice still trembled on his tongue, 
Eurydice the woods, 
Eurydice the floods, 
Eurydice the rocks, and hollow mountains rung." 
Ode on St. Cecilia's Day, st. 4, 6. 

672. " Where rocks and rueful deserts are descried, 
And sullen Styx rolls down his lazy tide." 

Garth, Dispensary, c. vi. 



The gaping Cerberus, and in the breeze 
The circuit of Ixion's wheel stood still. 
And now, his steps retracing, all mishaps 
He had avoided, and Eurydice, 680 

Restored, was coming to the upper air, 
Behind him following, (for Proserpine 
This law had giv'n,) when sudden madness 

seized 
The heedless lover, — pardonable sure, 
If Manes knew to pardon ; — short he 

stopped, 
And back upon Eurydice, his own, 
Now even 'neath the very verge of light, 
Mindless, alas ! and whelmed in soul, he 

looked. 
There all his toil was squandered, and the 

league 
Of the remorseless tyrant burst, and thrice 
A crash was heard within Avernian pools. 
' What,' cries she, ' both unhappy me and 

thee 692 

Hath ruined, Orpheus, — frenzy what so 

wild ? 
Lo ! call me back once more the ruthless 

Weirds, 
And sleep is sealing up my swimming eyes. 
And now farewell ! I'm borne away, en- 
wrapt 
In deep of night around, and stretching 

forth 
To thee, — alas ! not thine, — my weakly 

hands.' 
She said, and on a sudden from his eyes, 
As smoke commingled into subtile air, 
She fled another way, nor him, in vain 
Grasping at shades, and longing many a 

word 700 

To utter, did she any further see ; 
Nor did Hell's ferryman allow him more 

678. Sotheby has : 

" And fixed in air Ixion's wheel reposed." 
69T. See Milton quoted SEn. i. v. 167. 
693. "My eyes are going to bed, and leaden sleep 
Doth draw the curtains o'er them." 

Shirley, Love Tricks, iv. 2. 
" Peace rest on you ! One sad tear every day, 
For poor Alinda's sake, 'tis fit you pay. 
A thousand, noble youth ! And when I sleep 
Even in my silver slumbers still I'll weep." 

J. Fletcher, The Loyal Subject, v. 2. 
695. " So fare you well at once ; for Brutus' tongue 
Hath almost ended his life's history : 
Night hangs upon mine eyes." 

Shakespeare, Julius Ca>sar, v. 5. 
700. " Was ever known 

A man so miserably blest as I ? 
I have no sooner found the greatest good, 
Man in this pilgrimage of life can meet, 
But I must make the womb, where 'twas conceived, 
The tomb to bury it, and the first hour it lives 
The last it must breathe." 

Webster, A Cure, i. 2. 



8o 



v. 503—523. 



THE GEORGICS. 



y. 523—537. 



To cross the barrier fen. What should he 

do? 
Whither should he betake himself, his 

spouse 
Twice ravished from him ? With what 

weeping move 
The Manes, with what voice the gods ? j 

She sooth 
Now cold was floating in the Stygian bark. 
They tell that he for sev'n whole months in 

course, 
Beneath a heav'n-high rock, beside the wave 
Of lonely Strymon, wept, and vented these 

[his woes] 710 

'Neath icy grottoes, soothing tigresses, 
And drawing with his minstrelsy the oaks : 
As, mourning underneath a poplar shade, 
The nightingale bemoans her missing brood, 
Which [some] unfeeling ploughman, on the 

watch, 
Hath ravished callow from the nest ; but 

she 
Weeps thro' the night, and, sitting on a 

bough, 
Her piteous strain renews, and far and near 
Fills every spot with melancholy plaints. 
No Love, no joys of Hymen bent his soul ; 
Alone the Polar ice, and snowy Don, 721 
And fields ne'er widowed of Rhipaean frosts, 
He ranged, bewailing lost Eurydice, 
And bootless grants of Dis: thro' which 

his task 
The matrons of the Cicons scorned, amid 
The holy rites of gods, and revel-feasts 
Of nightly Bacchus, into atoms rent, 
The stripling scattered o'er the spacious 

fields. 
Then too the head, wrung off a marble neck, 

714. Milton briefly alludes to the nightingale ; 

P. L., b. vii. iv. : 

" Nor then the solemn nightingale 

Ceased warbling, but all night tuned her soft lays." 
" All but the wakeful nightingale ; 

She all night long her amorous descant sung." 
" Where the love-lorn nightingale 

Nightly to thee her sad song mourneth well." 

Comus. 
Thomson, more at length ; Spring, 717, &c. : 

" Oft when, returning with her loaded bill, 
Th' astonish'd mother finds a vacant nest, 
By the hard hand of unrelenting clowns 
Robb'd, to the ground the vain provision falls ; 
Her pinions runie, and low-drooping scarce 
Can bear the mourner to the poplar shade ; 
Where, all abandon'd to despair, she sings 
Her sorrows through the night; and, on the 

bough 
Sole-sitting, still at every dying fall 
Takes up again her lamentable strain 
Of winding woe ; till, wide around, the woods 
Sigh to her song, and with her wail resound." 
The next stanza is quoted in note on /Eh. ii. 

v. 727. 



When, bearing it upon his central tide, 730 
GEagrian Hebrus rolled, — ' Eurydice ' the 

very voice 
And death-cold tongue, ' Ah ! poor Eu- 
rydice !' 
As flies the spirit, called ; ' Eurydice ' 
The banks re-echoed all throughout the 

stream." 
These Proteus : and he plunged him 

with a bound 
Within the deepsome sea, and where he 

plunged 
The yesting wave he wreathed below his 

neck. 
But not Cyrene ; for unasked she spoke 
The trembler : " Son, 'tis lawful from thy 

mind 
To lay aside thy melancholy cares. 740 
This is the whole occasion of the plague ; 
'Tis hence the Nymphs, with whom she 

used to hold 
The dances in the lofty groves, have sent 
The piteous desolation on thy bees. 
Do thou thy gifts in lowly fashion spread, 
Entreating reconcilement, and adore 
Th' easy Napaeans ; for they will vouchsafe 
Their pardon to thy vows, and bate their 

wrath. 
But what should be the manner of thy suit 



730-6. So Milton alludes to Orpheus in Lycidas : 
" When, by the rout that made the hideous roar, 
His goary visage down the stream was sent, 
Down the swift Hebrus to the Lesbian shore." 
" So when the Thracian furies Orpheus tore, 
And left his bleeding trunk deform'd with gore, 
His sever'd head floats down the silver tide, 
His yet warm tongue for his lost consort cried ; 
Eurydice with quivering voice he mourn'd, 
And Heber's banks Eurydice returned." 

Gay, Trivia, ii. 293. 
" ' Olympia ! my Olympia's lost !' I cry. 
' Olympia's lost !' the hollow vaults reply. 
Louder I make my lamentable moan ; 
The swelling echoes learn like me to groan ; 
The ghosts to scream, as through lone a sles they 

sweep ! 
The shrines to shudder, and the saints to weep !" 

Savage, Wanderer, c. ii. 
" Cold is Cadwallo's tongue, _ 
That hush'd the stormy main : 
Brave Urien sleeps upon his craggy bed : 
Mountains, ye mourn in vain 
Modred, whose magic song 
Made huge Plinlimmon bow his cloud-topt head. 

On dreary Arvon's shore they lie, 
Smear'd with gore, and ghastly pale : 
Far, far aloof th' affrighted ravens sail ; 

The famish'd eagle screams, and passes by." 
Gray, Bard, i. 3. 
735. Thus Thomson, seizing the idea in v. 529, 
makes the genius of the Thames disappear in his 
own waters : 

" He said ; and plunged to his crystal dome, 
While o'er his head the circling waters foam." 
Poems on several Occasions. 



v. 538—555- 



BOOK IV. 



v. 556 — 566. 



I first will duly tell thee. Four choice 

bulls 750 

Of passing form, who now for thee feed 

down 
The green Lycaeus' peaks, do thou choose 

out, 
And with a neck untouched as many kine. 
Four altars at the goddesses' high shrines 
For these construct, and from their throats 

discharge 
The holy blood, and in a leafy grove 
The oxen's carcases themselves forsake. 
Then, when the ninth Aurore shall have 

displayed 
Her dawn, to Orpheus his funereal dues, 
Lethean poppies, shalt thou pay, and thou 
A sable ewe shalt butcher, and the grove 
Visit again ; Eurydice, appeased 762 

By slaughtered heifer - calf, shalt thou 

adore." 
No dallying : at once he puts in force 
His mother's mandates. To the shrines he 

comes ; 
The indicated altars he uprears ; 
Four chosen bulls of passing form he leads, 
And, with a neck untouched, as many kine. 
Then, when the ninth Aurore had ushered 

in 
Her dawn, to Orpheus his funereal dues 
He pays, the grove, too, visits he again. 
But here an unexpected prodigy, 77 2 

And wondrous to be named, do they be- 
hold :— 
Throughout the molten inwards of the 

beeves, 



767. Milton in the same way repeats the execu- 
tion of orders in the words of the orders themselves ; 
P. L., h. x. end. 



Bees buzzing, from within the womb entire, 
And bubbling forth from out their riven 

sides ; 
And, warping on, huge clouds ; and stream- 
ing now 
Together on the tree-crest, and adown 
A cluster dropping from the buxom boughs. 
These verses on the management of 
fields 780 

And cattle I was chanting, and on trees ; 
While mighty Caesar at Euphrates deep 
Thunders in war, and conqueror gives laws 
Thro' acquiescing tribes, and aims to tread 
A path to reach Olympus. At that hour 
Me, Virgil, sweet Parthenope did nurse, 
While rioting in tasks of fameless ease ; 
I, who have madrigals of shepherds played, 
And, bold in youth, thee, Tityrus, have 

sung 
Beneath a canopy of spreading beech. 790 

777. We are indebted to the genius of Milton for 
this exquisite metaphor, which he applies to the 
motion of locusts, in illustrating that of the wicked 
angels, when flocking to the summons of Satan : 
" As when the potent rod 
Of Amram's son, in Egypt's evil day 
Waved round the coast, up call'd a pitchy cloud 
Of locusts, warping on the eastern wind, 
That o'er the realm of impious Pharaoh hung, 
Like night, and darken'd all the land of Nile. ' 
Paradise Lost, b. i. 
If it be thought too great a liberty to render train 
by a neuter verb, this beautiful word must be 
abandoned, and the passage altered thus : 
" And boundless clouds trailed on," &c. 

In this case, too, line 84 must share a like fate, 
and be thus lowered : 

" See trailed upon the wind," &c. 

788. Carmina Itisi: so in Eel. i. v. 10; Ludere 
qua vellem. 



THE yENEID. 



BOOK I. 



That [bard] am I, who erst attuned his lay 
Upon the slender reed, and from the woods 
Withdrawing, have compelled the neighboring 

fields 
The tiller to obey, though greedy [he] ; — 
A welcome task to swains: but now Mars' 

dread 



coasts 

Of Troy to Italy and Lavinian shores, 
By destiny a rover, came. Much he 
Was tossed alike on lands and sea, through 

might 



Those writers seem to have been hasty in their 
criticisms upon these first four lines, who pronounce 
them unworthy of the author of the AZneid. 
Able scholars are found to think them thoroughly 
Virgilian ; and Forbiger thinks he sees plain 
evidence of genuineness in the word at. Had the 
writers in question, instead of saying that the 
passage was not Virgil's, said that it was a weak 
introduction to an epic poem, they would have been 
quite right ; and doubtless no one would have been 
happier to agree with them than Virgil himself. It 
seems highly probable that he sent the lines in 
dispute, along with the work itself, to some friend, 
who showed them to others, and in this way they 
obtained currency as the unquestioned production 
of his pen. Thus from their genuineness, coupled 
with their great ingenuity, they crept into the text, 
from which they were most likely ejected by Tucca 
and Varius, though some manuscripts retained 
them still. One thing is pretty certain,— that 
Virgil, whose discretion and taste must be admitted, 
even by those who think meanly of his creative 
powers, would never, with his great original before 
him, have begun the sE?ieid with an I lie ego. At 
all events, Persius did not believe in the puerility, 
if he ever heard of it. 

This opening reminds one of the introduction to 
the Faerie Queene : 

" Lo ! I, the man whose Muse whylomedid maske, 
As time her taught, in lowly shepheards weeds, 
Am now enforst, a farre unfitter taske, 
For trumpets sterne to chaunge mine oaten i - eeds, 
And sing of Knights and Ladies gentle deeds:" &c. 
See also Shepheards Calender, October, 55. 

4. . Cowley compares the sufferings of Charles the 
Second to those of ^Eneas, philosophising, more 
sua : 



Of heav'nly Powers, for the rankling wrath 
Of ruthless Juno ; yea, and much he bore 
Thro' war, till he a city built, and brought 
His gods to Latium, whence the Latin race, 
And Alban sires, and walls of lofty Rome. 
O Muse, to me the reasons do thou tell, 
What Pow'r aggrieved, or wherefore in a 

chafe, 1 1 

The queen of gods should have enforced a 

man, 
Marked for his piety, to undergo 
Mishaps so many, meet so many toils. 
Can wrath so grievous [dwell] in heav'nly 

minds ? 
There was an ancient city, — colonists 
Of Tyre possessed it, — Carthage, right 

afront 
Of Italy and Tiber's mouths afar, 
Rich in resources, and in war's pursuits 
Most truculent ; the which is Juno said 20 
Above all regions singly to have nursed, — 
Samos postponed. Her arms [stood] here, 

here stood 



" But, in the cold of want, and storms of adverse 
chance, 
They harden his young virtue by degrees : 
The beauteous drop first into ice does freeze, 
And into solid crystal next advance. 
His murder'd friends and kindred he does see, 
And from his flaming country flee : 
Much is he tost at sea, and much at land ; 
Does long the force of angry gods withstand : 
He does long troubles and long wars sustain, 
Ere he his fatal birthright gain. 

With no less time and labour can 
Destiny build up such a man. 
Who's with sufficient virtue filled 
His ruin'd country to rebuild." 

Ode ok Restoration. 

" I am pursued ; all the ports are stopt too ; 
Not any hope to escape ; behind, before me, 
On either side I am beset ; — cursed fortune ; 
My enemy on the sea, and on the land too, 
Redeemed from one affliction to another." 
Beaumont and Fletcher, The Custom 0/ the 

Country, ii. 4. 

15. So Milton, Par. Lost, b. vi : 
" In heavenly Spirits could such pcrversenc^s 
dwell ?" 



v. 17—37- 



BOOK I. 



v. 38—59. 



33 



Her car. That this might to the nations 

prove 
The seat of rule, — should Fates in anywise 
Allow, — the goddess even then both aims, 
And cherishes [her aim]. But she, in sooth, 
Had heard that from the Trojan blood a 

strain 
Would be descended, which her Tyrian 

towers 
One day would overthrow ; that hence a 

race, 
Wide bearing empire, and in battle haught, 
Would come for Libya's death-blow ; that 

the Weirds 31 

Ordained it thus. Saturnia, dreading this, 
And mindful of the lasting war, which she 
Had whilom waged at Troja, in behalf 
Of her beloved Argos : nor e'en yet 
The reasons for her wrath, and cruel pangs 
Had vanished from her mind ; bides trea- 
sured up 
Within her deep of spirit the award 
Of Paris, and her slighted beauty's wrong, 
The hated lineage, too, and dignities 40 
Of ravished Ganymede : o'er these inflamed, 
Throughout the whole of ocean's surface 

tossed, 
The Trojans, remnants from the Danai 
And merciless Achilles, did she drive 
Afar from Latium ; and thro' many a year 
They wandered, hunted by the Destinies, 
All seas around : of such colossal weight 
[The labor] was to build the Roman race. 
Scarce out of sight of the Sicilian land, 
Their canvas for the deep were they, in glee, 
Vouchsafing [to the breezes], and the foam 
Of briny ocean dashing with their bronze ; 
When Juno, harboring beneath her breast 
Her deathless wound, these [vented] with 

herself : 54 

" That I, discomfited, from my emprise 



25. " Daring men command and make their fates." 

Massinger, The Bondman, ii. 3. 
" Consider of your sex's general aim, 
That domination is a woman's heaven." 

Middleton, A Fair Quarrel, ii. 2. 

35. Argis may perhaps be an adjective here, 
though in an unusual form. 

39. " Juno. But he shall rue and ban the dismal 
day, 
Wherein his Venus bare the ball away ; 
And heaven and earth just witnesses shall be, 
I will revenge it on his progeny. 
Pallas. Well, Juno, whether we be lief or loth, 
Venus hath got the apple from us both." 

Peele, The Arraignment of Paris, ii. end. 

" But if in heav'n a hell we find, 
'Tis all from thee, 
jealousy, 
Thou tyrant of the mind." 

Dryden, Love 'Jriumpfiant, iii. 1. 



Should cease, nor have the pow'r from Italy 
The monarch of the Teucri to debar ! 
Forsooth I am prohibited by fates ! 
Was Pallas able to burn up the fleet 
Of Argives, and themselves below the deep 
To whelm, for one man's fault, the madness 

e'en 61 

Of the Oilean Ajax ? She herself, 
Jove's speeding leven launching from the 

clouds, 
Alike their vessels scattered, and upturned 
The seas with storms ; him, blazes blasting 

forth 
From his pierced bosom, in a whirl of wind 
She clutched, and on a pointed rock im- 
paled. 
But I, who pace the empress of the gods, 
Yea both the sister and the spouse of Jove, 
Thro' years so many with a single clan 70 
Am waging warfare. And may [mortal] 

wight 
The pow'r of Juno worship furthermore, 
Or humbly on her altars lay a gift ?" 

Such [thoughts] the goddess in a heart 

incensed 
Inly revolving, to the native land 
Of rain-storms, spots with madding Austers 

big,— 
^Eolia, — comes. 'Tis here King yFolus, 
Within a monster vault, the struggling 

winds 
And blust'ring storms with sovereign sway 

controls, 
And reins them in with fetters and a jail. 
They in their anger with prodigious growl, 
[Growl] of the mountain, thunder round 

their bars. 82 

Sits yEolus in his citadel on high, 
His sceptre wielding, and their passions 

soothes, 
And cools their wrath ; [which] did he not, 

the seas, 
And lands, and sky sublime, they would in 

sooth, 
Careering swiftly, with them bear away, 



58. " That which the Fates appoint must happen so, 
Though heavenly Jove and all the gods say, No !" 

K. Greene, Alphonsus, ii. end. 
67. " Caught in a fiery tempest, shall be hurl'd 
Each on Ids rock transfix'd, the sport and prey 
Of wracking whirlwinds." Milton, /'. L., b. ii. 

80. " Like as a boystrous winde, 

Which in th' earthes hollow caves hath long 

been hid, 
And shut up fast within her prisons blind, 
Makes the huge element, against her kinde, 
To move and tremble as it were aghast, 
Untill that it an issew forth may finde ; 
Then forth it breakes, and with his furious blast 
Confounds both land and seas, and skyes doth over- 
cast." Spenser, Faerie Qitccnc. iii. q, 15. 
G 2 



8 4 



v. 59- 



THE sENEIB. 



v. 8 1 — 99. 



And sweep along the air. But, dreading 

this, 
The sire almighty has in pitchy caves 
Concealed them, and a pile and lofty 

mounts 90 

Above them laid, and giv'n a monarch, who 
By pact decreed should know, at his com- 
mand, 
Alike to check and give the slackened 

reins : 
To whom then Juno prayerful used these 

words : 
" O iEolus, (for 'tis to thee the sire 
Of gods, and king of men, alike hath giv'n 
To soothe the waves, and heave them by 

the wind,) 
A nation, foe to me, the Tyrrhene main 
Is sailing, Ilium into Italy 
Conveying, and their conquered household- 
gods : 100 
Strike fury in thy winds, and whelm their 

ships, 
Deep sunken, or, dissundered, hunt them 

down, 
And strew abroad their corses on the deep. 
With me are twice sev'n Nymphs of passing 

form ; 
Of whom [the maid], who fairest is in shape, 
Deiope, in steadfast marriage-bond 
Will I unite, and consecrate thine own ; 
That all her years, in company with thee, 
For such deservings she may while away, 
And make thee father with a lovely race." 

These yEolus [returned her] in reply : 
" Be thine, O queen, the task to search 

whate'er 112 

May be thy wish ; to me, to undertake 
Thy mandates is a law. 'Tis thou for me, 
(Whatever this of realm [partakes],) 'tis 

thou 
Dost sceptre win and Jove ; 'tis thou dost 

give 
That I recline at banquets of the gods, 
And makest me the lord of rains and 

storms." 
When these were said, with spear -head, 

towards it veered, 

106. See note on AZn. iv. v. 126. 

112. " Ask noble things of me, and you shall find 
I'll be a noble giver." 

Webster, The Duchess of Malfi, v. 1. 

119. " As when Dan ./Eolus, in great displeasure 
For losse of his deare Love by Neptune hent, 
Sends forth the winds out of his hidden threasure 
Upon the sea to wreake his full intent ; 
They, breaking forth with rude unruliment 
From all foure partes of heaven, doe rage full sore, 
And tosse the deepes, and teare the firmament, 
And all the world confound with wide uprore ; 

As if instead thereof they Chaos would restore." 
Spenser, F. Q., iv. 9, 23. 



The vaulted mountain on its flank he smote, 
And straight the winds, as in battalion 

formed, 121 

Where outlet is vouchsafed them, dash 

amain, 
And in tornado blow throughout the lands. 
They swooped upon the sea, and all at once 
Both East, and South, and South-west, 

rife in storms, 
Uproot it wholly from its deepest seats, 
And volley mountain surges to the shores. 
Ensues both cry of men and creak of ropes. 
The clouds upon a sudden tear away 
Both heav'n and day-light from the Trojans' 

eyes ; 130 

Upon the deep broods collied night ; the 

poles 
Thundered, and aether gleams with serried 

fires ; 
And all threat instant death upon the crews. 
Forthwith /Eneas' limbs are with a chill 
Unnerved ; he groans, and stretching both 

his hands 
Forth to the stars, such accents with his 

voice 
He utters : " O both thrice and four times 

blest, 
To whom, before the presence of your sires, 
'Neath Troja's stately walls, it fell by lot 
To meet your doom ! O bravest of the race 
Of Danai, O Tydeus' son, that I 141 

On Ilian plains should not have fall'n, and 

poured 
This spirit forth 'neath thy right hand, 

where fierce 
Beneath the weapon of ^Eacides 



121. " Straight " is plainly implied in ac, v. 82. 
See Wagner. 

125. See note on Geo. i. v. 318 : 

" Nor slept the winds," &c. 

130. " How like the day, that flattered us 

With cheerful light, are my desires fled hence, 
And left me here a prodigy of darkness, 
A walking herse, hung round about with night, 
Whose wings must one day cover all !" 

Shirley, The Doubtful Heir, iv. 2. 

137. Shakespeare makes Pericles, under similar 
circumstances, address a prayer to the Deity ; 
Pericles, iii. 1 : 
" Thou God of this great vast, rebuke these surges, 

Which wash both heaven and hell ; and Thou 
that hast _ 

Upon the winds command, bind them in brass, 

Having call'd them from the deep ! O still thy 
deafning, 

Thy dreadful thunders ; gently quench thy nimble 

Sulphureous flashes." 
142. " Could not the fretting sea 

Have rovvled me up in wrinkles of his browe ? 

Is death growen coy? or grim confusion nice? 

That it will not accompany a wretch ?" 

Marston, Antonio and Mellida, P. 1, i. 1. 



v. ioo — 115. 



BOOK L 



v. 116 — 136. 



Is Hector lying, where Sarpedon huge, 
Where, clutched together underneath his 

waves, 
The Simois so many heroes' shields, 
And helms, and gallant corses rolls along !" 
While he such [plaints] is venting, from 

the North 
A roaring tempest strikes his sail ahead, 
And lifts the billows to the stars. Their 

oars 151 

Are shivered ; then swings off the prow, 

and shows 
The broadside to the waves ; thereon pur- 
sues 
A rugged mount of water in a pile. 
These on the billow-summit hang ; to those 
The yawning surge amid the waves unveils 
The ground ; the tide is raving with the 

sands. 
Three, swept away, upon the lurking rocks 
Doth Notus whirl ; the rocks Italians call 
" The Altars," which amid the billows lie, 
A monster reef on surface of the main. 
Three Eurus shoulders from the deep on 

shelves 162 

And quicksands — pitiable to be seen — 
And grides upon the shoals, and with a 

mound 
Of sand encircles them. The one, which 

bare 
The men of Lycia and Orontes staunch, 
Before his very eyes a mountain sea 
Strikes, [swooping] from above, upon the 

stern : 
The pilot is dislodged, and, forward fallen, 

149. " But let the ruffian Boreas once enrage 
The gentle Thetis, and, anon, behold 
The strong-ribb'd bark through liquid mountains 

cut, 
Bounding between the two moist elements, 
Like Perseus' horse : where's then the saucy boat, 
Whose weak untimber'd sides but even now 
Co-rivall'd greatness ? — Either to harbour fled, 
Or made a toast for Neptune." 

Shakespeare, Troilus and Cressida, i. 3. 

Thomson has a fine passage, describing a scene 

not very dissimilar ; Winter, 153 : 

" Then issues forth the storm with sudden burst, 
And hurls the whole precipitated air 
Down in a torrent. On the passive main 
Descends th' ethereal force, and with strong gust 
Turns from its bottom the discolour'd deep. 
Through the black night that sits immense around, 
Lash'd into foam, the fierce conflicting brine 
Seems o'er a thousand raging waves to burn. 
Meantime the mountain-billows, to the clouds 
In dreadful tumult swell'd, surge above surge, 
Burst into Chaos with tremendous roar." 

155. " The proud waves took pleasure 

To toss my little boat up like a bubble : 
Then like a meteor in the air he hung ; 
Then catched, and hugged him in the depth of 
darkness." 

J. Fletcher, The Double Marriage, iii. 3. 



Is rolled along upon his head. But her 
Three times the billow, in the selfsame 

spot, 171 

Whirls, chasing her around, and in the 

flood 
The rav'ning eddy gorges her. Appear 
Men scattered, swimming in the mighty 

gulf, 
The weaponry of heroes, planks alike, 
And Troja's royal treasure thro' the waves. 
Now the stout galley of Ilioneus, 
Now that of brave Achates, [that] alike, 
Wherein was Abas wafted, and wherein 
The aged Aletes, mastered has the storm. 
In the loose joinings of their ribs they all 
Admit the hostile flood, and yawn with 

leaks. 182 

Meanwhile felt Neptune that with mighty 

coil 
Turmoiled was ocean, and a storm launched 

forth, 
And from their lowest beds were tided back 
The restful waters. Violently roused, 
And, looking from the deep abroad, he 

raised 
His peaceful head above the topmost wave. 
Dispersed throughout the ocean he beholds 
^Eneas' fleet, the Trojans overwhelmed 190 
By billows, and the downfall of the sky : 
Nor did the wiles of Juno and her spleen 
Escape her brother. To his presence he 
Calls Eurus and the Zephyr ; such thereon 
He speaks : " Hath such proud confidence 

of birth 
Possessed you ? What now ! Heav'n and 

earth, ye Winds, 
Without my sanction, dare ye to embroil, 
And such colossal piles to raise ? Whom 

I— 
But meeter 'tis to quell the troubled waves. 
Henceforth to me with no like punishment 



174. " We might descry a horred spectacle ; 
The issue of black fury strowed the sea 
With tattered carcases of splitting ships, 
Halfe sinking, burning, floating, topsie turvie." 
Marston, Antonio and Mclluia, P. 1, i. 1. 

186. Stagna seems to refer to the still waters at 
the bottom of the deep sea, which are not affected 
by the wind on the surface. The storm was so 
furious, that even these were involved in commo- 
tion and carried aloft. 

188. So Milton, P. L., b. xii. : 
" And looking down to see the hubbub stra lge, 

And hear the din." 

" Down, ye angry waters all ! 
Ye loud-whistling whirlwinds, fall ! 
Down, ye proud waves ! ye storms, cease ! 
I command ye, be at peace! 
Fright not with your churlish notes, 
Nor bruise the keel of bark that floats." 

J. Fletcher, The Pilgrim, iii. 7. 



86 



v. 136 — 151. 



THE JENEID. 



v. 152 — 163. 



Shall ye for your malpractices atone. 201 
Speed flight, and to that king of yours say 

these : 
' That not to him the lordship of the main, 
And grisly trident are by lot assigned, 
But e'en to me. He holds the monster 

rocks, 
Thy homes, O Eurus : in that court [of his] 
Let vaunt him ./Eolus, and hold his sway 
Within the bolted prison of the winds.' " 
So spake he ; and more speedily than 

said 
The swollen seas he stills, and puts to flight 
The mustered clouds, and brings again the 

sun. 211 

Cymothoe and Triton [both] at once, 
Against them straining, from the pointed 

rock 
Push off the galleys ; with his trident he 
Heaves them himself, and opes the vasty 

Syrts, 
And calms the ocean ; and on nimble 

wheels 
He skims along the surface of the waves. 
And as what time among a mighty mob 
An insurrection oft hath started up, 
And fumes the vulgar rabble in their souls ; 
And now are flying brands and stones ; — 

their rage 221 

Supplies them weapons ; — then if by a 

chance 
Some sage, of weight through sanctity and 
worth, 



202. " Begone, and tell your king, for his pre- 
sumption, 
We'll lash him from our land with iron rods, 
And drag him at our stirrup through the streets." 
Webster, The TJiracian Wonder, hi. 1. 

210. The calm is thus described by Thomson ; 

Whiter, 197-201 : 

" All Nature reels, till Nature's King, who oft 
Amid tempestuous darkness dwells alone, 
And on the wings of the careering wind 
Walks dreadfully serene, commands a calm : — 
Then straight air, earth, and sea are hush'd at 
once." 

Milton elegantly makes the Morn equally potent ; 
P.R.,h. iv. : 
" Thus pass'd the night so foul, till Morning fair 

Came forth, with pilgrim steps, in amice grey ; 

Who with her radiant finger still'd the roar 

Of thunder, chased the douds, and laid the 
winds." 

214. So Dryden, of the escape of the British 
fleet: 

" It seem'd as there the British Neptune stood, 
With all his hosts of waters at command, 
Beneath them to submit th' officious flood, 

And with his trident shoved them off the sand." 
AfiTins Mirabilis, 184. 

223. As vir., v. 151, on some occasions means 
hero, i, e., a great man, what reason is there 



They have descried, they hush [to peace], 

and stand 
Beside him with their ears erect : he sways 
Their spirits by his words, and soothes their 

breasts. 
Thus wholly did the crash of ocean fall, 
When once the sire, forth gazing on the 

seas, 
And wafted on beneath a cloudless sky, 
Controls his coursers, and upon the wing 
Resigns the reins to his pursuing car. 231 

The comrades of vEneas, wearied out, 
What shores are nearest to them in their 

course 
Strive earnestly to fetch, and to the coasts 
Of Lybia turn themselves. There lies a 

spot 
Within a far retreat : an isle a haven forms 
By the projection of its sides, whereon 
Is shattered every billow from the deep, 
And into curves receding splits its form. 
On this side and on that colossal rocks, 
And twin [-like] cliffs rise tow'ring to the 

heaven ; 241 

Beneath whose brow the waters far and near 



that on others it may not mean a sage, i. e., a wise 
man? 

" When the fire was raised 
Of fierce sedition, and the cheek was swollen 
To sound the fatal trumpet, then the sight 
Of this your worthy captain did disperse 
All those unfruitful humours, and even then 
Convert you from fierce tigers to staid men." 

Webster, Appiiis and Virginia, ii. 2. 
Such a reverend character may call to mind the 
Village Preacher in Goldsmith's Deserted Village : 
" Unskilful he to fawn, or seek for power 
By doctrines fashion' d to the varying hour ; 
Far other aims his heart had learn'd to prize, 
More bent to raise the wretched than to rise." 
" Truth from his lips prevail'd with double sway, 

And fools, who came to scoff, remained to pray." 
" As some tall cliff, that lifts its awful form, 
Swells from the vale, and midway leaves the 

storm. 
Though round its breast the rolling clouds are 

spread, 
Eternal sunshine settles on its head." 
The idea in this last fine image he may have 
borrowed from Dryden, who says of Lord Chan- 
cellor Hyde : 

" Your brow, which does no fear of thunder know, 
Sees rolling tempests vainly beat below." 
Milton says of Beelzebub : 

" With grave 
Aspect he rose, and in his rising seemed 
A pillar of state ; deep on his front engraven 
Deliberation sat, and public care ; 
And princely counsel in his face yet shone 
Majestic, though in pain." P. L., b. ii. 

231. Or: " careering car." 

235. Vertttntur is here supposed to carry a 
middle sense. 
239. See note on Geo. iv. v. 420. 



v. 164 — 183. 



BOOK L 



v. 184 — 203. 



Lie hush in safety. Then a scene with 

woods 
That quiver from above, and, dark with 

shade 
Terrific, doth a grove o'erhang. Beneath 
The brow, that faced [the view] with 

beetling cliffs, 
A grot : sweet waters are within, and seats 
Of living stone, a homestead of the 

Nymphs. 
Here [weather-] weary barks no fetters 

hold ; 
No anchor moors them with its hooked bite. 
Hither .Eneas with his seven ships, 25 1 
From all the number mustered, enters in, 
And, with an earnest yearning for the land 
Debarked, the men of Troy the wished-for 

beach 
Enjoy, and, dripping with the brine, their 

limbs 
Upon the shore repose. And first from 

flint 
Achates struck a sparkle, and the fire 
Caught up in leaves, and round it he pur- 
veyed 
Dry provender, and in the fuel seized 
The flame. Then Ceres, tainted by the 

waves, 260 

And implements of Ceres, fetch they forth, 
All-wearied in condition, and their grain, 
Recovered, they prepare alike to parch 
With blazes, and to crush it in the quern. 
Meanwhile vEneas scrambles up a cliff, 
And far and near a universal view 
Throughout the deep he aims to take, if he 
May any Antheus, tossed by storm, descry, 
And Phrygian ships with oars in double tier, 
Or Capys, or upon his lofty stem 270 

Caicus' arms. No bark within his ken, 



243. Scena properly means "background ;" but 
background is a very unrythmical, unpoetical word. 
" Its uplands sloping deck the mountain's side, 

Woods over woods in gay theatric pride." 

Goldsmith, Traveller. 

252. " Eetwixt the hollow hanging of a hiil, 
And crooked bending of a craggy rock, 
The sails wrapt up, the mast and tacklings down, 
She lies so close that none can find her out." 
Marlowe, Tamburlaine the Great, P. 2, i. 2. 

258. " And serewood from the rotten hedges took, 
And seeds of latent fire from flints provoke." 
Dryden, Flower and Leaf, 413, 4. 

264. Frangere saxo, v. 179. See note on Geo. i. 
v. 267. 

265. This may call to mind a passage in Milton's 
P. K., b. ii. : 

" Up to a hill anon his steps he rear'd, 

From whose high top to ken the prospect round, 
If cottage were in view, sheepcote, or herd ; 
Hut cottage, herd, or sheepcote, none he saw ; 
Only in a bottom saw a pleasant grove : " &c. 



Three harts espies he roving on the strand ; 
These all their droves are following in the 

rear, 
And thro' the dales there feeds a lengthened 

host. 
He halted here, and in his hand his bow 
And nimble shafts he seized, the weaponry, 
Which staunch Achates used to bear. And 

first 
The very leaders, porting high their heads 
With branching horns, he prostrates ; then 

the rank and file ; 
And, driving with his missives all the 

throng, 280 

Disperses them among the leafy woods ; 
Nor ceases, ere that he, their conqueror, 
Sev'n giant corses levels to the earth, 
And brings the number with the ships to 

match. 
He next the haven seeks, and shares them 

out 
To all his comrades. Thereupon the wines, 
Which good Acestes in the casks had 

stowed 
On Sic'ly's strand, and as they went their 

way 
The hero had vouchsafed them, deals he out, 
And soothes their mourning bosoms with 

the words : 290 

" O comrades, (for we are not unaware 
Of your misfortunes in the past ;) O ye, 
Who weightier have endured, to these the 

god 
Will also grant an end. Ye e'en the rage 
Of Scylla, and her cliffs that deep within 
Are booming, have approached ; ye e'en 

have proved 
The rocks of Cyclops : rally ye your souls, 
And rueful fear dismiss ; perchance e'en 

these 



294, " Let not thy eyes, 

Although thy grief become them, be in love 
With tears. I prophesy a joy shall weigh 
Down all our sufferings. I see comfort break 
Like day, whose forehead cheers the world." 
Shirley, The Brothers, iii. 5. 
" Leave this vain sorrow ! 
Things being at the worst begin to mend. The bee, 
When he hath shot his sting into your hand, 
May then play with your eyelid." 

Webster, The Duchess of Malji, iv. r. 
" He does bear his loss 
With such a noble strength of patience, that, 
Had Fortune eyes to see him, she would weep 
For having hurt him, and, pretending that 
She did it but for trial of his worth, 
Hereafter ever love him." 

Beaumont and Fletcher, The Honest Man's 
Fortune, i. 2. 

298. " Wake, wake, and let not patience keep thee 
poor ! 
Rouse up thy spirit from this falling slumber ! 



88 



v. 203 — 2I7» 



THE &NEID. 



v. 218 — 234. 



Hereafter to remember it will joy. 
Through changeful hazards, through so 

many risks 300 

Of our condition, we to Latium steer, 
Where homes of peace the Destinies reveal. 
'Tis there permitted that the realms of 

Troy 
May rise again. Endure, and keep your- 
selves 
For prosp'rous issues." Such like with his 

voice 
He speaks, and, sick at soul with huge 

concerns, 
He hope upon his visage counterfeits, 
A deep dejection smothers in his heart. 
They gird them to the spoil and coming 

feast : 
The hides they tear asunder from the ribs, 
And bare the flesh. Some cut it into joints, 
And while they quiver spear them on the 

spits ; 312 

Upon the strand bronze vessels others place, 
And flames supply. They then with food 

recruit 
Their pow'rs, and, stretched upon the turf, 

are filled 
With ancient Bacchus, and with fatted 

game. 
Soon as was hunger by the feast removed, 
And boards were cleared away, in long 

discourse 
After their lost companions they inquire, 



Make thy distress seem but a weeping dream, 
And th's the opening morning of (hy comforts." 
Middleton, No Wit Like a Woman's, i. 2. 

304. " Stoop thou to th' world, 'twill on thy bosom 
tread ; 
It stoops to thee, if thou advance thy head." 
Middleton, Your Five Gallants, iii. 2. 

306. " There's nothing of so infinite vexation 
As man's own thoughts." 

Webster, Vittoria Corombona, v. 2. 

308. " Though in your heart there rage a thousand 
tempests, 
All calmness in your looks." 

J. Fletcher, The Queen of Corinth, i. 1. 
" thou for whom I drinke 
So deep of griefe, that he must only thinke, 
Not dare to speake, that would express my woe ; 
Small rivers murmur ; deep gulfes silent flow." 

Marston, Sophonisba, end. 
" While I am compassed round 
With mirth, my soul lies hid in shades of grief, 
Whence, like the bird of night with half-shut eyes, 
She peeps, and sickens at the sight of day." 

Dryden, The Rival Ladies, iii. 1. 

" But 'tis the wretch's comfort still to have 
Some small reserve of near and inward woe, 
Some unsuspected hoard of darling grief, 
Which they unseen may wail, and weep, and 

mourn, 
And, glutton-like, devour." 

Congreve, Mourning Bride, i. 1. 



In doubt alike between their hope and fear, 
Whether to hold that they are [still] alive, 
Or undergo the final [pangs of death], 322 
Or now, when called on, from a distance 

hear. 
In chief the good iEneas now the fall 
Of keen Orontes, now of Amycus, 
And ruthless fates of Lycus, inly mourns ; 
And [mourns] brave Gyas, and Cloanthus 

brave. 

And now there was an end, when Jupiter, 

From cope of th' Empyrean gazing down 

Upon the sail-winged ocean, and the lands 

That lie [below], and shores, and spreading 

tribes, 331 

So stood he still upon the crest of heaven, 
And firmly fixed his eyes on Libya's 

realms. 
And him, within his bosom such concerns 
While casting, more [than usually] sad, 
And o'er her glistening eyes bedewed with 

tears, 
Venus accosts: "O thou, who dost th* 

affairs 
Alike of men and deities control 
With endless sovereignty, and with thy bolt 
Dost overawe them, what such heinous 

[crime] 340 

'Gainst thee could my ^Eneas perpetrate ? 
The Trojans what ? To whom, while they 

have borne 
So many deaths, the whole wide round of 

earth 
Upon the score of Italy is barred ? 
Sure, that the Romans hence in time to 



321. " Chewing the food of sweet and bitter fancy." 
Shakespeare, As You Like It, iv. 3. 

326. " I've oft took him 

Weeping alone, poor boy, at the remembrance 
Of his lost friends, which, as he says, the sea 
Swallowed, with all their substance." 
Middleton, More Dissemblers besides Women, i. 2. 
" I have wept for ye, boys, 
And constantly, before the Sun awaked, 
When the cold dew-drops fell upon the ground, 
As if the Moon were discontented too, 
My naked feet o'er many a rugged stone 
Have walked, to drop my tears into the seas 
For your sad memories." 

Shirley, St. Patrick for Ireland, v. 2. 
^Eneas might have comforted himself by the 
thought that 

"'We must all die, 
All leave ourselves ; it matters not where, when, 
Nor how, so we die well ; and can that man that 

does so 
Need lamentation for him?" 

J. Fletcher, Valentinian, iv. 4. 

330. " Fix here, and rest awhile your sail-stretched 
wings, 
That have outstript the winds." 

J. Fletcher, The Prophetess, ii. 3. 



v. 234 — 262. 



BOOK I. 



v. 262 — 291. 



89 



When years wheel by — that hence should 

chieftains rise, 
From Teucer's blood recovered, who the 

sea, 



Who lands, should 

sway, — 
Thou hast engaged. 

sire, 
Hath changed thee ? 

set of Troy, 



hold with universal 

What counsel, O my 

Sooth herewith the 
350 
And her disastrous wreck I used to suage, 
While balancing conflicting fates with fates. 
The selfsame fortune at this hour pursues 
My heroes, hunted by so many risks. 
What end assign'st thou of their toils, great 

king ? 
Antenor, from the midst of Greeks escaped, 
Could pierce in safety the Illyrian gulfs, 
And inmost realms of Liburns, and o'erpass 
Timavus' spring, where through its outlets 

nine, 
With thund'ring mountain-din, it flushes 

forth 360 

A bursten sea, and with a roaring flood 
O'erwhelms the fields. Here ne'ertheless 

did he 
The city of Petavium found, and homes 
Of Teucri, and a title to the race 
Assigned, and fastened up the Trojan arms : 
Now sepulchred in tranquil rest he sleeps. 
We, thine own offspring, in whose favor 

thou 
Dost nod [bestowal of] the height of 

heaven, 
Our vessels — O unutterable ! — lost, 
Are, owing to the spleen of one, betrayed, 
And severed far from Italy's coasts. Is 

this 371 

The compliment to piety ? Is't thus 
That thou restorest us to sceptral sway ?" 

Smiling on her, the sire of men and gods, 
With mien, wherewith the welkin and the 

. storms 
He clears, the liplets of his daughter 

sipped ; 
Thereon such like he speaks : " Refrain 

from fear, 
O Cytherea ; stirless rest for thee 
Thy people's destinies. Thou shalt behold 
Lavinium's city and its promised walls, 
And waft aloft to stars of heav'n high- 

souled 381 

/Eneas ; neither me hath counsel changed. 
He shall for thee — for I will it announce, 
Since this concern is preying on thy mind, 
And, farther [in the future] wheeling round 

348. Is not omni ditione like omnem prospectum ? 
v. 180. 

384. Or, of course more literally: "upon thee." 



The secrets of the Destinies, will Ij 
Awake them — carry on a mighty war 
In Italy, and furious clans shall crush, 
And laws and cities for the people found ; 
Until third summer shall have him beheld 
In Latium reigning, and three winter 

[-tides] 391 

Have passed away for Rutuli subdued. 
Moreo'er, the boy Ascanius, [he,] to whom 
The surname of lulus now is joined, 
(Ilus it was, so long as Ilion's state 
In empire stood), shall in his sway com- 
plete 
Thrice ten great cycles with revolving 

months, 
And from Lavinium's seat the kingly power 
Translate, and rampart with a world of 

strength 
Long Alba. Here now monarchy shall last 
For full three hundred years 'neath Hector's 

line, 401 

Till Ilia, priestess of a royal strain, 
With child by Mars, shall at a birth present 
A double progeny. Then Romulus, 
In tawny cov'ring of a female wolf, 
His nurse, rejoiced, [the sceptre ot] the race 
Shall undertake, and build Mavortian walls, 
And Romans call them after his own name. 
To these I set nor bounds nor times of 

power : 
Dominion without end have I vouchsafed. 
Nay, Juno fierce, who now the sea, and 

lands, 41 1 

And sky, is vexing with alarm, shall change 
Her counsels for the better, and with me 
The Romans foster, of the universe 
The masters, and a toga-mantled race. 
'Tis thus decreed. As lustra glide away 
An age shall come, what time Assarac's 

house 
Shall Pthia and renowned Mycenae grind 
In bondage, and o'er conquered Argos rule. 
Of glorious pedigree there shall be bom 
A Trojan, Coesar, who his sovereign sway- 
Shall bound by ocean, by the stars his 

fame ; 422 

Julius, a title from lulus great 
Derived. Him thou hereafter in the sky, 
When laden with the booties of the East, 
Shalt welcome, free from care : he, too, 

with vows 
Shall be invoked. Uncultured ages then 
Shall grow to softness, battles laid aside. 

405. " Some powerful spirit instruct the kites and 
ravens 
To be thy nurses ! Wolves and bears, they say, 
Casting their savageness aside, have done 
Like offices of pity." 

Shakespeare, Winter's Talc, iii. 2. 
412.. Or: " in alarm." 



9o 



v. 292 — 3°7- 



THE &NEID. 



v. 307 — 328. 



Hoar Faith and Vesta, with his brother 

Remus 
Quirinus, laws shall issue ; dread with steel 
And straitened links, War's portals shall 
be shut ; 431 

Within, the godless Furor, sitting down 
Upon his felon armor, and enchained 
With hundred knots of bronze behind his 

back, 
Shall thunder grisly with a mouth of blood." 
These [words] he speaks ; and him of 
Maia born 
Despatches downward from the lofty [hea- 
ven], 
In order that the lands, and that the towers 
Of Carthage, new [ly raised], might open lie 
For hostry to the Trojans ; lest, of fate 
Unknowing, Dido drive them from her 
bounds. 441 

He wings his way along the vast of air 
Upon the oarage of his wings, and quick 
On Libya's coasts alighted. And he now 
Discharges his injunctions ; and their hearts 
Of fierceness do the Tyrians lay aside, 
At pleasure of the god. Among the first 
The queen doth towards the Trojans enter- 
tain 
A peaceful spirit and a kindly mind. 

But good ^Eneas, turning o'er thro' night 
Full many [a thought], as soon as boun- 
teous dawn 451 
Was deigned, resolved to sally forth, and 
search 



435. Spenser's description of Sir Guyon's binding 
Furor is very fine. The hint is evidently taken 
from this passage : 
" Then him to ground he cast, and rudely hayld, 

And both his hands fast bound behind his backe, 
And both his feet in fetters to an yron racke. 

With hundred yron chaines he did him bind, 
And hundred knots, that did him sore constraine : 
Yet his great yron teeth he still did grind 
And grimly gnash, threatning revenge in vaine : 
His burning eyen, whom bloody strakes did staine, 
Stared full wide, and threw forth sparkes of fyre : 
And, more for ranck despight than for great paine, 
Shakt his long locks colourd like copper wyre, 
And bitt his tawny beard to show his raging yre." 
F. Q., ii. 4, 14, 15. 

In the address to Peace in Windsor Forest, Pope 
alludes to similar consequences of her reign : 
" Exiled by thee from earth to deepest hell, 
In brazen bonds shall barbarous discord dwell ; 
Gigantic pride, pale terror, gloomy care, 
And mad ambition, shall attend her there ; 
There purple vengeance, bathed in gore, retires, 
Her weapons blunted, and extinct her fires ; 
There hated envy her own snakes shall feel, 
And persecution mourn her broken wheel ; 
There faction roar, rebellion bite her chain, 
And gasping furies thirst for blood in vain." 
452. Constituit, v. 309, must be anticipated 
here, in order to make the meaning intelligible 
in English. 



The novel spots ; what regions by the wind 
He may have reached ; to seek who tenant 

them ; 
(For wastes does he perceive) — or be they 

men, 
Or savage creatures, — and to carry back 
The facts discovered to his mates. The fleet 
Within an amphitheatre of groves, 
Beneath a vaulted cliff, encloistered round 
With trees and fearful shades, he hides : 

himself, 460 

Attended by Achates only, paces on, 
A pair of javelins waving in his hand, 
With breadth of steel. 'Fore whom amid 

the wood 
His mother threw herself across his path, 
Wearing the guise and garment of a maid, 
And maiden's arms — one Sparta-born, or 

like 
Harpalyce of Thrace, [who] tires her steeds, 
And wingy Hebrus in her flight outstrips. 
For on her shoulders, in the wonted mode, 
A handy bow, as huntress, had she hung, 
And giv'n the gales her locks to scatter 

round, 471 

Bare at the knee, and with her flowing folds 
Gathered in knot. And first is she to cry : 
" Ho ! youths, inform me if you've haply 

seen 
One of my sisters straying here, begirt 
With quiver, and the skin of dappled lynx, 
Or with a shout the foaming boar's career 
Hotly pursuing ?" Venus thus ; and thus 
The son of Venus in reply began : 
" Of sisters thine not one has been by me, 
[Or] heard, or seen. Oh ! whom shall I 

thee name, 481 

Thou maid ? For neither mortal is thy 

mien, 
Nor doth thy voice a human being speak. 



474- 



Or: 



reveal her." 



482. Spenser must have had this passage in view 
in the beautiful description of Belphcebe, which he 
gives at great length : Faerie Qucene, ii. 3, 21-31. 
Trompart replies to her like /Eneas, stanza 33 : 
" O goddesse, (for such I thee take to bee,) 
For nether doth thy face terrestriall shew, 
Nor voyce sound mortall ; I avow to thee 
Such wounded beast, as that, I did not see, 
Sith earst into this forrest wild I came. 
But mote thy goodlyhed forgive it mee, 
To weete which of the gods I shall thee name, 
That unto thee dew worship I may rightly frame." 

" By that heavenly form of thine, 
Brightest fair, thou art divine, 
Sprung from great immortal race 
Of the gods, for in thy face 
Shines more awful majesty 
Than dull weak mortality 
Dare with misty eyes behold, 
And live." 
J. Fletcher, The Faithful Shepherdess, i. 1. 



v. 328—349. 



BOOK I. 



v. 35o—375. 



91 



Oh ! sure a goddess ! Art thou Phoebus' 

sister ? 
Of the Nymphs' race art one ? Propitious 

be, 
And, whosoe'er [thou art], our travail ease ; 
And underneath what clime at last, within 
What regions of the globe, we may be 

thrown, 
Do thou instruct us. Ignorant alike 
Of men and places, do we wander, driven 
By tempest hither, and by mountain waves. 
For thee shall many a sacrificial beast 492 
Before thy altars fall by our right hand." 
Then Venus : " Verily, I do not deem 
Myself deserving of such deep respect. 
With Tyrian maids the custom is to bear 
A quiver, and with purple buskin high 
To swathe the legs. Thou Punic realms 

dost see, 
The sons of Tyrus, and Agenor's town ; 
But Libyan are the lands, a race in war 
Ungovernable. Dido bears the sway 501 
Imperial, from the Tyrian city passed, 
Her brother flying. Tedious is her wrong, 
Its mazes tedious ; but I will pursue 
The points most prominent of her affairs. 
Her consort was Sychaeus, in his land 
The richest of Phoenicians, and beloved 
With deep affection of his hapless [spouse] ; 
To whom her father had [the damsel] given 
Unsullied, and with virgin omens yoked. 
But Tyrus' sovereignty her brother held — 
Pygmalion — in his guilt before all else 512 
A greater monster ; between whom arose 
Mad anger in the midst. That godless 

[wretch] — 
[E'en] at the altar's front, and blind with 

love 
Of gold, — Sychaeus, off his guard, 



" A certain touch, or air, 
That sparkles a divinity beyond 
An earthly beauty." 

Ben Jonson, The Alchemist, iv. 1. 
494. " Thereat she blushing said : ' Ah ! gentle 

Squire, 
Nor goddesse I, nor angell ; but the mayd 
And daughter of a woody nymphe.' " 

Faerie Queene, iii, 5, 36. 
499. Notwithstanding Wagner's view of genus, 
v. 339, the popular opinion seems to be right. The 
effort to relieve the word of an awkwardness in 
apposition gives a strained and disjointed appear- 
ance to the construction, an evil which would appear 
to be worse than the other. 

507. There does not seem to have been in his 
case any 

" Strife 
Of pity and fury ; but the gold 
Made pity faint, and fury bold." 
Middleton, The Mayor of Queenborough, ii. 1. 
510. " The miserable have 

No other medicine, but only hope." 

Shakespeare, Measure for Measure, iii. 1. 



In secret overpowers with the sword, 
Regardless of his sister's loves. And long 
He masked the deed, and he, the miscreant, 
Pretending many [a counterfeit], beguiled 
The heart-sick lover with a hollow hope. 
But in her slumbers rose the very ghost 
Of her unburied husband. Lifting up 523 
His features, in a wondrous fashion wan, 
He bared the bloody altars, and a breast 
Pierced thro' and thro' with steel, and of 

her home 
Unravelled all the hidden guilt. Then flight 
To speed, and from her country to with- 
draw, 
He counsels ; and, as aidance for the route, 
Old treasures he unbosoms from the earth, 
An unknown weight of silver and of gold. 
By these [disclosures] roused, her flight and 

mates 532 

Dido prepared. Assemble they, in whom 
Or ruthless hatred of the despot dwelt, 
Or terror keen. [Some] ships, which were 

by chance 
Equipped, they seize and freight with 

gold : the wealth 
Of miserly Pygmalion o'er the main 
Is borne : — a woman leader of the feat. 
They reached the spots, where thou dost 

now perceive 
The giant walls, and rising citadel 540 
Of infant Carthage ; and they purchased 

ground, — 
([Called] Byrsa from the title of the act,) 
What they could girdle round with [one] 

bull's-hide. 
But, pray you, who are ye, or from what 

coasts 
Have ye arrived, or whither hold your 

route ?" 
To her, in such inquiring, sighing he, 
And from his deep of bosom heaving voice : 
11 O goddess, if from their primeval source 
Retracing them, I should proceed, and thou 
Wert free to hear the records of our toils, 
Eve first in cloistered heav'n would lull the 

day. 551 

Us from time-honored Troy (if thro' your 

ears 

519. " Their best conscience 

Is, not to leave 't undone, but keep 't unknown." 

Shakespeare, Othello, iii. 3. 

522. " Darkness itself 

Will change night's sable brow into a sunbeam 

For a discovery." 

Middleton, The Spanish Gipsy, ii. 2. 

" Other sins only speak : murder shrieks out." 

Webster, The Duchess of Malfi, iv. 2. 

539. Nunc cernes is rather a startling lection to 
j the reader of Virgil. There is good authority for 
j cernis, which is far preferable. 



9 2 



v. 376—395- 



THE AlNEID. 



v. 395—412. 



The name of Troy hath peradventure 

passed), 
Borne over severed seas, by chance its own, 
A storm hath drifted on the Libyan coasts. 
I am the good ^Eneas, who my gods, 
Reft from the foeman, carry in my fleet 
With me, by fame beyond the sky re- 
nowned. 
I Italy seek, my country, and a race 
From highest Jove [derived]. With twice 
ten ships 560 

Upon the sea of Phrygia I embarked, 
My goddess-mother pointing out my path, 
Pursuing oracles vouchsafed : scarce seven, 
Rent by the waves and eastern blast, sur- 
vive. 
Myself unknown, in want, thro' Libya's 

wilds 
Roam on, from Europe and from Asia 
driven." 
Nor brooking his outpouring further 
plaints, 
Thus Venus interposed amid his grief : 
" Whoe'er thou art, not hated, [as] I deem, 
Of heav'nly pow'rs, thou draw'st the breath 
of life — 570 

[Thou], who at Tyrus' city hast arrived. 
Do thou but go thy way, and from this spot 
Betake thee to the portals of the queen. 
For I to thee announce thy mates returned, 
And fleet restored, e'en wafted to [a port] 
Of safety by the shifted northern gales ; — 
Unless to bootless end the augur's art 
Have my mistaken parents taught. Be- 
hold 
[Those] twice six swans, exulting in a troop ; 
Whom, swooping from the empyrean clime, 
Jove's bird was troubling in the open sky : 

579. In this troublesome comparison, which has 
given rise to various conjectures, it would seem 
pretty certain that capere terras refers to portion 
tetiet, and despectare capias to subit ostia. The 
views generally taken seem either to be strained, or 
to fail in parallelism. May not despectare refer to 
the vessels in the rear, who were contemplating 
those ahead of them already in port ? Some of the 
swans had alighted, while the others were looking 
down on them in their stations on the ground. 
This is the view attempted to be expressed in the 
version. 

Marston employs a similar image for another, and 

more natural purpose : 

" Then looke as when a faulcon towres aloft 

Whole shoales of foule, and flockes of lesser birds 
Crouch fearefully, and dive, some among sedge, 
Some creepe in brakes ; so Massinissa's sword, 
Brandisht aloft, tost 'bout his shining caske, 
Made stoop whole squadrons." 

Sophonisba, ii. 2. 

581. So Milton, P. L. y b. xi. : 

" The bird of Jove, stoop'd from his aery tour, 
Two birds of gayest plume before him drove." 



Now in a lengthful rank they either seem 
To take their grounds, or gaze adown on 

those 583 

Already taken. As, on their return, 
They are disporting with their whirring 

wings, 
And in a bevy have begirt the heavens, 
And uttered forth their songs : not other- 
wise 
Thy ships alike, and flower of thy [friends], 
Or hold the haven, or with canvas full 
Its mouth are ent'ring. Only go thy way, 
And where the path conducts thee steer 

thy step." 591 

She spake ; and, turning off, she flashed 

[a sheen] 
Back from her carmine neck, and from her 

head 
Ambrosial tresses heav'nly perfume 

breathed ; 
Her garment to her foot-soles wimpled 

down, 
And in her gait the goddess stood confessed. 
When he his mother knew, with such ad- 
dress 
Did he pursue her, as she takes her flight : 
"For what dost thou, thou heartless too, 

so oft 
With phantom spectres make thy son a 

sport ? 600 

Why not vouchsafed to link right hand to 

right, 
And real words to hear and speak in turn ?" 
In such he chides, and towards the walls 

his step 
Directs. But Venus, as they pace along, 
Bescreened them in an atmosphere of 

gloom, 
And with a thick investiture of mist 



592. Parnell finely describes the companion of the 
Hermit turning into an angel : 

" But scarce his speech began, 
When the strange partner seem'd no longer man ; 
His youthful face grew more serenely sweet ; 
His robe turn'd white, and flow'd upon his feet ; 
Fair rounds of radiant points invest his hair ; 
Celestial odours breathe through purpled air ; 
And wings, whose colours glitter'd on the day, 
Wide at his back their gradual plumes display. 
The form ethereal bursts upon his sight, 
And moves in all the majesty of light." 

The Hermit. 

The passage may call to mind Milton's descrip- 
tion of Eve : 
" Grace was in all her steps, Heav'n in her eye, 

In every gesture dignity and love." P. L., b. 8. 

Was Chaucer in Milton's mind ? — 
" Lo, truely they written, that her seien, 
That Paradis stood formed in her eien 
And with her riche beauty evermore 
Strove love in her, aie which of hem was more." 
Troilus and Cress eide, st. 117. 



v. 412—444- 



BOOK I. 



v. 444—466. 



93 



The goddess compassed them, lest any 

might 
Avail to see them, or to touch, or plan 
Delay, or reasons of their coming ask. 
Herself to Paphos borne aloft departs, 610 
And blithesome visits her own seats again ; 
Where to her [honor stands] a fane, and 

glow 
A hundred altars with Sabsean cense, 
And [fragrance] breathe from girlonds 
fresh [ly culled]. 
Meanwhile they seized the way where 
points the path. 
And now they scaled the hill, which beetles 

huge 
The city o'er, and at the facing towers 
Peers from above. ^Eneas marvels at the 

pile, 
Erst Punic cabins ; marvels at the gates, 
And at the din, and pavements of the 
streets. 620 

The Tyrians hotly ply. Some stretch the 

walls, 
And rear the citadel, and with their hands 
Uproll the stones ; some fix upon a site 
For homestead, and with furrow shut it in. 
They statutes [pass], and magistrates elect, 
And senate held in rev'rence ; others here 
The harbors excavate ; here others lay 
The deep foundations of a theatre, 
And giant pillars from the rocks hew out, 
The lofty garniture for coming scenes. 630 
Such toil, as 'neath the sun employs the 

bees, 
In early summer in the bloomy fields, 
When they the full-grown offspring of the 

race 
Lead forth, or when they fluid honeys pack, 
And with the luscious nectar puff the cells ; 
Or burdens of [the workers] coming in 
Receive, or, in battalion formed, the 

drones, 
A lazy cattle, banish from the cribs : 
Work glows, and scented honeys smell of 

thyme. 
" O happy ye, whose walls already rise !" 
Exclaims yEneas, and he gazes up 641 
Upon the city-heights. He moves him on, 
Fenced in with cloud (a marvel to be told), 
Among the midst, and mingles with the 

men, 
Nor is perceptible to any [eye]. 

A grove in centre of the city stood, 
In shadow full luxuriant, in which spot 
At first, by surges and tornado tossed, 
The Carthaginians dug an omen forth, 
Which had the queenly Juno pointed out — 



A sprightly courser's head ; — for in this 

way 65 1 

[Was it foretokened] that the race would 

prove 
Matchless in war and fruitful in resource, 
Throughout [all] ages. Here a vasty fane 
To Juno the Sidonian Dido reared, 
In gifts and godhead of the goddess rich ; 
Upon the steps whereof bronze thresholds 

rose, 
And, linked with bronze, the timbers ; 

creaked the hinge 
With folding-doors of bronze. 'Twas in 

this grove 
A novel feature soothed their first alarm ; 
Here first ^Eneas safety dared to hope, 661 
And better trust in his distressed estate. 
For while he pores o'er every single [sight] 
'Neath the vast temple, waiting for the 

queen ; 
While, what [kind] fortune on the city 

rests, 
And at the works of artists each with each 
And toil of tasks, he marvels — he beholds 
The fights of Ilium in their course [por- 
trayed], 
And wars, already all throughout the globe 
Bruited abroad by rumor ; Atreus' sons, 
And Priam, and Achilles, fell to both. 671 
He paused, and weeping: "Now what 

spot," he cries, 
" Achates, what the country on the earth, 
That is not of our suff 'ring full ? Lo, 

Priam ! 
E'en here for merit are its own rewards ; 
Tears are there for misfortunes, and the soul 
[The woes] of mortals touch. Dismiss thy 

fears ; 
To thee will this renown bring some relief." 
In such wise speaks he, and his fancy feeds 
With th' empty portrait, heaving many a 
groan, 680 

And with a plenteous flow bedews his face. 
For he beheld how Pergamus around 



631. Sec notes on Geo. iv. 79, and 213, &c. 



653. Few expressions in all Virgil's works have 
given more trouble to the commentators than 
facilem victu. Trapp very innocently wishes that 
he never had written it, and seems to be a little 
ashamed of his idolised author for having done so. 
His own interpretation supplies an excellent and 
consistent sense ; but few scholars will be found to 
endure his giving an active signification to a passive 
supine. It is better to regard the word as a sub- 
stantive, being thus used in connection vivih. facilem 
by Virgil himself in Geo. ii. v. 460. See JEn., 
iii. 540. 

658. The " timbers ;" :'. e., the " door-posts." 
668. " Your brave gilt house, my lord, your 

honour's hangings, 
Where all your ancestors, and all their battles, 
Their silk and golden battles, are deciphered." 
J. Fletcher, The Loyal Subject, ii. 1. 



94 



v. 4 67- 



THE JENEID. 



v. 489 — 516. 



The battling Greeks were flying here; 

Troy's youth 
Were hot pursuing ; there the Phrygians 

[fled], 
On pressed the plumed Achilles in his car. 
Nor hence afar, with canvas white as snow, 
The tents of Rhcetus does he recognise, 
A- weeping, which in maiden sleep betrayed, 
The bloody son of Tydeus made a waste 
With butchery immense, and drove aloof 
His fiery coursers to the camp, ere they 
Had tasted of the provender of Troy, 692 
And drank the Xanthus. In another part 
The flying Troilus, with loss of arms — 
Ill-fated youth ! and not a match when joined 
In duel with Achilles ! — by his steeds 
Is borne, and to the empty chariot cleaves 
Upon his back, the reins engrasping still ; 
And neck and locks are trailed along the 

earth, 
And with inverted spear the dust is scored. 
Meanwhile were pacing onward to the fane 
Of Pallas — not their friend— the Trojan 
dames 7° 2 

With streaming tresses, and her Robe they 

bare 
Inprayerfulfashionsad,and with their breasts 
Struck by their hands : the goddess, turned 

aloof, 
Her eyes kept riveted upon the ground. 
Thrice had Achilles round the Ilian walls 
Dragged Hector, and his breathless corse 

for gold 
Was selling. Then he sooth a heavy groan 
Draws from his bosom's depth, when spoils, 
when cars, 7 IQ 

And when the very body of his friend, 
And Priam, stretching forth unweaponed 

hands, 
He viewed. Himself he also recognized, 
Mingled among the chieftains of the Greeks ; 



683. " There is a thousand Hectors in the field : 
Now here he fights on Galathe his horse, 
And there lacks work ; anon, he's there afoot, 
And there they fly, or die, like scaled sculls 
Before the belching whale ; then is he yonder, 
And there the strawy Greeks, ripe for his edge, 
Fall down before him, like the mower's swath : 
Here, there, and every where, he leaves, and 

takes ; 
Dexterity so obeying appetite, 
That what he will, he does ; ; anddoes so mucn, 
That proof is call'd impossibility." 

Shakespeare, Troilus and Cressida, v. 5. 

687. Shakespeare alludes to this event in 3 

Ilenry VI., iv. 2 : 

" Our scouts have found the adventure very easy : 
That as Ulysses, and stout Diomede, 
With slight and manhood stole to Rhcesus' tents, 
And brought fromthencetheThracian fatal steeds; 
So we, well cover'd with the night's black mantle, 
At unawares may beat down Edward's guard." 



And th' Eastern lines, and swarthy Mem- 

non's arms. 
Leads files of Amazons with moony shields 
Penthesilea frantic, and amidst 
Her thousand [squadrons] is she all ablaze, 
Her golden sashes clasping on beneath 
A pap projecting, — [she,] the warrior ess ! 
And dares, a maiden, to engage with men. 
While these by Dardan-sprung /Eneas, — 
[scenes], 722 

To claim his wonder, — are beheld ; while 
he 
j Is senseless-struck, and, rooted [to the spot], 
j In one fixed gaze is clinging, to the fane 
; Queen Dido, in her beauty passing fair, 
j Advanced, a mighty retinue of youths 
Close-thronging. Such as on Eurotas' 

banks, 
Or through the brows of Cynthus, Dian plies 
The dances, whom, a thousand mountain- 
nymphs 730 
Attending, this and that side circle round. 
Her quiver she upon her shoulder bears, 
And, pacing, all the goddesses outtops ; 
Delights thrill thro' Latona's silent breast. 
Such Dido was ; such, blithe, she moved 

her on 
Among the midst, intent upon her task, 
And future realm. Then at the goddess' 

gates, 
Amid the temple's vault, she, fenced with 

arms, 
And on a throne high cushioned, took her 
seat. 739 

She was dispensing to her subjects rights 
And laws, and dealing evenly their toil 
Of tasks in portions fair, or these by lot 
Was drawing, when .Eneas suddenly 
Sees Antheus, and Sergestus, and the brave 
Cloanthus, drawing nigh with throng im- 
mense, 
And others of the Teucri, whom o'er sea 
The inky hurricane had wide dispersed, 
And carried far away to other coasts. 
At once he was amazed himself, at once 
Achates both with joy and fear was thrilled. 
In eagerness they burned to link right 
hands; 751 

But their uncertain state disturbs their 

minds. 
They keep disguised, and by the hollow cloud 



717 



I'll take to me 



The spirit of a man, borrow his boldness, 
And force my woman's fears into a madness." 
J. Fletcher, The Island Princess, iii. 3. 

726. " A miracle ! 

I mean of goodness ; for, in beauty, madam, 
You make all wonders cease." 

Dryden, All for Lcn'C, \\. 1. 



v. 516—541. 



BOOK I. 



v. 541—562. 



95 

Our setting foot upon the foremost shore. 
If ye the race of man, and mortal arms 
Disdain, yet look for gods that mind [the 

deeds] 
Of right and wrong. ^Eneas was our king, 
Than whom none else more upright [lived], 
Nor greater was in piety, or war 
And arms; which hero if the Weirds preserve, 
If he is feeding on the breath of heaven, 
Nor yet reposes with the grisly ghosts, 
No fear there is, lest it should thee repent 
That thou had'st been the foremost to 

compete 800 

In courtesy. [We] likewise cities have 
Within the bourns of Sic'ly, aye and fields, 
And famed Acestes from the blood of Troy. 
Be it allowed our tempest-shattered fleet 
To draw ashore, and timbers in the woods 
To fit, and oars to dress ; if it is deigned 
For Italy, with mates and king restored, 
To steer ; that Italy and Latium we 
In joy may seek. But if our safety all 
Is reft away, and thee, most worthy sire 
Of Teucri, doth the sea of Libya hold, 81 1 
Nor hope of our lulus now remains, — 
Still to the straits of Sicily at least, 
And to our settlements prepared, where- 

from 
We have been carried hither, and to king 
Acestes, [grant] we may jepair." In such 
Ilioneus : together all at once 
The Dardans muttered with their voice 

[assent]. 
Then briefly Dido, downcast in her look, 
Speaks forth: "Alarm dismiss ye from 

your heart, 820 



792. " The eagle frowned, and shook his royal 
wings, 

And charged the fly 
From hence to hie : 
Afraid, in haste the little creature flings, 

Yet seeks again, 
Fearful, to perk him by the eagle's side : 

With moody vein, 
The speedy post of Ganymede replied : 
' Vassal, avaunt ! or with my wings you die : 
Is't fit an eagle seat him with a fly?' " 
R. Greene, Menafhon's Roundelay. See note 
on line 820. 

Ben Jonson thus winds up his tragedy oiSejanus : 

" Let this example move the insolent man, 
Not to grow proud and careless of the gods. 
It is an odious wisdom to blaspheme, 
Much more to slighten, or deny their powers : 
For whom the morning saw so great and high, 
Thus low and little 'fore the even doth lie." 

816. Liccat, v. 551, is still understood. 

820. " The fly craved pity ; still the eagle frowned : 

The silly fly, 

Ready to die, 
Disgraced, displaced, fell grovelling to the ground : 



Enveloped, watch what chance [befalls] 

the men ; 
Upon what shore the fleet they leave ; why 

come : 
For deputies from all the galleys went, 
Entreating favor, and amid a shout 
The temple sought. As soon as entered in, 
And in the presence of '[the queen] was 

deigned 
The liberty of speech, with gentle breast 
Ilioneus their chieftain thus began : 761 
" O queen, to whom hath Jove vouch- 
safed to build 
A city new, and haughty hordes to curb 
In equity, we wretched sons of Troy, 
By tempests carried over every sea, 
Beseech thee, — from our vessels bid avaunt 
Their cursed blazes, spare a holy race, 
And take a nearer view of our estate. 
We come not, either with the sword to 

waste 769 

The household-gods of Libya, or to turn 
The booties rifled from you to the shores : 
[Dwells] no such violence within our soul, 
Nor such high insolence in conquered men. 
There is a spot, — ' Hesperia ' do the 

Greeks 
By name entitle it, — an ancient land, 
Puissant in arms and richness of its soil : 
OZnotrian swains inhabited it [erst] ; 
Now rumor [tells] that moderns ' Italy ' 
Have called the nation from their leader's 
_. name. 779 

Our course was hithenvard, when in a trice 
Uprising from the billow, rife in storm, 
Orion flung us upon viewless shoals, 
And far with wanton Austers e'en thro' 

waves, — 
Salt ocean mast' ring, — and through wayless 

rocks, 
Dispersed us. Hither to your coasts we few 
Have floated on. What race of men is this ? 
Or what so wild a country tolerates 
This usage ? From a hostelry of sand 
Are we debarred ; wars wake they, and 

forbid 789 

782. " When with fierce winds Orion arm'd 
Hath vex'd the Red Sea coast." 

Milton, P. L., b. i. 

" The roughening deep expects the storm, as sure 
As red Orion mounts the shrouded heaven." 

Armstrong, Health, b. iii. 
789. " The air's as free for a fly as an eagle." 

Ben Jonson, The New Inn, ii. 2. 
" A handful of poor naked men we are, 
Thrown on your coast, whose arms are only 

prayer, 
That you would not be more unmerciful 
Than the rough seas, since they have let us live 
To find your charity." 

Shirley, St. Patrick/or Ireland, i. 1. 



9 6 



v. 562—579. 



THE ALNEID. 



v - 579 — 600. 



O Teucer's sons, solicitudes shut out. 
My painful state, and infancy of realm, 
Such measures force me to devise, and wide 
My frontiers with a sentry to defend. 
Who knows not th' kneads' race ? Troy's 

city who ? 
Their gallantry alike and gallant men, 
Or conflagrations of so great a war ? 
Not breasts so blunted do we Tyrians bear, 
Nor yokes the Sun his coursers, turned 

aloof 
So far from Tyrus' city. Whether ye 830 
The great Hesperia and Saturnian fields, 
Or Eryx' bourns and king Acestes, choose, 
Safe through my succor I will you dismiss, 
And aid you with my means. And do ye 

list 
On equal terms with me to settle down 
In these my realms? — The city which I 

build is yours ; 
Draw up your ships ; the child of Troy 

and Tyre 
With no distinction shall by me be used. 
And would to heav'n your king himself 

were here, — 
vEneas, driven by the selfsame blast ! 840 
Assuredly throughout the shores true men 
Will I despatch, and Libya's utmost bounds 
Bid them examine, if a castaway 
In any of its woods or towns he roams." 
By these her words excited in their 

soul, 



The eagle saw, 
And with a royal mind said to the fly : 

' Be not in awe ; 
I scorn by me the meanest creature die ; 
Then seat thee here.' The joyful fly up flings, 
And sat safe-shadowed with the eagle's wings." 

R. Greene, Menaphon's Roundelay. See note 
on line 792. 

834. If the hypothetical idea contained in seu and 
sive is to be continued in vultis et, of which con- 
struction there are many examples, the translation 
must be altered thus : 

" And if you list 
On equal terms with me to settle down 
In these my realms, the city which I build 
Is yours." 

" Come in, then, take possession of your own : 
My lands, my house, my goods, and all is your's." 
Webster, The Weakest goeth to the Wall, iv. 2. 
The Trojans might safely have said : 

" Do your pleasure, Sir : 
Beggars must not be choosers." 
Beaumont and Fletcher, The Honest Man's For- 
tune, v. 3. 

840. Notus here must mean a strong wind in 
general, as the south wind would drive them from 
and not to Africa. 
842. "A century send forth ; 

Search every acre in the high-grown field, 

And bring him to our eye." 

Shakespeare, King Lear, iv. 4. 



Alike the brave Achates, and the sire 
^Eneas, now were burning long ere this 
To burst away the cloud. Achates first 
/Eneas [thus] accosts : " O goddess-born, 
What thought is now arising in thy mind ? 
All safe thou see'st, thy fleet and mates 

restored. 85 1 

One absent is, whom we ourselves saw 

whelmed 
Amid the billow : to thy mother's words 
All else replies." He scarce had spoken 

these, 
When suddenly the mantling cloud itself 
Asunder splits, and melts to open air. 
Still stood ^Eneas, and in crystal sheen 
Gleamed forth, in face and shoulders like 

a god. 
For on her son his mother had herself 
Becoming locks, and blooming light of 

youth, 860 

And in his eyes her sprightly graces, 

breathed : 
Such beauty as to iv'ry hands impart ; 
Or when is silver, or the Parian stone, 
In yellow gold encased around. Then thus 
The queen does he accost, and, unforeseen 
By all, upon a sudden he exclaims : 
" I, whom ye seek, am in your presence 

here, 
Trojan ./Eneas, snatched from Libyan 

waves. 
O [lady], who alone hast pity felt 
For Troy's unutterable woes ; who us, 
A remnant from the Greeks, now wearied 

out 870 

By all the hazards both of land and sea, 
In want of all things, in thy city, home, 
Thy partners makest ! throughly thee to 

pay 

857. " Not great vEneas stood in plainer day, 
When, the dark mantling mist dissolved away, 
He to the Tyrians show'd his sudden face, 
Shining with all his goddess mother's grace : 
For she herself had made his countenance bright, 
Breathed honour on his eyes, and her own purple 

light." 

Dryden, Britannia Rediviva, 128-133. 

858. " Not Lollia Paullina, nor those blazing stars, 
Which make the world the apes of Italy, 

Shall match thyself in sun-bright splendency." 
Machin, The Dumb Knight, i. 1. 
869. " Dearest lady, 

Great in your fortune, greater in your goodness, 

Make a superlative in excellence, 

In being greatest in your saving mercy." 

Massinger, The Duke of Milan, iii. 3. 
" Her goodness does disdain comparison, 

And, but herself, admits no parallel." lb., iv. 3. 
873. " 'Tis I am poor, 

For I have not a stock in all the world 
Of so much dust, as would contrive one narrow 
Cabin to shroud a worm." 

Shirley, The Brothers, iv. 5. 



v. 6oi — 61! 



BOOK I. 



v. 618—644. 



97 



Meet thanks is not, Dido, in our power, 
Nor that of Dardan race, — where'er 'tis 

found 
In any spot, — which scattered is thro'out 
The mighty globe. O may the gods on 

thee 
(If any pow'rs of heav'n regard the good, 
If righteous dealing anywhere be aught, 
A soul, too, that is conscious to itself 881 
Of right,) the guerdons, thy desert, confer ! 
What so propitious ages gave thee birth ? 
What such high parents gendered such [a 

child] ? 
While rivers to the seas shall run, while 

shades 
Shall sweep the mountains' jutting sides, 

while heaven 
Shall feed the stars, [thy] glory and thy 

name, 887 

And praises aye shall last, whatever lands 
Call me." Thus having said, he clasps 
His friend Ilioneus with his right hand, 
And with his left Serestus ; then the rest j 
Brave Gyas also, and Cloanthus brave. 

Sidonian Dido was in wonder lost, 
First at the presence of the hero, next 
At his so striking fortune, and she thus 
Spake from her lip : ' ' What fortune, 

goddess-born, 
Pursues thee onward through such grievous 

risks ? 
What power drives thee to our savage 

coasts ? 
Art thou that [world-renowned] yEneas, 

whom 
To Dardan-sprung Anchises Venus boon 



875. " Would thou hadst less deserved, 

That the proportion both of thanks and payment 
Might have been more ! Only I have left to say 
More is thy due than more than all can pay." 

Shakespeare, Macbeth, i. 4. 
878. " But to those powers above, that can requite, 
That from their wasteless treasures heap rewards, 
More out of grace than merits, on us mortals, 
To those I'll ever pray, that they would give you 
More blessings than I have skill to ask." 

May, The Heir, iv. 
" Angels reward the goodness of this woman !" 
Massinger, The Duke of Milan, i. 3. 
881. " As high and hearty as youth's time of inno- 
cence, 
That never knew a sin to shape a sorrow by : 
1 feel no tempest, nor a leaf wind-stirring 
To shake a fault ; my conscience is becalmed." 

Middleton, A Game at Chess, iv. 1. 
" Every good deed sends back its own reward 

Into the bosom of the enterpriser." lb., i:i. 1. 
884. " Happy the parents of so fair a child !" 

Shakespeare, Taming of the Shrew, iv. 5. 
894. "There is a minute, 

When a man's presence speaks in his own cause, 
More than the tongues of twenty advocates." 
Massinger, The Fatal Dowry, i. 1. 



Bare at the wave of Phrygian Simois ? 901 
Yea sooth I call to mind that Teucer 

came 
To Sidon, banished from his country's 

bourns, 
New kingdoms seeking by the aid of Bel : 
Then Bel, my sire, was wasting Cyprus 

rich, 
And conq'ror holding it beneath his sway. 
From that time forward has to me been 

known 
The Trojan city's fortune, and thy name, 
And kings Pelasgic. He, thy foe, himself 
Was used with praise distinguished to extol 
The Teucri, and would have it he was 
sprung 911 

From th' ancient stock of Teucrians. Then 

come, 
O youths, advance ye underneath our roofs. 
Like fortune me, too, tossed through many 

a toil, 
Hath willed at last to settle on this land. 
Not unacquainted with misfortune, I 
The wretched learn to aid." Thus speaks 

she forth : 
At once ^Eneas to the royal roofs 
She leads ; at once within the fanes of gods 
A sacrifice enjoins. Nor less meanwhile 
She sends his mates on shore a score of 
bulls, 921 

A hundred bristly backs of burly swine, 
A hundred fatted lambkins with their dams, 
The gifts and merry-making of the god. 
But gorgeously with royal pomp the dome 
Within is furnished, and amid the halls 
The banquets they provide : — cloths 

wrought with skill, 
And haughty scarlet ; massy silver plate 
Upon the tables, and, embossed in gold, 
The brave achievements of her sires, a chain 
Of great occurrences, exceeding long, 931 
Extended thro' so many [gallant] men, 
From the commencement of her ancient 
race. 
vFneas (for a father's love his mind 
To be at rest allowed not), to the ships 

916. " One, too, acquainted with calamities, 
And from that apt to pity. Charity ever 
Finds in the act reward, and needs no trumpet 
In the receiver." 

J. Fletcher, The Sea Voyage, ii. 2. 

" I hate to leave my friend in his extremities." 

J. Fletcher, The Woman Hater, ii. 1. 

Gray, happily, of Virtue when schooled by 
Adversity : 

" Stern, rugged nurse ! thy rigid lore 
With patience many a year she bore : 
What sorrow was, thou bad'st her know, 
And from her own she learn'd to melt at others' 
woe." Hymn to Adversity. 

H 



9 3 



v. 644—673. 



THE JENEID. 



v. 674 — 700. 



Despatches fleet Achates in advance, 
These [tidings] to Ascanius to report, 
And to the town to lead [the youth] him- 
self : 
Stands [centred] in Ascanius every thought 
Of his fond parent. Presents, furthermore, 
Rescued from Ilium's wreck, he bids him 

bring ; — 941 

A kirtle stiff with figures and with gold, 
And, woven round with saffron-hued 

acanth, 
A veil, the Argive Helen's brave attire, 
Which from Mycenae she, when Pergamus 
She sought, and nuptials disallowed, had 

brought 
Away, her mother Leda's wondrous gift. 
Moreo'er, a sceptre, which Ilione, 
Of Priam's daughters eldest, erst had 

borne ; 
And for the neck a necklace strung with 

beads, 950 

And, double with its jewels and with gold, 
A diadem. Despatching these [behests], 
His journey to the ships Achates bent. 

But Cytherea machinations new, 
New schemes, is turning over in her breast ; 
That Cupid, changed in figure and in looks, 
Should in the place of sweet Ascanius come, 
And with the presents set the raging queen 
Afire, and in her bones inweave his flame ; 
Since sooth a house equivocal she fears, 
And Tynans double-tongued : fell Juno 

stings, 961 

And towards the night unrest returns again. 
She therefore in these words winged Love 

accosts : 
' ' O son, my strength, my mighty pow'r 

alone, 
O son, who bolts Typhaean of the highest 

sire 
Disdainest, I to thee for refuge fly, 
And humbly thy divinity entreat. 
How brother thine, ^Eneas, round all shores 
Is tossed upon the ocean, through the hate 
Of Juno the unjust, is known to thee, 970 
And in my grief thou oftentimes hast 

grieved. 
Him the Phoenician Dido entertains, 
And stays with luring accents ; and I dread 
What turn Junonian hospitage may take : 
In such a grave conjuncture of affairs 
She will not be at rest. On which account 
To trap the queen beforehand with my 

wiles, 
And with the flame to vest her, I design, 



961. " They shall find, 

That to a woman of her hopes beguiled, 
A viper trod on, or an aspic's mild." 

J. Fletcher, The Spanish Curate, iv. 



Lest she through any influence of heaven 
May change her [feelings], but in potent 
love 980 

For my ^Eneas may with me be chained. 
Now understand my notion [of the means], 
Whereby thou may'st be able to effect 
This [end]. The royal boy, my chief con- 
cern, 
At summons of his darling sire prepares 
To go to Sidon's city, bearing gifts, 
The remnants from the deep and flames of 

Troy. 
Him I, when drowsed in sleep, upon the 

high 
Cythera, or upon Idalia's [mount], 
Within my hallowed seat will hide away ; 
Lest he in any wise avail to learn 991 

My plots, or thwart them in the midst. 

Do thou 
His mien, for not beyond a single night, 
With cunning counterfeit, and, boy [thy- 
self], 
The well-known features of the boy assume ; 
That when shall Dido, in the height of 

bliss, 
Thee welcome to her bosom, in the midst 
Of royal banquets and Lysean juice ; 
When she shall grant embraces, and im- 
print 
Her luscious kisses, thou thy hidden fire 
May'st inly breathe, and dupe her with thy 
bane." 1001 

The words of his dear mother Love obeys, 
And doffs his wings, and in lulus' gait 
Rejoicing trips along. But Venus o'er 
Ascanius' limbs a stilly rest bedews, 
And, nestled in her breast, the goddess lifts 
[The sleeper] to Idalia's lofty groves, 
Where downy marjoram, exhaling [scent], 
Imbosoms him in flow'rs and balmy shade. 
And now, her word obeying, Cupid 
paced, 1010 

And to the Tyrians bore the royal gifts, 
Blithe, with Achates for a guide. When he 
Arrives, beneath a prideful canopy, 
The queen has just reposed her on a couch 
Of gold, and throned her in the midst. 

Now sire 
.Lneas, now too Troja's youth collect, 
And on the outspread purple all recline. 

1006. " Sleep, sleep, young angel ! 

My care shall wake about thee." 

Middleton, The Spanish Gipsy, iii. 3. 

" When Venus would her dear Ascanius keep 
A prisoner in the downy bands of sleep, 
She odorous herbs and flowers beneath him 
spread, 

As the most soft and sweetest bed ; 

Not her own lap would more have charmed his 

head." Cowley, The Garden. 



v. 7oi — 727- 



BOOK I. 



v. 727 — 746. 



99 



The serving-men give waters for their 

hands, 
And Ceres from the baskets fetch they 

forth, 
And towels bring with shaven nap. Within 
Handmaidens fifty, with whom rests the 

charge 102 1 

In long array the viands to dispose, 
And magnify the household-gods with fires; 
A hundred others, and as many youths 
Of service, matches in their age, with cates 
The boards to burden, and to set the cups. 
Yea, too, the Tyrians thro' the merry halls 
Together flocked in numbers, [e'en] en- 
joined 
Upon the broidered sofas to recline. 
They gaze in wonder at ^Eneas' gifts ; 
In wonder at lulus do they gaze, 103 1 

And at the glowing features of the god, 
And his feigned accents ; at the kirtle too, 
And veil, embroidered with the saffron- 

hued 
Acanthus. Chief of all, the hapless one, 
Abandoned to the coming plague, her soul 
Cannot have sated, and by gazing grows 
The hotter, — [she,] Phoenicia's dame, — and 

is alike 
Excited by the boy and by his gifts. 
When he upon yEneas's embrace 1040 

And neck has hung, and cloyed the mighty 

love 
Of his pretended sire, he seeks the queen. 
She with her eyes, with all her soul she 

hangs 
On him, and fonds him to her breast at 

times ; — 
[She,] Dido, — wareless what a potent god 
Was rooting down within her wretched self. 
But mindful of his Acidalian mother he 
By slow degrees Sychoeus to efface 
Begins, and by a living passion aims 
To prepossess affections, now long since 
At quiet, and a heart unused [to love]. 

As soon as in the banquet was a pause, 
And boards were cleared, huge wassail- 
bowls they set, 1053 
And crown the wine. A din throughout the 

courts 
Arises, and along the spacious halls 
Their voice they roll. Down burning 

cressets hang 
From gilded ceilings, and the night with 

flames 



1039. Or, perhaps : " deluded." 
1056. " From the arched roof, 

Pendent by subtle magic, many a row 
Of starry lamps and blazing cressets, fed 
With Naphtha and Asphaltus, yielded light 
As from a sky." Milton, /'. L., b. 1. 



Wax-torches overpower. Here the queen 
A bowl, with jewels weighty and with 

gold, 
Required, and brimmed it up with taintless 

wine, — 1060 

Which Bel, and all from Bel were wont [to 

brim]. 
Then silence was observed throughout the 

courts. 
" O Jove (for that thou grantest rights to 

guests 
They tell), that this a happy clay alike 
To Tyrians, and the voyagers from Troy, 
May prove, be it thy pleasure, and that this 
May our descendants in remembrance hold. 
Be present Bacchus, giver of delight, 
And Juno kind ; and Tyrians, O do ye 
The union solemnize in friendly mood." 
She said, and of the liquors spilled a gift 
Upon the board, and first, when spilled, 

[the rest] 1072 

She reached as far as to her tip of lip ; 
Then, rallying him, she it to Bitias gave. 
He, nothing slack, drained off the foaming 

bowl, 
And swilled him from the brimming gold. 

Next [drank] 
The other nobles. On his gilded lute 
The tressed Iopas warbles o'er [the lay], 
Which highest Atlas taught him. Chants 

this [bard] 
The rambling Moon and travails of the 

Sun ; 
Whence race of men, and flocks ; whence 

rain, and fires ; 108 1 

Arcturus, and the rainy Hyades, 
And twain Triones ; wherefore speed so 

fast 
To dip them in the ocean wintry Suns, 
Or what delay withstands the laggard 

nights. 

" As heaven with stars, the roof with jewels glows, 
And ever living lamps depend in rows." 

Pope, Temple of Fame. 

" Her room 
Outbraved the stars with several kinds of lights." 
Webster, Vittoria Corombofia, iii. 2. 
1075. "Did I not find thee gaping, like an oyster 
For a new tide? Thy very thoughts lie bare, 
Like a low ebb ; thy soul, that rid in sack, 
Lies moored for want of liquor." 

Beaumont and Fletcher, Bonduca, i. 2. 
1078. Bards in ancient times wore their hair very 
long. The reader may, perhaps, readily call to 
mind this element in the grand description of one 
of their number, in Gray's noble Ode: 
" Robed in the sable garb of woe, 
With haggard eyes the poet stood ; 
(Loose lu>, beard, and hoary hair 
Strcam'd, like a meteor, to the troubled air,) 
And with a master's hand, and prophet's fire, 
Struck the deep sorrows of his lyre." 

H 2 



LOFC. 



v. 747—749- 



THE &NEID. 



v. 749—756. 



Redouble with acclaim the men of Tyre, 
And Trojans second them. Yea too, the 

night 
"With diverse talk unhappy Dido eked, 

1086. The enthusiasm of his auditors, in so warmly 
clapping Iopas, shows that they would not have 
come under the lash of Lorenzo ; Shakespeare, 
Mercha?it of Venice, v. 1 : 

"Therefore the poet 
Did feign that Orpheus drew trees, stones, and 

floods ; 
Since nought so stockish, hard, and full of rage, 
But music for the time doth change his nature : 
The man that hath no music in himself, 
Nor is not mov'd with concord of sweet sounds, 
Is fit for treasons, stratagems, and spoils ; 
The motions of his spirit are dull as night, 
And his affections dark as Erebus : 
Let no such man be trusted." 



And deep[ly] drank [of] passion, as she asks 
Much about Priam, about Hector much ; 
Now, in what arms Aurora's son had come ; 
Now what were Diomedes' coursers ; now, 
How puissant was Achilles. " Nay then 

come, 1093 

And from the first commencement tell us, 

guest, 
The stratagems of Danai," — she cries, — 
"And hazards of thy [friends], and wan- 

d' rings thine ; 
For now the seventh summer wafts thee on, 
A roamer over every land and wave." 



389. " My ears, my greedy eyes, my thirsty soul, 
Drank gorging in the dear delicious poison, 
Till I was lost, quite lost." 

Smith, Phcedra and Hifipolytus, i. 1. 



BOOK II. 



All dropped to silence, and their faces kept 
[Firm fixed], on him attent. Then thus 

began 
The sire ^Eneas from his lofty throne : 
" Unspeakable, O queen, the grief thou 

bid'st 
Renew ; how Troja's wealth and piteous 

realm 
The Greeks uprooted, and those saddest 

[scenes], 
Which I myself have witnessed, and 

wherein 
A leading part I bore. Such [miseries] 
In telling, who of Myrmidons, or Dolopes, 
Or [who,] the soldier of Ulysses stern, 10 
Could keep from tears? And now the 

moistful night 
Posts downward from the sky, and setting 

stars 
Are urging slumbers. But if [thee enthrals] 

Line 2. "And Expectation, like the Roman eagle, 

Took stand, and called all eyes." 

J. Fletcher, The Prophetess, hi. 1. 
11. " Then, sighing soft awhile, at last she thus : 
O lamentable fall of famous towne, 
Which raignd so many yeares victorious, 
And of all Asia bore the soveraigne crowne, 
In one sad night consumd and throwen downe ! 
What stony hart, that heares thy haplesse fate, 
Is not empierst with deepe compassiowne, 
And makes ensample of mans wretched state, 
That floures so fresh at morne, and fades at evening 

late !" Spenser, F. Q„ iii, 9, 39- 

" My tears, like ruffling winds, locked up in caves, 

Do bustle for a vent." 

Ford, The Lovers Melancholy, v. 1. 
13. " For now the streaky light began to peep, 

And setting stars admonish'd both to sleep." 

Dryden, close of Hind and Panther. 



So strong a passion our mishaps to learn, 
And briefly hear of Troja's latest pang, 
Although my soul at recollection quails, 
And hath in woe recoiled, I will begin. 
" Worn out by war, and baffled by the 

fates, 
The chiefs of Danai, — so many years 
Now gliding past, — a horse of mountain- 
size 20 
By heav'nly handicraft of Pallas build, 
And overlay its ribs with plank of fir : 
An off 'ring they pretend for their return. 
That rumor spreads. Herein the chosen 

frames 
Of heroes, culling them by lot, in stealth 
Do they imprison in its darksome side, 
And throughly its colossal vaultages, 
And womb, with weaponed soldiery they 

fill. 
" Within the view lies Tenedos, an isle 
Full widely known by rumor, rich in 

wealth, . 30 

While Priam's realm endured, now but a 

bay, 
And post of lame dependance for the ships. 
Transported hither, on the lonely beach 
They masked themselves. We deemed 

that they had gone, 
And with the breeze had for Mycenae made. 
All Teucria therefore from her lengthened 

woe 
Herself releases ; opened are the gates ; 
It joys to go and view the Doric camp, 

16. " Remembrance wakes with all her busy train, 
Swells at my breast, and turns the past to pain." 
Goldsmith, Deserted Village. 



v. 28 — 48. 



BOOK II 



v. 48—73. 



And spots forsaken, and a quitted shore. 
Here the Dolopians' hosts, here pitched 
[his tent] 40 

The fell Achilles ; for their galleys here 
The station ; here in battailous array- 
To combat were they wont. Some stand 

amazed 
At unespoused Minerva's deathful gift, 
And marvel at the hugeness of the horse. 
And first Thymoetes moves that it be 

brought 
Inside the walls, and in the castle lodged ; 
Whether in guile, or now the fates of Troy 
Decreed it so. But Capys and [the rest], 
Within whose mind a sounder judgment 
[dwelt], 50 

Or in the sea the ambush of the Greeks, 
And their mistrusted off 'rings, bid to fling, 
And burn them up with blazes underlaid ; 
Or of the womb the vaulted lurking-holes 
To bore and probe. The commons, un- 
resolved, 
Into conflicting sentiments is split. 

" There first ahead of all, with throng 
immense 
Attending him, Laocoon, afire, 
Down from the summit of the castle runs ; 
And from afar : ' O wretched citizens, 60 
What such wild frenzy [this] ? Do ye 

believe 
Our foes withdrawn ? Or think ye any gifts 
Of Grecians are devoid of craft ? Is thus 
Ulysses known? Or, prisoned in this wood, 
Achaeans are concealed, or this is framed 
An engine 'gainst our walls, to overpeer 
Our homes, and on the city from on high 
To pounce ; or lurking lies some trick. 
The horse 

44. It is very stiff to make Minerva, v. 31, the 
dative case ; nor is it at all according to the usage 
of Virgil, who continually uses the genitive under 
such circumstances; e.g., Templum conjugis an- 
tiqui, A£n. iv. 457. See also y£"«. xi. 4, Vota 
Deum. 

53. It is not meant that the same individuals re- 
commended destruction both by water and fire ; 
but that, of those who advocated the total de- 
struction of the horse, some proposed the one and 
some the other ; or, if this should not be consented 
to, at least terebrare et tentare, &c. This explains 
the use of que, for which if ve be read, an awkward 
uncertainty results from the use of the following 
aut. 

66. "The prince's espials have informed me, 

How the English, in the suburbs close intrench'd, 

Wont, through a secret grate of iron bars 

In yonder tower, to overpeer the city ; 

And thence discover, how, with most advantage, 

They may vex us with shot, or with assault." 

Shakespeare, 1 Henry VI., i. 4. 

68. "There is a devilish cunning 

Expressed in this black forgery." 

Webster, Appius and Virginia, iii. 2. 



Trust not, O Trojans ! whatsoe'er that be, 
I dread the Grecians, even bringing gifts.' 
Thus having spoken, his prodigious spear 
With lusty pow'rs upon the monster's side, 
And on its paunch, with joinings arched, 
he hurled. 73 

It quiv'ring stood, and from the womb 

convulsed 
The vaults rang hollow, and gave forth a 

groan. 
And if the gods' decrees, if reason not 

obtuse, 
Had been [our blessed lot], he had enforced 
The marring of th' Argolic shrouds with 

steel ; 
And, Troy, thou would'st be standing now, 

and thou, 
O Priam's stately castle, would'st remain. 
"Behold, meanwhile, a stripling, with 
his hands 81 

Pinioned behind his back, with lusty shout 
Were Dardan shepherds haling to the king; 
Who had, a stranger, of his free accord 
Himself presented to them as they came, 
That he this very [plot] might carry out, 
And open Troja to Achaia's sons ; — 
Self-confident in spirit, and prepared 
For either issue, — or to work his wiles, 
Or fall before indubitable death. 90 

From every quarter, in the zeal to see, 
Poured round, the youth of Troja tides 

amain, 
And vie in making of the prisoner sport. 
Now hear the stratagems of Danai, 
And from a single outrage learn them all. 
For when amid our gaze, confused, un- 
armed, 
He stood, and with his eyes the Phrygian 

hosts 
Beheld around : ' Ah ! now what land,' 

he cries, 
'What seas can welcome me? Or what 

doth now 
For hapless me at last remain, for whom 
With Greeks no further is there any place ; 
Yea, too, the very Dardans in their rage 
Vengeance with blood demand ?' By which 
his moan 103 

Our minds were wholly changed, and all 
assault 



100. " Your melancholy mole is happy now ; 
He fears no officers, but walks invisible. 
Would I were chamber-fellow to a worm ! 
The rooks have princely lives that dwell upon 
The tops of trees ; the owls and bats are gentlemen, 
They fly, and fear no warrants ; every hare 
Outruns the constable ; only poor man, 
By nature slow and full of phlegm, must stay, 
And stand the cursed law." 

Shirley, The Imposture, v. 4. 



v. 74—93- 



THE jENEID. 



v. 94—115- 



Was stifled. We encourage him to speak : 
From what blood sprung, or what he brings, 

to say, 
Where his reliance as a pris'ner rests. 
He these, — alarm at last discarded, — 
speaks : 
" ' Yea all to thee, O king, whate'er 
result, 
Will I, ' saith he, ' acknowledge in their 
truth; no 

Nor that I am of Argive race disown. 
This first : nor if hath Fortune Sinon 

shaped 
A wretch, shall she, unscrupulous, beside 
Shape him a hollow and a lying [knave]. 
If haply in discourse hath reached thine ears 
Such name as that of Palamede, from Bel 
Descended, and his rumor-noised renown, 
Whom the Pelasgi, 'neath a baseless charge, 
Unguilty under evidence accursed, 
Since he discountenanced their wars, sent 
down 1 20 

To death : — they mourn him now when reft 

of light :— 
Me as his comrade, e'en by link of blood 
Allied, a needy father, hither sent 
To warfare from its earliest date. While 

he 
Stood firmly in his puissance unimpaired, 
And flourished in the cabinets of kings, 
We, too, both some repute and dignity 
Have borne. As soon as through the jea- 
lous hate 130 
Of cozening Ulysses, — [matters] not un- 
known 
I speak, — from upper regions he withdrew, 
Heart-broken, I my life in gloom and grief 
Dragged out, and inly with resentment 

viewed 
The downfall of my unoffending friend ; 

107. Or : " We encourage him to tell 

From what blood sprung, or [message] what he 

brings, 
To say what meant his confidence when caught." 

113. " I am unfortunate, but not ashamed 

Of being so : No ! let the guilty blush." 

Southern, Oroonoko, i. 2. 
" What ! because we are poor 
Shall we be vicious ?" 

Webster, Vittoria Corombona, i. 2. 
" To seem to be, and not be what I seem, 
Are things my honest nature understands not." 
Dryden, Cleomenes, iii. r. 

130. Or : "jealousy." 

131. " I could so roll my pills in sugared syllables, 
And strew such kindly mirth o'er all my mischief, 
They took their bane in way of recreation." 

Middleton, A Game at Chess, i. 1. 
" Of all wild beasts preserve me from a tyrant, 
And of all tame a flatterer." 

Ben Jonson, Sejanus, i. 2. 



Nor held my peace, — a madman ! — yea I 

vowed 
That I, if any chance allowed, if e'er 
To my paternal Argos I returned 
A conqueror, would his avenger prove ; 
And by my words a bitter hate aroused. 
Hence [fell] on me misfortune's earliest 

blight ; 
Hence ever used Ulysses to alarm 140 

With fresh impeachments ; hence he used 

to strew 
Equivocal expressions through the mob, 
And seek in complot means of [harm] ; 

nor, sooth, 
He rested till, with Calchas for a tool, — 
But yet why these distasteful truths do I 
In vain unfold ? Or wherefore you detain ? 
If all Achaeans in one rank ye hold, 
And this it is enough to hear, at once 
Take vengeance : this the Ithacan would 

wish, 
And Atreus' sons at heavy cost would buy.' 
" But then we burn to question, and to 
seek 151 

The reasons, unaware of villainies 
So deep, and craft Pelasgic. Quaking he 
Proceeds, and from a traitor-bosom speaks : 
" ' Oft longed the Danai their flight to 
plan, 
Troy left behind, and with the lengthened 

war 
Outwearied, to retire ; — and would to 

heaven 
That they had done so ! Often shut them in 
A felon storm of ocean ; Auster, too, 
Alarmed them on their setting out. In 
chief, 160 

When now this horse stood framed with 

maple beams, 
All thro' the welkin thundered squalls of rain. 
We, poised in doubt, Eurypylus despatch, 
Who Phoebus' oracles consults, and he 

136. " Wrath covered carries fate : 

Revenge is lost if I profess my hate." 

Ben Jonson, Sejan7ts, i. end. 
142. " Your faith freighted 

With lies, malicious lies ; your merchant Mischief; 
He that ne*er knew more trade than tales, and 

tumbling 
Suspicions into honest hearts." 

J. Fletcher, Thierry and TJieodoret, i. 1. 
So Satan in Milton's Paradise Lost, b. v. : 

" And casts between 
Ambiguous words and jealousies, to sound 
Or taint integrity." 

149. " Truth laughs at death, 

And terrifies the killer more than killed ; 
Integrity thus armless seeks her foes." 

J. Fletcher, The Queen 0/ Corinth, iv. 3. 

159. Milton so applies "felon" to the winds in 
Paradise Lost, b. i., and Lycidas. 



131 



BOOK II 



v. 138—15: 



103 



These drear announcements from the shrines 

brings back : 
' ' By blood and by a butchered maid ye 

stilled 
The winds, when first, O Greeks, to Ilium's 

shores 
Ye came ; by blood must your return be 

sought, 
And by an Argive life atonement made." 
Which sentence, when it reached the com- 
mons' ears, 170 
Their souls were mazed, and through their 

inmost bones 
An icy shudder ran, — for whom the Fates 
Decree it, whom Apollo may demand. 
Hereon the Ithacan, with vast ado, 
Drags forth the prophet Calchas to the 

midst : — 
What mean those intimations of the gods 
He importunes. And many now to me 
The knave's unfeeling villainy presaged, 
And silently the coming [issues] saw. 
He twice five days is dumb, and, cloistered 

up, 180 

Refuses to surrender any man 
By word of his, and subject him to death. 
He scarce at last, enforced by lusty calls 
From th' Ithacan, by concert gives to voice 
A vent, and for the altar me appoints. 
All acquiesced ; and [woes], which for 

himself 
Each held in dread, when shifted from 

[themselves] 
J?or ruin of a single wretch, they bore. 
And now the cursed day drew nigh ; for me 
Were holy rites prepared, and salted grains, 
And fillets [to entwine] around my brows. 
Myself I rescued, I avow, from death, 192 
And burst my bonds ; and in an oozy pool 
Through night-time hidden in the sedge I 

lurked, 
Till they should grant their canvas [to the 

gale], 
If haply they would grant it. Nor with me 
[Rests] any hope of seeing furthermore 
My ancient country, nor my darling boys, 

172. " I have a faint cold fear thrills through my 

veins, 
That almost freezes up the heat of life." 

Shakespeare, Romeo and Jidiet, iv. 3. 
174. " Art thou a statesman, 

And canst not be a hypocrite ? Impossible !" 
Dryden, Don Sebastian, ii. 1 . 
186. "What man, when condemned, 

Did ever find a friend ? Or who dares lend 
An eye of pity to that star-crossed subject, 
On whom his sovereign frowns ?" 

Massinger, The Emperor of the East, v. 1. 
192. ** To cheat the cheater, was no cheat, but 
justice." 

Ben Jonson, The Staple 0/ News, v. 1. 



And parent sore-desired ; whom they per- 
chance 
E'en forfeits will exact for my escape, 200 
And this my fault by death of hapless ones 
Atone. Then thee by gods above and 

Powers, 
Who know my truth, by — (if there any be, 
Which anywhere to mortals may abide), — 
Unsullied faith, I pray compassionate 
Such grievous woes, compassionate a soul 
That undergoes [distresses] not deserved.' 
' ' To these his tears do we vouchsafe him 
life, 
And freely pity him. E'en first himself 
From off the man his handcuffs, and the 
bonds 210 

Tight-straitened, Priam orders to be loosed, 
And thus in words of kindliness he speaks : 
' Whoe'er thou art, the Grecians, lost, hence- 
forth 
Do thou forget ; thou shalt be ours ; and 

these 
At my inquiry in their truth explain : 
With what intent this pile of monster-horse 
Have they erected ? Who the architect ? 
Or what seek they? What is the holy end ? 
Or what the enginery of war ?' He said. 
The other, versed in wiles and Grecian 
craft, 220 

Uplifted to the stars his bond-stript hands : 
' Ye, deathless fires, and your divinity, 
That may not be profaned, do I,' he cries, 



205. " Do pity me ! 

Pity's akin to love." Southern, Oroonoko, ii. 2. 
Laocoon might have said : 

" Pray heaven it be no fault ! 
For there's as much disease, though not to th' eye. 
In too much pity as in tyranny." 

Middleton, The PJiamix, i. 1. 

206. " The quality of mercy is not strained : 
It droppeth as the gentle rain from heaven 
Upon the place beneath ; it is twice blessed : 
It blesseth him that gives and him that takes ; 
'Tis mightiest in the mightiest ; it becomes 
The throned monarch better than his crown." 

Shakespeare, Merc/ia?it of Venice, iv. 1. 

207. " If powers divine 
Behold our human actions, — as they do, — ■ 

I doubt not, then, but innocence shall make 
False accusation blush, and tyranny 
Tremble at patience." 

Shakespeare, Winter's Tale, ii:. 2. 

208. "A free confession of a fault wins pardon ; 
But, being seconded by desert, commands it." 

Ma-singer, The Bond/nan, iii. 4. 

222. So Iago attests the stars ; Shakespeare, 
Othello, iii. 3 : 

" Witness, you ever-burning lights above ! 
You elements that clip us round about !" 

" Then hear me, heaven, to whom I call for right, 
And you, fair twinkling stars, that crown the 

night." 
J. Fletcher, The Faithful Shepherdess, iv. 4. 



104 



v. 155—179- 



THE ^NEID. 



v. 179 — 202. 



' Attest ; ye, altars and accursed swords, 
Which I escaped, and fillets of the gods, 
Which I a victim bare ; 'tis free to me 
The hallowed obligations of the Greeks 
To cancel ; it is free to me to loathe the 

men, 
And all [their plans] to bring beneath the 

light, 
If any they disguise ; nor am I tied 230 
By any laws of country. Do but thou 
By thy engagements stand, and when 

thou'rt saved 
Save thou thy credit, Troy, if I true [facts] 
Adduce, if large [returns] I thee repay. 
' ' ' The Grecians' every hope and con- 
fidence 
Upon the war commenced, for ever stood 
By Pallas' aid. But truly from the [hour,] 
That Tydeus' godless son, Ulysses, too, 
Crime-planner, the Palladium, big with 

fate, 
Essaying from her hallowed fane to wrest, — 
The sentries of the highest tower slain, — 
Engrasped the holy image, and with hands 
Of blood the goddess' maiden wreaths 

presumed 243 

To taint, thenceforth began to ebb away, 
And, slowly sinking, to be carried back, 
The hope of Grecians ; shattered were 

their powers ; 
Estranged the goddess' mind. Nor tokens 

these 
With doubtful omens did Tritonia deign. 
The image scarce was planted in the 

camp : — 
Flared bick'ring fires from its erected eyes, 
And briny sweat coursed o'er its limbs ; 

and thrice 251 

She, — wondrous to be told, — from earth 

sprang up, 
Both buckler wielding and a quiv'ring lance. 
Straight Calchas chanteth that the seas in 

flight 
Should be attempted ; nor that Pergamus 
Could be uprooted by Argolic arms, 
Unless the omens they should seek anew 
At Argos, and the deity restore, 
Which o'er the main, and in their bending 

barks. 



232. " For great men, 
Till they have gained their ends, are giants in 
Their promises, but, those obtained, weak pigmies 
In their performance." 

. Massinger, The Great Duke of Florence, ii. end. 

233. " Oh heaven ! oh earth ! bear witness to this 
sjund, 

And crown what I profess with kind event, 
If I speak true ; if hollowly, invert 
What best is boded me to mischief !" 

Shakespeare, Tempest, iii. i. 



They with them have conveyed away. 

And now, 260 

Seeing that with the breeze they have 

sought out 
Their home My cense, arms and comrade- 
gods 
Are they preparing, and upon the main, 
Repassed, will unexpectedly be here : 
So Calchas methodises the portents. 
This figure for Palladium's sake, for sake 
Of the offended godship, they, when warned, 
Erected, to atone their rueful guilt. 
Howbeit Calchas ordered to upraise 
[Of] monster [bulk] this pile, with car- 
pentry 270 
Of sturdy woods, and stretch it out to 

heaven, 
That through the gates it might not be 

received, 
Or brought within the city ; nor the race 
Beneath the ancient veneration guard. 
For, if your hand profaned Minerva's gifts, 
Then vast destruction (which presage may 

gods 
The rather turn against himself !) to sway 
Of Priam, and to Phrygians, would ensue. 
But if by your own hands it mounted up 
Upon the city, Asia uncompelled 280 

With mighty war to Pelops' walls would 

come, 
And these decrees our children's children 
wait.' 
1 ' By such a stratagem, and artifice 
Of perjured Sinon is the tale believed ; 
And they are caught by craft and forced 

tears, 
Whom neither did the son of Tydeus, 
Nor did Achilles, of Lanssa ['s land], 
No, not ten years reduced, no, not a thou- 
sand keels. 
" Here to us wretches is another [scene] 
Presented, graver, and more terrible by 
far, 290 

And it dismays our unforeseeing breasts. 
Laocoon, for Neptune fixed by lot 
The priest, was butchering a giant bull 

265. Though digerit, v. 182, seems scarcely to' 
bear it, yet the context almost requires the line to 
be rendered thus : 

" 'Tis thus that Calchas construes the portents." 
276. "That, O ye Heavens, defend! and turne 
away 
From her unto the miscreant himselfe !" 

Spenser, Faerie Queene, v. 8, 19. 
280. Or, according to Wagner and Forbiger : 
" from afar." 

283. " Be murderous still ; 

But, when thou strik'st, with unseen weapons kill." 
Webster, Appius and Virginia, ii. 3. 
"Treason has done his worst." 

Shakespeare, Macbeth, iii. 2. 



v. 203 — 2 3 2 - 



BOOK II 



v. 232 — 255. 



105 



Hard by the reverend altars. But, behold ! 
From Tenedos, along the calmy deeps, 
(I shudder as I tell [the tale],) two snakes 
With coils enormous lean upon the main, 
And towards the shores at even pace ad- 
vance ; 
Whose breasts, among the billows reared 

aloft, 
And crests blood-tinted, overtop the waves ; 
Their other part sweeps ocean in the rear, 
And arches in a fold their boundless chines : 
A roar arises, with the briny flood 303 
In foam. And now the lands they reached, 

and, stained 
O'er eyes of flame with blood and fire, they 

licked 
Their hissing mouths with bick'ring tongues. 

We fly 
In all directions, bloodless at the sight. 
They seek Laocoon in steady march ; 
And first the tiny frames of his two sons 
Each serpent, clipping them, infolds, and 

preys 310 

Upon their wretched members with his 

fang. 
Next, him [the father], coming up with aid, 
And weapons bringing, do they clutch, and 

swathe 
With giant rings. And now his midriff' 

twice 
Embracing, twice entwining round his neck 
Their scaly backs, o'ertop him with their 

head 
And necks on high. He straightway with 

his hands 
To tear the knots asunder strains, be- 

drenched 
Upon the wreaths with gore and sable bane ; 
At once dread cries he raises to the stars : 
Such roarings as, what time a bull hath 

fled 
The altar, struck with wounds, and from 

his neck 322 

Hath shaken out the undecisive axe. 
But to the temple's summit with a glide 
The dragons twain escape away, and seek 
The tow'r of fell Tritonis, and beneath 
The goddess' feet, and 'neath her disc of 

shield, 
Are screened. Then sooth throughout their 

frighted breasts 
Creeps strange alarm on all ; and for his 

crime 
Laocoon they say had duly paid, 330 

Who with his spear-head marred the holy 

wood, 
And hurled against its back an impious 

lance. 
That to its seat the image should be brought, 



And power of the goddess be implored, 
They shout at once. We rive the walls, 

and ope 
The bulwarks of the city. Gird them all 
To toil, and lay beneath its feet the roll 
Of wheels, and hempen fetters on its neck 
They strain. The fateful engine mounts 

the walls, 
Teeming with weapons. Round it do the 

lads, 340 

And lasses unespoused, chant holy [hymns], 
And with their hand delight to touch the 

rope. 
It steals along, and tow'ring up it glides 
Upon the city's heart. O native land ! 
O Ilium, home of deities, and walls 
Of Dardan sons renowned in war ! Four 

times 
Within the very threshold of the gate 
It halted, and from out the womb a clank 
Four times the weapons gave. Yet press 

we on, 
Unthinking, and with frenzy blind, and 

bring 350 

The evil-omened monster to a stand 
Within the hallowed citadel. Then, too, 
With fates to come Cassandra opes her 

lips, 
By mandate of the god not e'er believed 
By Trojans. We the temples of the gods, 
Ill-starred, to whom was that our latest 

day, 
With festal leafage through the city deck. 
"Meanwhile the heav'n is wheeled 

around, and Night 
Swoops on from ocean, wrapping deep in 

gloom 
Both earth, and sky, and Myrmidons' de- 
ceits. 360 
Thro'out the city spread, to silence dropped 
The Trojans : sleep infolds their jaded 

limbs. 
And now the Argive host in marshalled 

ships 
Was moving on from Tenedos, amid 



353. Cassandra might have said : 

" How you stand, gaping all 
On your grave oracle, your wooden god there !" 

But they would have replied : 

"Then, sir, I'll tell you a secret : 
Suspicion's but at best a coward's virtue." 

Otway, Venice Preserved, iii. end. 

358. " Ere the bat hath flown 

His cloistered flight ; ere to black Hecate's 

summons 
The shard-borne beetle, with his drowsy hums, 
Hath rung night's yawning peal, there shall be 

done 
A deed of dreadful note." 

Shakespeare, Macbeth, iii. 2. 



io6 



v. 255—270. 



THE JENEID. 



v. 270 — 294. 



The kindly stillness of the silent Moon, 
In quest of the familiar shores, what time 
Its fires the royal ship had hoisted up ; 
And, shielded by unfair decrees of gods, 
The Danai, imprisoned in its womb, 
The fir-wood bars too, Sinon frees by 

stealth. 370 

These doth the opened horse to air restore, 
And blithe withdraw them from the hollow 

wood 
Thessander, Sthenelus too, foremost [they], 
And dread Ulysses, sliding down a rope 
Let fall, and Achamas, and Thoas, 
And Peleus' grandson, Neoptolemus, 
And first Machaon, Menelaus too, 
And e'en Epeos, framer of the fraud. 
They storm the city, buried in its sleep 
And wine ; the sentinels are put to death ; 
And thro' the open portals all their friends 
Do they admit, and join their complice 

bands. 382 

" The hour it was, wherein their maiden 

rest 
Begins with heart-sick mortals, and steals 

on, 
By gift of gods thrice-welcome. In my 

sleep, 
Behold ! before mine eyes in deepest woe 



365. " Up ! I beseech thee, 

Thou lady regent of the air, the Moon, 
And lead me by thy light to some brave vengeance !" 
Middleton, The Spanish Gipsy, i. 3. 
" Queen, and huntress, chaste and fair, 
Now the sun is laid to sleep, 
Seated in thy silver chair, 

State in wonted manner keep : 

Hesperus entreats thy light, 

Goddess, excellently bright. 

" Earth, let not thy envious shade 

Dare itself to interpose ; 

Cynthia's shining orb was made 

Heav'n to clear, when day did close : 
Bless us then with wished sight, 
Goddess excellently bright." 

Ben Jonson, Cynthia's Revels, v. 3. 

386, &c. So Shakespeare makes Cassandra cry, 
when she sees Hector going to battle for the last 
time ; Troihis and Cressida, v. 3 : 

" O farewell, dear Hector. 
Look, how thou diest ! Look, how thy eye turns 

pale ! 
Look, how thy wounds do bleed at many vents ! 
Hark, how Troy roars ! How Hecuba cries out ! 
How poor Andromache shrills her dolours forth ! 
Behold, destruction, frenzy, and amazement, 
Like witless antics, one another meet, 
And all cry — Hector, Hector's dead, O Hector !" 

" O Hamlet, what a falling off was there." 

Havilet, i. 5. 

" What a mockery hath death made thee ! Thou 
look'st sad. 
In what place art thou ? in yon starry gallery ? 
Or in the cursed dungeon ?" 

Webster, Vittoria Corombotta, v. 1. 



Seemed Hector to be near me, and outpour 
A flood of tears, dragged onward by the 

car, 
As erst, and coaly-black with gory dust, 
And through his swollen feet transpierced 
with thongs. 390 

Ah, woe is me ! in what a plight he was ! 
How altered from that Hector, who re- 
turns 
Garbed in Achilles' spoils, or having hurled 
Upon the ships of Greeks the Phrygian 

fires ! — 
A frowsy beard, and blood-beclotted locks, 
Those wounds, too, wearing, which, full 

many a one, 
Around his native walls did he receive. 
Weeping myself, I, unaddressed, appeared 
The hero to accost, and forth to draw 
The mournful accents : ' O Dardania's light, 
O stanchest hope of Trojans, what delays 
So great have held thee back ? From re- 
gions what, 402 
O Hector sore-desired, dost come ? How 

thee, 
After the many deaths of thy own [friends], 
After the changeful toils, alike of men, 
And city, do we, worn to death, behold ! 
What shameful cause hath marred thy gentle 

looks ? 
Or why these wounds do I descry ?' He 

naught ; 
Nor heeds me as I bootless [questions] ask : 
But deeply from the bottom of his breast 
Groans heaving : ' Ah ! escape, O goddess- 
born, 411 
And snatch thee from these blazes,' he ex- 
claims ; 
' The foe is in possession of the walls ; 
Down topples Troja from her stately height. 
Enough for Priam and for country done. 
Could Pergamus by right hand have been 

screened, 
It even had been screened by this. To thee 
Her holy rites and her Penates Troy 
Intrusts : these take the comrades of thy 
fates ; 

403. It seems very stiff to connect ut, v. 283, with 
defessi, 285. Nor does the view seem consistent 
with the context, which in various ways expresses 
the desire to see Hector, with surprise and delight 
at the sight. 

410. " Could words express the story I've to tell 

you, 
Fathers, these tears were useless, these sad tears, 
That fall from my old eyes. But there is a cause 
We all should weep, tear off these purple robes, 
And wrap ourselves in sackcloth, sitting down 
On the sad earth, and cry aloud to heaven : 
Heaven knows, if yet there be an hour to come, 
Ere Venice be no more." 

Otway, Venice Preserved, iv. 2. 



v. 294 — 3 X 6- 



BOOK II. 



317—338. 



107 



With these a city seek, [that city] grand, 
Which, ocean traversed, thou shalt rear at 
last.' 421 

So speaks he; and the fillets with his 

hands, 

And Vesta puissant, and her deathless fire, 

From th' inmost sanctuaries forth he brings. 

"Meanwhile the city is by wide-spread 

woe 

Turmoiled; and more and more, — although 

withdrawn, 
And bowered in trees, the dwelling of my 

sire 
Anchises stood retired, — wax bright the 

sounds, 
And fear [ful din] of arms assails. From 

sleep 
Am I aroused, and by ascent surmount 430 
The roof-top's battlements, and stand 

thereby 
With ears erected : as what time a blaze 
On growing corn, with Austers fuming, 

falls ; 
Or torrent, rav'ning with a mountain flood, 
The fields is whelming, whelming merry 

crops, 
And toils of beeves, and woods sweeps 

headlong off, 
The wareless shepherd all aghast is struck, 
While hearing from a lofty crest of rock 
The din. Then sooth the certainty was 

clear, 
And open lie the stratagems of Greeks. 440 
Now the vast palace of Deiphobus, 
Through mastery of Vulcan, gave a crash ; 
Now next him is Ucalegon ablaze ; 
Sigeum's friths gleam far and wide with 

fire. 
Out bursts both shriek of men, and clang 

of trumps : 
Arms mad I seize ; nor sense enough in 

arms; 
But to collect a band for fight, and rush 
In concert with my comrades to the tower, 
My very soul is burning. Rage and wrath 



My mind drive headlong, and [the thought] 
occurs, 450 

That glorious [is the end], to die in arms. 
' ' But lo ! Pantheus, from darts of Greeks 
escaped, 
Pantheus, the son of Othrys, of the tower 
And Phoebus priest, himself, with his own 

hand, 
The holy [vessels], and the conquered gods, 
His little grandson, too, is dragging on, 
And wildly presses to my doors with speed. 
' In what position [stands] our highest weal, 
Pantheus ? What citadel are we to seize V 
I scarce had spoken these, when with a 
groan 460 

He such returns : ' To Dardanie has come 
Her final day, and her avoidless hour. 
We have been Trojans, Ilium has been, 
And the colossal fame of Teucer's sons. 
Fierce Jove to Argos has translated all ; 
Greeks lord it in the burning town. Aloft, 
Amid the city standing, men in arms 
The horse outpours, and Sinon, conqueror, 
Is blending conflagrations, while he scoffs. 
Others are present; at the double-op'ning 
gates, 470 

As many thousands as have ever come 
From great Mycenae. Others have with 

arms 
Blocked up the narrow passes of the streets, 
Arrayed against us; stands the falcion's edge 
With flashing point, drawn, ready for the 

death. 
Scarce the first warders of the gates essay 
Encounters, and, with blindfold Mars, op- 
pose.' 
By such announcements of Othryades, 
And the [impulsive] power of the gods, 
Upon the flames and weapons am I borne, 
Whither the fell Erinys, whither din 481 
Is summoning, and shriek upraised to 
heaven. 



434. This description of the rush of a mountain- 
torrent is imitated by Spenser ; Faerie Queene, ii. 
ii, 18: 

" Like a great water-flood, that tombling low 
From the high mountaines, threates to overflow 
With suddein fury all the fertile playne, 
And the sad husbandmans long hope doth throw 
Adowne the streame, and all his vowes makes 

vayne ; 
Nor bounds nor banks his headlong ruine may 
sustayne." 

444. So Dryden, of the Fire of London ; Annus 
Mirabilis, 231 : 

" A key of fire ran all along the shore, 
And lighten'd all the river with a blaze." 



451. " Death gives eternity a glorious breath : 
O to die honoured who would fear to die ?" 

Marston, The Malcontent, v. 3. 
" When our souls shall leave this dwelling, 
The glory of one fair and virtuous action 
Is above all the scutcheons of our tomb, 
Or silken banners o'er us." 

Shirley, The Traitor, v. 1. 

463. " Ay, thus we are ; and all our painted glory 

A bubble that a boy blows into the air, 

And there it breaks." 

Beaumont and Fletcher, The Knight of Malta, 
iv. 2. 

" O horror, horror! 

Egypt has been ! our latest hour is come ! 

The queen of nations from her ancient seat 

Is sunk for ever in the dark abyss ; 

Time has unrolled her glories to the last, 

And now closed up the volume." 

Dryden, All for Love, v. 1. 



io8 



v. 339—359- 



THE jENEID. 



v. 359—378. 



Attach themselves [to me as warrior-] mates 
Rhipeus, and Epytus, all-great in arms, 
Presented by the moon, and Hypanis, 
And Dymas, and they cluster to my side, 
The young Corcebus also, Mygdon's son. 
He in those days to Troy by chance had 

come, 
With frantic passion for Cassandra fired, 
And as a son-in-law his succor brought 
To Priam and the Phrygians ; — hapless 
[youth] ! 491 

Who heeded not the warnings of his bride, • 
In frenzy. Whom when, serried close, I 

saw 
To be for battle bold, I furthermore 
Begin with these : ■ O youths, ye breasts, 

thrice-brave 
In vain, if [dwells] in you a fixed desire 
To follow him who dares the last attempts, 
What stands the fortune of the state ye see ; 
All have withdrawn, their shrines and altars 

left — 
The deities, by whom this realm had stood ; 
Ye help a burning city : let us die, 501 
And charge upon the centre of the frays. 
The only safety is for vanquished men 
No safety to expect. 'Twas thus that madness 
Was in the young men's souls infused. 

Thereon, — 
As wolves, freebooters in a murky mist, 
Whom hath the felon rage of appetite 
Unkennelled, blindfold, and their quitted 

cubs 
Look out for them with thirsty jaws, — 

through darts, 
Thro' foes, on no uncertain death do we 510 



495. " Fortune's browe hath frowned, 

Even to the utmost wrinkle it can bend :" 

" Fortune my fortunes, not my minde shall shake." 
Marston, Antonio and Mellida, P. 1, iii. 

" Fall what can fall, I dare the worst of fate. 
Though the foundation of the earth should shrink, 
The glorious eye of heaven lose his splendour, 
Supported thus, I'll stand upon the ruins, 
And seek for new life here." 

Massinger, The Dtike of Milan, i. 3. 

499. " When our great monarch into exile went, 

Wit and religion suffer'd banishment: — 

Thus once, when Troy was wrapp'd in fire and 

smoke, 
The helpless gods their burning shrines forsook ; 
They with the vanquish'd prince and party go, 
And leave their temples empty to the foe." 

Dryden, To the Lord Chancellor Hyde, 17-23. 

504. " In our courage 

And daring lies our safety." 

Massinger, The Bondman, iii. 3. 

So Denham of the hunted stag in Cooper's Hill: 
" Wearied, forsaken, and pursued, at last 
All safety in despair of safety placed, 
Courage he thence resumes, resolved to bear 
All their assaults, since 'tis in vain to fear." 



Advance, and keep the central city's route : 
Round hovers ebon Night with vaulted 

shade. 
Who that night's havoc, who its deaths in 

speech 
Develop may, or with his tears can match 
Its suff'rings ? Down the aged city falls, 
That held dominion through so many years ; 
Full many corses motionless are strewn 
At every step alike throughout the streets, 
And thro' the houses, and the holy fanes 
Of gods. Nor is it Teucer's sons alone 520 
That pay amercements with their blood: • 

at times, 
E'en to the hearts of vanquished men re- 
turns 
Their prowess, and their Grecian victors 

fall. 
Grim woe on every side, on every side 
Alarm, and many, many a shape of death. 
" Androgeus first, with mighty throng of 
Greeks 
Escorting him, presents himself to us, 
In ignorance supposing we were troops 
Allied, and, unaddressed, with friendly 

words 
Accosts us : ' Hasten on, ye heroes ! Pray 
What sloth so late delays you ? Others 
sack 531 

And plunder burning Pergamus, [while] ye 
Are now first coming from the lofty ships !' 
He said, and in a trice (for no replies 
Were granted, worthy of sufficient trust,) 
Perceived that he was fallen on the midst 
Of enemies. He stood aghast, and back 
His foot along with voice he checked, like 
one, 



517. " Behold those slaughters 

The dry and withered bones of Death would bleed 
at !" 

Beaumont and Fletcher, Valentinian, iv. 4. 

525. " I know death hath ten thousand several 

doors 
For men to take their exits." 

Webster, The Duchess of Malfi, iv. 2. 
" The rugged Charon fainted, 
And asked a navy, rather than a boat, 
To ferry over the sad world that came." 

Ben Jonson, Catiline, i. 1. 
533. It is a question whether the interrogative 
form here would not be more effective : 
" Are ye 
Now first arriving from the lofty ships ?" 
"Where was your soldiership? Why went not 
you out, 
With all your right honourable valour with you ?" 
J. Fletcher, The Loyal Subject, iv. 5. 

536. " You put too much wind to your sail : 

discretion 
And hardy valour are the twins of honour, 
And, nursed together, make a conqueror." 

Beaumont and Fletcher, Bonduca, i. 1. 



v. 379—406. 



BOOK II. 



v. 407—431- 



:o9 



Who, as he presses on the ground, hath 

crushed 
A snake, unlooked for in the thorny brakes, 
And in his consternation suddenly 541 

Hath started from him back, as he his 

wrath 
Upraises, and his azure neck distends : 
Not otherwise Androgeus, at the sight 
Fear-smitten, was retreating. On we 

charge, 
And on their serried arms are poured 

around, 
And wareless of the place, and panic-seized, 
In every quarter do we lay them low : 
Upon the maiden effort Fortune breathes. 
And here, in transport with success and 
soul, 550 

Exclaims Corcebus : ' O my mates, where 

first 
The path of safety Fortune shows, and where 
Herself propitious she displays, let us 
Pursue ; change shields, and fit upon our- 
selves 
The badges of the Grecians : [whether] 

guile, 
Or gallantry, who questions in a foe ? 
Themselves shall give us arms.' Thus 

having said, 
Thereon Androgeus' hairy-tufted helm, 
And comely scutcheon of his shield he dons, 
And suits an Argive's falchion to his side. 
This Rhipeus, this [doth] Dymas e'en him- 
self, 561 
And [this] doth all the youth in merry 

mood ; 
With fresh [-won] spoils each arms himself. 

We march, 
Mixed up with Greeks, — the deity not 

ours ;— 
And many a battle through the darksome 

night, 
Together hurtling, fight we hand to hand ; 
Numbers of Greeks we hurry down to hell. 
Some fly in all directions to the ships, 
And seek with speed the trusty snores. 

Some mount 
Once more in craven fear the giant horse, 
And are ensconced in its familiar womb. 
"Alas ! 'tis nothing right that one pre- 
sume 572 
On deities unwilling. Lo ! was dragged 
With streaming locks the Priamean maid, 
Cassandra, from Minerva's fane and shrines, 
Stretching to heav'n her burning eyes in 

vain : — 
Her eyes, — for bonds confined her dainty 
hands. 

558. Induitur, v. 393, seems to be used in a 
middle sense. 



Brooked not this sight in his bemaddened 

soul 
Corcebus, and he flung himself, death- 
doomed, 
Upon the centre of the squadron. One 
and all 580 

We follow on, and charge with serried 

arms. 
Here first from out the temple's stately cope 
By darts of our own [friends] we're over- 
whelmed, 
And a most pitiable massacre 
Arises from the figure of our arms, 
And misconception of our Grecian crests. 
Then do the Danai with groanful sound, 
And in their wrath at rescue of the maid, 
Mustered from every quarter, make as- 
sault, — 
Thrice-eager Ajax, and th' Atridae twain, 
And all the army of the Dolopes : 591 

As, on the bursting of a hurricane, 
The hostile winds at times in tourney meet, 
Both Zephyrus, and Notus, Eurus too, 
Blithe with his eastern steeds ; the forests 

howl, 
And with his trident foamy Nereus storms, 
And wakes the waters from their lowest 

bed. 
They too, — if any in the darkling night 
By stratagem we routed thro' the gloom, 
And chased all through the city, — [these] 
appear. 600 

The first are they to recognize our shields, 
And lying weapons, and to mark our tones, 
As in their accent diff 'ring from their own. 
Straight by their number are we whelmed : 

and first 
Corcebus, under Peneleus' right hand, 
At th' altar of the goddess strong in war, 
Sinks down ; and Rhipeus falls, who stood 

among 
The Teucrians the one most righteous man, 
And carefullest of honor : — to the gods 
It otherwise seemed good. Die Hypanis 
Alike, and Dymas, by their mates trans- 
pierced. 6 n 
Nor did thy deep religion, nor the wreath 
Of Phoebus screen thee, Pantheus, in thy 

fall. 
O Ilian ashes, and thou latest fire 



579. "'Tis godlike in you to protect the weak." 
Southern, Oroonoko, ii. 2. 

608. " A goodness set in greatness : — how 

sparkles 
Afar off, like pure diamonds set in gold." 

Middleton, Women beware Women, v. 1. 

613. Or: 

" Neither did thee, O Pantheus, in thy fall, 
Thy deep religion, or Apollo's fillet, screen." 



V. 431—454- 



THE ^ENEID. 



v. 454—482. 



Of my own [friends] ! I you to witness 

take, 
That at your setting neither did I shun 
The darts, nor any hazards from the 

Greeks ; 
And if the fates had [doomed] that I should 

fall, 
I earned it by my hand. We thence are 

forced 
Asunder : Iphitus and Pelias with myself ; 
Of whom was Iphitus now weighed with 

age, 621 

And Pelias, lagging from Ulysses' wound : — 
Straight called to Priam's palace by a 

shriek. 
" But here vast fighting (as if no where 

else 
Were other frays, none dying all thro'out 
The city) ; Mars so unappeased, and 

Greeks, 
On dashing to the palace, we descry ; 
The gates, too, leaguered by a tortoise-roof, 
Advanced. The ladders grapple to the 

walls, 
And at the very door-posts up the steps 
They struggle, and their bucklers to the 

darts, 631 

By their left hands o'ercanopied, oppose : 
They grasp the battlements within their 

right. 
The Dardans, on the other hand, the towers 
And covered rooftops of the dome uproot. 
With these for weapons, when the last 

they see, 
Already at the very verge of death, 
To guard them they prepare, and gilded 

beams, 
The lofty beauties of their ancient sires, 
Roll down. The rest with falchions drawn 

beset 640 

The doors below ; these [same] do they 

defend 
In serried host. Our spirits are refreshed, 
To give assistance to the king's abode, 
With succor, too, the heroes to relieve, 
And vigor to the vanquished to impart. 
' ' There was an entrance, and mysterious 

doors, 
And passage free thro' Priam's halls, from 

one 



615. So Milton similarly makes Satan say ; Para- 
dise Lost, b. i. : 

" For me be witness all the host of Heaven, 

If counsels different, or dangers shunn'd 

By me, have lost our hopes." 

640. It should be particularly observed that verses 
449, 450, allude to guards z'«side the doors ; other- 
wise they would have been involved in the slaughter 
described in v. 465. This view makes v. 485 
intelligible. 



To other, and a portal in the rear, 
Neglected ; where Andromache ill-starred, 
So long as the imperial sway endured, 650 
Time after time, unretinued, was wont 
To hasten to the parents of her spouse, 
And to his father's sire to draw the lad 
Astyanax. I mount the battlements 
Of th' highest roof, whence Teucer's 

wretched sons 
Were hurling from the hand effectless darts. 
A tower, — standing up in steepy [height], 
And from the roof-tops stretched beneath 

the stars, 
Whence used all Troy and galleys of the 

Greeks 
To be descried, and the Achaian camp, — 
Assailing it around with iron [there], 661 
Where upmost stories offered weak'ning 

joints, 
We root from its high bed, and force along. 
This, toppling on a sudden, with a crash 
Trails demolition, and upon the troops 
Of Greeks far- wide falls down : but other 

[Greeks] 
Succeed them; neither stones, nor any form 
Of weapons in the meanwhile cease [to fly]. 

" Before the very entrance-court itself, 
And at the outmost portal Pyrrhus bounds, 
In weapons gleaming, and the sheen of 

bronze : 671 

Such as when into light of day a snake, 
On baleful grasses fed, whom, swollen out, 
Cold winter was concealing 'neath the 

earth, 
Now fresh from casted slough, and sleek 

with youth, 
Rolls on his slippery chine with lifted chest, 
Erected to the sun, and in his mouth 
Is quiv'ring with a triply-cloven tongue. 
Along with him the giant Periphas, 
And, of Achilles' coursers charioteer, 680 
His squire Automedon ; along with him 
All Scyros' youth advance beneath the 

dome, 
And blazes volley to the roofs. Himself 
Among the foremost, with his battle-axe 
Engrasped, is bursting through the stub- 
born gates, 
And tearing down the doors from off their 

hinge, 
[Though] bound with bronze ; and now, — 

when hewed away 
The [cross-] beam, — hath he hollowed out 

the planks, 
[Though] stable oak, and with a spacious 

gap 



666. "When Greeks joined Greeks, then was the 
tug of war." Lee, Rival Queens, iv. 1. 



v. 482 — 49^« 



BOOK IT. 



v. 497—521. 



in 



A mighty op'ning made. Appears the 

dome 690 

Within, and lengthful courts lie ope ; 

appear 
The private halls of Priam and the kings 
Of olden days ; and [warriors] clad in arms 
Behold they standing in the foremost gate. 
1 ' But th' inner palace is with moanful 

sound, 
And hubbub sad turmoiled, and in its 

depths 
With women's wails the vaulted chambers 

shriek : 
Their howling strikes the golden stars. 

Then dames 
In panic thro' the vast apartments stray, 
And, hugging, grasp the posts, and kisses 

print. 700 

On presses Pyrrhus with his father's might ; 
Nor him can bolts nor guards themselves 

sustain. 
Gives way the gate before the frequent ram, 
And, wrenched from off the hinge, down 

sink the doors. 
By pow'r a path is made : the Greeks, in- 
poured, 
An entrance force, and massacre the first, 
And wide with soldiery each spot they fill. 
Not so [resistless], when from bursten dams 
The foamy river hath escaped away, 



694. Vident, v. 485 ; i.e., the besiegers see. See 
note on line 640. 

697. " The tragic voice of women strikes mine ear." 

Shirley, The Brothers, v. 1. 

698. "As he that strives to stop a suddein flood, 
And in strong bancks his violence enclose, 
Forceth it swell above his wonted mood, 

And largely overflow the fruitfull plaine, 
That all the countrey seemes to be a maine, 1 
And the rich furrowes note, all quite fordonne ; 
The wofull husbandman doth lowd complaine 
To see his whole yeares labor lost so soone." 

Spenser, F. Q., iii. 7, 34. 

" So from the hills, whose hollow caves contain 
The congregated snow and swelling rain, 
Till the full stores their ancient bounds disdain ; 
Precipitate the furious torrent flows : 
In vain would speed avoid, or strength oppose : 
Towns, forests, herds, and men, promiscuous 

drown'd, 
With one great death deform the dreary ground ; 
The echo'd woes from distant rocks resound." 
Prior, Solomon, b. ii. 

"Well did he know 
How a tame stream does wild and dangerous grow 
By unjust force : he now with wanton play 
Kisses the smiling banks, and glides away ; 
But, his known channel stopped, begins to roar, 
And swell with rage, and buffet the dull shore ; 
His mutinous waters hurry to the war, 
And troops of waves come rolling from afar ; 
Then scorns he such weak stops to his free source, 
And overruns the neighbouring fields with violent 
course." Cowley, Davideis, b. i. 



And mastered in its gulf the barrier- 
mounds, 710 
'Tis carried onward frantic in a pile 
Upon the fields, and all throughout the 

plains 
The cattle with their cotes it sweepeth off. 
I Neoptolemus beheld myself 
Insane with butchery, and in the gate 
Atreus' twain sons ; I Hecuba beheld, 
And her one hundred daughters ; Priam, 

too, 
Among the altars staining with his blood 
The fires, which he himself had sanctified. 
Those fifty nuptial chambers, hope so great 
Of children's children ; doors, with foreign 
gold 721 

And trophies haught, down tumbled to the 

ground : 
Possess the Danai, where fails the flame. 
' ' Perchance, too, what was Priam's 
doom thou may'st 
Demand. What time the captured city's 

fall, 
And palace-gates demolished, he beheld, 
The foeman, too, amid his private halls, 
His armor, long disused, the aged [sire] 
Around his shoulders, shivering with eld, 
Throws idly, and in bootless sword is girt, 
And on the serried foemen is he borne, 731 
Death-doomed. Amid the courts, and 

underneath 
The naked vault of heav'n, an altar vast 
There stood, and nigh, a very ancient bay, 
O'er th' altar bending, and the household 

gods 
Imbosoming in shade. Here Hecuba, 
Her daughters, too, in vain the altars 

round, 
As headlong pigeons in a murky storm, 
Close nestled, and the figures of the 

gods 
Embracing, sat. But Priam, e'en himself, 
In youthful arms assumed when she be- 
held :— 740 
' What such dread aim, O most unhappy 

spouse, 
Hath driv'n thee to be harnessed in these 

arms ? 
Or whither rushest ?' cries she : ' No such 
aid, 



717. Nurus, v. 501, of course properly means 
" daughters-in-law ;" of which, however, as Hecuba 
had only fifty, the word must be taken in a sense 
to include her fifty daughters as well. It evidently 
means the same as natce, v. 515. In the same loose 
way pntrcs is used, v. 579. 

721. "Or where the gorgeous East with richest 

hand 
Showers on her kings barbaric pearl and gold." 
Milton, I J . L., b. ii. 



112 



v. 521—544- 



THE jENEID. 



v. 544—558. 



Nor guardians such as these, the crisis 

needs ; 
No, not if e'en my Hector now were here. 
Hither, I pray, repair ; this altar all 
Will shield, or thou shalt die along with 

us.' 
Thus having from her lips out-spoken, she 
Recovered to her [side] the aged [king], 
And set him down upon the holy seat. 750 
"But lo ! from Pyrrhus' butchery es- 
caped, 
Polites, one of Priam's sons, through darts, 
Through foes, flies o'er the lengthful colon- 
nades, 
And, wounded, traverses the empty halls. 
Him fiery Pyrrhus with a hostile wound 
Pursues, and now, this moment, in his 

hand 
He clutches him, and spears him with his 

lance. 
When he at last before his parents' eyes 
And presence came, he dropped, and life 

outpoured 
With floods of blood. Here Priam, though 

he now 76° 

Is grappled in the [very] midst of death, 
Natheless forbore not, nor his voice and 

wrath 
He spared : ' Yet may to thee for [this thy] 

guilt,' 
He cries, ' for such audacious deeds, the 

gods 
(If dwells there any righteousness in 

heaven, 
Which may concern itself about the like), 
Repay meet thanks, and guerdons due 

return ; 
Who in my presence forced me to behold 
The murder of my son, and with his death 
Hast fouled a father's sight. But ne'er 

was he, 77° 

From whom thou falsely sayest thou art 

sprung,— 
Achilles, — such to Priam, [though] a foe, 
But he a suitor's rights and trust revered, 
And Hector's lifeless body for the grave 
Restored, and passed me to my kingdom 

back.' 
So spake the aged [monarch], and a dart, 

744. " This fighting fool wants policy." 

Beaumont and Fletcher, The Maid's Tragedy, 

iii. end. 

" Duke. Dost thou not shake ? 
Bianca. For what ? to see a weak, 
Faint, trembling arm advance a leaden blade ? 
Alas ! good man, put up, put up ; thine eyes 
Are likelier much to weep, than arms to strike." 
Ford, Love's Sacrifice, v. 1 . 

747. "Who would not die with all the world about 
him ?" Ben Jonson, Catiline, iii. 1. 



A feeble [dart], without a stroke, he hurled, 
Which by the grating bronze was straight 

rebuffed, 
And on the buckler's boss-tip idly hung. 
T' whom Pyrrhus : ' Therefore these thou 

shalt report, 780 

And go a messenger to Peleus' son, 
My sire ; to him my barbarous exploits, 
And Neoptolemus degenerate, 
Mind thou to tell. Now die !' He, saying 

this, 
Up to the very altars dragged him on, 
[All] in a quake, and slipping on his son's 
Abundant blood, and in his left hand he 
His tresses interlaced, and in his right 
A flashing sword upraised, and plunged it 

deep 
Up to the very handle in his side. 790 

This the conclusion was of Priam's fates ; 
This end through fortune swept him off, 

while he 
Beholds his Troy ablaze, and Pergamus 
In ruins, o'er so many tribes and lands 
Of Asia erst proud ruler. On the shore 
His giant trunk is lying, and the head 
Torn from the shoulders, e'en a nameless 



777. " Breathes there a spirit 

In such a heap of age ?" 

Middleton, The Spanish Gipsy, v. 2. 

784. A less cruel man than he might have said : 
" The rigour and extremity of law 
Is sometimes too, too bitter, but we carry 
A chancery of pity in our bosom." 

Ford, Per kin Warbeck, ii. 2. 

797. The ideas in verses 557, 8, are partly em- 
bodied by Thomson in Massinissa's address to 
Sophonisba, act iv. 5 : 

" Nor a world combined 
Shall tear thee from me, till outstretch'd I lie, 
A nameless corse." 

The same expression occurs in Spenser, F. (?., iv. 
8,49: 

" Therefore Corflambo was he cald aright, 

Though namelesse there his bodie now doth lie." 

There was none to cry over the hapless Priam : 
" Call for the robin-redbreast and the wren, 
Since o'er shady groves they hover, 
And with leaves and flowers do cover 
The friendless bodies of unburied men, 
Call unto his funeral dole 
The ant, the field-mouse, and the mole, 
To rear him hillocks that shall keep him warm, 
And, when gay tombs are robbed, sustain no 
harm." 

Webster, Vittoria Corombona, v. 1. 

His fate must call to mind Shirley's noble song : 
" The glories of our blood and state 

Are shadows, not substantial things ; 
There is no armour against fate ; 

Death lays his icy hand on kings : 



v. 559—578. 



BOOK II. 



v. 578—593- 



113 



" But then it was that terrible dismay- 
First compassed me around. I stood 

aghast. 799 

Occurred the picture of my darling sire, 
When I the king, in age his fellow, saw 
His life outbreaking from a grisly wound ; 
Occurred the lorn Creusa, and a home 
Dismantled, and the young lulus' fate. 
I look abroad, and what about me be the 

force 
Examine. All have left me, wearied out, 
And with a spring their bodies to the earth 
Have launched, or giv'n them feebled to 

the fires. 
"And thus I now the single one survived, 
When by the gates of Vesta harb'ring close, 
And noiseless skulking in a lone retreat, 
I Tyndaris espy. The brilliant fires 812 
Gave me their light while wand'ring, and 

around 
Thro' every [object] carrying on mine eyes. 
She at the Teucri, 'gainst herself incensed, 
Upon account of Pergamus o'erthrown, 
And at the vengeance of the Greeks, and 

wrath 
Of her abandoned spouse, in previous 

dread, — 
Of Troja [she], and of her native land 
The common Fury, — had concealed herself, 
And by the altars, loathed, was sitting down. 
Fires kindled up within my soul ; succeeds 
A rage my sinking country to avenge, 823 
And penalties inflict, by guilt deserved. 
* Forsooth shall she her Sparta, free from 

harm, 
Mycenae of her fathers, too, behold, 



Scepter and crown 
Must tumble down, 
And in the dust be equal made 
With the poor crooked scythe and spade. 
" Some men with swords may reap the field, 
And plant fresh laurels where they kill ; 
But their strong nerves at last must yield ; 
They tame but one another still : 
Early or late, 
They stoop to fate, 
And must give up their murmuring breath, 
When they, pale captives, creep to death. 
" The garlands wither on your brow, 

Then boast no more your mighty deeds ! 
Upon Death's purple altar now, 
See, where the victor-victim bleeds : 
Your heads must come 
To the cold tomb ; 
Only the actions of the just 
Smell sweet, and blossom in their dust." 

The Contention of Ajax and Ulysses. 
820. " Sith women's wits work men's unceasing 
woes." 

Peele, The Arraignment 0/ Paris, iv. 1. 
821. Surely there has been enough said of secrecy 
already. Secreta, latentem, and abdiderunt may 
fairly relieve invisa from a weakness. 



And with a triumph won proceed a queen ? 
Alike a nuptial union, and a home, 
Her parents and her children shall she see, 
Escorted by a bevy of the dames 830 

Of Ilium, and by Phrygian serving-men ? 
Shall Priam 'neath the falcion have suc- 
cumbed ? 
Shall Troy have burnt with fire ? The 

Dardan strand 
So many times have reeked with blood ? 

Not so ! 
For though there's no renown, for mention 

meet, 
In chastisement ofwoman, nor enjoys 
The conquest [any] honor, ne'ertheless, 
For having quenched a guilty soul, and ta'en 
The vengeance it deserves, shall I be 

praised ; 
And it will be a pleasure to have cloyed 
A passion for retributory fire, 841 

And satisfied the ashes of my friends.' 
I such was casting, and in rage of soul 
Was hurried onward, when my mother boon, 
Never before so brilliant in mine eyes, 
Herself presented visibly to me, 
And 'mid the gloom in crystal sheen she 

beamed ; 
Displaying all the goddess, and in guise 
And stature such as she is wont t' appear 
To denizens of heav'n ; and me, engrasped 
By my right hand, did she restrain, and 

these 851 
Moreover added from her rubied lipj 

835. " 'Twas a manly blow : 

The next thou giv'st, murder some sucking infant, 
And then thou wilt be famous." 

Webster, Vittoria Corombona, v. 2. 
" 'Tis a woman: 
A subject not for swords, but pity." 

Beaumont and Fletcher, Valentinian, v. 8. 
839. " Fie ! Your sword upon a woman ?" 

Shakespeare, Othello, v. 2. 
" And none so much as blame the murderer, 
But rather praise him for tha,t brave attempt, 
And in the chronicle enrol his name, 
For purging of the realm of such a plague." 

Marlowe, Edward the Second. 
Yet most people would have applied to him what 
we are told by Q. Curtius (8, i. 52) that Clytus said 
to Alexander : 

" Philip fought men, but Alexander women." 
Lee, Rival Queens, iv. 2. 
840. Expleo in Virgil, and it would seem in all 
other authors, always takes an accusatr e. In the 
very next line, v. 587, satiasse commands the same 
case. To resort, then, to a Graecism is worse than 
needless. However, it must be confessed that 
animum Jlammce is a very awkward expression. 

848. Literally, of course: "Owning herself a 
goddess." 

852. Rosea ore, v. 593, would so be rendered by 
Milton. See Comus: 

" Thrice upon thy finger's tip, 
Thrice upon thy rubied lip." 

I 



ii 4 



v. 594 — 6l8 - 



THE sENEID. 



v. 619 — 645. 



' My son, what such deep anguish rouseth up 
Thy uncontrolled resentments ? Why dost 

rage ? 
Or whither hath thy love of us withdrawn ? 
Wilt thou not first consider where thy 

sire 
Anchises, worn with age, thou may'st have 

left? 
Whether thy spouse Creusa be alive, 
Ascanius, too, thy boy? round all of 

whom 
The Grecian troops from every quarter 

rove ; 860 

And, did not my solicitude withstand, 
Already would the flames have swept them 

off, 
And hostile sword have drained them. Not 

for thee 
Doth Spartan Tyndaris' detested face, 
Or Paris, the rebuked ;— the ruthlessness 
Of gods, of gods, — this realm doth over- 
throw, 
And razes Troja from its crest. Behold ! — 
For all the mist, which now o'er thee 

dispread, 
While gazing, dims thy mortal ken, and 

dank 
Around bedarks thee, will I clear away ; 870 
Do thou no mandates of thy parent fear, 
Nor her injunctions to obey refuse : — 
Here, where disscattered heaps, and stones 

from stones 
Asunder wrenched, thou viewest, and the 

smoke, 
Upsurging with commingled dust, the walls 
And their foundations, torn away, 
With his colossal trident Neptune shakes, 
And the whole city from its bed uproots. 
Here Juno, trebly-furious, in the van 
Maintains [possession of] the Scsean gates, 
And, frantic, from the ships her fed'rate 

force, 881 

With falcion girt, is calling. Now, observe, 
Tritonian Pallas on the castle heights 
Has ta'en her post, in storm-cloud gleam- 
ing forth 
And Gorgon grim. The Sire himself to 

Greeks 
Courage and prosp'ring arms supplies ; 

himself 
The gods awakes against the Dardan arms. 



864. " Was this the face that launched a thousand 
ships, 
And burnt the topless towers of Ilium ?" 

Marlowe, Doctor Fanstus. 
" Why did Nature 
Empty her treasure in thy face, and leave thee 
A black, prodigious soul 1" 

Shirley, The Wedding, ii. 3. 
805. Or: " Taris the condemned." 



Snatch flight, my son, and put an end to toil : 
On no occasion shall I stand aloof, 
And safe will set thee in thy father's gate.' 
She said, and in the clustered shades of 

night 891 

Herself she buried. Spectres dread appear, 
And, foes to Troy, the mighty pow'rs of 

gods. 
' ' Then, sooth, all Ilium seemed to me 

to sink 
Upon the fires, and from its base Nep- 
tunian Troy 
To be o'erturned : as e'en on mountain 

heights 
An aged ash, when hewed around by steel 
And many an axe, in rivalry the swains 
Press on to overthrow ; it ever threats, 
And, forced to quiver, on its shaken crest 
Its locks it nods, until, by slow degrees 901 
Thro' wounds subdued, it deep hath groaned 

its last, 
And, wrested from the brows, hath trailed 

a wreck. 
I downward pass, and — deity my guide — 
Amid the fire and foes am I brought clear : 
Give place the weapons, and the flames 

retreat. 
' ' And when I now am at the door ar- 
rived 
Of my paternal seat, and ancient home, 
My father, whom in chief I yearned to bear 
Off to the lofty mounts, and chief I sought, 
His life, — Troy razed, — refuses to prolong, 
And banishment to brook. ' O ye, with 

whom 912 

Your blood in age is unimpaired,' he cries, 
' And firmly stand your pow'rs in native 

might, 
Plan ye escape. If heav'n's inhabitants 
Had willed that I should lengthen out my 

life, 
This residence for me they would have saved. 
Enough, and more ! — one wreck have we 

beheld ; 
A captured city, too, survived. Oh ! thus, 
My corpse, thus laid, addressing, ye depart. 
I by [some] hand myself a death will find : 

893. " Then let me stay ; and, father, do you fly : 
Your loss is great, so your regard should be ; 
My worth unknown, no loss is known in me. 
Upon my death the French can little boast ; 
In your's they will, in you all hopes are lost. 
Flight cannot stain the honour you have won. 
But mine it will, that no exploit have done. 
You fled for vantage every one will swear, 
But if I bow, they'll say it was for fear. 
There is no hope that ever I will stay, 
If the first hour I shrink and run away. 
Here on my knee, I beg mortality, 
Rather than life preserved with infamy." 

Shakespeare, A". Henry V., iv. 5. 



v. 646—674. 



BOOK II. 



v. 674— 701. 



115 



The foe will pity me, and seek the spoils. 
Easy the loss of grave. This long time past 
I, loathed by gods and worthless, stay the 

years, 924 

Since me the sire of gods and king of men 
Hath blasted with his levin-storms, and 

scathed 
With fire.' In saying such he stiffly stood, 
And fixed continued. On the other hand, 
Dissolved in tears are we, — alike my spouse 
Creusa, and Ascanius, even all 930 

The household, lest my sire should be 

content 
Our all to ruin with himself, and press 
Upon the doom that hastens. He declines, 
And to his aim, and in the selfsame seat, 
He clings. Once more I'm hurried on to 

arms, 
And deeply wretched do I long for death. 
For what device, or what the chance was 

now 
Vouchsafed ? ' That I could stir a foot, O 

sire, 
When thou wert left behind, could'st thou 

expect ? 
And hath so dark a guilt a father's lips 940 
Escaped ? If pleaseth it the gods above, 
That out of so immense a city naught 
Be left, and this [resolve] within thy mind 
Is seated, and to Troja, doomed to die, 
It joys to link alike thyself, and thine, — 
The gate lies open to a death [like] that, 
And Pyrrhus will anon be present here 
From Priam's plenteous blood, [the mis- 
creant,] 
Who slays a son before a father's eyes, 
The father at his altars. Was't for this, 950 
O mother boon, that me through darts, 

through fires, 
Thou sav'st, that [I] amid our private halls 
[Should look upon] a foeman ; yea, that I 
Ascanius, and my father, and Creusa near, 
One butchered in the other's blood, should 

see? 
Arms, heroes, bring my arms : their latest 

light 
The conquered calls. Restore me to the 

Greeks ; 
Let me again go see the fights renewed : 
We ne'er shall all this day die unavenged.' 
"Thereon with steel am I begirt once 

more ; 960 

And I was introducing my left hand 
Within my shield, adjusting it [thereto], 
And bearing me outside the halls : but lo ! 
My feet embracing, in the threshold clung 
My spouse, and young lulus to his sire 

936. " 'Tis time to die when 'tis a shame to live." 
Middleton, The Cliangeling, v. 3. 



Held out. ' If thou dost go to meet thy 

doom, 
Snatch us too with thyself to every [risk] : 
But if, from trial, any hope in arms 
Assumed thou restest, first this home de- 
fend. 
To whom is young lulus, t' whom thy sire, 
[To whom] am I too left, once called thy 

wife? 971 

' ' Such venting loud, with moaning all 

the house 
She filled, when rises up a prodigy, 
A sudden one, and marv'llous to be told. 
For 'mid his mourning parents' hands and 

lips, 
Lo ! from the summit of lulus' head 
A filmy tuft is seen to shed a light, 
And, harmless at the touch, a flame to lick 
His silky locks, and round his brows to 

feed. 
We, flurried, quake with terror, and shake 

out 980 

The blazing hair, and quench the holy fires 
From water-springs. But sire Anchises 
His eyes uplifted to the stars, in glee, and 

forth 
He stretched his hands to heaven with his 

voice : 
' Almighty Jove, if thou by any prayers 
Art swayed, regard us, — [I entreat] but 

this ;— 
And if by goodness we deserve it, deign 
Thy aid, then, sire, and stablish these 

portents.' 
" Scarce these the aged [man] had said : 

forthwith 
With sudden crash it thundered on the left, 
And, from the welkin shooting through the 

gloom, 991 

A meteor, trailing on a link [of light], 
With plenteous sheen careered. This, 

gliding on 
Above the highest roof-tops of the dome, 
In Ida's forest do we see enshroud 
Its brilliant form, and marking out the 

paths. 
Then in long track its furrow sheds a gleam. 
And wide the spots around with sulphur 

smoke. 
Here sooth my sire, o'erpowered, to the 

air 
Uplifts himself, andheaccoststhe gods, ioco 
And venerates the holy star : ' Now, now 



985. " Can men's prayers, 

Shot up to Heaven with such a zeal as mine are, 
Fall back like lazy mists, and never prosper?" 
J. Fletcher, Beggar's Busk, iii. 4. 

989. " Forthwith " is the true force of que, v. 632. 
956. More literally : "Its brilliant self." 
I 2 



n6 



v. 701 — 72! 



THE &NEID. 



v. 729—741. 



Is no demur ; I follow you, and where 
Ye lead am present. O my father's gods, 
Save ye my family, my grandson save ! 
Yours this presage, and in your heav'nly 

will 
Troy rests. I sooth submit, nor, son, 

do I 
In company with thee decline to go.' 

' ' He said. And through the city now the 

fire 
Is heard in greater plainness ; closer, too, 
The conflagrations roll along the heat. 1010 
' Then come, dear father, place thee on my 

neck : 
Myself will on my shoulders thee support ; 
Nor shall that travail weigh me down. 

Howe'er events 
Shall fall, a single and a common risk, 
A single safety, shall there be for both. 
Let young lulus my companion be, 
And from afar my consort watch our steps. 
Do ye, ye servants, in your minds give 

heed 
To what I say. When from the city passed 
There stands for you a knoll, and aged fane 
Of Ceres lorn, and, nigh, a cypress-tree, 
Time-honored, by the reverence of our sires 
Preserved through many a year. To this 

one spot 1023 

From different [directions] will we come. 
Do thou, my father, take within thy hand 
The holy [emblems] and our country's gods : 
For me, departed from so sore a war, 
And slaughter fresh, to touch them were a 

crime, 
Till I have washed me in a living stream.' 
These having spoken, on my shoulders 

broad, 1030 

And neck submissive, with a robe and hide 
Of tawny lion am I overlaid, 
And undertake my load. In my right hand 
The young lulus twined himself, and he 
His father follows with no even steps : 
Behind creeps on my consort. We are borne 
Through spots of shade ; and me, whom 

heretofore 
No weapons, showered on me, would affect, 
Nor clustered Grecians from a hostile band, 
Now every breath alarms ; starts every 

sound 1040 



1002. " Oh ! a cherubim 

Thou wast, that did preserve me. Thou didst 
smile, 

Infused with a fortitude from heaven." 

Shakespeare, Tempest, i. 2. 

1026. Sacra, v. 717, evidently refers to the image 
of Vesta, the fillets and the fire, mentioned in 
verses 296, 7. 

1040. Dryden borrows the idea in these lines, 
when speaking of the anxiety of Trince Rupert at 



One poised [in doubt], and equally in dread 
Alike for his companion and his load. 
And now was I approaching to the gates, 
And all the way appeared t' have over- 
passed, 
When suddenly a frequent din of feet 
Seemed to be present at my [very] ears ; 
My father, too, forth peering through the 

gloom, 
Cries out, ' Son, fly, my son ! they're draw- 
ing nigh ! 
Their blazing shields and gleaming bronze 

I see !' 
'Twas here that, flurried [as I was], from 
me 1050 

Some Power, ill my friend, (I know not 

what, ) 
Robbed my bewildered mind. For in my 

course 
While I the by-ways track, and pass aside 
Without the public quarter of the streets, 
Ah ! whether reft away from me, ill-starred, 
By destiny, my spouse Creusa paused ; 
Or wandered from the path ; or, faint, sat 

down ; — 
Is unresolved : thenceforward ne'er was she 
To eyes of ours restored ; nor e'er did I 
Upon the lost one cast a look behind, 1060 



hearing the noise of battle, before his junction 

with the Duke of Albemarle : 

" With such kind passion hastes the prince to fight, 

And spreads his flying canvas to the sound ; 
Him whom no danger, were he there, could fright, 

Now, absent, every little- noise can wound." 

Annus Mirabilis, 109. 

So Denham of the hunted stag in Cooper's Hill: 
" Now every leaf, and every moving breath, 
Presents a foe, and every foe a death." 

1044. Weise, with other editors, reads vicevi ' 
instead of viam ; an emendation which yields a 
better sense, though it has been attacked as bad 
Latin. In answer to this objection it may be 
observed, in the first place, that Heyne, Brunck, 
Markland, and Weise ought to know good Latin 
from bad ; and, in the second, that even if they did 
not, it does not at all follow that, because Virgil 
has used evitasse in connection with vices else- 
where, he should be confined to such a conjunction 
for ever. He himself seems to apply evado to an 
exactly similar expression in book x., v. 316 : 

" Casus evadere ferri 
Quod licuit parvo." 

However, the reading viam is adhered to, not 
because vicem would be bad Latin, or because 
there is any indifference to its yielding a far better 
sense, but because it seems to have no authority 
whatever from manuscripts. 

1049. " I see the blaze of torches from afar, 
And hear the trampling of thick-beating feet : 
This way they move." 

Dryden, Don Sebastian, iv. 1. 

1060. It is quite true that he would not have 
seen her if he had ; but he speaks of her according 
to his subsequent experience ; as if he had said : 



v. 742—767. 



BOOK II 



v. 768 — 790. 



117 



Or turn a thought, until we are arrived 
At ancient Ceres' hill and hallowed seat. 
All being mustered here at last, 'twas she 
Alone was missing, and her mates, and 

son, 
And consort, failed. Whom both of men 

and gods 
In frenzy did I not upbraid ? Or what 
More bitter in the city razed did I 
Behold ? Ascanius, and my sire Anchises, 
And Teucrian Penates to my mates 
Do I entrust, and in a winding glen 1070 
Secrete them : I myself the city seek 
Once more, and am begirt in gleaming arms. 
Resolved am I all hazards to renew, 
And all through Troja to return, and fling 
Once more my head in face of risks. At 

first 
The walls and darkling thresholds of the 

gate, 
Whence I had issued forth, I seek again, 
And backward trace my steps, marked 

through the gloom, 
And scan them with my eye. The dread 

[of night] all round, 
At once the very stillness fright my soul. 
Thence home, if haply she her foot, if she 
Had haply [thither] moved, do I myself 1082 
Betake. The Danai had rushed within, 
And all the dwelling occupied. Forthwith 
The glutton fire is vollied by the wind 
To the roof-crests ; up mount the flames ; 

the tide 
Is raving to the breezes. I advance, 
And Priam's dome revisit and the tower. 
And now within the empty colonnades, 
In Juno's sanctuary, sentries choice, 1090 
Phoenix and cursed Ulysses, were the spoil 
Close-guarding. Hither, [drawn] from every 

side, 
Troy's treasure, rifled from the burning 

shrines, 
E'en boards of gods, and massy bowls of 

gold, 
And plundered gear, are heaped together. 

Boys, 
And quaking dames, in long array stand 

round. 



" I did not turn my eyes back to see if Creusa 
were behind, who was really missing, though I did 
not know it at the time." The translators, gene- 
rally, fall into what appears to be a weakness, by 
their taking respicio in its tropical meaning. 
Freund, however, adopts what seems to be the 
right view. The poet means >Eneas to say: "I 
never turned a look, nor a thought, behind upon 
my missing wife." 

10S0. " No ! all is hushed, and still as death : 'tis 
dreadful !" 

Congreve, Mourning Bride, ii. 1. 



Yea, daring e'en to fling my words thro'out 
The darkness, with a cry I filled the streets, 
And in my grief redoubling all in vain, 
Creusa o'er and o'er again I called. 1 100 
While searching, and in endless rage among 
The city buildings, fraught with woe [to 

me], 
The spectre and the phantom of herself, 
Creusa, loomed upon me 'fore my eyes, 
And larger than the [life-] known [form] 

her ghost. 
Aghast was I, and stood my hair on end, 
And clave articulation to my jaws. 
She then on this wise me accosts, 
And takes away my troubles by these words : 
' Why joys it thee to give such ready way 
To madding sorrow, O delightsome spouse? 
These happen not without the will of gods ; 
Nor is it granted thee to cany off 1 113 
Creusa as thy comrade, nor doth he, 
The lord of high Olympus [this] allow. 
For thee protracted wand'rings [are in 

store], 
And ocean's spacious surface must be 

ploughed ; 
And thou shalt at Hesperia's land arrive, 
Where Lydian Tiber thro' the wealthy fields 
Of heroes with a gentle current runs. 1 1 20 
There glad estate, and realm, and queenly 

bride, 
Are purchased for thee : drive away thy 

tears 
For thy beloved Creusa. Ne'er shall I 
The Myrmidons', or Dolopes' proud seats 
Behold, or shall I go to be a thrall 
To Grecian matrons, — [I,] a Dardan dame, 
And spouse to th' son of Venus the divine ; 
But me the sovereign mother of the gods 
Holds back within these coasts. And now 

farewell, 
And guard affection for our common son.' 
These words when she delivered, me in 

tears, 

no5. " All which when he unto the end had heard, 
Like to a weake faint-hearted man he fared 
Through great astonishment of that strange sight ; 
And, with long locks upstanding stiffly, stared 
Like one adawed with some dreadfull spright." 
Spenser, F. Q., v. 7, 20. 
1 125. Cleopatra felt as Creusa: 

" Know, sir, that I 
Will not wait pinion'd at your master's court ; 
Nor once be chastised with the sober eye 
Of dull Octavia. Shall they hoist me up, 
And show me to the shouting varletry 
Of censuring Rome ? Rather a ditch in Egypt 
Be gentle grave to me ! Rather on Nilus' mud 
Lay me stark naked, and let the water-flies 
Blow me into abhorring ! Rather make 
My country's high pyramidcs my gibbet, 
And hang me up in chains !" 

Shakespeare, Ant. and Clcop. v. 2. 



n8 



v. 790—795. 



THE &NEID. 



v. 795—804. 



And longing many a [thought] to speak, 
she left, 1 132 

And back retreated into filmy air. 

Three times I there essayed to throw my 
arms 

Around her neck ; three times in vain en- 
grasped, 

The phantom-form escaped my hands, a 
match 

For wanton winds, and likest wingy sleep. 
" Thus I at length my mates, — the night 
far spent, — 

1135. So Savage, in the Wanderer, canto ii. 
The Hermit, on the sight of the shadow of his 
Avife Olympia, says : 
" Still thus I urge (for still the shadowy bliss 

Shuns the warm grasp, nor yields the tender kiss) 

Oh, fly not ! fade not ! Listen to Love's call ; 

She lives ! — no more I'm man ! — I'm spirit all ! 

Then let me snatch thee ! — press thee ! — take me 
whole ! 

Oh, close ! — yet closer ! closer to my soul ! 

Twice round her waist my eager arms entwined, 

And, twice deceived, my frenzy clasp'd the wind !" 



Revisit. And I here in wonder find 

A mighty number of companions strange 

Had tided in, both dames and men, — a 

throng 1 141 

Mustered for banishment, a piteous horde. 
From every side they flocked, in mind and 

means 
Prepared [to voyage] to whatever lands 
I pleased to lead them off across the 

main. 
And now upon the brows of Ida's cope 
The star of morn was rising, and the day 
Was ush'ring in ; the Greeks, too, held the 

gates' 
Beleaguered thresholds ; nor was any hope 
Of succor granted [to us] : I gave way, 
And with my sire upraised the mountains 

sought." 1 15 1 



1 151. "This 
wheel : 



the chance of fickle Fortune's 



A prince at morn, a pilgrim ere 't be night." 

Robert Greene, Alj>konsus, iv. 



BOOK III. 



" After it seemed to heav'nly Powers meet 
To raze the realm of Asia, and the race 
Of Priam that deserved it not, and fell 
Proud Ilium, and is smoking from the 

ground 
All Neptune's Troja, — climes of banish- 
ment 
Wide-severed, and unpeopled lands, are we 
Enforced to seek by omens of the gods ; 
And underneath Antandros' self, and 

mounts 
Of Phrygian Ida, we a navy build, 
In doubt where fates may bear us, where 
'tis deigned 10 

To settle down : and muster we our men. 
The dawning summer scarcely had begun, — 
Straight sire Anchises to resign the sails 
To fates commanded ; when the shores and 

ports 
Of my paternal land in tears I leave, 
The plains, too, where [once] Troja stood. 

I'm borne 
A banished man upon the deep with mates, 
And son, Penates, and the mighty gods. 



Line 4. " Troy, that art now nought but an idle 
name, 
And in thine ashes buried low dost lie, 
Though whilome far much greater then thy fame, 
Before that angry gods and cruell skie 
Upon thee heapt a direful destinie." 

Spenser, F, Q., iii. 9, 33. 



"A martial land afar with spacious 

plains 
Is peopled ; (Thracians till it ;) whilom 

ruled 20 

By fierce Lycurgus, hostelry of yore 
To Troy, and their Penates leagued [with 

ours], 
While Fortune stood. I'm hither borne, 

and found 
Upon the winding shore my earliest walls, 
With fates unfriendly ent'ring, and the 

name, 
' iEneadae,' from my own name I coin. 

" I was performing their religious rites 
In honor of my Dionaean mother, 
And gods, the patrons of my tasks com- 
menced ; 
And to the lofty monarch of the powers 30 
That haunt the heav'ns, was slaying on the 

shore 
A glossy bull. By chance a mound was 

nigh, 



32. This whole legend of Polydorus is finely 
imitated by Spenser, F. Q., i. 2, 30, 31 : 
" And thinking of those braunches greene to frame 

A girlond for her dainty forehead fit, 

He pluckt a bough ; out of whose rifte there came 
Smal drops of gory bloud, that trickled down the 

same. 
" Therewith a piteous yelling voice was heard 

Crying, ' O spare with guilty hands to teare 



V. 22 \2. 



BOOK III. 



42—57. 



119 



On top whereof were cornel shrubs, and 

bush 
Of myrtle, bristling with the serried shafts 
Of lances. I approached ; and from the 

ground 
As I an effort make to wrench away 
A verdant thicket, that I might imbower 
The altars with its branches rife in leaves, 
A fearful prodigy do I behold, 
And marvellous for story. For the tree, 
Which first from out the ground with 

bursten roots 41 

Is torn, — from this flow drops of jetty 

blood, 
And with the gore the earth distain. My 

limbs 
Chill terror shakes, and, icy-cold, my 

blood 
Curdles with fear. Again do I press on 
E'en of another [bush] a limber twig 
To wrench away, and throughly to explore 
The lurking reasons : — of [this] other, too, 
The jetty blood comes coursing from the 

bark. 
I, waking many [a thought] within my 

mind, 50 

The rural Nymphs adored, and father 

Mars, 
Who o'er the Getic fields presides, that they 
Might duly to the visions grant success, 
And lighten the portent. But when the 

third 
Lance-shafts with greater effort I assail, 
And strain with knees against opposing 

sand ; — 
Shall I speak out, or shall I hold my 

peace ? — 
From the mound's base a tearful groan is 

heard, 
And voice, sent forth, is wafted to my ears : 
1 Why, O ^Fneas, mangiest thou a wretch ? 
Forbear thee from [a corse] now tombed ; 

forbear 61 



My tender sides in this rough rynd embard ; 

But fly, ah ! fly far hence away, for feare 

Least to you hap, that happened to me heare, 

And to this wretched Lady, my dear love ; 

O too deare love, love bought with death too 
deare !' 

Astond he stood, and up his heare did hove ; 
And with that suddein horror could no member 

move." 

40. Or : "wondrous to be mentioned." 
61. "Forbear! What art thou that dost rudely 
press 

Into the confines of forsaken graves ? 

Hath death no privilege V" 

Ford, Love's Sacrifice, v. 4. 
" What call unknown, what charms presume 

To break the quiet of the tomb ? 

Who thus afflicts my troubled sprite, 

And drags me from the realms of night ? 



Polluting thy religious hands. To thee 
No stranger, me hath Troja brought to 

light ; 
[N]or is this blood-stream dripping from a 

tree. 
Ah ! fly fell regions, fly a miser shore. 
For I am Polydorus. Here transpierced 
An iron crop of weapons me hath screened, 
And grown upon me with their pointed 

darts.' 
Then sooth, with doubting fear in spirit 

crushed, 
Aghast was I, and stood my hair on end, 
And clave articulation to my jaws. 71 

' ' This Polydore, with mighty weight of 

gold, 
Unhappy Priam whilom had by stealth 
Consigned to Thracia's monarch to be 

reared, 
When now mistrusted he Dardania's arms, 
And saw the city circled by a siege. 
He, when the Trojans' pow'r was broken 

up, 
And Fortune ebbed away, the interests 
Of Agamemnon, and his conqu'ring arms, 
Pursuing, thro' all obligation bursts, 80 
Slays Polydore, and gains the gold by force. • 
To what dost thou not drive the hearts of 

men, 
Cursed greed of gold ! When shudd'ring 

left my bones, 



Long on these mould'ring bones have beat 
The winter's snow, the summer's heat, 
The drenching dews, and driving rain ! 
Let me, let me sleep again. 
Who is he, with voice unblest, 
That calls me from the bed of rest?" 

Gray, Descent of Odin. 

64. " Forbear, if thou hast pity. Ah ! forbear ! 
These groans proceed not from a senseless plant, 
No spouts of blood run welling from a tree." 
Dryden, King Arthur, iv. 1. 

77. " Our hopes all come to this ! our mighty 
hopes, 
Huge as a mountain, shrunk into a wart." 

Shirley, Honoria and Mammon, iii. 4. 

83. " That cart arrest, and raise a common cry, 
For sacred hunger of my gold I die." 

Dryden, Cock and Fox, 253, 4. 

Both here and in his translation of the sEneid, 
Dryden renders sacer by "sacred;" surely this is 
to mislead. Chaucer merely says : 

" My gold caused my mordre, soth to saine." 
The Nonncs Preestes Tale. 

" But when the bowels of the earth were sought, 

Whose golden entrails mortals did espy, 
Into the world all mischief then was brought, 
This framed the mint, that coined our misery." 
Drayton, Pastorals, iv. 22. 
Timon of Athens was of a different stamp from 
Polymestor : 

" What is here ? 
Gold ? Yellow, glittering, precious gold ! No, gods, 



v. 58—72. 



THE &NEID. 



v. 72—93' 



To chosen leaders of the populace, 

And to my sire the first, the gods' portents 

do I 
Report, and what may be their judgment 

ask. 
With all the same decision : — to withdraw 
From land by guilt profaned ; that hos- 

pitage 
Defiled should be abandoned ; and that we 
Should grant the southern breezes to the 

ships. 90 

So Polydorus' fun'ral we perform, 
And on the mound a heap of earth is piled. 
The altars to the Manes mourning stand 
With dun festoons, and cypress swart ; 

and, round, 
The Trojan women with dishevelled hair, 
According to the custom. We present 
Boats frothing with warm milk, and bowls 

of holy blood ; 
The spirit, too, we bury in the grave, 
And with loud voice the last [of calls] 

arouse. 
' ' Then, when dependance first upon the 

main 100 

Is [placed], and winds vouchsafe us seas 

appeased, 
And woos soft chiding Auster to the deep, 
My comrades launch the ships, and fill the 

shores : 
Away from port we're swept, and lands and 

towns 

I am no idle votarist. Roots, you clear Heavens ! 
Thus much of this will make black white ; foul, fair ; 
Wrong, right ; base, noble ; old, young ; coward, 

valiant. 
Ha ! you gods ! why this ? What this, you gods ? 

Why this 
Will lug your priests and servants from your sides, 
Pluck stout men's pillows from below their heads : 
This yellow slave 

Will knit and break religions ; bless th' accurs'd ; 
Make the hoar leprosy ador'd ; place thieves, 
And give them title, knee, and approbation, 
With senators on the bench." 

Shakespeare, Timon of Athens, iv. 3. 

" Though I must grant, 
Riches, well got, to be a useful servant, 
But a bad master." 
Massinger, A New Way to Pay Old Debts, iv. 1. 
" Conscience, my friends, 
And wealth, are not always neighbours." 

The City Madam, v. 2. 
94. Or: "sombre wreaths." 
97. So Dryden, of the funeral rites of Arcite : 

" Full bowls of wine, of honey, milk, and blood, 
Were pour'd upon the pile of burning wood, 
And hissing flames receive, and hungry lick the 

food. 
Then thrice the mounted squadrons ride around 
The fire, and Arcite's name they thrice resound, 
' Hail and farewell ! they shouted thrice amain, 
Thrice facing to the left, and thrice they turn'd 
again." Palamon and Arcite, 2265-71. 



Retreat. A holy region 'mid the sea 
Is peopled, full delightsome to the mother 
Of Nereids, and jEgean Neptune, which, 
While straying erst around the coasts and 

shores, 
The Bowman with the lofty Gyaros 
And Myconus enchained, and, unremoved, 
Gave to be peopled, and to scorn the winds. 
I'm wafted hither : this thrice-peaceful 

[land] 112 

The wearied safely welcomes in' its port. 
Debarked, Apollo's city we adore. 
King Anius, he, the same, the king of 

men, 
And Phoebus' priest, with wreaths and holy 

bay 
Brow-bound, comes up ; Anchises, his old 

friend, 
He recognizes. We unite right hands 
In hospitage, and pass beneath his roof. 

" The temple of the god, of aged stone 
Upreared, I prayed : ' A home, our own, 

vouchsafe, 121 

Thymbroean ! walls vouchsafe to weary 

[souls], 
A lineage, too, and city that will last. 
Guard thou the second Pergamus of Troy, 
A remnant from the Greeks and fell 

Achilles. 
Whom follow we? Or whither biddest thou 
To wend our way ? Where settlements to 

plant ? 
Vouchsafe, O sire, thine oracle, and steal 
Within our souls.' I scarce had spoken these: 
Upon a sudden all appeared to quake, 130 
Alike the fane and bay-tree of the god, 
And the whole mount to be convulsed 

around, 
The tripod, too, to rumble in the shrines, 
Unveiled. We reverently fall to earth, 
And voice is wafted onward to our ears : 

108. Spenser seems to have drawn the idea of his 
W andering Islands from this legend about Delos : 

" For those same Islands, seeming now and than, 
Are not firme land, nor any certein wonne, 
But stragling plots, which to and fro doe ronne 
In the wide waters ; therefore are they hight 
The Wandering Islands." F. Q., ii. 12, n. 

Milton alludes to it in illustration of a grand 
idea: 

" The aggregated soil 
Death, with his mace petrific, cold and dry, 
As with a trident smote, and fix'd as firm 
As Delos, floating once." P. L., b. x. 

124. Or: 

" Guard thou her second Pergamus for Troy." 

134. " But of all, the burst 

And the ear-deafening voice o' th' oracle, 
Kin to Jove's thunder, so surpriz'd my sense, 
That I was nothing." 

Shakespeare, Winter's Tale, iii. 1. 



v. 94— "9. 



BOOK. III. 



119 — 146, 



121 



' Ye hardy sons of Dardanus, what land 
First bare you from your parents' stock, 

the same 
Within its fruitful lap shall welcome you, 
Returned. Seek out your ancient mother. 

Here 
^Eneas' house shall rule o'er every coast, 
And his sons' sons, and they who shall 

from them 141 

Be born.' These Phcebus : and with 

mingled stir 
Vast rose the joy, and all the body ask 
What be that city, whither Phcebus calls 
The rovers, and enjoins them to return ? 
My sire then, turning o'er the record-tales 
Of men of old, cries : ' Listen, O ye chiefs, 
And learn your hopes. Crete, isle of 

mighty Jove, 
Amid the ocean lies, where [stands] the 

mount 
Of Ida, and the cradle of our race. 1 50 

A hundred mighty cities do they haunt, 
Thrice-fruitful kingdoms, whence our eldest 

sire, — 
If I aright remember [legends] heard, — 
Teucer, to coasts Rhcetean first was borne, 
And for his kingdom chose the site. Nor yet 
Had Ilium and the tow'rs of Pergamus 
Stood forth : they harbored in the lowest 

glens. 
Hence [sprang] the mother, [she,] the 

denizen 
Of Cybela, the bronzes, too, of Corybants, 
And grove of Ida ; hence in holy [rites] 
A trusty secresy ; and lions, yoked, 161 
The chariot of their mistress underwent. 
Then come, and where the mandates of 

the gods 
Are leading follow we : let us appease 
The Winds, and for the realms of Gnosus 

make. 
Nor are they distant by a lengthful route : 
Only let Jove be with us, — [day's] third dawn 
Shall land our navy on the Cretan coasts.' 
Thus having spoken, for the altars he 
The dueful sacrifices slew, — a bull 170 

136. " But what have been thy answers, what but 
dark, 
Ambiguous, and with double sense deluding, 
Which they who ask'd have seldom understood, 
And not well understood as good not known ?" 
Milton, P. R., b. i. 
146. Or: "chronicles."" 
157. Or: "valley-depths." 
170. So Dryden, on the Restoration of King 

Charles the Second : 

" A bull to thee, Portunus, shall be slain, 
A lamb to you, ye tempests of the main : 
For those loud storms, that did against him roar, 
Have cast his shipwreck'd vessel on the shore." 
Astrea Redux, 121-4. 



To Neptune, unto thee a bull, Apollo 

fair, 
A sable victim to [the god of] Storm, 
To favorable Western gales a white. 

' ' A rumor flies, that, from his father's 

realms 
Expelled, Idomeneus the chief was gone, 
And that abandoned were the shores of 

Crete, 
Its homes from foeman free, and that its 

seats 
Were standing for us all forlorn. We quit 
Ortygia's havens, and across the. deep 
We fly, and, revelled over on its brows, 
Naxos, and green Donusa, Olearos, 181 
And snow-white Paros, and the Cyclad- 

isles, 
Sprent o'er the main, and friths, with clus- 
tered lands 
Thick-sown, we coast. Up springs the 

sailor-shout 
In changeful rivalry ; the crews they 

cheer ; — 
' To Crete and our progenitors let us 
Repair !' A breeze, uprising from astern 
Attends us as we go, and we at last 
Glide gently to the Curets' ancient coasts. 
So, eagerly, the wished-for city's walls 
I plan, and ' Pergamean ' title it ; 191 

The nation, too, rejoicing in the name, 
I urge to love their hearths, and rear 

aloft 
The castle with its roofs. And now the 

sterns 
Were just up-hauled upon the thirsty beach ; 
In marriage-rites, and new [ly granted] 

fields 
The youth were tasked ; their rights and 

homes was I 
Dispensing ; — when upon a sudden swooped 
From [some] attainted region of the sky 
On limbs a wasting, and alike on trees, 
And seeded crops a pitiable plague, 201 
And season rife with death. Their precious 

lives 
They left, or healthless bodies trailed along. 
Then Sirius 'gan to scorch the barren fields ; 
Grass withered, and its food the sickly corn 
Denied. Once more t' Ortygia's oracle 
And Phcebus, — ocean meted back, — my 

sire 
Advises to resort, and grace to crave ; 
What close to our distressed estate he 

brings ; 
Whence he enjoins our trying [to obtain] 
Relief from suff'rings ; whither veer our 

course. 



191. Or: " call it after Pergamus.' 



122 



i 4 7— 172. 



THE JENE1D. 



v. 173 — 1 1 



" 'Twas night, and things of life thro'out 

the lands 212 

Sleep held. The holy figures of the gods, 
And Phrygian tutelars, which I with me 
From Troy, and from amid the city-fires, 
Had brought away, appeared before mine 

eyes 
To stand hard by, in slumbers as I lay, 
Plain in a flood of light, where full the moon 
Through the inserted casements poured her 

[rays] ; 
On this wise then t' accost me, and to take 
Solicitudes away by these their words : 
' Whate'er to thee, what time t' Ortygia 

borne 222 

Apollo is prepared to utter, here 
He chants, and sends us to thy dwelling- 
place, 
Lo! unentreated. We, — Dardania burnt, — 
Thee and thine arms who've followed ; 

under thee 
Who have the heaving ocean in thy ships 
O'er- traversed ; [we], the same, thy sons 

of sons, 
That are to issue, to the stars will raise, 
And to thy city sovereignty vouchsafe. 230 
Do thou for giant [heroes] giant walls 
Prepare, and quit not flight's protracted toil. 
Thy homesteads must be changed : 'tis not 

these shores 
Delian Apollo hath advised for thee, 
Or hath he bid thee settle down in Crete. 
There is a spot, (' Hesperia' do the Greeks 
Entitle it by name ;) an ancient land, 
Puissant in arms and richness of its soil : 
^notrian swains inhabited it [erst] ; 
Now rumor [tells], that moderns ' Italy ' 
Have called the nation from the leader's 

name. 241 

These are the rightful settlements for us ; 
Hence Dardanus was sprung, (sire Jasius, 

too ;) 
From the which chieftain [came] our race. 

Come ! rise ! 
And blithely to thy aged sire these words, 
Not to be called in doubt, report : ' Let him 
Deep-search for Coryth and Ausonian 

lands : 
The fields of Dicte Jove denies to thee.' 
Thunderstruck by such sights and voice of 

gods,— 249 

212. " Night, clad in black, mourns for the loss of 
day, 
And hides the silver spangles of the air, 
That not a spark is left to light the world ; 
Whilst quiet sleep, the nourisher of life, 
Takes full possession of mortality : 
All creatures take their rest in soft repose." 

Machin, The Dumb Knight, ii. 1. 

228. Or: " O'er-measured." 



Nor lethargy was that ; but in my sight 
To recognize their looks, and banded hair, 
And features present to me, did I seem : 
Then trickled icy sweat from all my 

frame ; — 
I snatch my body from the couch, and 

spread 
To heav'n my hands uplifted with my 

voice, 
And off'rings pour untainted on the 

hearths. 
The homage to completion brought, in joy 
I certify Anchises, and the tale 
Develop in its order. He avowed 
The pedigree of doubt, and double sires, 
Himself, too, by a modern misconceit 261 
Of ancient spots misled ; then saith : • O 

son, 
Experienced in the destinies of Troy, 
Alone to me such fates Cassandra sang. 
Now do I recollect that she foretold 
That these were to our nation due, and oft 
Hesperia, oft Italian realms, she named. 
But who could fancy that the Teucer-race 
Were to Hesperia's shores to come ? Or 

whom 
Could then the prophetess Cassandra move ? 
To Phoebus let us yield, and, warned [by 

him], 271 

His better [counsels] follow.' Thus he 

speaks, 
And we, exulting, in a throng obey 
His word. This home, too, we forsake, 

and, — few 
Behind us left, — give sail, and scud across 
The waste of water in our hollow bark. 

" Soon as the galleys occupied the deep, 
Nor further now do any lands appear ; 
Sky all around, and all around the main ; — 
Then o'er my head a dingy rain-cloud came 
To a near stand, night bringing on and storm, 
And 'gan the wave to crisp beneath the 

gloom. 282 

Forthwith the winds roll on the sea, and rise 
The mountain waters. Scattered here and 

there, 
Thro'out the mighty ocean are we tossed. 
Storm-clouds enwrapped the day, and dark- 
ness dank 

250. See note on Eel. v. 58. 
253. " How he shook the king, 

Made his soul melt within him, and his blood 
Run into whey ! It stood upon his brow 
Like a cold winter-dew." 

Beaumont and Fletcher, Philaster, i. 1. 

263. " O be of comfort ! 

Make patience a noble fortitude, 
And think not how unkindly we are used : 
Man, like to cassia, is proved best being bruised.'' 
Webster, The Duchess of Malji, iii. 5. 



v. 199 — 22 < 



BOOK III. 



v. 228 — 250. 



123 



Reft heav'n away, and from the rifted clouds 
The fires redouble. From our course are we 
Thrown out, and wander in the blindfold 

waves. 
E'en Palinure himself denies that he 290 
Can day from night discriminate in heaven, 
Nor recollect his path amid the surge. 
Three suns, thus doubtful from the dark- 
some murk, 
We wander on the deep, as many nights 
Without a star. Upon the day, the fourth, 
Land first was seen to lift it [s form] at last, 
To ope afar the mounts, and wreathe the 

smoke. 
Sails lower ; to the oars we rise ; no stay ; 
The crews in straining whirl the foam, and 

sweep 
The azure [waters]. Rescued from the 

waves, 300 

The shores of Strophads welcome me the 

first. 
The Strophads stand (by Grecian title 

called,) 
Isles in the great Ionian, which the dread 
Celaeno, and the other Harpies haunt, 
Since Phineus' palace was against them 

barred, 
And former boards in terror they forsook. 
No more distressful monster-form than 

these, 
Nor any feller plague and scourge of gods 
Hath reared it [s form] above the Stygian 

waves. 
Maiden the faces of the winged [fiends], 
All-foul their belly's flux, and pounced their 

hands, 311 

Their features, too, with craving ever wan. 
When, hither wafted, enter we the port, 
Behold ! in every spot blithe droves of 

beeves 
We see along the champaigns, and a flock 
Of goats, with keeper none, throughout the 

grass. 
We charge them with the falcion, and the 

gods, 
And Jove himself, invite to share and prey. 
Then on the bending beach we both upraise 
Our seats, and banquet on the rich repast. 
But on a sudden with a fearful swoop 321 
Down from the mountains stand the Har- 
pies by, 
And with prodigious whizzings do they flap 
Their wings, and rifle the repast, and all 
Befoul with touch uncleanly : then [is heard] 



308. More literally : "wrath of gods." 

310. Spenser, in the Faerie Queene, ii. 12, 36, 

calls them : 

" The hellish harpyes, prophets of sad destiny." 
314. Or: "fat droves." 



An awful screaming 'mid a noisome smell. 
Once more, within a far retreat, beneath 
A vaulted rock, incloistered round with trees 
And dreadful shadows, lay we out the 

boards, 
And on the altars place anew the fire : 330 
Once more from forth a diff'rent side of 

heaven, 
And darksome shrouds, the whirring crew 

flits round 
The prey with hooky claws ; with lips defile 
The banquet. Then the order to my mates 
I issue forth, that they should take their 

arms, 
And with the cursed nation war be waged. 
Nor otherwise than as enjoined do they, 
And range their falcions, screened among 

the grass, 
And hide away their bucklers out of sight. 
So when, in swooping down, a din they 

raised 340 

Along the winding shores, Misenus gives 
A signal from his lofty post of watch 
Upon his hollow bronze. My comrades 

charge, 
And strange encounters they essay, to mar 
The filthy birds of ocean with the sword. 
But neither on their feathers any dint, 
Nor wounds upon their backs do they re- 
ceive ; 
And, gliding 'neath the stars in sweepy 

flight, 
The prey half-eaten, and their foot-tracks 

foul, 
They leave. Alone upon a cliff all -high 350 
Celaeno perched, ill-boding prophetess, 
And from her bosom vents she forth this 

strain : 
' War, too, for slaughter of our beeves, and 

steers 
Laid low, descendants of Laomedon, 
Is 't war to bring upon us ye prepare, 
And th' unoffending Harpies to expel 
From their ancestral realm ? Receive ye, 

then, 



346. Shakespeare makes Ariel and his company 
equally invulnerable ; Tempest, iii. 3 : 

" You fools, I and my fellows 
Are ministers of fate : the elements, 
Of whom your swords are temper'd, may as well 
Wound the loud winds, or with bemock'd-at stabs 
Kill the still-closing waters, as diminish 
One dowle that's in my plume : my fellow- 
ministers 
Arc like invulnerable." 

351. Spenser torments Guyon with the same 

fiend : 

" Whiles sad Celeno, sitting on a clifte, 
A song of bale and bitter sorrow sings, 
That hart of flint asonder could have rifte." 

F. (?., ii. 7, 23. 



I2 4 



v. 250 — 277. 



THE sENEID. 



v. 278 — 310. 



Within your souls, and these my words 

imprint : 
What [fates] to Phoebus the almighty sire, 
Phoebus Apollo hath to me foretold ; 360 
To you do I, of Furies eldest, [these] 
Disclose. Italia in your course ye seek, 
And, — winds invoked, — Italia shall ye 

reach, 
And it will be allowed to enter port ; 
But ne'er shall ye the granted city gird 
With walls, till fearful hunger, and the 

wrong 
Of our blood-shedding force you with your 

jaws 
Your tables to demolish, gnawed around.' 
She said. And to the forest, on her wings 
Upborne, flew back. But in my mates, 

ice-cold 370 

With sudden horror, did the blood congeal : 
Their spirits fell ; nor further now with 

arms, 
But vows and orisons, they beg me sue 
For peace ; or whether goddesses they be, 
Or fate-announcing and ill-boding birds. 
My sire Anchises, too, with hands out- 
stretched 
From, shore, the great divinities invokes, 
And sacrifices due appoints : ' Ye gods, 
Their threat'nings bid avaunt ! gods, turn 

aside 
The like disaster, and, propitious, save 380 
The holy.' Then the cable from the shore 
To wrench away, and sheets uncoiled to 

slack, 
He orders. Southern gales the canvas swell : 
We scud along upon the yesting waves, 
Where wind alike and pilot wooed a course. 
Now looms amid the billow, rife in woods, 
Zacynthus, and Dulichium, Same too, 
And Neritos, sublime with crags. We shun 
The rocks of Ithaca, Laertes' realms, 
And ban the fell Ulysses' foster-land. 390 
Soon, too, the Mount Leucata's stormy 

crests, 
And, feared by mariners, is opened out 
Apollo. Him we weary seek, and reach 
The humble town. The anchor from the bow 
Is cast ; the sterns are resting on the shore. 

371. " The pith of oracles 

Is to be then digested, when th' events 
Expound their truth, not brought as soon to light 
As. uttered: Truth is child of Time." 

Ford, The Broken Heart, iv. 3. 
373. " For the dearth, 

The gods, not the patricians, make it ; and 
Your knees to them, not arms, must help." 

Shakespeare, Coriolanus, i. 1. 
390. " Ban'd be those cosening arts that wrought 
our woe, 
Making us wandering pilgrims to and fro." 
Anonymous, The Retumefrom Pernassus, ii. 1. 



" Thus having gained at last a land un- 
hoped, 
We both perform the cleansing rites to 

Jove, 
And light the altars up for vows, and fame 
The shores of Actium with the sports of 

Troy. 
My stript companions with the streaming 

oil 400 

Practise their native wrestlings. Joy it is 
To have escaped so many Argive towns, 
And through the midst of foes maintained 

a flight. 
Meanwhile around the mighty year the sun 
Is wheeled, and icy winter frets the waves 
With northern blasts. A shield of hollow 

bronze, 
Great Abas' load, upon the fronting posts 
I fix, and mark the action with the verse : 
' These' arms ^Eneas from the victor 

Greeks.' 409 

I bid them then to quit the port, and take 
Their seats upon the thwarts. In rivalry 
The crews lash ocean, and the waters sweep. 
Straight put we out of sight the skyey peaks 
Of the Phseaces, and Epirus' shores 
We coast, and enter the Chaonian port, 
And the tall city of Buthrotus reach. 

" Here, past belief, a rumor of events 
Lays hold upon our ears : — that Helenus, 
The son of Priam, rules thro' Grecian towns, 
He having gained the spouse and sceptral 

sway 420 

Of Pyrrhus, sprung from ^Eacus's strain ; 
And that Andromache had now once more 
Passed to a husband of her native land. 
I was astounded, and my bosom burned 
With strange desire the hero to accost, 
And ascertain events of such concern. 
From port I sally, quitting ships and shores : 
When yearly feasts, by chance, and gifts of 

woe, 
Before the city in a grove, fast by 
The billow of pretended Simois, 430 

Andromache was pouring to his ash [es] 
Libations, and was calling on the Shades 
At Hector's tomb, which of the em'rald 

turf,— 
An empty [tomb], — a pair of altars, too, 
A fountain-head for tears, she'd sanctified. 
When she descried me coming, and around 
The Trojan weapons in distraction saw, 
Scared by the mighty wonders, stiff she 

grew 
Amid the sight ; the heat her bones for- 
sook ; 
She falls ; and after a protracted time 440 
Scarce speaks at last; ' Dost thou, a real 

shape, 



v. 310—337- 



BOOK III. 



v. 337—365. 



125 



A real messenger, present thyself 
To me, O goddess -born ? Art thou alive ? 
Or if from thee boon light hath fled away, 
Where is my Hector ?' [Thus] she spake, 

and tears 
Outpoured, and every spot with shrieking 

filled. 
Scarce few [replies] to her, [in] frantic 

[mood], 
Do I throw in, and troubled, with stray 

words 
Ope wide [my lips] : ' Alive I am indeed, 
And life thro' all extremities prolong. 450 
Doubt not : for thou realities dost see. 
Alas ! what chance succeeds to thee, de- 
throned 
From such a noble spouse ? Or fortune what 
Again doth visit, meet enough for thee ? 
Dost thou, Andromache of Hector, guard 
The wedded bonds of Pyrrhus?' Down 

she cast 
Her visage, and with lowered voice she 

spake : 
1 O singularly blest before all else, 
The Priamean maid, at foeman's tomb, 
'Neath Troja's stately Avails decreed to die, 
Who bore not any castings of the lot, 461 
Nor, pris'ner, touched a conqu'ring mas- 
ter's bed ! 
We, — country burnt, — o'er severed waters 

borne, 
The arrogance of th' Achillean brood, 
And [that] disdainful youth, in slavery 
A mother proving, have endured : who then, 
Pursuing Leda-sprung Hermione, 
And Spartan nuptials, me, his handmaid, 

e'en 
To Helenus his lacquey handed o'er 
To be possessed. But him, by mighty love 
Of his betrothed, reft from him, set afire, 
And hounded by the Furies of his crimes, 
Orestes intercepts when off his guard, 473 
And butchers at the altars of his sire. 
At Neoptolemus' decease, a share 
Of his dominions, ceded to him, fell 
To Helenus ; who, by their name, the plains 
"Chaonian," and "Chaonia" all [the land] 
From Trojan Chaon called ; and Pergamus, 
And this his Ilian castle on the heights 480 
Erected. But to thee what winds, what 
fates, 



445. " Hector is gone ! 

Who shall tell Priam so, or Hecuba? 
Let him, that will a screech-owl aye be call'd, 
Go into Troy, and say there — Hector's dead : 
There is a word will Priam turn to stone ; 
Make wells and Niobes of the maids and wives, 
Cold statues of the youth ; and in a word, 
Scare Troy out of itself." 

Shakespeare, Troilus and Cressida, v. 1 1 . 



Thy course have deigned ? Or pray what 

god hath driven 
Thee, wareless, to these coasts of ours? 

How [fares] 
The boy Ascanius ? Does he [still] survive, 
And feed upon the air? Whom hath to thee, 

Now Troy . Yet in the boy 

Dwells any feeling for a mother lost ? 
Say whether to the gallantry of old, 
And manly courage, do alike his sire 
^Eneas, and his uncle Hector rouse him up?' 
Such poured she forth in tears, and weep- 
ings long 491 
In vain awaked : when, [issued] from the 

walls, 
The hero-son of Priam, Helenus, 
With numbers in his train, presents himself, 
And recognises his own [friends], and blithe 
Conducts us towards the palace, and his 

tears 
Between his every word profusely sheds. 
I move me forward, and a petty Troy, 
And, made to ape the great, a Pergamus, 
And thirsty brook with Xanthus' name, 

perceive, 500 

And clasp the portals of a Scsean gate. 
And none the less do Teucer's sons with me 
Enjoy the friendly city. These the king 
Within the wide piazzas entertained : 
Amid the hall they tasted Bacchus' cups, — 
With viands dished on gold, — and platters 

held. 
' ' And now a day, and second day, passed 

by, 

And breezes court the sails, the canvas, too, 
Is puffed by swelling Auster : — in these 

words 
Do I accost the prophet, and prefer 510 
The like requests : ' O thou, of Troja born, 
Interpreter of gods, who dost the will 
Of Phoebus, who the tripods, Clarius' bays, 
Who constellations dost perceive, and 

tongues 
Of birds, and omens of the flighty wing, 
Come tell ; (for all my voyage hath to me 
Religion fav'ring told, and, one and all, 
The gods have urged me by their will to seek 
Italia, and essay sequestered lands : 
A strange portent, and fearful to be told, 



509. " We owe this happiness 

To you, fair princess, for whose safer passage 
The breath of heaven did gently swell our sails, 
The waves were proud to bear so rich a lading, 
And danced to the music of the winds." 

Shirley, The Young Admiral, ii. 2. 

520. " Thus like the sad presaging raven, that tolls 
The sick man's passport in her hollow beak, 
And in the shadow of the silent night 
Doth shake contagion from her sable wings." 
Marlowe, The Jew of Malta, i. 



126 



v. 365—399. 



THE JENEID. 



v. 399—421. 



Harpy Celaeno chants alone, and threats 
Disastrous anger and a famine foul ;) 522 
What the chief dangers I am to avoid ; 
Or, what pursuing, can I overcome 
Distresses so intense ?' Here Helenus, — 
Steers slaughtered first in wonted form, — 

entreats 
With earnestness the favor of the gods, 
And slacks the fillets of his hallowed head, 
And me, O Phoebus, to thy thresholds he 
Himself conducted by the hand, o'erawed 
At thy abundant presence, and these 
[strains] 531 

Then chants the priest from out his heav'nly 
lips : 
" 'O goddess-born (for that thou dost 
proceed 
With higher auspices throughout the deep, 
Clear .my conviction : thus the king of gods 
The destinies allots, and rolls along 
Thy fortunes ; such the cycle that is wheeled:) 
A few to thee from many a response, 
That thou may'st safer traverse kindly seas, 
And be enabled in Ausonia's port 540 

To settle down, will I unfold ; for Fates 
Bar Helenus the knowledge of the rest, 
Saturnian Juno, too, forbids to speak. 
First, Italy, which now thou deemest nigh, 
Its ports, too, as at hand, O unaware, 
To enter dost prepare, a distant route, 
Unpathed, divides afar by distant lands. 
First, e'en upon Sicilia's wave thy oar 
Must needs be bent, and traversed in thy 

ships 
The surface of Ausonia's briny main, 550 
And hellish lakes, and JEaxi Circe's isle, 
Ere thou canst rest thy city in a land 
Secure. To thee the tokens will I name ; 
Do thou preserve them treasured in thy 

mind. 
What time by thee, [all] anxious, at the 

wave 
Of a sequestered river, found beneath 
The holms upon its bank, a monstrous sow, 
That has produced a brood of thirty young, 
Shall lie, white, on the ground reclining, 
white 559 

Around her dugs the litter ; — that shall be 
Thy city's site ; that, rest assured from toils. 
Nor do thou fear the future meal of boards : 
The Weirds will find a way, and, when 

invoked, 
Apollo will be with you. But these lands, 
And border this of [yon] Italian shore, 
Which, next thee, by our ocean's tide is 

drenched, 
Avoid thou : one and all, by felon Greeks 
The towns are peopled. Likewise here 
their walls 



The Locri of Narycium have upreared, 
And plains of Sallentines with soldiery 570 
Lyctian Idomeneus beset. Here [stands] 
That small Petelia, leaning on the wall 
Of Philoctetes, Melibcean chief. 
Yea, too, when wafted on across the seas, 
Thy barks shall have reposed, and now thy 

vows, 
With altars reared, on shore shalt thou 

discharge, 
Be kerchiefed o'er thy tresses, muffled up 
In crimson hood ; lest any adverse sight, 
'Mid holy fires in homage to the gods, 
Meet thee, and trouble the portents. This 

form 580 

Of sacrifices let thy comrades, this 
Thyself maintain ; in this religious rite 
Let thy devout posterity abide. 
But when set forward [on thy course] the 

wind 
Shall thee have wafted to Sicilia's coast, 
And strait Pelorus' narrows shall begin 
To ope apart, the land upon thy left, 
And left-side seas by doubling long be 

sought ; 
The shore upon the right hand, and its 

waves, 
Avoid. These spots, erst shattered by a 

shock, 590 

And wreck enormous, — such amightychange 
Can long antiquity of age effect, — ■ 
Asunder sprang do they report, what time 
Both lands uninterruptedly were one : 
Into the midst with fury flushed the deep, 
And rifted with its waves Hesperia's side 
From Sic'ly's, and between the fields and 

towns, 
Dissevered by a shore, with narrow tide 
It flushes. Scylla doth the side upon the 

right, 
The left Charybdis unappeased blockades, 
And with its pit's profoundest whirl thrice 

sucks 601 



575. More literally : " stood still." 

599. Spenser gives a grand description of his 

parallels to Scylla and Charybdis, the " Gulfe of 

Greedinesse," and "Rock of Reproch ;" Faerie 

Queene, ii. 12, 3-9 : 

" On th' other syde an hideous Rock is pight 
Of mightie magnes stone, whose craggie clift 
Depending from on high, dreadfull to sight, 
Over the waves his rugged armes doth lift, 
And threateneth downe to throw his ragged rift : 
On whoso cometh nigh ; yet nigh it drawes 
All passengers, that none from it can shift : 
Fox, whiles they fly that Gulfe's devouring iawes 

They on the rock are rent, and sunck in helpless 
wawes. . . . 

" They, passing by, that grisely mouth did see 
Sucking the seas into his entralles deepe, 
That seemd more horrible than hell to bee, 
Or that darke dreadfull hole of Tartare steepc." 



v. 4 22 — 446. 



BOOK III. 



v. 446—471. 



27 



The mountain billows into the abyss ; 
Again, too, in succession shoots them up 
Beneath the air, and lashes with the surge 
The constellations. But in darksome 

shrouds 
A cave incloses Scylla, stretching out 
Her jaws, and trailing ships upon the rocks. 
Above, — her figure, that of human kind, 
A damsel e'en, with beauteous bosom far 
As to the groin ; below, — of monster frame 
A Pistrix, with the tails of dolphins linked 
To womb of wolves. It meeter is for thee 
Thro'out Trinacrian Pachynus' bounds 613 
To coast, a loiterer, and tedious routes 
To wheel around, than once to have 

descried 
The hideous Scylla in her monstrous cave, 
And cliffs that thunder with the dingy dogs. 
Moreo'er, if any skill in Helenus 
There dwell, if any credit in the seer, 
If with the true Apollo stores his mind, 
This single [warning], goddess-born, to 
thee 621 

E'en before all, this single [warning] I 
Will pre-declare, and re-announcing [this], 
Again, and o'er again, will thee advise : 
Great Juno's deity in chief with prayer 
Adore ; to Juno freely chant thy vows, 
And overcome with gifts of humble suit 
The puissant mistress : thus shalt thou at 

last, 
In triumph, with Trinacria left astern, 
Upon the bourns of Italy be launched. 
When, hither wafted, thou shalt have 
attained 630 

The Cuman city, and the sacred lakes, 
And [depths] Avernian, booming with 

their woods, 
The madding prophetess shalt thou behold ; 
Who in her deepest [seat of] rock the fates 
Chants forth, and trusts to leaves her marks 

and words. 
Whatever verses on the leaves the maid 
Hath scored, she ranges into rhythmic form, 

■ 616. Grander than Virgil is Milton's imitation of 
him in the description of Sin ; P. L., b. ii. : 

" Before the gates there sat 
On either side a formidable shape ; 
The one seem'd woman to the waist, and fair ; 
But ended foul in many a scaly fold, 
Voluminous and vast ; a serpent armed 
With mortal sting : about her middle round 
A cry of Hellhounds never ceasing bark'd 
With wide Cerberian mouths full loud, and rung 
A hideous peal ; yet, when they list, would creep, 
If aught disturb'd their noise, into her womb, 
And kennel there ; yet there still bark'd and 

howl'd 
Within, unseen." 



633- 



" Poetic fury, and historic storms." 

Ben Jonson, The Fox, iv. 



And quits them, cloistered up within the 

. grot- 
Abide they in their places undisturbed, 

Nor from their rank depart. But [these] 
the same, 640 

What time, upon the turning of the hinge, 
A gentle breeze hath driven, and the gate 
Deranged the tender leaflets, ne'er thence- 
forth 
To catch them flutt'ring through the vaulted 

rock, 
Nor to recall their postures, or unite 
The verses, does she care : without advice 
[Men] pass away, and loathe the Sibyl's 

seat. 
Here be not any waste of time to thee 
Of such concern, — though mates upbraid, 

and loud 
The voyage summon to the deep the sails, 
And their propitious bosoms thou canst 
fill— 651 

That thou should'st not the prophetess 

approach, 
And with thy prayers entreat that she her- 
self 
May chant the heav'nly answers, and un- 
lock 
Her voice and lips with favor. She to 

thee 
Italia's tribes, and battles doomed to come, 
And by what means thou mayest every 

toil 
Or shun, or suffer, will unfold, and grant, 
When worshipped, a successful course. 

These [truths] 
Be they, whereof it is by voice of ours 660 
Permitted thee to be advised. Up ! quick ! 
And, great by thine exploits, raise Troy to 
heaven.' 
" Which when the prophet thus with 
friendly lip 
Spake forth, gifts thereupon, of weight 

with gold 
And the veneer of iv'ry, to the ships 
He bids be borne ; and packs within their 

holds 
A mass of plate, and basins of Dodone, 
A coat of armor interlinked with rings, 
And wrought with gold in triplet, and the 

cone 
And waving plumes of helm distinguished, 
arms 670 

Of Neoptolemus. There likewise be 
His presents for my father. Steeds he 

adds, 
And adds he guides ; a rower-train sup- 
plies ; 
My mates the same time furnishes with 
arms. 



128 



V. 472—493- 



THE ^NEID. 



v. 493—520. 



" Meanwhile the navy to equip with sails 
Anchises gave command, that no delay- 
Might be presented to a leading wind. 
Whom Phcebus' seer with deep respect 
accosts : 

* Anchises, honored with the haught em- 

brace 
Of Venus ! O solicitude of gods ! 680 

Twice rescued from the wrecks of Per- 

gamus, 
Behold ! Ausonia's land before thee pies] : 
This seize thou by thy sails. And yet past 

this 
There's need for thee to glide along the 

deep. 
That region of Ausonia is afar, 
Which opes to thee Apollo. Go,' saith he, 

* O blest in the devotion of thy son. 
Why further am I carried on, and stay 

By talk the rising southern gales ?' Nor 

less 
Andromache, at latest parting sad, 690 
Brings robes embroidered with a thread of 

gold, 
And Phrygian mantle for Ascaniiis ; 
Nor of the compliment comes short ; and 

loads 
[The youth] with woven gifts, and such 

she speaks : 
' Accept these also, which to thee may 

stand 
Memorials of my hands, my boy, and prove 
The long affection of Andromache, 
The spouse of Hector. Take thy [friends'] 

last gifts, 
O thou, to me the only picture left 
Of my Astyanax ! Thus eyes, thus hands, 
Thus he his lips was wont to move ; and 

now 701 

In equal age along with thee would he 
Be rip'ning into man.' On parting I, with 

tears 
Upstarting, these addressed : ' Live happy 

ye, 



675. " Lay her before the wind ! Up with her 
canvas, 

And let her work ! The wind begins to whistle : 

Clap all her streamers on, and let her dance, 

As if she were the minion of the ocean ! 

Let her bestride the billows till they roar, 

And curl their wanton heads !" 

J. Fletcher, The Double Marriage, ii. 1. 

677. It is plain, from verse 481, that the wind was 
a "leading" one. 

693. Or : " Nor of his dignity." 

703. Classical heroes seem greatly addicted to 
tears, forgetting that a watery grief is scarce as 
deep as a dry : 
" Think not the worse, my friends, I shed not tears : 

Great griefs lament within." 

J. Fletcher, Valcntinian, iv. 4. 



Whose fortune is accomplished, now their 

own : 
From one fate to another we are called. 
For you is rest secured : no ocean-plain 
Must needs be ploughed, nor have Ausonia's 

fields 
Retreating ever backward, to be sought. 
The likeness of the Xanthus, and a Troy 
Ye see, which your own hands have shaped, 

beneath 711 

More happy auspices, I pray to heaven ! 
And which may prove less open to the 

Greeks. 
If ever Tiber, and the neighb'ring fields 
Of Tiber, I shall enter, and the walls, 
That are vouchsafed my nation, I shall view, 
Our kindred cities in the days to come, 
And neighbor peoples, — in Epirus [you], 
[We] in Hesperia, — who have Dardanus 
The selfsame founder, and the selfsame 

fates, . 720 

Both Troys will render in affection one : 
Let this concern our children's children 

wait.' 
''We're wafted forth along the deep, 

hard by 
The neighb'ring heights Ceraunian, whence 

there [lies] 
The path to Italy, and the shortest route 
Across the waves. The sun swoops down 

meanwhile, 
And darkling mounts are shaded o'er. 

We're stretched 
Upon the bosom of a wished-for land, 
Fast by the billow, having lotted oars, 
And all around, along the droughty beach, 
Our frames we tend : sleep dews our jaded 

limbs. 731 

Nor yet upon her central circle Night, 
Chased onward by the Hours, advanced : — 

not slow 
Uprises Palinurus from his couch, 
And searches all the winds, and in his ears 
The breeze he catches ; all the stars he 

marks, 
As on they glide across the silent heaven, — 
Arcturus, and the rainy Hyades, 
And twin Triones ; and he scans around 
Orion armed with gold. What time he sees 
That all lies settled in the calmy sky, 741 
He gives a brilliant signal from the stern : 
We strike th' encampment, and essay our 

route, 



(i. " Gallants, the night growes old, and downy 

sleep 
Courts us to entertain his company ; 
Our tyred limbes, brused in the morning fight, 
Intreat soft rest, and gentle husht repose." _ 

Marston, Antonio and Mcllida, P. i. 2. 



v. 520—544- 



BOOK III 



v. 544—566. 



129 



And spread the pinions of the sails. And 

now 
Aurore was blushing, with the stars chased 

off, 
When far away we see the glooming hills, 
And lowly Italy. ' Italia !' first 
Achates shouts aloud ; Italia hail 
My comrades with a blithe hurrah ! Then 

sire 
Anchises with a coronal bedecks 750 

A mighty wassail-bowl, and brimmed it up 
With taintless wine, and called upon the 

gods, 
While standing on the lofty stern : ' Ye 

gods, 
Of sea, and land, and storms the rulers, 

lend 
A ready voyage by the wind, and breathe 
Propitious.' 'Gin to swell the wished-for 

gales, 
And opens out the haven, closer now, 
And looms Minerva's fane upon the height. 
The crews furl sails, and veer the prows to 

shore. 
The haven by the billow from the East 
Is bent into an arch ; the jutting cliffs 761 
Are foaming with the briny spray. Itself 
Lies hid ; launch out their arms with 

double pier 
Rocks tower-shaped, and from the strand 

withdraws the fane. 
Four horses here upon the grass, the first 
Portent, perceived I browsing on the 

plain 
At large, of snowy whiteness. And my sire 
Anchises : ' War it is, O foreign land, 
Thou dost forebode ! for war are horses 

armed ; 769 

War threat these beasts. But still at times 
The selfsame quadrupeds are wont to pass 
Beneath the chariot, and harmonious reins 
To suffer in the yoke : hope e'en of peace,' 
He cries. We then entreat the holy powers 
Of Pallas, thund'ring in her armor, who 

745. " Light, the fair grandchild to the glorious sun, 
Opening the casements of the rosy morn, 
Makes the abashed heavens soon to shun 
The ugly darkness it embraced before, 
And at his first appearance puts to flight 
The utmost relics of the hell-born night." 

Brewer, Lingua, iii. 6. 

756. " The waves were proud to entertain our 
navy ; 
The fish in amorous courtship danced about 
Our ship, and no rude gale from any coast 
Was sent to hang upon our linen wings, 
To interrupt our wishes ; not a star 
Muffled his brightness in a sullen cloud 
Till we arrived." 

Shirley, The Young Admiral, ii. 2. 

758. Or: "shews." 



First welcomed us rejoiced, and o'er our 

heads, 
Before the altars, we with Phrygian hood 
Are muffled ; and by rules of Helenus, 
Which he had granted as of chief concern, 
We duly to the Argive Juno burn 780 

The ordered sacrifices. No delay : 
Straight, — vows completed in due form, — 

the arms 
Of the sail-mantled yards we [sea-] ward 

veer, 
And quit the homesteads of the sons of 

Greeks, 
And their mistrusted fields. Therefrom 

the bay 
Of the Herculean — (if report be true), — 
Tarentum is descried. Uplifts her [form] 
Lacinium's goddess in the front, and heights 
Of Caulon, and shipwrecking Scyllace. 789 
Then far, [uprising] from the surge is kenned 
Trinacrian /Etna, and the thund'ring growl 
Of ocean, and the stricken rocks we hear 
Far off, and broken noises at the shores ; 
And deeps leap up, and with the tide the 

sands 
Are mingled. And my sire Anchises : 

' Sooth 
This that Charybdis ; Helenus these cliffs, 
These rocks of terror chanted. Rescue us, 

O crews ! 
And rise in even measure to your oars.' 
No less than as enjoined do they : and first 
His creaking prow did Palinurus veer 800 
To the left waves ; the left with oars and 

winds 
The squadron in a body sought. To heaven 
Are we uplifted on the arched gulf, 
And we the same, — the billow drawn 

away, — 
Pass downward to the lowest Shades. 

Three times 
The cliffs gave thunder 'mid the hollow 

rocks, 



803-9. " ^ after every tempest come such calms, 
May the winds blow till they have wakened 

death ; 
And let the labouring bark climb hills of seas, 
Olympus-high, and duck again as low 
As hell's from heaven !" 

Shakespeare, Othello, ii. 1. 
804. " What sands, what shelves, what rocks do 
threaten her ; 
The forces and the natures of all winds, 
Gusts, storms, and tempests ; when her keel 

ploughs hell, 
And deck knocks heaven : — then to manage her, 
Becomes the name and office of a pilot." 

Ben Jonson, Catiline, iii. 1. 
806. " For do but stand upon the foaming shore, 
The chiding billow seems to pelt the clouds ; 
The wind-shak'd surge, with high and monstrous 
main, 



T30 



v. 567—590. 



THE JEN E ID. 



v. 591—615. 



Three times the spray, dashed up, and 

dewy stars 
We saw. Meanwhile the wind hath with 

the sun 
The weary left ; and wareless of the path, 
We towards the shores of Cyclops drift 

along. 810 

" The port [lies] stirless from approach of 

winds, 
And spacious in itself ; but ^Etna near 
With awful wrack is thund'ring, and at 

times 
Flings forth a cloud of blackness to the sky, 
In smoke with pitchy whirl and glowing 

ash, 
And shoots up balls of flames, and licks 

the stars. 
At times the rocks and rifted bowels of the 

mount 
It, belching, spouts aloft, and molten stones 
Beneath the heav'ns with rumbling rolls 

around, 
And from the bottom of its bed seethes up. 
There is a legend, that, by leven-flash 821 
Half-burnt, the body of Enceladus 
Is whelmed beneath this pile, and, o'er him 

laid, 
Huge yEtna blasts out flame from forges 

burst ; 
And, often as he shifts his weary side, 
That all Trinacria with a growling quakes, 
And overcasts the welkin with the smoke. 
That night, in forests bowered, fell portents 
We suffer, nor what cause creates the din 
Perceive. For neither were there lights of 

stars, 830 

Nor sheeny in the stellar firmament 
The heav'ns, but fogs thro'out the sullen sky, 
And dismal night confined the moon in 

cloud. 
" And now the following day with infant 

Dawn 
Was rising, and Aurore from lieaven had 

chased 
Dank shade ; when suddenly from out the 

woods, 
Wasted away by meagreness extreme, 



, Seems to cast water on the burning bear, 
And quench the guards of the ever-fixed pole : 
I never did like molestation view 
On th' unchafed flood." 

Shakespeare, Othello, ii. 1. 

812. Spenser briefly but finely alludes to ./Etna, 
F. Q.,i. 11,44: 

" As burning ./Etna from his boyling stew 
Doth belch out flames, and rockes in peeces 

broke, 
And ragged ribs of mountaines molten new, 
Enwrapt in coleblacke clowds and filthy smoke, 
That al the land with stench, and heven with 
horror, choke." 



The novel figure of an unknown man, 
And pitiable in its garb, comes forth, 
And humbly to the shores outspreads its 

hands. 840 

We gaze upon him. Dread his filthiness, 
His beard, too, wild, his wrapper tacked 

with thorns : 
But in the rest a Greek, and ere the while 
To Troy in native armor sent. And he, 
What time the Dardan dress, and arms 
Of Troy, he spied afar, awhile stopped 

short, 
Affrighted by the sight, and stayed his step. 
Anon he flung him headlong to the shores, 
With weeping and entreaties : ' By the stars 
Do I conjure you, by the gods above, 850 
And this life-giving light of heav'n, away, 
O Teucri, take me ; to whatever lands 
Transport me ; this will be enough. I 

know 
That I am one from out the Grecian ships, 
And own that I the Ilian gods of home 
In war assaulted : for the which, if be 
So heinous the demerit of our crime, 
Fling me in atoms on the waves, and 'neath 
The mighty ocean plunge me ; if I die, 
'Twill be a pleasure to have died by hands 
Of men.' He said, and folding round our 

knees, 861 

And, writhing, to our knees he clinging 

held. 
Who he may be we counsel him to tell, 
From what descent he may have sprang ; 

thereon, 
What fortune hunts him onward to avow. 
My sire himself, Anchises, his right hand, 
No great delays presenting, gives the youth, 
And with the ready pledge his mind assures. 
These speaks he, — terror laid aside at last : 
'.I am from Ithaca, my native land, 870 
The comrade of Ulysses evil-starred. 
My name is Achemenides, to Troy, 
My father Adamastus being poor, 



838. The account of Achemenides somewhat 

resembles Spenser's description of "Despair;" 

F. Q; i- 9, 35 : 

" His griesie lockes, long growen and unbound, 
Disordred hong about his shoulders round, 
And hid his face ; through which his hollow eyne 
Lookt deadly dull, and stared as astound ; 
His raw-bone cheekes, through penurie and pine, 

Were shronke into his iawes, as he did never dine. 
His garment, nought but many ragged clouts, 
With thornes together pind and patched was :" &c. 

846. " As children wading from some river's bank. 
First try the water with their tender feet ; 
Then, shudd'ring up with cold, step back again, 
And straight a little further venture on, 
Till at the last they plunge into the deep, 
And pass at once what they were doubting long." 
Dryden, Tlie Maiden Queen, v. i. 



v. 615 — 640. 



BOOK III, 



v. 641 — 660. 



13T 



(And would my fortune had remained !) set 

forth. 
Here me, while they in consternation quit 
The barb'rous dwelling, my unthoughtful 

mates 
Abandoned in the Cyclop's monster den. 
The home it is of gore and bloody feasts ; 
Inside obscure, stupendous. He himself 
Of giant height, and smites the lofty stars ; 
(Gods, such a plague, O bid avaunt from 

earth!) 881 

Nor in his aspect bearable, nor meet 
To be addressed by any one in speech. 
Upon the entrails and the sable blood 
Of hapless [wights] he feeds. I saw myself, 
When from our number bodies twain, en- 
grasped 
Within his monstrous hand, amid the den 
He, bending backward, smashed against a 

rock, 
And, spattered with the blood, the chamber 

swam. 
I saw, when, dripping with the jetty gore, 
Their limbs he craunched, and, warm be- 
neath his fangs, 891 
Their joints they quivered. Neither un- 

chastised, 
In sooth ; nor did the like Ulysses brook, 
[N] or was the Ithacan forgetful of himself 
In such grave crisis. For the moment he, 
Gorged with the cates, and buried in his 

wine, 
His bended neck laid down, and stretched 

along 
The cave, enormous, spewing up the gore, 
And gobbets intermixed with bloody wine, 
Throughout his slumber ; — we, when we 

had prayed 900 

The mighty Pow'rs, and lotted [each] their 

parts, 
At once, on all sides, round are poured, 

and drill 
With sharpened tool the eye, the monster 

[eye], . 
Which skulked alone beneath a scowling 

brow, 
As Argive shield, or Phoebus' cresset huge ; 
And blithesome at the last our comrades' 

shades 
Do we avenge. But fly, O wretched, fly, 
And from the shore your cable burst away. 



881. Or, perhaps more strongly : 
" Gods, banish such a nuisance from the earth !" 

899. If Virgil is somewhat coarse here, Spenser, 
in his description of Errour, has no difficulty in 
being still coarser ; Faerie Queenc, i. 1, 20: 
1 Therwith she spevvd out of her filthie maw 

A floud of poyson horrible and blacke 

Full of great lumps of flesh, and gobbets raw." 



For what in guise, and howsoever vast, 
Doth Polypheme within his vaulted cave 
Pen in his fleecy flocks, and squeeze their 
teats, 911 

A hundred other cursed Cyclops dwell 
In every quarter by these winding shores, 
And through the lofty mountains rove. 

Third horns 
Of Luna fill them now with light, 
Since life in woods, among the lonely lairs 
And haunts of savage creatures, do I drag, 
And on the giant Cyclops from a cliff 
I look abroad, and shudder at the din 
Of feet and voice. An unnutritious food, — 
Berries and stony cornels, — boughs purvey, 
And grasses feed me with their roots up- 
torn. 922 
Surveying all around, this fleet I first 
Spied coming to the shores. To this did I 
Resign myself, whatever it might prove. 
Enough to have escaped the cursed crew ; 
Do ye the rather take away this life 
By any death whate'er.' He scarcely these 
Flad said, when from the mountain-crest 

himself 
Perceive we, moving him among his flocks 
With giant bulk, — the shepherd Poly- 
pheme,— 931 
And seeking the familiar shores : — a mon- 
ster dread, 
Misshapen, huge, whose eye is reft away. 
A branchless pine within his hand controls, 
And renders sure, his steps. His woolly 
ewes 



920. If the secondary meaning of infelicem, 
verse 649, be preferred, "miserable" can be sub- 
stituted for "unnutritious," or "wretched suste- 
nance " for victuni i?ifelicem. 

" Behold, the earth hath roots ; 
Within this mile break forth a hundred springs : 
The oaks bear mast, the briers scarlet hips ; 
The bounteous housewife, Nature, on each bush 
Lays her full mess before you." 

Shakespeare, Timon of Athens, iv. 3. 

931. " Behold the monster, Polypheme; 
See what ample strides he takes, 
The mountain nods, the forest shakes ; 
The waves run frighten'd to the shores : 
Hark ! how the thundering giant roars." 

Gay, Acis and Galatea. 

934. Grander is Milton, P. L., b. i. : 
" His spear, to equal which the tallest pine 
Hewn on Norwegian hills, to be the mast 
Of some great ammiral, were but a wand, 
He walk'd with." 

Milton, however, may have borrowed the idea 
from Cowley, as Dr. Johnson remarks on the 
passage in the third book of his Davidcis: 

" 1 1 is spear the trunk was of a lofty tree, 

Which Nature meant some ship's tall mast 
should be." 

K 2 



132 



v. 66o— 686. 



THE ^ENEID. 



v. 686 — 713. 



Attend upon him ; — that the only joy 
And comfort of his woe. Soon as he 

touched 
The deepsome billows, and the waters 

reached, 
The dripping gore of his uprooted eye 
Therefrom he washes, gnashing with his 

teeth 940 

With groan [s] ; and now he stalks through 

middle sea, 
Nor yet the surge his tow'ring sides be- 
dewed. 
We far therefrom our flight in horror 

haste, — 
Our suitor welcomed thus thro' his desert, — 
And silently the cable cut away ; 
And, bending forward, sweep with rival oars 
The waters. He perceived, and towards 

the sound 
Of voice his steps he veered. But when no 

po wei- 
Is giv'n of reaching us with his right hand, 
Nor is he able in pursuit to match 950 

Ionian waves, a' thund'ring yell he lifts, 
Wherewith the deep and all its billows 

quaked, 
And inly startled was Italia's land, 
And bellowed ^Etna through his winding 

vaults. 
But from the forests and the lofty mounts 
The Cyclops' brood, forth summoned, to 

the ports 
Come swooping downward, and the strands 

they fill. 
Descry we, vainly standing side by side, 
With scowling eye-ball, ^Etna's brother- 
train, 
Porting to heav'n their tow'ring heads, — 

a dire 960 

Assembly : as when on some lofty crest 
Sky-mounting oaks, or cone-rife cypresses, 
Have stood in group, the stately wood of 

Jove, 
Or grove of Dian. Headlong drives us on 
A keen alarm, for any point whate'er 
T' uncoil the sheets, and spread the sails to 

winds 
Of favor. Warn them, on the other hand, 
The orders [giv'n] of Helenus that they 
'Twixt Scylla and Charybdis, — either route 
With trifling odds of death, — hold not their 

course. 97° 



936. " The day abhors me, and from me doth fly, 
Night still me follows, yet too long doth stay ;" 

" But what availeth either night or day? 
All's one to me, still day, or ever night ; 
My light is darkness, and my darkness light." 
Drayton, First Legend. 



•9i 



6. Or 



vying. 



Decreed it is that backward we direct 
The canvas. But, behold ! the northern 

gale, 
From out Pelorus' narrow mansion sent, 
Is present with us. I am wafted past 
Pantagia's outlets in the living rock, 
And Megaran bays, and Thapsus lying 

[low]. 
Such shores roamed over, coasting back 

again, 
[To us] did Achemenides reveal, 
The comrade of Ulysses evil-starred. 

" Outstretched before Sicania's bay, there 

lies 980 

An isle against Plemmyrium, rife in waves r 
Its name the ancients have Ortygia called. 
There is a legend, that Alpheus, stream 
Of Elis, hither worked mysterious paths 
Beneath the sea, who now, O Arethuse, 
Is mingled with thy spring in Sic'ly's waves. 
Enjoined, the sovereign powers of the spot 
We worship ; and I thence sail by, — too 

rich, — 
The soil of stagnating Helorus. Hence 
Pachynus' tow'ring cliffs, and jutting rocks 
We graze ; and, granted never by the fates 
To be disturbed, looms Camarine afar, 992 
And the Geloan champaigns, Gela, too, 
Called by the title of its felon flood. 
Thence stately Acragas far off displays 
Colossal walls, of high-souled horses erst 
The breeder. Thee, too, with accorded 

gales 
I leave, palm-rife Seline, and skirt the 

shoals 
Of Lilybeum, stern with viewless rocks. 
Hence me the haven, and the joyless coast 
Of Drepanum receive. Here, hunted on 
By storms so many of the deep, alas ! 1002 
My father, — [he,] of every care and chance 
The anodyne, — Anchises do I lose. 
Here me, best father, wearied, dost thou 

leave ; 
Ah ! vainly rescued from such grievous 

risks. 
Nor did the prophet Helenus, what time 
He many a fearful warning gave, foretell 



979. It is difficult to believe that Virgil ever 
wrote verses 690, 691. However, as they are 
received into the text, infelicis must be translated 
as in v. 613 ; that is, in the sense in which Ache- 
menides used, and not as ^Eneas would use it. The 
latter would have employed fiellacis, or some other 
uncomplimentary term, to raise anger rather than 
pity. 

, 983. So Milton, Arcades: 

"Of famous Arcady ye are, and sprung 
Of that renowned flood, so often sung, 
Divine Alpheus, who by secret sluice 
Stole under seas, to meet his Arethuse." 



v. 713 — 715- 



BOOK IV. 



v. 716 — 718. 



These woes to me ; no, not Celseno dread. 
This was my last distress, this was the goal 
Of longsome voyages. Departed hence, 
A god hath borne me onward to your 
coasts." 1012 



Thus sire ^Eneas, — all on him attent, — 
Alone recounted the decrees of gods, 
And told his voyages. He hushed at last, 
And here, — conclusion made, — he came 
to rest. 



BOOK IV. 



But, smitten long erewhile by passion 

sore, 
The queen her wound is nursing in her 

veins, 
And she is wasted by a viewless fire. 
The hero's lofty worth, and lofty pride 
Of his descent, are ofttimes to her mind 
Returning ; in her breast deep printed 

cling 
His features and his words ; nor doth unrest 
Vouchsafe a peaceful slumber to her limbs. 
The next Aurore with Phoebus' torch the 

lands 
Was scanning, and the moistful shade from 

heaven 10 

Had chased away, when, scarcely in her 

mind, 
She thus her sister, one with her in soul, 
Accosts: "O Anna, sister [mine], what 

dreams 
Appal me, poised [in doubt] ! How strange 
The guest, [who] has at our abodes arrived ! 
Of what a noble bearing in his mien ! 
Of what a gallant heart and arms ! I deem 
In sooth, (nor idle the belief,) that he 
The offspring is of gods. Degen'rate souls 



Line 4. If "multa," v. 3, must be rendered more 
literally, a dull substitute for " lofty " is easily 
found. 

9. " The morrow next, so soon as Phoebus' lamp 
Bewrayed had the world with early light, 
And fresh Aurora had the shady damp 
Out of the goodly heven amoved quight." 

Spenser, Faerie Queetie, iii. 10, 1. 

See note on line 846. 

12. " There's never man nor woman that e'er loved, 
But chose some bosom friend, whose close converse 
Sweetened their joys, and eased their burdened 

minds 
Of such a working secret." May, The Heir, ii. 
19. " And live a coward in thine own esteem, 

Letting ' I dare not' wait upon ' I would,' 

Like the poor cat i' the adage." 

The adage is : 
" The cat loves fish, but dares not wet her feet." 
See Payne Collier on Shakespeare, Macbeth, i. 7. 

" A donative he hath of every god : 

Apollo gave him lockes ; Jove his high front ; 
The god of eloquence his flowing speech ; 
The feminine deities strowed all their bounties 



Fear proves. Ah ! by what fates has he 

been tossed ! 20 

What battles, carried to their close, he 

sang ! 
If rested not within my mind [resolve], 
Firm and unshaken, not to wish to yoke 
Myself to any in the marriage-bond, 
Since my first love betrayed me, duped by 

death ; 
Had there been no disgust at bed and torch, 
To this one weakness I could haply stoop. 
O Anna, (for I will avow [the truth,] ) 
Since the decease of my unhappy spouse, 
Sychasus, and that household gods with 

blood, 30 

[Spilt] by a brother, were besprent, this 

man 
Alone hath warped my feelings, and hath 

forced 
A falt'ring soul : I recognise the tracks 
Of former passion. But I would to heaven, 
That either deepest earth for me would first 
Gape open, or that the almighty sire 
Would hurl me with his leven to the shades, 
The ghastly shades of Erebus, and night 



And beautie on his face ; that eye was Juno's ; 

Those lips were his that wonne the golden ball ; 

That virgin-blush, Diana's : here they meete, 

As in a sacred synod." 

Marston, Insatiate Cottntcssc, i. 
" Feare is my vassall ; when I frowne he flyes : 

A hundred times in life a coward dies." lb., iv. 
20. " She loved me for the dangers I had passed, 

And I loved her that she did pity them." 

Shakespeare, Othello, i. 3. 
23. " Were she the abstract of her sex for form, 

The only warehouse of perfection ; 

Were there no rose nor lily but her cheek, 

No music but her tongue, virtue but tier's, 

She must not rest near me. My vow is graven 

Here in my heart, irrevocably breathed ; 

And when 1 break it — " 

Beaumont and Fletcher, The Knight of Malta, 

V. 2. 

37. " You greater powers, guard me from violence, 
And from a wilful fall I'll keep myself: 
High Jupiter, the venger of foul sin, 
With angry thunder strike me to the deepest, 
And darkest .-.hades of hell, when I consent 
To soil my unstained faith." 
Beaumont and Fletcher, The Faithful Friends, 

ii. 2. 



z\ 



v. 26—45. 



THE ^ENEID. 



v. 43—65. 



Profound, before that thee, Modesty, . 
I outrage, or thy laws I break. He, who 40 
First linked me to himself, hath borne away 
My loves : let him possess them in his heart, 
And guard them in the grave." Thus 

speaking forth, 
She filled her bosom with her starting tears. 
Anna replies : " O thou than light of day 
More precious to thy sister, wilt thou all 

alone 
Be wasted mourning in a lasting youth ? 
Nor darling sons, nor Venus' guerdons 

know ? 
That ash or buried Manes reck of this, 
Dost thou imagine ? Be it, hitherto, 50 
While sick at heart, no lovers thee have 

swayed, 
No, not in Libya, not erenow at Tyre ; — 
Iarbas scorned, and other chieftains, whom 
The Afric land, in triumphs rich, supports : 
Wilt thou e'en fight against a welcome love? 
Nor to thy mind occurs it, 011 whose fields 
Thou'st settled ? This side, the Gsetulian 

towns, 
A horde that cannot be o'ercome in war, 
Unreined Numidians, too, encircle thee, 
And the inhospitable Syrt ; on that, 60 
A country waste with drought, and far and 

wide 
Barcaeans raging. Wherefore name the wars 



39. " 'Tis one thing to be tempted, Escalus, 
Another thing to fall." 
Shakespeare, Measure for Measure, ii. 1. 

" She that has no temptation set before her, 

Her virtue has no conquest : then would her 

constancy 
Shine in the brightest goodness of her glory, 
If she would give admittance, see and be seen, 
And yet resist and conquer : there were argument 
For angels." 

Middleton, More Dissemblers besides Women, 
i. 2. 

" Whiteness of name, thou must be mine." 

J. Fletcher, The Elder Brother, iv. 3. 

45. So Gray's Bard passionately expresses his 
affection for his murdered comrades : 
" Dear lost companions of my tuneful art, 

Dear as the light that visits these sad eyes, 

Dear as the ruddy drops that warm my heart, 

Ye died amidst your dying country's cries." 

Shakespeare varies the image. Brutus says to 
Portia : 

" You are my true and honourable wife ; 
As dear to me as are the ruddy drops 
That visit my sad heart." 

Julius Ccesar, ii. 1. 

47. " I am but the shadow of myself without thee." 
Shirley, The Politician, ii. 1. 

" Life without love is load ; and time stands still : 
What we refuse to him, to death we give ; 
And then, then only, when we love, we live." 
Congreve, The Mourning Bride, ii. end. 



That spring from Tyrus, and a brother's 

threats ? 
In sooth I deem that, with the deities 
Their guardians, Juno in their favor, too, 
This course have Ilium's galleys by the 

breeze 
Held [hither]. What a city, sister, thou 
Shalt this behold ! what kingdoms to arise 
From such a union ! With the Trojans' 

arms 
[On ours] attending, with what grand ex- 
ploits 70 
Shall Carthaginian glory rear her [head] ! 
Do thou but crave indulgence from the gods, 
And, — off'rings of propitiation made, — 
Free scope to hospitality accord, 
And pleas for his detention net around, 
While sorely on the ocean winter storms, 
And water-rife Orion, and his ships 
Are shattered ; while not practicable heaven." 
By these her words she kindled up a soul 
With passion fired, and to a wav'ring mind 
Imparted hope, and disengaged reserve. 81 
They in the first place to the shrines re- 
pair, 
And grace throughout the altars crave ; they 

slay, 
According to the custom chosen, ewes 
Of two years old to law-enacting Ceres, 
And Phoebus, and to the Lyaean sire ; 
'Bove all to Juno, whose concern are ties 
Of marriage. Fairest Dido, e'en herself, 
A saucer holding in her right hand, pours 
Full in the centre of a heifer's horns, 90 
Gloss-white ; or, 'fore the features of the 

gods, 
She paces by the altars rich, and day 
Renews with gifts, and, poring with her 

lips apart, 
Within the opened bosoms of the beasts, 
Their throbbing entrails she consults. Alas! 



63. The strict meaning of gcrma7ii, v. 44, can 

scarcely be intended here. 

81. "I am lost, 

Utterly lost ! My faith is gone for ever ! 
My fame, my praise, my liberty, my peace, 
Changed for a restless passion ! O hard spite, 
To lose my seven years' victory at one sight !" 
Middleton, More Dissemblers besides Women, 

l ' 3 ' " O that I 

Have reason to discern the better way, 
And yet pursue the worse !" 

Massinger, The Unnatural Combat, iv. 1. 

It had been better advice for Anna to have said : 

" Therefore I charge you, 
As you have pity, stop those tender ears 
From his enchanting voice ; close up those eyes, 
That you may never catch a dart from him, 
Nor he from you." 
Beaumont and Fletcher, A King and no King, ii. 1. 



v. 65—76. 



BOOK IV. 



76—90. 



i3S 



The soothsayers' unknowing minds ! What 

boot 
Her vows the raver ? What the shrines ? 

Meanwhile 
Upon her marrow preys the gentle flame, 
And silent lives the wound beneath her 

breast. 
Unhappy Dido is consumed, and roams 100 
Through the whole city, frantic : like a 

hind, 
By arrow pierced, which, heedless, hath 

afar 
Among the woods of Crete a shepherd shot, 
While hunting her with weapons, and hath 

left 
The wingy steel, unconscious ; she in flight 
The forests and the lawns of Dicte scours : 
The deadly shaft is clinging to her flank. 
yEneas now she brings with her throughout 
The central buildings, and Sidonian wealth 
Exhibits, and a city to his hand ; 1 10 

Begins to utter, and amid the word 

101. Dido was the reverse of Viola's sister, who 
(( Never told her love, 
But let concealment, like a worm i' th' bud, 
Feed on her damask cheek ; she pined in thought, 
And, with a green and yellow melancholy, 
She sat like patience on a monument, 
Smiling at grief." 

Shakespeare, Twelfth Night, ii. 4. 

" She, sir, 
That walks here up and down an empty shadow ; 
One that for some few hours 
But wanders here, carrying her own sad coffin, 
Seeking some desert place to lodge her griefs in." 
J. Fletcher, The Sea Voyage, iv. 2. 

102. " Looke as a well-growne stately headed bucke, 
But lately by the woodman's arrow strucke, 
Runs gadding o'er the lawnes, or nimbly strayes 
Among the combrous brakes a thousand wayes ; 
Now through the high wood scowrs, then by the 

brooks, 
On every hill side, and each vale he lookes, 
If 'mongst their store of simples may be found 
An hearbe to draw and heale his smarting wound." 
Browne, Brit. Past., ii. 4. 

This simile may call to the reader's mind the 
pathetic description of the wounded stag in As You 
Like It, ii. 1 : 

" To-day, my lord of Amiens, and myself, 
Did steal behind him, as he lay along 
Under an oak, whose antique root peeps out 
Upon the brook that brawls along this wood : 
To the which place a poor sequestered stag, 
That from the hunters' aim had ta'en a hurt, 
Did come to languish ; and, indeed, my lord, 
The wretched animal heav'd forth such groans, 
That their discharge did stretch his leathern coat 
Almost to bursting ; and the big round tears 
Cours'd one another down his innocent nose 
In piteous chase ; and thus the hairy fool, 
Much marked of the melancholy Jaques, 
Stood on the extremest verge of the swift brook, 
Augmenting it with tears." 

in. " How her heart beats ! 

Much like a partridge in a sparhawk's foot, 



Stops short. Now looks she for the self- 
same feasts, 
As day is sinking, and to Ilium's toils 
Once more to listen in her wildness craves, 
And hangs once more upon the speaker's 

lips. 
Then, when they have withdrawn, and in 

her turn 
The darkling moon extinguishes her light, 
And, as they sink, the stars are urging sleep, 
She lonely in her empty palace mourns, 
And on the couch, [which he had] left, lies 

down : 120 

Him absent absent she both hears and sees. 
Or in her lap Ascanius she, bewitched 
By the resemblance of his father, stays, 
If she could cheat unutterable love. 
Uprise not tow'rs commenced ; their arms 

the youth 
Ply not, or havens, or defensive works, 
In war secure, provide ; hang broken off 
Their labors, and the walls' embattled 

heights 
Immense, and enginery made match for 

heaven. 
Whom soon as the beloved spouse of 

Jove 130 

That with a panting silence does lament 
The fate she cannot fly from." 

Massinger, The Unnatural Co7nbat, v. 1. 
114, 15. "But all the while that he these speeches 

spent, 
Upon his lips hong faire Dame Hellenore 
With vigilant regard and dew attent, 
Fashioning worldes of fancies evermore 
In her fraile witt, that now her quite forlore : 
The whiles unwares away her wondring eye 
And greedy eares her weake hart from her bore." 
Spenser, Faerie Queene, iii. 9, 51. 
" Wherein I spoke of most disastrous chances, 
Of moving accidents, by flood and field ; 
Of hair-breadth scapes i' th' imminent deadly 

breach ; 
Of being taken by the insolent foe, 
And sold to slavery ; of my redemption thence, 
And portance in my travels' history ; — 
Wherein of antres vast, and desarts idle, 
Rough quarries, rocks, and hills whose head 
touch'd heaven. 

These things to hear 

Would Desdemona seriously incline 

She'd come again, and with a greedy ear 
Devour up my discourse." 

Shakespeare, Othello, i. 3. 
119. " Her chamber's but a coffin of a larger 
Volume, wherein she walks so like a ghost, 
'Twould make you pale to see her." 

Shirley, The Cardinal, iv. 2. 
" Strong is my love to thee ; for every moment 
I'm from thy sight, the heart within my bosom 
Mourns, like a tender infant in its cradle, 
Whose nurse had left it." 

Otway, Venice Preserved, iii. 1. 
126. " Alack ! when once our grace we have forgot, 
Nothing goes right : we would, and we would not.' 
Shakespeare, Measure for Measure, iv. 4. 



i 3 6 



v. 91 — Tl6. 



THE jENEID. 



v. 116 — 135. 



Perceived to be enchained by such a plague, 
Nor character to stand in passion's way, 
Saturnia Venus in such words accosts : 
" Distinguished praise, in sooth, and splen- 
did spoils 
Ye carry off, both thou and [that] thy boy ! 
Mighty and notable the pow'r divine, 
If by the cunning of a pair of gods 
One woman is subdued ! Nor doth it so 
Escape my notice, that [these] walls of ours 
Thou, dreading, hast suspected held the 

domes 140 

Of stately Carthage. But what limit shall 

there be ? 
Or to what end now struggles so severe ? 
Why do we not the rather endless peace 
And covenanted nuptial rites promote ? 
Thou hast what thou hast sought with all 

thy soul : 
The loving Dido burns, and hath imbibed 
The frenzy through her bones. Then, let 

us rule 
This nation jointly, and with equal sway ; 
Be it allowed her, to a Phrygian spouse 
To be a slave, and, as a dowry given, 150 
The Tyrians to resign to thy right hand." 
To her (for she perceived that she had 

spoken 
With feigned intent, in order that the realm 
Of Italy she might to Libyan coasts 
Divert,) thus Venus in reply began : 
" Who madly would such [terms as these] 

decline ? 
Or liefer would with thee engage in war ? 
If only fortune may attend the scheme, 
Which thou announcest. But by fates am I 
Borne onward, doubtful whether Jove may 

will 160 

That one should be the city for the men 
Of Tyre, and for the refugees from Troy ; 
Or would approve the nations being blent, 
Or leagues cemented. Thou his consort 

art : 
Thine is the privilege to sound his mind 
By prayer. Go forward ; I will follow." 

Then 
The royal Juno thus caught up [the word] : 
"With me shall rest that task. Now by 

what plan 
What presseth on us can be brought to pass, 

132. "No! I must downward, downward ! Though 

repentance 
Could borrow all the glorious wings of grace, 
My mountainous weight of sins would crack their 

pinions, 
And sink them to hell with me." 

Massinger, The Renegade, iii. 2. 

142. Or : "Or whither with a struggle so severe ?" 

148. Or: "This a joint nation." 
Or: "auspices." 



In few, — attend! — I thee will teach. 
yEneas, 170 

And with him, Dido thrice-unblest, prepare 

To go a hunting to the wood, what time 

To-morrow's Titan shall have brought to 
light 

His infant dawn, and with his beams un- 
veiled 

The globe. On these will I a black'ning 
shower 

With blended hail, while flutter plumes, and 



They girdle with th' inclosure, from above 
Outpour, and with my thunder will I wake 
All heav'n. On every side the retinue 
Shall fly amain, and in the gloom of night 
Shall they be mantled. At the self-same 

grot 181 

Shall Dido and the Trojan prince arrive. 
There I shall be, and, if I have thy sure 

assent, 
In lasting marriage will I her unite, 
And consecrate her his for ever. Here 
Shall Hymenaeus be." Opposing not 
Her suitress, Cytherea acquiesced, 
And at the crafts that were devised she 

smiled. 
Meanwhile Aurora rising Ocean left. 
Forth issues from the gates at beam of day, 
Uprisen, chosen youth ; nets wide of mesh, 
Toils, hunting lances with a breadth of steel, 
And Massylaean horsemen sally forth, 193 
And keenly-scented force of hounds. The 

queen, 
Delaying in her chamber, at the gates 
The princes of the Tyrians wait, and, badged 
With purple and with gold, her palfrey 

stands, 

188. " The gods assist just hearts ; and states, that 

trust 
Plots before Providence, are lost like dust." 

Marston, Sopho?iisba, ii. 1. 
" A woman's tongue, I see, some time or other, 
Will prove her traitor." 

Ford, The Fancies, iv. 1. 

194. Prior seems to have had this passage in his 
view while describing Abra in Solomon, b. ii. : 
" Thy King, Jerusalem ! descends to wait 
Till Abra comes. She comes ; a milk-white steed, 
Mixture of Persia's and Arabia's breed, 
Sustains the nymph : her garments flying loose, 
(As the Sydonian maids or Thracian use) 
And half her knee and half her breast appear, 
By art, like negligence, disclosed, and bare : 
Her left hand guides the hunting courser's flight, 
A silver bow she carries in her right, 
And from the golden quiver at her side 
Rustles the ebon arrow's feather'd pride ; 
Sapphires and diamonds on her front display 
An artificial moon's increasing ray. 
Diana, huntress, mistress of the groves, 
The favourite Abra speaks, and looks, and 
moves." 



v. 135 — l6 o- 



BOOK IV. 



v. 161 — 170. 



137 



And fiercely champs the foaming bits. At 

last 
Forth comes she, — thronging her a mighty- 
train, — 
Invested in a Sidon hunting-cloak 200 

With purfled edge. Her quiver is of gold ; 
Her locks in knot are gathered into gold ; 
A golden brooch her robe of crimson binds 
Beneath. Moreo'er her Phrygian retinue 
And gay Tulus pace along. Himself, 
./Eneas, passing fair beyond the rest, 
Moves on their comrade, and the trains 

unites : 
Like as, when Lycia in her wintry plight, 
And Xanthus' rivulets, Apollo quits, 
And Delos of his mother goes to view, 210 
The dances, too, renews ; and, mingled 

round 
The altars, Cretes alike, and Dryopes, 
And painted Agathyrsi, shout amain ; 
[The god] himself on brows of Cynthus 

walks, 
And with the velvet leaf his streaming hair 
He presses, as he shapes it, and with gold 
He braids ; his weapons on his shoulders 

clang. 
No tardier than he y£neas paced : 
Such striking beauty from his peerless mien 
Beams forth. As soon as at the lofty 
mounts 220 

And pathless lairs they are arrived, be- 
hold ! 
Wild she-goats, from a height of rock dis- 
lodged, 
Down scampered from the brows ; on th' 

other side 
The stags the open champaigns scour [full] 

speed, 
And dusted squadrons huddle in their flight, 
And leave the mountains. But the boy 

Ascanius 
Amid the vallies in his mettled horse 
Rejoices; and now these in race, now those, 
Outstrips, and prays be granted to his vows 
A foaming boar among the listless flocks, 
Or tawny lion to descend the mount. 231 
Meanwhile with uproar vast the heav'n 
begins 

217. Or : " upon his shoulders thunder arms." 

224. "Alate we ran the deer, and through the 
lawnds 
Stripped with our nags the lofty frolic bucks, 
That scudded 'fore the teasers like the wind." 
Robert Green, Friar Bacon, opening lines. 

227. " Out of brave horsemanship 

Arise the first sparks of glowing resolution, 
That raise the rnind to noble action." 

Webster, The Duchess of Malfi, i. 2. 

232. This passage may call to mind the Red 



To be turmoiled. Ensues with mingled hail 
A rain-storm ; and the retinue of Tyre 
In every quarter, and the youth of Troy, 
And Venus' Dardan grandson, through the 

fields 
Sought diff 'rent shelters in their fear. Down 



swoop 
The torrents from the mounts. 



The self- 



same grot 
Do Dido and the Trojan leader reach. 
And Tellus first, and Juno, patroness 240 
Of wedlock, give the signal : levens flashed, 
And witness to the union was the sky, 
And on the highest summit shrieked the 

Nymphs. 
That day first proved the source of death, 
And first, of her misfortunes. Nor is she 
By outward form [s] or reputation swayed, 



Crosse Knight and Una in Spenser's Faerie Queene, 
b. i. c. i. 6, 7: 

" Thus as they past, 
The day with cloudes was suddeine overcast, 
And angry love an hideous storme of raine 
Did poure into his lemans lap so fast, 
That everie wight to shrowd it did constrain ; 
And this faire couple eke to shroud themselves were 
fain. 

" Enforst to seeke some covert nigh at hand, 
A shadie grove not farr away they spide, 
That promist ayde the tempest to withstand ; 
Whose loftie trees, yclad with sommers pride, 
Did spred so broad, that heavens light did hide, 
Not perceable with power of any starr : 
And all within were pathes and alleies wide, 
With footing worne, and leading inward farr : 

Faire harbour that them seems ; so in they entred 
ar." 

240. So Milton, Paradise Lost, b. ix. : 
" Earth trembled from her entrails, as again 
In pangs ; and Nature gave a second groan ; 
Sky lour'd ; and, muttering thunder, some sad 

drops 
Wept at completing of the mortal sin." 

How different the image of nuptial love before 
the fall !— 

" To the nuptial bower 
I led her blushing like the morn : all Heaven, 
And happy constellations, on that hour 
Shed their selectest influence ; the Earth 
Gave sign of gratulation, and each hill ; 
Joyous the birds ; fresh gales and gentle airs 
Whispered it to the woods, and from their wings 
Flung rose, flung odours from the spicy shrub." 
Milton, P. L., b. 8. 

242. " Well, heaven forgive him, and forgive us all ! 
Some rise by sin, and some by virtue fall." _ 
Shakespeare, Measure for Measure, ii. 1. 

245. " Thick darkness dwells upon this hour ; 
integrity, 
Like one of heaven's bright luminaries, now 
By error's dullest element interposed, 
Suffers a black eclipse." 

Middleton, A Game at Chess, iv. 4. 

" To err but once 
Is to be undone for ever." 

Anything for a Quiet Life, i. 1. 



i 3 8 



v. I7i — 178. 



THE JENEID. 



v. 178 — 197. 



Nor Dido now clandestine love designs : 
A marriage does she call it ; with this name 
Before her frailty she a curtain weaves. 
Straight Rumor runs thro' Libya's mighty 

towns ; — 250 

Rumor, than whom there is none other ill 
More fleet. By volubility she thrives, 
And vigor musters to her in her march. 
A pigmy through alarm at first, anon 
She rears her [form] to air, and o'er the 

ground 
She stalks, and hides her head among the 

clouds. 
Her, Earth her dam, embittered at the 

wrath 

249. Or, in the soft parlance of modern laxity : 
" Before her indiscretion weaves a veil." 

" Who wooed in haste, and means to wed at leisure." 
Shakespeare, Ta77iing of the Shrew, iii. 2. 

So Dryden, Hind and Panther, 353, 4 : 
" Then by a left-hand marriage weds the dame, 
Covering adultery with a specious name." 

" With what cunning 
This woman argues for her own damnation !" 
Beaumont and Fletcher, The Knight of Malta, 
iii. 4. 

" How, in a moment, 
All that was gracious, great, and glorious in her, 
And won upon all hearts, like seeming shadows 
Wanting true substance, vanished !" 

Massinger, The Picture^ iv. 3. 

250. Contention is thus described by Thomson ; 
Liberty, iv. 33 : 

" Contention led the van : first small of size, 
But soon dilating to the skies she towers ! 
Then, wide as air, the livid Fury spread, 
And, high her head above the stormy clouds, 
She blazed in omens, swell'd the groaning winds 
With wild surmises, battlings, sounds of war : 
From land to land the maddening trumpet blew, 
And poured her venom through the heart of man." 

253. So Parnell says of the ills in Pandora's box : 

" From point to point, from pole to pole they flew, 

Spread as they went, and in the progress grew." 

Hesiod. 

And Dryden, of the origin of the Fire of London : 
" Then in some close-pent room it crept along, 
And mouldering as it went, in silence fed ; 
Till th' infant monster, with devouring strong, 
Walk'd boldly upright with exalted head." 

Ann7iS Mirabilis, 218. 

" The flying rumours gather'd as they rolled, 
Scarce any tale was sooner heard than told ; 
And all who told it added something new, 
And all who heard it made enlargements too ! 
In every ear it spread, on every tongue it grew." 

And again : 
" But straight the direful trump of slander sounds ; 
Through the big dome the doubling thunder 

bounds ; 
Loud as the burst of cannon rends the skies, 
The dire report thro' every region flies. 
In every ear incessant rumours rung, 
And gathering scandals grew on every tongue." 
Pope, 'Te»ij>lc of ' Fa7/ie. 



Of gods, the youngest sister, as they tell, 
To Cceus and Enceladus, brought forth, 
Swift on her feet and on her nimble wings : — 
A monster dread, a giantess, in whom 261 
As many be the feathers on her frame, 
So many wakeful eyes [there lie] beneath, — 
A marvel to be told, — so many tongues, 
Mouths just so many babble, up she pricks 
So many ears. By night she flies 'twixt 

heaven 
And earth a-midway, whizzing through the 

gloom, 
Nor down to balmy slumber drops her eyne. 
By day she sits a spy, or on the ridge 
Of [some] roof-top, or on the lofty towers, 
And mighty cities with alarm she fills ; 271 
As firm a grasper of the false and wrong, 
As herald of the true. She then with maze 
Of prate the people filled brimful, in glee, 
And facts and fictions in an equal sort 
She chanted : " That /Eneas had arrived, 
From blood of Troja sprung, to whom, as 

spouse, 
The lovely Dido deigns herself to link ; 
That now the winter-tide, however long, 
In mutual dalliance they enjoy, of realms 
Unmindful, and by shameless passion 

thralled." 281 

These [tales] eachwhere the loathsome 

goddess spreads 
Upon the people's tongues. She straight 

to king 
Iarbas wheels aside her course, and fires 
His mind with tattle, and heaps up his 

wrath. 



260. "For Fame hath many wings to bring ill 
tidings." 

Massinger, The Duke of Milan, i. 3. 

" Such was her form, as ancient bards have told : 
Wings raise her arms, and wings her feet infold ; 
A thousand busy tongues the goddess bears, 
And thousand open eyes, and thousand listening 
ears." Pope, Te7/ij>le of F ante. 

■z-]2. This line was rendered in the first edition; 
"As much a stickler for the false and wrong." 

279. ' " Sleep shall not seize me, 

Nor any food befriend me but thy kisses, 

Ere I forsake this desert. I live honest ! 

He may as well bid dead men walk. I humbled, 

Or bent below my power ! let night-dogs tear me, 

And goblins ride me in my sleep to jelly, 

Ere I forsake my sphere !" 

J. Fletcher, Thierry a7id Thcodoret, i. 1. 

283. " But, great man, 

Every sin thou committ'st shews like a flame 
Upon a mountain : 'tis seen far about, 
And, with a big wind made of popular breath, 
The sparkles fly through cities ! here one takes, 
Another catches there, and in short time 
Waste all to cinders : but remember still, 
What burnt the valleys first came from the hill." 
Middleton, Women beware of Women, iv. 1. 



v. 198 217. 



BOOK IV. 



217 — 241. 



139 



He, sprung from Hammon, by a ra- 
vished Nymph 
Of Garama, a hundred vasty fanes 
To Jupiter throughout his spacious realms, 
A hundred altars, reared ; and wakeful 

fire 
Had sanctified, the gods' undying watch ; 
And with the blood of flocks their floor is 

rich, 291 

And blooming [stand] the gates with 

damasked wreaths. 
And he, soul-crazed, and with the bitter 

tale 
Afire, is said, at th' altars' front, amid 
The gods' immediate pow'rs, in many a 

prayer 
Jove humbly to have sued with hands up- 
turned : 
" Almighty Jove, to whom the Moorish 

race, 
Now banqueting on broidered couches, 

pours 
Leneean sacrifice, dost these behold ? 
Or thee, my father, when thou launch est 

forth 300 

Thy levens, do we idly hold in awe ? 
And is it random flashes in the clouds 
Appal our minds, and empty thunders 

blend ? 
The woman, who, a rover in our bourns, 
A paltry city for a fee hath built, 
To whom a sea-board to be ploughed, to 

whom, too, we 
The jurisdiction of the spot have deigned, 
Hath our espousals spurned, and as her 

lord 
tineas hath she welcomed to her realm. 
And now that Paris, with his half-man 

train, 310 

With Lydian turban underneath his chin, 
And dripping tresses tied, the spoil enjoys : 



286. " Old Cham, 

Whom Gentiles Ammon call, and Libyan Jove." 
Milton, Paradise Lost, b. iv. 

301. "Terrify babes, my lord, with painted devils : 
I am past such needless palsy." 

Webster, Vittoria Corombona, iii. 2. 

" Look to 't, for our anger 
Is making thunder-bolts. 

Thunder ! in faith, 
They are but crackers." Ibid., ii. 1. 

309. " Laying her duty, beauty, wit, and fortunes, 
On an extravagant and. wheedling stranger, 

Of here and everywhere." 

Shakespeare, Othello, i. 1. 

310. " A raw young fellow, 

One never trained in arms, but rather fashioned 
To tilt with ladies' lips than crack a lance ; 4 
Ravish a feather from a mistress' fan, 
And wear it as a favour." 

Massinger, The Bondman, i. z. 



We off 'rings to thy fanes forsooth present, 
And cherish an unprofitable tale." 

[The suitor,] while in accents such he 

prays, 
And holds the altars, the almighty heard, 
i And towards the royal city turned his eyes, 
J And to the lovers, of their better name 
I Forgetful ; then thus Mercury accosts, 
And such injunctions gives : " Post quick, 

my son ! 320 

The Zephyrs call, and sail upon thy wings, 
And the Dardanian prince, who loiters now 
In Tyrian Carthage, and the cities, deigned 
By Fates, regardeth not, do thou address, 
And through the nimble gales bear down 

my words : 
' His fairest mother vouched him not to us 
The like, and from the arms of Greeks for 

this 
Twice claims him ; but that he might prove 

the man, 
To govern Italy, with princedoms big, 
And storming in the battle ; his descent 330 
From Teucer's lofty lineage to evince, 
And the whole world to force beneath his 

rule. 
If him no glory of such noble deeds 
Enkindles, nor for sake of his own fame 
Himself in toil engages, does the sire 
T' Ascanius grudge the towered-heights 

of Rome ? 
What [end] does he design ? Or with what 

hope 
Is he delaying 'mong a hostile clan, 
Nor casts a thought upon his Auson race, 
And fields Lavinian ? ' Let him sail !' This is 
The point ; let this the message be from us." 

He said. Prepared the other to obey 

His sovereign father's mandate ; and he first 

I Upon his feet ties ancle-gear of gold, 344 

Which high upon its pinions, whether o'er 

The waters, or the lands, at even pace 



313. " But that it were profane 

To argue heaven of ignorance or injustice, 
I now should tax it." 

The Emperor of the East, v. 1. 
328. Or: "frees," "saves." 
333. " Othello's occupation's gone." 

Shakespeare, Othello, iii. 3. 
346. " Now I go, now I fly, 

Malkin my sweet spirit and I. 
O what a dainty pleasure 'tis 
To ride in the air 
When the moon shines fair, 
And sing and dance, and toy and kiss ! 
Over woods, high rocks, and mountains, 
Over seas, our mistress' fountains, 
Over steeples, towers, and turrets 
We fly by night, 'mongst troops of spirits." 
Middleton, The Witch, iii. end. 
" But here's a little flaming cherubim, 
The Mercury of heaven, with silver wings, 



140 



v. 241 — 257. 



THE ^NEID. 



v. 258 — 280. 



With the fleet blast convey him. Then his 

wand 
He takes. Herewith he summons forth 

from Hell 
The ghastly spirits, others sends adown 
Beneath the rueful realms of Tartarus ; 350 
Grant slumbers and withdraws them, and 

the eyes 
At death unseals. Relying upon this, 
He hunts the storms, and swims through 

troublous clouds. 
And now, on wing, the peak and steepy 

sides 
Of painful Atlas he descries, he, who 
The firmament upon his summit props ; — 
Atlas, whose piny head is ever ringed 
With sullen clouds, and beat by wind and 

rain. 
Snow, showered down, his shoulders ker- 
chiefs ; then 
Floods headlong hurtle from the old man's 

chin, 360 

And stiffened stands in ice his bristly beard. 
Here first, while leaning on his balanced 

wings, 
Cyllenius halted ; hence with his whole 

frame 
He flung himself head-foremost to the 

waves, 
Like to a bird, which round the shores, 

around 
The fishy rocks flies low the surface nigh. 
Not elsewise flew between the earth and 

heaven, 
And Libya's sandy shore and breezes passed, 



Impt for the flight to overtake his ghost, 
And bring him back again." 

Southern, Isabella, end. 
358. Like Milton's description of the region be- 
yond Lethe : 
" Beyond this flood a frozen continent 

Lies dark and wild, beat with perpetual storms 
Of whirlwind and dire hail, which on firm land 
Thaws not, but gathers heap, and ruin seems 
Of ancient pile." P. L., b. ii. 

360. Spenser gives Winter a beard not unlike to 

that of Atlas : 

" Lastly came Winter cloathed all in frize, 

Chattering his teeth for cold that did him chill ; 
Whilst on his hoary beard his breath did freese ; 
And the dull drops that from his purpled bill 
As from a limbeck did adown distill." 

F. Q., vii. 7, 31. 

" For scarce her chariot cut the easie earth, 

And journeyed on, when Winter with cold breath 
Crosseth her way, her borrowed haire did shine 
With glittering isickles all christaline ; 
Her browes were perewigged with softer snow, 
Her russet mantle fringed with ice below." 

Marston, Entertainement, I. 25. 

363. " A station like the herald Mercury 
New-lighted on a heaven-kissing hill." 

Shakespeare, Hamlet, iii. 4. 



From his maternal grandsire coming down, 
The Cyllene child. When first with 

pinioned soles 370 

He touched the kraals, ^neas founding 

towers, 
And dwellings newly raising, he espies. 
Ay e'en had he, with yellow jasper starred, 
A sword, and with the Tyrian purple 

blazed 
A mantle, from his shoulders wimpled down; 
Whichpresents had the wealthy Dido made, 
And parted out the warp with filmy gold. 
He instantly assails him : "Dost thou now 
Foundations of the stately Carthage lay ? 
And, wife-besotted, art thou rearing up 380 
Her beauteous city ? Ah ! of sovereignty 
And thine estate forgetful ! He himself, 
The ruler of the gods, sends me to thee 
From bright Olympus down, who by his nod 
Wheels round the heav'n and earth ; him- 
self commands 
To bring these orders thro' the nimble gales : 
' What [end] dost thou design ? Or with 

what hope 
Dost while away thine hours in Libyan 

lands ? 
If thee no glory of such noble deeds 
Affecteth, nor for sake of thine own fame 
Thou dost thyself engage in toil, regard 391 
Ascanius rising, and the prospects of thine 

heir 
lulus, [he,] to whom ltalia's realm 
And Roman land are due.' " In such a 

strain 
Cyllenius having spoken, mortal ken 
Amid his speech he quitted, and afar 
He faded into subtile air from view. 

But sooth ^Eneas, wildered at the sight, 
Was dumb-struck, and his hair was raised 

on end 
With terror, and his voice within his jaws 



369. Milton's description of Raphael's descent 
from heaven somewhat resembles this of Mercury ; 
Paradise Lost, b. v. : 

"Down thither prone in flight 
He speeds, and through the vast eternal sky 
Sails between worlds and worlds, with steady wing 
Now on the polar winds, then with quick fan 
Winnows the buxom air. . . . 
. . . At once on the eastern cliff of Paradise 
He lights." 

380. " Where is your understanding, 

The noble vessel that your full soul sailed in, 
Ribbed round with honours? Where is that? 'Tis 

ruined ! 
The tempest of a woman's sighs has sunk it." 

J. Fletcher, The Bloody Brother, ii. 1. 

386. " A thousand leagues I* have cut through 

empty air, 
Far swifter than the sailing rack that gallops 
Upon the wings of angry winds, to seek thee." 

J. Fletcher, Wometi Pleased, iv. 3. 



v. 280 — 304. 



BOOK IV. 



v. 305 — 322. 



141 



He burns to make escape 
401 

regions, thunder- 



Slood fixed, 

by flight, 
And leave the blissful 

struck 

At such grave warning and behests of gods. 
Alas ! what can he do ? With what ad- 
dress 
Now venture to approach the raging queen ? 
What introductions first should he adopt ? 
And now to this side, now to that, he 

shifts 
His active spirit, and to sundry points 
He hurries it, and whirls it round thro' all. 
While wav'ring, this to him the worthier 
view 410 

Appeared : he Mnestheus and Sergestus 

calls, 
And brave Cloanthus : — "That the fleet 

by stealth 
They should equip, and muster at the shore 
The crews, their arms get ready, and what 

ground 
For this his sweeping change of plan there 

be, 
They should disguise ; that he himself 

meanwhile, 
(Since Dido, best [of beings,] nothing knew, 
And she would not expect that loves so 

warm 
Could be dissolved,) approaches would 

essay, 
And what the softest seasons of address, 420 
What course was fitting to the case." With 

speed 
His mandate do they all in glee obey, 
And put in force his orders. But the queen 
His stratagems — a lover who can dupe ? — 
Divined, and was the foremost to perceive 
His coming movements, fearing all [though] 

safe. 
The same ungodly Rumor, as she fumes 
Announced to her that furnished was the 

fleet, 
And that a voyage was prepared. She 

storms, 
Of reason void, and, fired, in revel-rage 430 
Through all the city runs : as [fury-] roused 
At holy [emblems] moved, a raver-maid, 
What time triennial orgies goad her on, 
When heard is Bacchus, and Cithseron calls 
By night with shouting. She at last 

accosts 
^Eneas in these accents, unaddressed : 



" Hast hoped, O traitor, thou could'st 
e'en disguise 
Such heinous wickedness, and steal away 
In silence from my land ? Nor doth my 

love 

Hold thee, nor thee a right hand plighted 

erst, 440 

Nor Dido, doomed by felon death to die ? 

Nay, e'en 'neath winter's star dost thou 

equip 
Thy fleet, and haste amid the northern 

blasts 
To voyage through the deep, O heartless? 

What ? 
Were it thou did'st not seek strange lands, 

and homes 
Unknown, and ancient Troy remained, 

would Troy 
Thro' billowy ocean in thy ships be sought ? 
Me fliest thou ? I [pray] thee by these tears, 
And thv right hand, (since to my wretched 

self 
Naught else I now have left,) by our em- 
brace, 450 
By bridal [joys] begun, if well at all 
Of thee I have deserved, or aught of mine 
Hath proved of charm to thee, compassionate 
A falling house, and [thee] I pray, if still 
Be any room for prayers, divest thyself 
Of such a thought as that. On thy account 
Loathe me the Libyan clans and Nomads 5 

kings ; 
The Tyrians are incensed ; on thy account, 
The selfsame, is my honor blotted out, 
And former character, whereby alone 460 



405. More literally : " Now dare to come about." 
429. " Pigmie cares 

Can shelter under patience' shield, but gyant 

griefes 
Will burst all covert." 

Marston, Antonio and Mellida, P. 2, ii. 3. 



437. " Thy shallow artifice by its suspicion, 
And, like a cobweb veil, but thinly shades 
The face of thy design." 

" Thou, like the adder, venomous and deaf, 
Hast stung the traveller, and after hear'st 
Not his pursuing voice ; even when thou think'st 
To hide, the rustling leaves and bended grass 
Confess, and point the path which thou hast 
crept." Congreve, The Mourning Bride, v. 1. 

455. " Spite of my rage and pride, 

I am a woman and a lover still." Ibid., iv. 1. 

460. " I see my leprosy unveiled ; that sin, 
Which, with my loss of honour, first engaged 
My misery, is with a sunbeam writ 
Upon my guilty forehead." 

Shirley, The Imposture, v. 3. 
" She was once an innocent, 
As free from spot as the blue face of heaven, 
Without a cloud in 't : she is now as sullied 
As is that canopy, when mists and vapours 
Divide it from our sight, and threaten pestilence.'' 
Ford, The Fancies, v. 1. 

" What delight has man 
Now at this present for his pleasant sin 
Of yesterday's committing '. : las, 'tis vanished, 
And nothing but the sting remains within him I" 
Middleton, I he Widoiv, iii. 2. 



14- 



v. 322 — 34 1 - 



THE .ENEID. 



v. 341 — 365. 



Was I approaching towards the stars. To 

whom 
Dost thou abandon me in death's embrace, 

guest ? — since this the only name remains 
From [that of] husband. Why do I delay ? 
Is't till Pygmalion, [my own] brother, raze 
[These] walls of mine, or me his pris'ner 

hale 
The Gsetulan Iarbas ? If at least 

1 any offspring, sired of thee, had owned 
Before thy flight, if sported in my hall 
For me some infantine ^Eneas, who 470 
Might thee, tho' but in face, repeat, I sooth 
Should not appear quite captived and for- 
lorn." 

She said. He at Jove's warnings kept 

his eyes 
Unmoved, and with a struggle 'neath his 

heart 
Unrest kept down ; at last in [words] a few 
He answers : "Ne'er will I, O queen, disown 
That [in those favors], which, full many a 

one, 
In language thou hast power to recount, 
Thou [nobly] hast deserved [of me] ; nor 

shall it irk 
Elissa in my memory to bear, 480 

So long as I am mindful of myself, 
So long as animation sways these limbs. 
Upon the question will I speak few [words]. 
I neither hoped to cover this retreat 
By act of stealth, (form no [such fancy] 

thou,) 
Nor e'er affected torches of a spouse, 
Or entered into contracts [such as] these. 
If Destinies would let me pass my life 
'Neath my own rule, and of my free accord 



461. "Fight well, and thou shalt see, after these 

wars, 
Thy head wear sunbeams, and thy feet touch stars." 
Massinger, The Virgin Martyr, ii. 3. 

" No ! you have let me stain my rising virtue, 
Which else had ended brighter than the sun." 
Lee, 



462. Or: 



The Rival Queens, iv. 
about to die. 



485. "Lay not that nattering unction to your soul, 
That not your trespass, but my madness speaks." 

Shakespeare, Ha?nlet, iii. 4. 

486. " Let weak statesmen think of conscience ; 

I am armed against a thousand stings, and laugh at 
The tales of hell and other worlds : we must 
Possess our joys in this, and know no other 
But what our fancy every minute shall 
Create to please us." 

Shirley, The Politician, i. 1. 

" But it does not 
Add to the graces of your royal person, 
To tread upon a lady thus dejected 
By her own grief." 
" Strike out a lion's teeth, and pare his claws, 
And then a dwarf may pluck him by the beard : 
'Tis a gay victory !" Shirley, Chabot, iii. 1. 



To lull my woes to rest, Troy's city chief, 
And the dear relics of my [countrymen], 
Should I be cherishing ; the lofty domes 
Of Priam would remain, and with my 
I hand 493 

I I re-arising Pergamus had built 
j For vanquished men. But now great Italy 
Grynian Apollo, Italy the lots 
Of Lycia, have commanded me to grasp. 
This is my passion, this my native land. 
If thee, a lady of Phoenicia, towers 
Of Carthage, and a Libyan city's sight 500 
Engages, what, I pray thee, means the 

grudge 
At Teucri settling down in Auson land ? 
Our right it is, too, foreign realms to seek. 
Me does my sire Anchises' troubled ghost, 
As oft as with dank shades the night 

enwraps 
The lands, as oft as fiery stars arise, 
In slumbers warn and startle ; me my boy, 
Ascanius, and his precious person's wrong, 
Whom of Hesperia's realm and destined 

fields 
I cheat. Now e'en the courier of the gods, 
From Jove himself despatched, — the head 

of both 5 1 1 

I take to witness, — thro' the nimble gales 
Hath carried down his orders. I myself 
The deity in open light beheld 
Ent'ring the walls, and in these ears his 

voice 
Absorbed. Cease thou t' inflame alike 

myself 
And thee with thy complainings : Italy, 
With no free choice of mine, do I pursue." 
Him, speaking such, long since askance 

she views, 
Hither and thither rolling round her eyes, 
And scans him wholly with her silent looks, 
And, set ablaze, on this wise speaks she 

forth : 522 

" Neither a goddess mother was to thee, 
Nor Dardanus the founder of thy race. 



510. "With devotion's visage, 

And pious action, we do sugar o'er 
The devil himself.", Shakespeare, Hamlet, iii. 1. 

" Doth she make religion her riding-hood 
To keep her from the sun and tempest ':" 

Webster, The Duchess of Malfi, ii. 5. 

" A plea which will but faintly take thee off" 

" From this leviathan scandal that lies rolling 
Upon the crystal waters of devotion." 

Middleton, A Game at Chess, ii. 1. 

516. " Rid me of this my torture, quickly, there ! 
My madam with the everlasting voice, — 
The bells in time of pestilence ne'er made 
Like noise, or were in that perpetual morion !" 

" A lawyer could not have been heard ! nor scarce 
Another woman, such a hail of words 
She has let fall." Ben Jonson, The Fox, iii. 2. 



v. 366—377- 



BOOK IV. 



v. 378—396. 



143 



Traitor ! but bred thee, jagged with flinty- 
cliffs, 

The Caucasus, and Hyrcanian tigresses 

Their dugs approached. For why do I pre- 
tend '? 

Or to what deeper [wrongs] reserve myself? 

At our weeping did he heave a groan ? 

Bent he his eyes ? O'erpowered, shed he 
tears ? 530 

Or hath he pity for a lover felt ? 

Before what [insults] what shall I prefer ? 

Now, now, nor highest Juno, nor the sire 

Saturnian with impartial eyes views these. 

Trust nowhere safe ! An outcast on the 
beach. 

A beggar, have I harbored, and, a fool, 

Enthroned him in the partnership of realm ; 

His missing fleet, his mates, from death 
redeemed. 

Ah ! fired by furies am I hurried ! Now 

The seer Apollo, now the Lycian lots, 54° 

Now, too, the courier of the gods, de- 
spatched 

525. " I have been gulled in a shining carbuncle, 
A very glowworm, that I thought had fire in't, 
And 'tis as cold as ice." 

Beaumont and Fletcher, Wit at Several Weapons, 

ii. 2. 

" Honour you've little, honesty you've less ; 
But conscience you have none." 

Dryden, The Duke of Guise, iv. 1. 

" Thou seed of rocks, will nothing move thee, then ?" 
J. Fletcher, The Bloody Brother, iii. 1. 
" Are you marble ? 

If Christians have mothers, sure they share in 

The tigress' fiercenees ; for, if you were owner 

Of human pity, you could not endure 

A princess to kneel to you, or look on 

These falling tears which hardest rocks would 
soften, 

And yet remain unmoved." 

Massinger, The Renegade, iii. 5. 
" Be sure 
You credit anything, the light gives light to, 
Before a man. Rather believe the sea 
Weeps for the ruined merchant, when he roars ; 
Rather the wind courts but the pregnant sails, 
When the strong cordage cracks ; rather, the sun 
Comes but to kiss the fruit in wealthy autumn, 
When all falls blasted." 

Beaumont and Fletcher, The Maid's Tragedy, ii. 2. 

526. " Thou almost mak'st me waver in my faith, 
To hold opinion with Pythagoras, 

That souls of animals infuse themselves 

Into the trunks of men : thy currish spirit 

Govern'd a wolf, who, hang'd for human slaughter, 

Even from the gallows did his fell soul fleet, 

And, whilst thou lay'st in thy unhallow'd dam, 

Infus'd itself in thee ; for thy desires 

Are wolfish, bloody, starv'd, and ravenous."^ 

Shakespeare, Mercha?U of Venice, iv. 1. 
" When did the tiger's young ones teach the dam? 
Oh. ! do not learn her wrath ; she taught it thee : 
The milk, thou suck'dst from her, did turn to 

marble : 
Even at thy teat thou hadst thy tyranny." 

Titus Andronicus, ii. 3. 



From Jove himself, brings dread commands 

through air. 
That is, forsooth, a task for Pow'rs above ! 
That care arouses them at their repose ! 
I neither stay thee, nor thy words refute. 
Begone ! Pursue Italia with the winds ! 
Seek kingdoms o'er the billows ! Sooth I 

hope 
That thou 'mid rocks, if aught the holy 

Powers 
Avail, [the cup of] punishment wilt drain, 
And by her name wilt ' Dido !' often call. 
Absent I'll dog thee with my sooty flames ; 
And when cold death shall from the soul 

my limbs 552 

Have sundered, I, a ghost, in every spot 
Will haunt thee. Retribution shalt thou pay, 
Thou caitiff! I shall hear, and this report 
Shall come to me below the deepest shades." 
She with these words the parley in the 

midst 
Breaks off, and, sick at heart, escapes the air, 
And turns away, and flings her from his 

eyes, 
Leaving him falt'ring grievously" thro' fear, 
And making ready many [a word] to speak. 
Her maids upraise her, and her fainting 

limbs 562 

Into her couching-chamber, marble-fraught, 

Bear off and lay them down upon a couch. 

But good yFneas, though the suff'ring 

[queen] 
To soothe by comforting does he desire, 
And by his words to turn away her woes, 
Upheaving many a sigh, and in his soul 
Impaired by mighty passion, still fulfils 
The gods' behests, and seeks again the fleet. 



546. " rlence from my sight, thou venom to my 

eyes ! 
Would I could look thee dead, or with a frown 
Dissect thee into atoms, and then hurl them 
About the world, to cast infection, 
And blister all they light on !" 

Marmion, The Antiquary, iv. i. 
548. " Do you know who dwells above, sir, 

And what they have prepared for men turned 

devils ? 
Did you never hear their thunder? Start and 

tremble 
When their fires visit us ? Death sitting on your 

blood, 
Will nothing wring you then, do you think ?" 

J. Fletcher, The Hu?uourous Liejitena?it, iv. 5. 
562. _ "My life, like to a bubble i' th' aire, 

Dissolved by some uncharitable winde, 

Denyes my body warmth : your breath 

Has made me nothing." 

Rawlins, The Rebellion, i. 1. 

57°- " He walks away, 

And if he find her dead at his return, 
His pity is soon done ; he breaks a sigh 
In many parts, and gives her but a piece on 't." 
Middlcton, Women beware of Women, iii. 1. 



i 4 4 



v. 397— 4 2 3- 



THE jENEID. 



v. 423—439. 



Then sooth the Teucri bend [to toil], and 

launch 571 

The lofty galleys all throughout the strand. 
Smeared, floats the keel, and leafy oars 

they bring, 
And heart of oak, unfashioned, from the 

woods, 
In zeal for flight. These flitting might you 

see, 
And from out all the city pouring forth : 
E'en as, what time a monster heap of spelt 
The emmets waste, of winter-tide in mind, 
And in their dwelling lay it up in store ; 
A sable army marches o'er the plains, 580 
And bear in loads the booty thro' the grass 
By straitened track ; some push the moun- 
tain-grains, 
Against them straining with their shoulders ; 

some 
The squadrons rally, and chastise delays ; 
With travail every path is in a glow. 
What, Dido, was thy feeling then, the like 
Perceiving ! Or what groanings did'st thou 

heave, 
What time the shores in ferment far and 

wide 
Thou \ spied'st from thy castle-crest, and 

saw 
The ocean all turmoiled before thine eyes 
With such loud shoutings ! O unfeeling 

love, 591 

To what dost thou not drive the hearts of 

men ! 
To have recourse again to tears, again 
To tiy him by entreaty, is she forced, 
And humbly bow her spirit to her love, 
Lest she should any [course] leave unes- 

sayed, 
To bootless purpose [then] about to die. 

* ' Anna, thou seest that [all] is hurried on 
Throughout the shore ; they round from 

every side 
Have mustered ; now the canvas courts the 

gales, 600 

And on the sterns the sailors in delight 
Have set their chaplets. Seeing I this pang, 
So grievous, have been able to await, 
I shall be able to support it too, 
O sister. Still, do thou this one request 
Perform, O Anna, for my hapless self. 
For [yon] arch traitor honored thee alone ; 
His hidden feelings even he to thee 
Intrusted ; thou alone wert wont to know 



578. " Black ants in teams come darkening all the 

road, 
Some call to march, and some to lift the load ; 
They strain, they labour with incessant pains, 
Press'd by the cumbrous weight of single grains." 
Parnell, The Flics. 



The soft approaches to the man, and times 
[Of speech]. Go, sister, and in humble 

form 611 

My haughty foe accost : ' I did not swear 
At Aulis with the Greeks to overthrow 
The Trojan nation, or did I a fleet 
To Pergamus despatch ; nor of his sire 
Anchises th' ashes and the shades have I 
Uprooted : — why declines he to allow 
My words to sink within his churlish ears ? 
[Say] whither is he rushing? This last 

boon 
To me, his wretched lover, let him grant : 
That he should wait alike an easy flight, 
And leading winds. I am not craving 

now 622 

The former union, which he hath betrayed ; 
Nor that his beauteous Latium he should 

lack, 
And realm forego : an idle hour I seek, 
Reprieve and room for frenzy, till my fate 
May teach me, overborne, to bear the 

smart.' 
Asa last favor this do I entreat ; — 
Have pity on a sister ! — which [request] 
When thou shalt have accorded to me, 

thee, 630 

Full recompensed, at death will I requite." 
In [accents] such she prayed, and weep- 
ings such 
Her sister, in most miserable plight, 
Both carries and recarries back. But he 
By weepings none is moved, or any words 



610. " I'll try each secret passage to his mind, 
And love's soft bands about his heart-strings wind." 

Dryden, Co7iqnest of Granada, iii. 1. 
" Oh, my sister, — 
Fate fain would have it so, — persuade, entreat ! 
A lady's tears are silent orators." 

J. Fletcher, Love's Cure, v. 3. 

611. "A heavy heart bears but a humble tongue." 

Shakespeare, Love's Labour's Lost, v. 2. 
627. Or: "how to grieve." 

631. That is, — that nothing but the gratitude of 
a whole life could suffice to repay the obligation. 
This is by no means satisfactory ; but the fact is, 
that it seems impossible to know here what Virgil 
either meant or wrote. The reading given by 
Weise is founded, not upon manuscript, but on a 
conjecture of Heyne's. But, though it were safe to 
settle an author's text on the base of fancy, is not 
cumulatd sorte more like prose than poetry ? To 
pay a favour back with "augmented capital" is 
even very questionable prose. 

635. " But neither bended knees, pure hands held 

up, 
Sad sighs, deep groans, nor silver-shedding tears, 
Could penetrate her uncompassionate sire." 

Shakespeare, Two Gentlemen 0/ Verona, iii. 1. 

" My kind sister, 
Thy tears are of no force to mollify 
This flinty man." 
Heywood, A Woman Killed with Kindness. 



v. 439— 4 6 5- 



BOOK IV. 



v. 465 — 486. 



145 



In pliancy he heeds : the Weirds withstand, 
And blocks the god the hero's gentle ears. 
And as when, sturdy in its aged trunk, 
An oak do Alpine tempests from the north, 
With blowings now on this side, now on 

that, 640 

In mutual tourney struggle to uproot ; 
A din arises, and the lofty leaves 
Bestrew the earth, on shaking of its bole ; 
It grapples to the rocks itself, and high 
As with its summit to the gales of heaven, 
So low it stretches with its root to hell : 
Not otherwise, with never ceasing words 
On this and that side is the hero pealed, 
And in his noble breast deep feels his 

pangs : 
His soul unshaken bides ; vain tears are 

shed. 650 

Then sooth ill-fortuned, startled at her 

fates, 
Prays Dido for her death : it irketh her 
To gaze upon the canopy of heaven. 
That she more readily may her design 
Accomplish, and the light forsake, she saw, 
When on the incense-burning altars she 
Her off' rings placed, — appalling to be 

told,— 
The holy fluids blacken, and the wines, 
Outpoured, to turn them into loathsome 

gore. 
This sight to none, no, not her sister e'en, 
Did she divulge. Moreover, stood within 

the dome 661 

A shrine of marble to her former spouse, 
Which she with wonderful respect revered, 
With snowy wools and festal leafage hung. 
Hence voices, and the accents of her lord, 
As calling, seemed distinctly to be heard, 
What time the darkling night enchained 

the lands, 
And, lone upon the gable-heights, the owl 
With dirge funereal often would complain, 
And spin her lengthful hootings to a wail. 
And many a prophecy, besides, of holy 

seers 671 

With awful warning fills her with alarm. 

" A south wind 
Shall sooner soften marble, and the rain, 
That slides down gently from his flaggy wings, 
O'erflow the Alps, than knees, or tears, or groans, 
Shall wrest compunction from me." 

Massinger, TJie City Madam, v. 3. 

648. So Milton, in Paradise Lost, b. ii. : 
" Nor was his ear less peal'd 
With noises loud and ruinous." 

653. So Cato says, in Addison's Cato, iv. 4 : 
" O Lucius ! I am sick of this bad world ; 
The daylight and the sun grow painful to me." 
671. Or, if prior urn, v. 464, be read: "of seers 
of yore." 



Himself the fell ^Fneas in her sleep 
The raver baits ; and ever to be left 
[All] lonely to herself she ever seems, 
Unretinued, a longsome way to wend, 
And seek the Tynans in a land forlorn. 
As troops of Furies madding Pentheus 

sees, 
The sun, too, double, and a Thebes twofold 
Appearing ; or, of Agamemnon [sired], 
Orestes, chased on stages, as he flies 681 
His mother, armed with brands and sooty 

snakes, 
And vengeful Dirae in the threshold sit. 
So, when she took the Furies to her 

breast, 
O'erwhelmed with anguish, and resolved to 

die, 
The time and manner with herself she 

weighs, 
And in [these] words her sister, woe-begone, 
Accosting, in her visage masks her plan, 
And plants the calm of hope upon her 

brow : 
"A way, O sister, — give thy sister joy ! — 
Have I discovered, which may him restore 
To me, or me, his lover, free from him. 692 
Near ocean's limit and the setting sun, 
The utmost region of the ^Ethiops lies, 
Where monster Atlas on his shoulder 

wheels 
The Empyrean, gemmed with blazing stars. 
Therefrom to me there hath been pointed 

out 
A priestess of the Massylaean clan, 
The guardian of the Hesp'rids' fane, and 

who 699 

His banquets to the dragon used to serve, 
And watch the holy branches on the tree, 
Besprinkling fluid honies [o'er his food], 



679. Armstrong uses the same illustration to 
magnify the horrors of another species of madness, 
— that which results from intemperance : 
" But such a dim delirium, such a dream 
Involves you ; such a dastardly despair 
Unmans your soul as maddening Pentheus felt, 
When, baited round Cithseron's cruel sides, 
He saw two suns, and double Thebes ascend." 
Health, b. iv. 

682. " Orestes. Now, now 

I blaze again ! See there ! Look where they 

come, — 
A shoal of Furies ! How they swarm about me ! 
My terror ! Hide me ! Oh, their snakey locks ! 
Hark how they hiss ! See, see their flaming brands ! 
Now they drive full at me ! How they grin, 
And shake their iron whips ! My ears ! What 

yelling !" Philips, T/ie Distrest Mol/ier, end. 

696. Shakespeare beautifully expresses the idea 
conveyed by stellis ardentibus aptum, v. 482; 
Mcrcliant of Venice, v. 1 : 

" Sit, Jessica : look how the floor of heaven 
Is thick inlaid with patines of bright gold." 
L 



146 



v. 486 — 5 I2 « 



THE uENEID. 



v. 512 — 529. 



And drowsy poppy. Pledges she herself 
That she by spells can free what minds she 

lists, 
But loose can launch on others grievous 

pains ; 
Arrest the water in the floods, and turn 
The stars aback ; and she the ghosts by 

night 
Evokes : earth roaring underneath thy feet 
Wilt thou behold, and ashes coming down 
From mountains. I attest the gods and thee, 
Dear sister, and thy darling head, that I 
To sorc'rous arts unwillingly resort. 712 
Do thou in private a funereal pile 
In th' inner court beneath the air upraise, 
And the man's armor, which the godless 

[wretch] 
Fixed in the couching chamber left, and all 
His dress, the bridal bed, too, wherein I 
Was ruined, lay thereon. To blot away 
All, all memorials of the cursed man 
Delights me, and the priestess [this] en- 
joins." 720 
These words she having uttered, held 

her peace ; 
At once her features wanness overspreads. 
Still Anna deems not that her sister cloaks 
Her death beneath the strange religious 

rites, 
Nor such wild frenzies harbors in her mind, 
Or does she weightier [evils] apprehend 
Than at Sychaeus' death. She therefore 

makes 
The ordered preparations. But the queen, — 
A pyre in th' inner court beneath the air 
Upraised immense, of pines and plank of 

oak, — 73° 

Lays out alike the spot with coronals, 
And decks it with the deathly leaf. Above , 
His garments, and the falcion left behind, 
His image, too, she places on the bed, 
Not wareless of the future. Stand the 

altars round ; 
And with dishevelled locks the priestess 

thrice 
Forth thunders from her mouth a hundred 

gods, 
Both Erebus, and Chaos, Hecat too, 
Threefold, the maid Diana's triple forms. 
And sprinkled she the mimic waters of the 

spring 740 



711. The swearing by the head was a common 
oath in many countries. Though no longer a 
custom in these, Spenser puts it into the mouth of 
one of his characters : 

" Then I avow, by this most sacred head 
Of my dear foster-childe." 

Faerie Q'ueene, iii. 2, 33. 

712. More literally : 

*' For sorc'rous arts unwillingly am girt." 



Avernian ; and, by moonlight mown with 

hooks 
Of bronze, are sought the herbs of downy 

growth, 
With sap of sable poison ; and is sought, 
Wrenched from the forehead of a new- 
foaled colt, 
And ravished from the dam, the [mole of] 

love. 
[The queen] herself with salted meal, and 

hands 
Religious, near the altars, with one foot 
Stript of its [sandal-] bands, in robe ungirt, 
About to die, to witness calls the gods, 
The stars, too, of her destiny aware : 750 
Thereon, — if any Pow'r, impartial e'en 
And mindful, holds the lovers worth a care, 
[Who're tied] by no fair contract, — him she 
prays. 
'Twas night, and jaded bodies peaceful 
sleep 
Were snatching to them through the earth, 

and woods 
And raging seas had gone to rest, when stars 
In mid career are rolled, when every field 
Is hushed. The cattle, and enamelled 

birds, 
E'en those which far and wide the crystal 

meres, 
And those which lands, with briars brist- 
ling, haunt, 760 
In slumber laid beneath the stilly night, 
Their sorrows were assuaging, and the 

hearts, 
Forgetful of their travails. But not so, 

754. The stillness of the world at night is finely 
described by Dr. Young, Night Thoughts, i. 18-25 '• 

" Night, sable goddess ! from her ebon throne, 
In rayless majesty, now stretches forth 
Her leaden sceptre o'er a slumbering world. 
Silence, how dead ! and darkness, how profound ! 
Nor eye, nor listening ear, an object finds ; 
Creation sleeps. 'Tis as the general pulse 
Of life stood still, and nature made a pause ; 
An awful pause ! prophetic of her end." 

" Sweet sleep charm his sad senses, and gentle 
thoughts 
Let fall your flowing numbers here, and round 

about 
Hover, celestial angels, with your wings, 
That none offend his quiet !" 

Shirley, The Maid's Revenge, v. 3. 

758. "All birds that in the stream their pinions dip, 

Or from the brink the liquid crystal sip, 

Or show their beauties to the sunny skies, 

Here waved their plumes that shone with varying 

dyes ; 
But chiefly he, that o'er the verdant plain 
Spreads the gay eyes, which grace his spangled 

train ; 
And he who, proudly sailing, loves to show 
His mantling wings and neck of downy snow." 
Sir William Jones, The Seven Fountains. 



v. 529—557- 



BOOK IT. 



v. 558—577. 



147 



Unblest of spirit, the Phoenician dame ; 
Nor is she ever melted into sleep, 
[N] or in her eyne or bosom welcomes night. 
Redouble her distresses, and once more, 
Again uprising does her passion storm, 
And surge with her resentments' mighty- 
tide. 
Thus then she broods upon [her lot], and 
thus 770 

Within her. bosom with herself revolves : 
" Lo ! what is it I do ? Shall I once more 
My former suitors, ridiculed, essay, 
And nuptials with the Nomads humbly 

crave, 
Whom I so often have already scorned 
As husbands ? Shall I therefore Ilian barks, 
And worst behests of Teucer's sons attend ? 
Is it because it joys them that erewhile 
By my assistance they have been relieved, 
And duly with the grateful there abides 
The obligation from a former act ? 781 

But grant I willed it,— who'll allow it me ? 
Or, loathed, admit me to their haughty 

ships ? 
Alas ! O lady lost, dost thou not know, 
Or not as yet perceive the perjuries 
Of the Laomedontian race ? What then ? 
Shall I, alone in flight, accompany 
Their chuckling seamen ? Or, by Tyrians 
thronged 788 

And all my people's host, be wafted on, 
And, whom from Sidon's city scarce did I 
Unroot, shall I again lead o'er the deep, 
And bid them give the canvas to the gales ? 
Nay, rather perish as thou hast deserved, 
And with the falcion turn away the pang ! 
Thou, overpowered by my tears, thou first 
Dost lade a raver, sister, with these ills, 
And fling her to the foe. 'Twas not allowed, 
A life of marriage void, without a fault, 
To lead, in fashion of a savage beast, 
Nor such anxieties to touch ! The faith, 
Pledged to Sychsean ash [es], is not kept !" 
Such grievous plaints she vented from her 
breast. 802 

^Eneas on the lofty stern, now fixed 
Upon departure, sleep was snatching, now 
With preparations orderly arranged. 
To him the figure of the god in dreams 
Itself presented, in the selfsame guise 
Returning, and again thus seemed to warn ; 

764. " Wrongs done to love 

Strike the heart deeply : none can truly judge on't 
But the poor sensible sufferer whom it racks 
With unbelieved pains." 

Middleton, TJie Witch, 1.1. 
788. Or :. " A crew triumphant ?" 
801. "Angels themselves must break that promise 
Beyond the strength and patience of angels." 
Massinger, The Fatal Dowry, v. 2. 



In all like Mercury, alike in voice, 
And hue, and amber locks, and limbs 
adorned 810 

With youth : " O goddess-born, canst 

sleep prolong 
Beneath this crisis? Nor what dangers 

thence 
May thee environ, madman! dost perceive? 
Nor hearest thou propitious Zephyrs 

breathe ? 
That [woman] wiles and awful wickedness 
Is in her breast revolving, bent on death, 
And surges with resentments' fitful tide. 
Art thou not posting hence in headlong 

haste, 
Whilst thou to post in headlong haste hast 

power ? 
Forthwith shalt thou behold the sea tur- 
moiled 820 

With ships, and grisly torches glare ; forth- 
with 
The shores with blazes in a glow, if thee, 
Delaying in these regions, shall the Dawn 
Have touched. Uprouse thee then ! break 

off delays ! 
A vacillating and capricious thing 
Is woman ever." He, thus having said, 
Himself commingled with the sable night. 

Then sooth iEneas, by the sudden gloom 

Affrighted, tears away his frame from sleep, 

And importunes his comrades : " Quick 

awake ! 830 

My men, and take your stations on the 

thwarts ; 
Unclew the sails with speed ! A god, de- 
spatched 
From th' empyrean high, to hasten flight, 
And cut away the twisted hawsers, lo ! 
Once more is urging on. We follow thee, 
O holy one of gods, whoe'er thou art, 

825. " Mutability, 

All faults that may be nam'd, nay that hell know?, 

Why hers, in part, or all : but rather all ; 

Nor e'en to vice 

They are not constant, but are changing still 

One vice, but of a minute old, for one 

Not half so old as that." 

Shakespeare, Cymbeline, ii. 5. 
" And yet, believe me, good as well as ill, 
Woman's at best a contradiction still." 

Pope, Moral Essays, Ep. ii. 269. 
" A creature fond and changing, fair and vain, 
The creature, ' Woman,' rises now to reign." 
l'arnell, Hesiod. 
" Oh ! women have fantastic constitutions, 
Inconstant in their wishes, always wavering, 
And never fixed." Otway, Venice P., iii. 1. 
835. " I feel now 

That there are Powers above us, and that 'tis not 
Within the searching policies of man 
To alter their decrees." 

Beaumont and Fletcher, The False One, v. J. 
L 2 



r + 8 



v. 5 77—584- 



THE ^NEID. 



v. 585 — 602. 



And thy behests once more obey with joy. 

O be thou present, and benignly aid, 

And stars in heav'n propitious bring." He 

spake, 
And tears his blade of lightning from the 

sheath, 840 

And with drawn steel the hawsers smites. 

At once 
The selfsame fervor holds them all. They 

hale alike, 
And hurry ; they the shores have left ; the 

main 
Lies hid beneath the galleys ; forcing, they 
Whirl up the foam, and sweep the azure 

[seas]. 
And now first sprent the lands with virgin 

light 



844. As the enemies of the Castle of Temperance 
concealed the Earth : 
" So huge and infinite their numhers were, 

That all the land they under them did hyde." 
Spenser, Faerie Qtteene, ii. 11, 5. 

846. So Spenser, F. Q., i. 2, 7. See also i. 11, 51 : 
" Now when the rosy-fingred Morning faire, 

Weary of aged Tithones saffron bed, 
Had spread her purple robe through deawy aire." 

Shakespeare has numberless descriptions of day- 
break of great beauty ; e. g., Romeo and Juliet, 
ii- 3: 
" The grey-ey'd morn smiles on the frowning night, 

Checkering the eastern clouds with streaks of 
light ; 

And flecked darkness like a drunkard reels 

From forth day's pathway, made by Titan's 
wheels : 

Now ere the sun advance his burning eye, 

The day to cheer, and night's dark dew to dry :" 
&c. 

. And again, in the same Play, iii. 5 : 

" Look, what envious streaks 
Do lace the severing clouds in yonder east : 
Night's candles are burnt out, and jocund day 
Stands tiptoe on the misty mountain tops." 

" See, the day begins to break, 
And the light shoots like a streak 
Of subtle hre ; the wind blows cold, 
Whilst the morning doth unfold, 
Now the birds begin to rouse, 
And the squirrel from the boughs 
Leaps to get him nuts and fruit ; 
The early lark, that erst was mute 
Carols to the rising day 
Many a note and many a lay." 
J. Fletcher, The Faithful Shepherdess, iv. 4. 

Li Mild rides the Morn in orient beauty dress'd, 
An azure mantle, and a purple vest, 
Which, blown by gales, her gemmy feet display, 
Her amber tresses negligently gay : 
Collected now her rosy hand they fill, 
And, gently wrung, the pearly dew distil. 
The songful Zephyrs, and the laughing Hours, 
Breathe sweet, and strew her opening way with 
flowers." Savage, Wanderer, c. iv. 

And shortly after, of Sunrise : 
"Now, in his tabernacle roused, the Sun 
Is warn'd the blue ethereal steep to run ; 



Aurora, leaving Tithon's saffron bed. 
Soon as the queen from posts of watch 

beheld 
The light wax white, and with its balanced 

sails 
The navy under way, and shores and ports 
Unpeopled, without rower, she perceived, 
Both thrice and four times on her dainty 

breast 852 

Deep struck with hand, and rent in amber 

locks ; 
" Alas the day ! O Jove, shall this man 

go ?" 
She cries, " and shall an alien ridicule 
Our realm ? Will they not fetch their 

armor forth, 
And, [poured] from all the city, give him 

chase, 
And others drag down galleys from the 

docks ? 
Go quick ! bring blazes, set the sails, ply 

oars ! — 
What do I say ? Or where am I ? My 

brain 860 

What madness turns ? Unhappy Dido ! 

Now 
Do thy ungodly doings sting thee ? Then 
'Twas meet [they should] when thou the 

sceptral sway 
Vouchsafedst. — Lo ! right hand and troth 

[of one], 
Who with him, they assert, his country's 

gods 
Is bringing ! Who upon his shoulders bare 
A father spent with age ! — His body seized 
Could I not have dislimbed, and o'er the 

waves 
Have scattered it ? [Could I] not his com- 
peers, 
Not, — have annihilated with the steel 870 
Ascanius' very self, and served him up 
To be a banquet on his father's boards ? 

While on his couch of floating jasper laid, 
From his bright eye Sleep calls the dewy shade. 
The crystal dome transparent pillars raise, 
Whence, beam'd from sapphires, living azure 

plays ; 
The liquid floor, inwrought with pearls divine, 
Where all his labours in mosaic shine : 
His coronet a cloud of silver-white ; 
His robe with unconsuming crimson bright, 
Varied with gems, all heaven's collected store ! 
While his loose locks descend, a golden shower." 

855. " Have I no spleen, 

Nor anger of a woman ? Shall he build 
Upon my ruins, and I, unrevenged, 
Deplore his falsehood ?" 

Massinger, Tlie Picture, iii. 6. 

868. " No ! let me know the man that wrongs me so, 
That I may cut his body into motes, 
And scatter it before the Northern blast." 

Beaumont and Fletcher, T fit Maid's Tragedy, ii. 1. 



v. 603 — 629. 



BOOK IV. 



v. 629 — 652. 



149 



But doubtful th' issue of the fray had 

proved. — 
It might have proved so : whom had I to 

fear, 
About to perish ? Torches on their camp 
I might have flung, and filled their decks 

with flames, 
And son and father with the race have 

quenched ! 
Aye even have myself bestowed them ! — 

Sun! 
Who scannest with thy fires all tasks of 

earth, 879 

And thou, agent and witness of these woes, 
O Juno ! Hecat, too, in crossing paths 
By night invoked thro' cities with a howl ; 
And O ye vengeful Furies, and ye gods 
Of perishing Elissa, hear ye these, 
And turn your pow'r divine, that is their 

due, 
To [these] my wrongs, and listen to our 

prayers ! 
If needs must be his cursed person touch 
The ports, and float to land, and thus the 

fates 
Of Jove exact, this issue is decreed : — 
Yet worried by the warfare and the arms 
Of [some] bold clan, an exile from his 

bourns, 891 

Wrenched from Iulus's embrace, may he 
Crave aid, and see the ignominious deaths 



Of his own [people] 



when he himself 



Shall have surrendered, [laid] beneath the 

terms 
Of [some] unrighteous peace, may he enjoy 
His realm or light desired, but let him 

fall 
Before his day, and [lie] amid the sand 
Unsepulchred ! These [boons] I beg ; this 

word, 
My latest, with my blood outpour. 900 
Then ye, O Tyrians, harass with your hate 
The brood and all its progeny to come, 
And to my ash [es] offer up these gifts. 
Between the nations let there be no love, 
Nor leagues ! Rise ! some avenger from 

our bones, 
The Dardan settlers to pursue with fire 
And falcion, now, hereafter, at what time 
Soe'er shall pow'rs impart them [unto 

thee]. 
The curse of shores antagonist to shores, 
To billows waves, to armor arms, I pray : 

899. " Let him be lost, no eye to weep his end, 
Nor find no earth that's base enough to bury him !" 
J. Fletcher, Rule a Wife and Have a Wife, iii. 5. 

905. "Arise, black vengeance, from thy hollow 

cell! 
Yield up, O love, thy crown, and hearted throne, 



May both themselves and their descendants 

war !" 911 

These speaks she, and her mind to every 

side 
She shifted, seeking, soon as in her power, 
To break away the [thread of] loathly light. 
She Barce then, Sychaeus' nurse, in brief 
Accosted ; for her own the sable ash 
In her time-honored land possessed : ' ' Dear 

nurse, 
My sister Anna hither lead to me ; 
Tell her to haste her person to bedew 
With water of the brook, and with her 

bring 920 

The victims and atonements pointed out : 
Thus let her come ; and thy own brows do 

thou 
Thyself envelop with religious band. 
The sacrifices to the Stygian Jove, 
Which, in due form commenced, have I 

prepared, 
It is my purpose to complete, and put 
An end to my distresses, and the pyre 
Of Dardan bust abandon to the flame." 
On this wise does she speak. The other 

sped 
Her step with aged woman's zeal. But 

scared, 930 

And at her monstrous undertakings wild, 
Dido, her blood-shot eyeball rolling round, 
And dashed with blotches o'er her quiv'ring 

cheeks, 
And wan at coming dissolution, bursts 
Within the inner portals of the dome, 
And in her frenzy mounts the lofty pyre ; 
The Dardan falcion, too, does she un- 
sheathe, — 
Not for these services a boon acquired. 
Here, soon as on the Ilian gear, and bed 
Well-known, she gazed, awhile in tears and 

thought 940 

Delaying, she both laid her on the couch, 
And spake her latest words : " O relics 

dear, 
While doom and deity allowed, receive 



To tyrannous hate ! Swell, bosom, with thy fraught, 
For 'tis of aspics' tongues." 

Shakespeare, OtJiello, iii. 3. 

914. So Amavia prays, in Spenser's Faerie Queene, 
ii. 1, 36 : 
" Come, then ; come soon ; come, sweetest Death, 

And take away this long lent loathed light." 

921. Or : "The beasts and the." 

928. " Hecate. Is the heart of wax 

Stuck full of magic needles ? 
Stadlin. 'Tis done, Hecate. 
Hec. And is the farmer's picture and his wife's 
Laid down to th' fire yet ? 
Stad. They're a-roasting both too." 

Middleton, The Witch, i. 2. 



ISO 



v. 652 — 672. 



THE ^ENEID. 



v. 672 — 685. 



This soul, and free me from these troubles ! I 
Have lived, and that career, which had my 

fate 
Assigned, have run ; and now this shade of 

mine 
Majestic 'neath the earth shall wend its 

way. 
A passing glorious city have I reared ; 
My walls have seen ; a husband having 

venged, 
I've from a hostile brother penalties 950 
Exacted : blest, alas ! too blest, 
Had but the Dardan keels ne'er touched 

our shores !" 
She said ; and, — pressed upon the couch 

her lips, — 
" Die shall we unavenged ; but let us die !" 

she cries, 
" Thus, thus it joys to pass to shades below. 
This conflagration with his eyes let drink 
The barbarous Dardanian from the deep, 
And with him bear the omens of our death." 
She said ; and in the midst of such [her 

words] 
Her train behold her sunk beneath the 

steel, 960 

The sword, too, frothing with the gore, 

and sprent 
Her hands. A shrieking mounts the lofty 

halls ; 
Wild revels Rumor thro' the city shocked ; 
With moans, and groan, and women's howl, 

the roofs 
Are ringing ; thunders heav'n with mighty 

wails : 
No otherwise, than if from foes let loose 
All Carthage were to fall or aged Tyre, 
And raging blazes were to be enwreathed 
Throughout the gables both of men and 

gods. 
Her sister breathless heard, and, terrified, 



In flurried haste, while marring with her 

nails 971 

Her features, and her breasts with clenched 

hands, 
Darts through the midmost, and the dying 

[queen] 
Loud calls by name : "O sister, was it 

this? 
In cunning didst thou seek me? Was it 

this 
That pile funereal, was it this the fires 
And altars had in store for me ? Whereof 
In chief shall I forlorn complain ? Hast 

thou 

Thy sister for a comrade scorned at death ? 

Would thou had'st called me to the selfsame 

doom ! 9S0 

One anguish and one hour had with the 

sword 
Swept both of us away. With these [my] 

hands 
Did I e'en rear it, and our country's gods 
Call with my voice, that I should thee, 

thus laid, 
O heartless one, have failed ? Thyself and 

me 
Thou hast, O sister, quenched, thy people 

too, 
And the Sidonian sires, and city thine. 
Give me with waters clean to wash her 

wounds ; 
And should there any parting breath above 
Still wander, I will catch it with my lips." 



944. " I fall to rise : mount to thy Maker, spirit ! 

Leave here thy body : Death has her demerit." 

Marston, Insatiate Cotmtesse, v. 5. 

947. "Through darkness diamonds spread their 
richest light." 

Webster, Vittoria Corombona, iii. 2. 

959. Or : " below the shades." 

966. " So from a spark, that kindled first by chance, 
With gathering force the quickening flames 

advance ; 
Till to the clouds their curling heads aspire, 
And towers and temples sink in floods of fire." 
Pope, Temple of Fame. 
The translation of the seconder in this idiomatic 
passage would involve the supply of a weak ellipsis. 

970. " Which when that warriour heard, dismount- 
ing straict 
From his tall steed, he rusht into the thick, 
And soone arrived where that sad Pourtraict 
Of death and dolour lay, halfe dead, halfe quick : 



In whose white alabaster brest did stick 

A cruell knife that made a griesly wownd, 

From which forth gusht a stream of gore-blood 

thick, 
That all her goodly garments staind arownd, 
And into a deepe sanguine dide the grassy grownd." 
Spenser, F. Q., ii. 1, 39. 

974. " What shall she do ? She to her brother runs, 
His cold and lifeless body does embrace ; 
She calls to him that cannot hear her moans, 
And with her kisses warms his clammy face." 
Cowley, Constantia and Philetus. 

981. " First will I sing thy dirge, 

Then kiss thy pale lips, and then die myself, 
And fill one coffin and one grave together." 
Beaumont and Fletcher, The Knight of tlte 

Burning Pestle, iv. 5. 

989. " She stirs ; here's life ! 
Return, fair soul, from darkness, and lead mine 
Out of this sensible hell ! She's warm, she breathes ! 
Upon thy pale lips I will melt my heart, 

To store them with fresh colour." 

Webster, T/ie Duchess of Malfi, iv. 2. 

990. " His palled face, impictured with death, 
She bathed oft with teares and dried oft : 

And with sweet kisses suckt the wasting breath 
Out of his lips like lillies pale and soft. 
And oft she cald to him, who answerd nought, 
And onely by his lookes did tell his thought." 

Spenser, Astrophel. 



v. 685 — 6 92. 



BOOK V, 



v. 693— 70^ 



Thus speaking, she had climbed the lofty- 
steps, 991 
And, her half-living sister clasping round, 
She hugged her in her bosom with a groan, 
And stanched the jetty blood-streams with 

her robe. 
The other, efforts having made to lift 
Her heavy eyeballs, swoons away again : 
Deep plunged beneath her breast, the 

wound 
Is gurgling. Thrice she, lifting up her 

[form], 
And leaning on her elbow, raised [her- 
self]; 
Thrice backward was she rolled upon the 
bed, 1000 

And with her wand'ring eyes through lofty 

heaven 
She sought the light, and groaned when it 
was found. 



992. " Eyes, look your last ! 

Arms, take your last embrace ! and lips, Oh ! you 
The doors of breath, seal with a righteous kiss 
A dateless bargain to engrossing death !" 

Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet, v. 3. 

1002. "Antoninus. Then with her dies 

The abstract of all sweetness that's in woman ! 
Let me down, friend, that, ere the iron hand 
Of death close up mine eyes, that may at once 
Take my last leave both of.this light and her : 
For, she being gone, the glorious sun himself 
To me's Cimmerian darkness. 

Macrinus. Strange affection ! 
Cupid once more hath changed his shafts with 

Death, 
And kills, instead of giving life." 

Massinger, The Virgin Mariyr, iv. 3. 



Then Juno, the almighty, in her ruth 
At her long anguish and laborious death, 
Sent Iris from the Empyrean down, 
To disengage the struggling soul, and limbs 
Enfettered [with it] : for that, seeing she 
Nor by her destiny, nor death deserved, 
Was dying, but ill-starred before her day, 
And by a sudden frenzy-passion fired, 1010 
Not yet had Proserpine the golden lock 
From off the summit of her head with- 
drawn, 
And to the Stygian Orcus doomed the 

head. 
So dewy Iris on her saffron wings, 
Along the sky a thousand motley hues 
Abstracting from the sun afront, flies down, 
And near, above the head, she stood : 

" This lock, 
Devote to Dis, enjoined I carry off, 
And thee from that thy body 1 release." 
Thus speaks she, and the lock with her 
right hand 1020 

She cuts ; and all the heat at once dissolved, 
And to the breezes sped the life away. 

1022. " O she is gone ! the talking soul is mute ! 
She's hushed, no voice of music now is heard ! 
The bower of beauty is more still than death ; 
The roses fade, and the melodious bird, 
That waked their sweets, has left them now for 
ever." • Lee, The Rival Queens, v. 1. 

" So, fare thee well ! 
Now boast thee, Death ! In thy possession lies 
A lass unparalleled. Downy windows, close ; 
And golden Phoebus never be beheld 
Of eyes again so royal !" 

Shakespeare, Antony and Cleopatra, v. 2. 



BOOK V. 



Meanwhile TEneas with the navy now 
His mid [-sea] voyage straight was holding 

on, 
And the dun billows with the northern gale 

Line 2. Virgil often uses mediits to indicate a 
distance from the extremity, be it greater or less. 
For instance, in A£n. iii. v. 665, Polyphemus 
graditur per cequor ja7n medium', yet, necdum 
Jluctus latera ardua tinxit. So here, the word is 
employed loosely, to express ^neas being well out 
at sea. However, it would seem better not to 
attempt too strict a version of the word, especially 
as "mid-sea" may well carry with it a similar 
looseness of meaning. 

3. There are numberless instances of Virgil's 
using the names of winds in a lax way, according 
as the necessities of the metre required. See note 
on sEn. i. 1. 841. Yet, perhaps, Aquilo may here 
be employed deliberately in its accurate signifi- 
cation. In Ain. iv. v. 310, to take Aquilonibus in 
the sense of wind generally would plainly be to 



Was cleaving, looking back upon the walls, 

which now 
Are glaring with unblest Elissa's flames. 
What reason may have lighted up a fire, 
So great, lies* hidden ; but the grievous 

pangs 

weaken the force of Dido's sarcasm ; and so, in the 
present case, the same word is probably repeated 
with design. The Trojans were in such a hurry to 
be gone, that they went even with a foul wind. 
However, Aquilo would not be so much a-head as 
Boreas. 

4. " They, looking back, all th' eastern side beheld 
Of Paradise, so late their happy seat, 
Waved over by that dreadful brand ! the gate 
With dreadful faces throng'd, and fiery arms. 
Some natural tears they dropp'd, but wip'd them 

soon : 
The world was all before them, where to choose 
Their place of rest, and Providence their guide." 
Milton, P. L., end. 



152 



v. 6 — 15. 



THE ^NEID. 



v. 15—32. 



From outrage offered to a mighty love, 
And knowledge what can frantic woman do, 
Through sad foreboding lead the Trojans' 

minds. 10 

Soon as their galleys occupied the deep, 

Nor any land now further meets [the 

view] ; — 
Seas all around, and all around the sky ; — 
Above his head a dingy rain-cloud came 
To a near stand; Night bringing on and 

storm ; 
And 'gan the wave to crisp beneath the 

gloom. 
E'en Palinure, the pilot, from the stern 
On high: "Ah! why have storm-clouds 

so immense 
Wrapt heav'n ? Or what, sire Neptune, 

dost prepare ?" 19 

Thus having said, thereon he gives command 

8. " Lopez. Methinks a woman dares not — 
Roderigo. Thou speak'st poorly ; 

What dares not woman when she is provok'd ? 
Or what seems dangerous to love or fury ?" 

Fletcher, The Pilgrim, iii. 1. 

' " The effects of violent love are desperate." 

Massinger, A Very Woman, v. 4. 

10. " I cannot change, as others do, 
Though you unjustly scorn ; 
Since that poor swain that sighs for you, 
For you alone was born. 
" No, Phillis, no, your heart to move 
A surer way I'll try ; 
And, to revenge my slighted love, 

Will still love on, will still love on, and die. 
" When, killed with grief, Amyntas lies, 
And you to mind shall call 
The sighs that now unpity'd rise, 
The tears that vainly fall, 
" That welcome hour, that ends this smart, 
Will then begin your pain ; 
For such a faithful tender heart 

Can never break, can never break in vain." 
Earl of Rochester, Constancy. 

18. One of the oldest descriptions of a storm in 
the English language (before Chaucer's Canterbtiry 
Tales) is to be found in Gower's Confessio Amantis, 
b. viii. : 

" Whan thei were in the sea amid, 
Out of the north thei see a cloude, 
The storme arose, the wyndes loude 
Thei blewen many a dredefull blaste, 
The welken was all ouercaste : 
The derke night the sonne hath vnder, 
There was a great tempest of thunder. 
The moone, and eke the sterres bothe 
In blacke cloudes thei hem clothe, 
Whereof their bright loke thei hide." 

" If by your art, my dearest father, you have 
Put the wild waters in this roar, allay them : 
The sky, it seems, would pour down stinking pitch, 
But that the sea, mounting to the welkin's cheek, 
Dashes the fire out." Shakespeare, Tempest, i. 2. 

" Hie therefore, Robin, overcast the night ; 
The starry welkin cover thou anon 
With drooping fog, as black as Acheron." 

Midsummer Night's Dream, iii. 2. 



To reef the sails, and ply with lusty oars, 

And veers diagonally to the wind 

The folds [of canvas], and suchlike he 

speaks : 
" Ffigh-souled ^Fneas, not, tho' Jove to me 
Should pledge himself as surety, could I 

hope 
That 'neath this sky Italia we could fetch. 
Athwart us shifted, bluster, and uprise 
In concert from the inky West, the winds, 
And into cloud the ether is condensed : 29 
We neither have the pow'r to struggle on 
Against them, nor the effort e'en to make. 
Since Fortune lords it, follow we [her lead], 
And whither she is calling bend our course. 
Nor deem I far, trustworthy, brotherly, 
The coasts of Eryx, and Sicilia's ports, 
If only in a duly mindful mood, 
The stars observed I calculate again." 
Then good ^Eneas: "Sooth I long! have 

seen 
That thus the winds exact, and that in vain 
Against them thou dost strive : Shape 

course by sails ! 40 

Can any land to me more welcome prove, 
Or where the rather I would fain put in 
My shattered ships, than that which guards 

for me 
The Dardan-sprung Acestes, and the bones 
Of sire Anchises bosoms in its lap ?" 
When these were spoken, they the havens 

seek, 



21. "As when the seaman sees the Hyades 
Gather an army of Cimmerian clouds, 
(Auster and Aquilon with winged steeds, 
All sweating, tilt about the watery heavens, 
With shivering spears enforcing thunder-claps, 
And from their shields strike flames of lightning,) 
All-fearful folds his sails, and sounds the main, 
Lifting his prayers to the Heavens for aid 
Against the terror of the winds and waves." 

Marlowe, Tamburlaine the Great, iii. 2. 

27. " From every several quarter of the sky 
The thunder roars, and the fierce lightnings fly 
One at another, and together dash 
Volley on volley, flash comes after flash, 
Heaven's light looks sad, as they would melt away, 
The night is come i' th' morning of the day : 
The card'nal winds He makes at once to blow, 
Whose blasts to buffets with such fury go :" &c. 
Drayton, Noah's Flood. 

" The flattering wind, that late with promis'd aid 
From Candia's bay th' unwilling ship betray'd, 
No longer fawns beneath the fair disguise, 
But like a ruffian on his quarry flies : 
Tost on the tide she feels the tempest blow, 
And dreads the vengeance of so fell a foe." 

Falconer, Shipivreck, ii. 3. 

29. "At first a dusky wreath they seem to rise 
Scarce staining ether ; but by swift degrees, 
In heaps on heaps, the doubling vapour sails 
Along the loaded sky, and mingled deep 
Sits on th' horizon round a settled gloom." 

Thomson, Sj>ring. 



v. 32 — 5°« 



BOOK V. 



v. 51—59- 



153 



And fav'ring Zephyrs swell the sails. The 

fleet 
Is quickly wafted through the gulf, and 

they at last 
Are borne delighted to the well-known 

strand. 
But from a lofty mountain-crest afar 50 
Amazed at their approach, and barks allied, 
Acestes meets them, bristling in his darts, 
And in an Afric she-bear's skin ; whom 

bore 
A Trojan mother, gendered by the flood 
Crimisus. Of his ancient fathers he, 
Not mindless, gives them joy on their return, 
And entertains them, glad, with rural 

wealth, 
And cheers the weary with his kindly 

means. 
What time next gairish day with infant 

dawn 
The stars had chased aloof, from all the 

shore 60 

His mates /Eneas to assembly calls, 
And from a hillock-pile [these words] he 

speaks : 
"Great Dardans, issue from the lofty 

blood 
Of gods, the yearly cycle is fulfilled, 
With months completed, from the time that 

we 
My god-like sire's remains and bones in- 
hearsed 
In earth, and mournful altars sanctified. 
And now the day, unless I am deceived, 
Is nigh, which ever bitter, ever blest, — 
Thus ye, O gods, have willed it ! — I shall 

hold. 70 

69. " 'Tis not a cypresse-bough, a count'nance sad, 
A mourning garment, wailing elegie, 
A standing herse in sable vesture clad, 
A toombe built to his name's eternitie, 

Although the shepheards all should strive 

By yearly obsequies, 
And vow to keepe thy fame alive 
In spite of destinies, 
That can suppresse my griefe : 

All these and more may be, 
Yet all in vaine to recompence 
My greatest losse of thee. 

" Cypresse may fade, the countenance be changed, 
A garment rot, an elegie forgotten, 
A herse 'mongst irreligious rites be ranged, 
A toombe pluckt down, or else through age be 
rotten : 

All things th' impartial hand of fate 

Can rase out with a thought : 
These have a sev'ral fixed date, 
Which, ended, turne to nought. 
Yet shall my truest cause 

Of sorrow firmely stay, 
When these effects the wings of time 
Shall fanne and sweepe away." 

Browne, Sheplieard's Pipe, Eel. iv. 



This were I in Gaetulian Syrts to pass, 
A banished man, or on the Argive sea, 
And in Mycenae's city overta'en, 
Still yearly vows, and anniversary 
Processions, in due course would I dis- 
charge, 
And pile the altars with their rightful gifts. 
Xow further ; at the ashes and the bones 
E'en of my sire himself, — not sooth, I 

deem, 
Without the mind, without the will, of 

gods,— _ 
Are we arrived, and wafted down [the 
deep], 80 

The ports of friendship enter. Therefore 

come ! 
And let us all this jovial feast observe ; 
Entreat the Winds ; and that it be his will 
That I should every year these holy rites 



71. It seems very unnatural to make kunc, v. 51, 
to depend upon an elliptical verb, which it is merely 
gratuitous to understand. Neither is it easy to see 
what the reference to /En. vii. v. 611 has to do 
with the matter. 

The devotion of iEneas to the memory of his 
father is like that of Lord Surrey to his mistress : 
" Let me whereas the sunne doth parche the grene, 
Or where his beames do not dissolue the yse : 
In temperate heate where he is felt and sene : 
In presence prest of people madde or wise : 
Let me in hye, or yet in low degree ; 
In longest night, or in the shortest daye : 
In clearest skie, or where cloudes thickest be ; 
In lusty youth, or when mj- heeres are graye : 
Let me in heaven, in earth, or els in hell, 
In hyll or dale, or in the foming flood, 
Thrall, or at large, aliue whereso I dwell, 
Sicke or in health, in euill fame or good : 
Hers will I be." Song xii. 

The same idea is similarly handled by Turberville 
in A Vow to Serve Faithfully. 

74. "'Tis true, fair daughter ; and this blessed day 
Ever in France shall be kept festival : 
To solemnise this day, the glorious sun 
Stays in his course, and plays the alchymist : 
Turning with splendour of his precious eye 
The meagre cloddy earth to glittering gold : 
The yearly course, that brings this day about, 
Shall never see it but a holyday." 

Shakespeare, King John, iii. 1. 

82. "Duke. What brow looks sad, when we com- 
mand delight '? 
We shall account that man a traitor to us 
That wears one sullen cloud upon his face ! 
I'll read his soul in't, and, by our bright mistress, 
Than which the world contains no richer beauty. 
Punish his daring sin. 

Leontio. He will deserve it, 

Great sir, that shall offend with the least sadness ! 
Or, were it so possess'd, yet your command, 
That stretches to the soul, would make it smile, 
And force a bravery. Severe old age 
Shall lay aside his sullen gravity, 
And revel like a youth ; the forward matrons, 
For this day, shall repent their years and coldness 
Of blood, and wish again their tempting beauties, 
To dance like wanton lovers." 

Shirley, The Duke's Mistress, i. 1. 



154 



v. 60—85. 



THE ^ENEID. 



v. 85 — 104. 



Present, what time my city is upreared, 

In temples consecrated to himself. 

Twain head of beeves to you the Troja- 

born 
Acestes grants, by reckoning for each ship : 
Invite ye household gods, and country- 
gods, 
To banquet, and [the gods] which doth our 

host 90 

Acestes worship. Further, if to men 
Shall ninth Aurora have a kindly day 
Brought forth, and with her beams unveiled 

the globe, 
The op'ning contests of the speeding ship 
I to the sons of Teucer will propose ; 
And he who in the foot-race is of might, 
And he who, venturesome in pow'rs, or 

stalks 
Superior in the dart and nimble shafts, 
Or trusts him the encounter to commence 
With gauntlet raw ; — let one and all be 

here, 100 

And wait the guerdons of a well-earned 

palm. 
All guard your lips, and ring your brows 

with sprigs." 
Thus having said, his temples he bedecks 
"With myrtle of his mother. Helymus 
Doth this, doth this Acestes ripe of age, 
Doth this the boy Ascanius ; follows whom 
The other youth. He from th' assembly 

passed 
With many a thousand to the tomb, [him- 
self] 
The centre, in a vast attending throng. 
Here duly in libation pouring out no 

Twain drinking-vessels with unmingled 

wine, 
He spills them on the ground, with new 

milk twain, 
Twain with religious blood ; and strews 

bright flowers, 
And speaks the like : " Hail, sainted sire, 

once more ! 
Hail, O ye ashes, to no end regained, 
And spirit of my father, and his shade ! 
'Twas not allowed to me Italia's bourns, 
And destined fields, nor Auson Tiber ['s 

stream], 
Whate'er it be, with, thee to seek." He 

these 
Had spoken, when from out the deepest 

shrine 120 

A slipp'ry serpent, huge, sev'n rings, sev'n 

folds 



121. See notes on Geo. iii. 570. 
Lo ! the green serpent, from his dark abode, 
Which ev'n imagination fears to tread, 
At noon forth issuing, gathers up his train 



Trailed onward, gently bosoming the tomb, 
And through the altars gliding on ; whose 

chine 
Did spots of azure, and, bedropped with. 

gold, 
[Each] scale a levin-flash set all afire : 
As, with the sun afront, the rainbow flings 
Upon the clouds a thousand motley hues. 
yEneas was astounded at the sight. 
It, as with lengthful train at last it glides 
Among the saucers and the burnished cups, 
Both tasted of the banquet, and again, 
Unharmful, 'neath the basement of the 
tomb 132 

Retreated, and the altars, feasted on, 
Forsook. So much the more does he renew 
The sacrifices to his sire commenced, 
Uncertain whether he should deem it were 
The Genius of the place, or of his sire 
Th' attendant. Slaughters he twain two- 
year ewes, 
In customed fashion, and as many swine, 
And just so many bullocks, swart of back ; 
The wines, too, from the saucers he out- 
poured, 141 
And called upon the great Anchises' soul, 
And Manes, from the Acheron released. 
Yea too, his comrades, as to each belonged 
Th' ability, in joy their off 'rings bring, 
The altars burden, and the bullocks slay. 
In order bronzen [vessels] others set, 
And, scattered all along the turf, they place 
Live coals beneath the spits, and roast the 
flesh. 
The looked-for day arrived, and Phaeton's 
steeds 150 



In orbs immense, then, darting out anew, 

Seeks the refreshing fount ; by which diffus'd, 

He throws his folds." Thomson, Summer. 

150, 151. Drummond, charmingly of the day when 
he was to meet his mistress : 
" Phoebus, arise, 

And paint the sable skies 

With azure, white, and red ; 

Rouse Memnon's mother from her Tython's bed, 

That she may thy career with roses spread. 

The nightingales thy coming eachwhere sing, 

Make an eternal spring. 
" This is that happy morn, 

That day, long-wished day, 

Of all my life so dark, 

(If cruel stars have not my ruin sworn, 

And fates my hopes betray,) 

Which (purely white) deserves 

An everlasting diamond should it mark. 
" The winds all silent are ; 

And Phoebus in his chair 

Ensaffroning sea and air, 

Makes banish every star, 

Night like a drunkard reels 

Beyond the hills, to shun his flaming wheels. 

The fields with flow'rs are deck'd in every hue, 

The clouds with orient gold spangle their blue." 
Sonnets, &*c, i. 36. 



v. io5 — ii4« 



BOOK V. 



v. 114 — 141. 



155 



Now bare the ninth Aurore in cloudless 

light; 
And rumor, and renowned Acestes' name, 
The neighborhood had roused. In merry 

throng 
They full had filled the shores, the ^Enead 

sons 
To view, part even to compete prepared. 
The prizes first are placed before their eyes, 
And in the centre of the cirque are set, — 
Religious tripods, chaplets too of green, 
And palms, as guerdon for the conquerors, 
And arms, and robes with purple throughly 

dyed, 160 

A talent ['s weight] of silver and of gold ; 
And from the centre of the knoll the trump 
Sounds forth the games begun. [Well] 

matched, commence 



" How often have I bless'd the coming day, 
When toil remitting lent its turn to play, 
And all the village train, from labour free, 
Led up their sports beneath the spreading tree : 
While many a pastime circled in the shade, 
The young contending as the old survey'd ; 
And many a gambol frolick'd o'er the ground, 
And slights of art and feats of strength went 

round, 
And still, as each repeated pleasure tir'd, 
Succeeding sports the mirthful band inspir'd." 
Goldsmith, Deserted Village, 15-24. 

" Were you to encounter 
Those ravishing pleasures, which the slow-paced 

hours 
(To me they are such) bar me from, you would, 
With your continued wishes, strive to imp 
New feathers to the broken wings of Time, 
And chide the amorous sun for too long dalliance 
In Thetis' watery bosom." 

Massinger, TJie Renegado, v. 8. 

GifFord here quotes a fine passage from Tomkis' 
Albtimazar : 
" How slow the day slides on ! When we desire 

Time's haste, he seems to lose a match with 
lobsters ; 

And when we wish him stay, he imps his wings 

With feathers plumed with thought." 

" Oh, why so long should I my joys delay? 
Time, imp thy wings, let not thy minutes stay, 
But to a moment change the tedious day. 
The day ! 'twill be an age before to-morrow ; 
An age, a death, a vast eternity." 

Lee, Theodosius, iii. 2. 

" With what a leaden and retarding weight 
Does expectation load the wings of Time !" 

Mason, Elfrida. 

151. Ben Jonson gives a grand description of a 
day, the exact reverse of this. Lentulus says to 
Cethegus : 
" It is, methinks, a morning full of fate ! 

It riseth slowly, as her sullen car 

Had all the weights of sleep and death hung at it ! 

She is not rosy-hnger'd, but swoll'n black ; 

Her face is like a water turn'd to blood, 

And her sick head is bound about with clouds, 

As if she threaten'd night ere noon of day !" 

Catiline, i. 1. 



The op'ning contests with their weighty oars 
Four galleys, chosen out of all the fleet. 
The wingy Pristis Mnestheus drives with 

crew 
Of mettle, — Mnestheus, an Italian soon, 
From which his name the line of Memmius 

[springs] ; 
And Gyas huge Chimsera, of huge bulk, 
A structure like a city, which with tier 17c 
Threefold the Dardan youth force on ; the 

oars 
In triple rank arise ; Sergestus, too, 
From whom the Sergian house preserves its 

name, 
Is in the mighty Centaur borne along ; 
In sea-green Scylla, too, Cloanthus, whence 
Thy pedigree, Cluentius son of Rome. 

There lies afar within the main a rock, 
Afront the foamy shores, which, under-sunk 
At times, is by the swelling billows lashed, 
When wintry north-west winds eclipse the 
stars. 180 

When calm 'tis hushed, and from th' un- 
ruffled wave 
A level is uplifted, e'en a rest, 
Thrice-welcome to the divers loving sun. 
Here sire ^Eneas reared a goal of green, 
[Formed] out of leafy ilex, to the crews 
A mark, whence they might know to turn 

them back, 
And when to veer around their longsome 

course. 
Their stations then by lot do they select ; 
The captains, too, themselves upon the 

sterns 

With gold and purple graced, gleam forth 

afar. 190 

The other youth in poplar leaf are dressed, 

And, o'er their naked shoulders smeared 

with oil, 
Begin to shine. Down sit they on the 

thwarts, 
And arms are strained to oars. Upon the 

stretch 
They wait the sign, and drains their bound- 
ing hearts 
A throbbing tremor, and ambitious lust 
Of praises. Then, what time the shrilly 

trump 
Gave forth its clang, from their own sta- 
tions all, — 
There's no delay, — sprang forward : strikes 

the sky 
The sailor-shout ; by indrawn arms con- 
vulsed, 200 

170. Or: "The labor of a city;" for no one 
seems to know which meaning was in the poet's 
mind when he penned the ambiguous phrase, Urbis 
opus. 



i 5 6 



v. 141 — 169. 



THE jENEID. 



v. 170 — 195. 



The waters foam ; in measure plough they 

in 
The furrows, and throughout asunder yawns, 
Uptorn by oars and trident beaks, the sea. 
In no such hurry in the two-horse race 
Have chariots seized the field, and dash 

amain 
When started from the goal ; nor charioteers 
O'er yokes, thus darting, shook the waving 

reins, 
And, bending forwards, o'er the lashes hang. 
Then with the clapping and hurrah of men, 
And zeal of cheerers, every grove rings out 
In concert, and the voice th' imprisoned 
shores 211 

Volley along ; the stricken hills with shout 
Rebound. Snoots forth ahead before the 

rest, 
And glides away upon the foremost waves, 
Amid the hurly and the din, Gyas ; whom 

next 
Cloanth pursues, superior in his oars ; 
But ties him by its weight his plodding pine. 
Astern of these, at even interval, 
Pristis and Centaur struggle to secure 
The leading place. And [this] now Pristis 
holds ; 220 

Now, worsted, giant Centaur by her slips ; 
Now both abreast and with linked stems are 

borne, 
And plough with lengthful keel the briny 

seas. 
And they were now approaching to the rock, 
And gaining goal, when Gyas in the van, 
And in mid sea the winner, with his voice 
Accosts Menoetes, helmsman of his ship : 
" Pray whither on the right dost swerve so 

far? 
Steer hitherward a passage ! Hug the shore, 
And let thy blade the crags upon the left 
Graze close ; the deep let others keep !" 
He said : 231 

But, dreading hidden rocks, Mencetes veers 
His bow aside to billows of the main. 
* ' Whither art thou departing wide away ? 
Make for the rocks, Mencetes !" with a 

shout 
Gyas once more recalled him : and, behold ! 
He views Cloanthus bearing down astern, 
And holding closer. Th' other, e'en be- 
tween 
The ship of Gyas and the booming rocks, 

228. Mihi, v. 162, is of course the dativus ethicus, 
but so thoroughly idiomatical, that a literal trans- 
lation of it would involve an intolerable, and scarce 
intelligible, weakness. Under the circumstances in 
which it appears, some such term as " pray " would 
probably be used in English, and it is therefore 
introduced ; but it is not offered as a correct 
translation. 



Shaves, further in, a course upon the left, 
And in a trice the leader passes by, 241 
And gains safe seas,— the goal behind him 

left. 
Then sooth up kindled in the stripling's 

bones 
Tow'ring vexation, neither did his cheeks 
Lack tears ; and he the slow Mencetes, 
Forgetful of his dignity alike, 
And of his comrades' safety, on the sea 
Down tumbles headlong from the lofty stern. 
Himself the steersman'to the helm succeeds, 
Himself the captain ; and he cheers the 
crew, 250 

And turns the rudder-handle to the shores. 
But when, encumbered, from the lowest bed 
[Of ocean] he is scarce at last restored, 
Now old, and dripping in his reeking gear, 
Menoetes seeks the summit of the rock, 
And on an arid crag sat down. At him, 
Both fas he falls and swims, the Teucri 

laughed, 
And laugh as he disgorges from his chest 
The briny waters. Here a joyous hope 
Was lighted up within the hindmost pair, 
Sergestus [e'en] and Mnestheus, to pass 
by 261 

The lagging Gyas. Seizes first the space 
Sergestus, and the rock approaches : still 
Nor by a whole preceding keel was he 
The foremost, — foremost by a part ; — a part 
His rival Pristis pi-esses with her beak. 
But, midship pacing down among his men 
Themselves, does Mnestheus cheer them on: 

" Now ! now ! 
Uprise ye to your oars, Hectorean mates, 
Whom I in Troy's last destiny chose out 
My comrades ; now those energies put forth, 
Now spirits [those], which in Gaetulia's 
Syrts 272 

Ye exercised, and in Ionia's sea, 
And Malea's coursing waves. I, Mnestheus, 

now 
The leading [prizes] do not seek, nor aim 
To win ! yet oh ! — but those let gain the 
day, 

244. " But 'tis a grief of fury, not despair ! 
And if a manly drop or two fall down, ' 
It scalds along my cheeks, like the green wood, 
That sputt'ring in the flame works outward into 
tears." Dryden, Cleomenes, i. 1. 

256. " I feel a hand of mercy lift me up 
Out of a world of waters, and now sets me 
Upon a mountain, where the sun plays most, 
To cheer my heart, even as it dries my limbs." 
Middleton, No Wit like a Woman's, ii. 3. 
Where he probably might have thought with 
Colax, in Randolph's Muses' Looking-Glass, iii. 3 : 
" He's a good friend will pardon his friend's errors, 
But he's a better takes no notice of them." 



i 



v. 195 — 22I « 



BOOK V. 



V. 221 — 242. 



157 



To whom, O Neptune, thou hast this vouch- 
safed : 
Shame be it to have come in last ! This 

win, 
My countrymen, and bid the crime avaunt !" 
They in the height of struggle forward bend : 
With giant strokes the bronze-bound galley 

thrills, 281 

And, underneath, the surface is withdrawn. 
Then quick-repeated panting shakes their 

joints, 
And droughty lips ; sweat flows in runnels 

down 
On every side. Mere chance the heroes 

brought 
The wished-for fame. For, frenzied in his 

soul, 
While towards the rocks Sergestus further in 
Close drives his stem, and threads th' un- 
righteous space, 
Ill-starred, he stuck upon the jutting rocks. 
Shocked were the cliffs, and on a pointed 

crag 290 

The struggling oars asunder snapped aloud, 
And, dashed against it, hung the bow. Up 

spring 
The crew together, and with thund'ring 

shout 
They force aback ; and stakes with iron 

shod, 
And poles with sharpened end, do they 

produce, 
And gather in the gulf the broken oars. 
But Muestheus blithe, and through success 

itself 
The more alert, with fleet advance of oars, 
And winds invoked, the easy waters seeks, 
And runs along upon the open sea. 300 
As, in a cavern on a sudden roused, 
A dove, whose home and charming nestlings 

[lie] 
Within a shroud-abounding pumice rock, 
Is wafted to the fields upon the wing, 
And, startled, with her pinions in the vault 
A mighty napping does she raise ; anon, 
Gliding athwart the calmy air, she skims 
A limpid course, nor stirs her nimble wings : 
Thus Mnestheus, thus the Pristis' self, in 

flight 
Cuts through the utmost seas ; thus, as she 

scuds, 310 

Her very moment carries her along. 
And first Sergestus does he leave behind, 
As he is struggling on the lofty rock 



And scanty shoals, and vainly calling aid, 
And learning to career with broken oars. 
Thence Gyas, and Chimaera's self, of bulk 
Colossal, overtakes he : she gives way, 
Since of her pilot she has been bereft. 
And now alone, upon the very goal, 
Cloanthus is ahead : whom he pursues 320 
And presses, struggling with his might and 

main. 
Then sooth redoubles shout, and one and 

all 
Spur on the chaser with their zealous cheers, 
And rings again the welkin with their peals. 
These deem it a disgrace, should they not 

keep 
Their rightful honor and the glory gained, 
And life are willing to exchange for praise. 
Those their success supports : they have the 

power, 
Since pow'r they seem to have. And haply 

they 
With even beaks the prizes would have 
ta'en, 330 

Had not, both hands outstretching to the 

deep, 
Cloanth alike his prayers outpoured, an/ 

called 
The deities to [share] his vows : i ' Ye gods 
To whom belongs the lordship of the main, 
Across whose seas I run, for you with joy 
I on this strand a snowy bull will set 
Before your altars, debtor to my vow, 
And entrails on the briny waves cast forth, 
And spill the fluid wines." He said ; and 

him 
Beneath the deepest waves heard all the 
choir 34° 

Of Nereids, and of Phorcus, and the maid 
Panope ; and the sire Portunus' self 
With giant hand impelled him as he speeds. 
She, quicker than south blast and wingy 
shaft, 



288. That is : " scanty." 

298. Or: agmine celeri, " rapid line." 

313. Alto, v. 220, seems scarcely a well-chosen 

term, as the rock appears to have been of no height ; 

in fact, no more than barely emergent. 



328. Possunt quia posse videntur, v. 231. This 
does not appear to be a very felicitous remark in 
this place ; for the hos were beaten. Taken strictly, 
it is false ; taken loosely, it does not apply. It 
might, to be sure, be true to say, that, in their own 
estimation, 

" They can, because they seem as if they could:" 
but this turns what is generally considered to be a 
wise and terse saying into a very dull observation. 
Compare Beaumont and Fletcher, Philaster, ii. 1 : 

" Think so, and 'tis so." 
Also Dryden, Cleomenes, i. 1 : 
" Peace, peace, good grandmother, he lives already, 
And conquers, too, in saying he will try." 
And Rowe, Ambitious Stepmother, i. : 
" The wise and active conquer difficulties 
By daring to attempt 'em : sloth and folly 
Shiver and shrink at sight of toil and hazard. 
And make th' impossibility thej fwu." 



158 



v. 243 — 2 66. 



THE &NEID. 



y. 267 — 289. 



Flies to the land, and in the haven deep 
Herself she harbored. Then Anchises' 

son, — 
The throng all summoned in accustomed 

form, — 
The winner, by a herald's lusty voice, 
Cloanth pronounces, and with verdant bay 
Betrims his brows ; and presents for the 

ships, 350 

Three bullocks each, and wines he grants 

to choose, 
And carry off a silver-talent vast. 
Special distinctions on the captains' selves 
Confers he : on the winner, wrought in 

gold, 
A cloak, round which in double waving line 
Full much of Melibcean purple ran ; 
And, interwove therein, the royal boy 
On leafy Ida tires the nimble stags 
With dart and chase, alert, like one that 

pants, 
Whom Jove's fleet armor-bearer, wafted 

high 360 

From Ida, kidnapped in his hooky claws : 
Aged guards their hands stretch idly to the 

stars, 
And storms the bay of hounds upon the 

gales. 
But who next held in prowess second rank, — 
To him a coat of mail, with burnished rings 
Enlinked, and triply laced with gold, which 

he 
Himself had from Demoleos reft away, 
In conquest by the ravening Simois, 
'Neath stately Ilium, on the hero he 
Bestows to wear, an honor and safeguard 
la arms. This scarcely bore, of many a fold, 
Phegeus and Sagaris, the serving men, 372 
Sore straining with their shoulders ; but 

[therein] 
Bedight, Demoleos erst would rout in chase 
The straggling Trojans. Gifts the third he 

makes 
Twain basins [wrought] of bronze, and 

drinking-boats, 

359. " One like Actseon, peeping through the grove, 
Shall by the angry goddess be transform'd, 
And, running in the likeness of an hart, 
By yelping hounds pull'd down, shall seem to die." 
Marlowe, Edward II . 

362. " Twice was he seene in soaring eagles shape, 
And with wide winges to beat the buxome ayre : 
Once, when he with Asterie did scape ; 
Againe, when as the Trojane boy so fayre 
He snatcht from Ida hill, and with him bare : 
Wo ndrous delight it was there to behould 
How the rude shepheards after him did stare, 
Trembling through feare least down he fallen 

should, 
And often calling to him to take surer hoald." 

Spenser, Faerie Queenc, iii. 11, 34. | 



In silver finished, and with figures crisp. 
And thus now guerdoned all, and in their 

wealth 
Elate, brow-wreathed with purple bands, 

they paced : 
When from the felon rock with ample skill 
Scarce wrenched, — oars missing, and dis- 
abled in one tier, — 381 
His flouted ship, without repute, Sergest 
Was working on. As oft a snake, sur- 
prised 
Upon the elevation of a road, 
O'er whom athwart the bronze-shod wheel 

hath passed, 
Or, heavy with his blow, [some] passenger 
Hath left half-dead, and mangled with a 

stone, — 
All vainly flying, with his body forms 
Extended wreaths ; in [one] part truculent, 
And blazing with his eyes, and rearing high 
His hissing neck ; part, crippled by the 
wound, 391 

Firm holds him back, while resting on his 

knots, 
And coiling up his form on his own limbs. 
With such like oarage was the plodding 

bark 
Advancing : still her sails she sets, 
And enters in full sail the [harbor's] mouth. 
^Eneas with the promised gift presents 
Sergestus, blithe at rescue of his ship, 
And mates returned. To him a female 

slave 
Is giv'n, not wareless of Minerva's works, 
Pholoe, a Crete by race, twin sons, too, 
at her breast. 401 

This contest closed, the good JEneas 
moves 
On to a grassy level, which the woods 
Upon the winding hills on every side 
Imbowered, and in centre of the dale 
The cirque [as] of a theatre there lay ; 

387. " We have scotched the snake, not killed it." 
Shakespeare, Macbeth, iii. 2. 

391. " Behind the general mends his weary pace, 

And sullenly to his revenge he sails : 
So glides some trodden serpent on the grass, 

And long behind his wounded volume trails."^ 
Dryden, Annus Mirabilis, cxxiii. 

Falconer uses the image to illustrate a very dif- 
ferent fact ; Shipwreck, iii. 2 : 
" Awhile the mast, in ruins dragg'd behind^ 
Balanc'd th' impression of the helm and wind : 
The wounded serpent, agoniz'd with pain, 
Thus trails his mangled volume on the plain." 
406. " In a pleasant glade 

With mountaines rownd about environed 
And mightie woodes, which did the valley shade, 
And like a stately theatre it made^ 
Spreading itself into a spatious plaine." 

Spenser, F. Q., iii. 5, 39. 



v. 289 — 3°9- 



BOOK V. 



v. 309—334. 



159 



Whither, along with many a thousand men, 
Repaired the hero, in th' assemblage [he] 
The midmost, and upon a seat upraised 
He sat him down. With prizes here he 
woos 410 

The spirits, who may haply list to strive 
In nimble foot-race, and the guerdons sets. 
From all sides flock the Teucrians and 

mixed 
Sicilians : Nisus and Euryalus 
The foremost [candidates] ; Euryalus, 
Marked for his beauty and a blooming 

youth ; 
Nisus, for chaste affection for the boy. 
Whom next there followed, royal [ly de- 
rived] 
From Priam's peerless stock, Diores : him 
Salius, and with him Patron, of whom one 
An Acarnanian was, the other [born] 421 
From Arcad blood of Tegesean strain. 
Then two Sicilian striplings, Helymus 
And Panopes, inured to woods, the aged 
Acestes' comrades : many a one beside, . 
Whom fame hath in her mystery concealed. 
Amidst of whom then thus ^Eneas spake : 
" These welcome in your minds, and turn 

thereto 
Your glad attention. Of this throng shall 

none 
Withdraw, by me unguerdoned. I will 
give 430 

Twain Gnosian missiles, bright with burn- 
ished steel, 
And, silver-chased, a battle-axe to bear : 
This one distinction shall there be for all. 
The foremost triad prizes shall receive, 

"And overhead 
Insuperable highth of loftiest shade, 
Cedar, and pine, and fir, and branching palm, 
A silvan scene ; and, as the ranks ascend 
Shade above shade, a woody theatre 
Of stateliest view." Milton, P. L., iii. 

" 'Twas an horrid pile 
Of hills, with many a shaggy forest mix'd, 
With many a sable cliff and glittering stream. 
Aloft, recumbent o'er the hanging ridge, 
The brown woods wav'd ; while ever-trickling 

springs 
Wash'd from the naked roots of oak and pine 
The crumbling soil ; and still at every fall 
Down the steep windings of the channel'd rock 
Remurmuring rush'd the congregated floods 
With hoarser inundation ; till at last 
They reach'd a grassy plain, which from the skirts 
Of that high desert spread her verdant lap, 
And drank the gushing moisture, where, confin'd 
In one smooth current, o'er the lilied vale 
Clearer than glass it flow'd. Autumnal spoils, 
Luxuriant spreading to the rays of morn, 
Blush'd o'er the cliffs, whose half-encircling mound 
As in a sylvan theatre enclos'd 
That flowery level." 

Akenside, Pleasures of tJw Imagination, ii. 274- 
292. I 



And with the yellow olive round their head 
Be bound. The leading winner let possess 
A courser, badged with trappings ; let the 

next 
An Amazonian quiver, aye and full 
Of Thracian arrows, which with breadth of 

gold 
A belt embraces, and a buckle clasps 440 
Beneath with rounded jewel ; let the third 
With this Argolic helm retire content." 
When these were said their station take 

they up, 
And in a moment, on a signal heard, 
Seize on the stages, and the barrier quit, 
Forth flushing like a show'r : the furthest 

[bounds] 
At once they mark. Ahead starts off, and 

far 
'Fore all the rest shoots Nisus forth, more 

fleet 
Than e'en the winds and levin-wings. Next 

him, 
But with a lengthened interval the next, 450 
On presses Salius ; with a distance left, 
Then after him Euryalus the third ; 
And Helymus Euryalus pursues ; 
Close on whose very person next, lo ! flies, 
And heel now chafes with heel, Diores, 

pressing 
Upon his shoulder ; and, if there remained 
More stages he might pass him, stealing off 
The leader, and [the issue] leave in doubt. 
And now well-nigh the limit of the stage, 
And, wearied, hard upon the very bound 
Were they arriving ; when on slippery 

blood 461 

Slides ill-starred Nisus, where from 

butchered steers 
It, spilled by chance, the ground and 

em'rald grass 
Had wetted from above. 'Twas here the 

youth, 
Now conqueror triumphant, failed to keep 
His steps, that staggered on the trampled 

ground ; 
But headlong, both upon the filthy soil, 
And hallowed gore itself, he toppled down. 
He still, not mindless of Euryalus, 



448. " Every body " is not quite so dignified in 
English as omnia corpora in Latin. 
62}.'457. The poet himself is as ambiguous here as he 
hypothetically intended the issue to be. 
469. " The trees grow up, and mix together freely, 
The oak not envious of the sailing cedar, 
The lusty vine not jealous of the ivy 
Because she clips the elm ; the flowers shoot up, 
And wantonly kiss one another hourly, 
This blossom glorying in the other's beauty, 
And yet they smell as sweet, and look as lovely." 
Fletcher, Lover's Progress, i. 1. 



i6o 



v. 334—358. 



THE &NEID. 



v. 358—386. 



Nor of their loves : for planted he himself 
In face of Salius, rising through the slime : 
But lay the other, whirled on clotted sand. 
On shoots Euryalus, and, conqueror 473 
By service of his friend, first place he holds, 
And flies with clap and favoring acclaim. 
Next Helymus comes up, and now third 

palm, 
Diores. Here the whole assembled throng 
Of the vast hollow, and the sires' front view, 
With lusty cries does Salius fill, and claims 
That his distinction, filched away by craft, 
Should be restored him. Guards Euryalus 
His popularity and graceful tears ; 482 

More winning, too, the merit, when it 

comes 
In a fair form. His help affords, and loud 
Shouts forth with thund'ring voice Diores, 

who 
Has to a palm succeeded, and in vain 
Has reached the final prizes, if the first 
Distinctions upon Salius are bestowed. 
Then sire iEneas saith : "Your gifts to 

you 
Secure abide, O youths, and from its rank 
None stirs a palm : to me be it allowed 
To pity my unfaulty friend's mishap." 492 
Thus having said, an Afric lion's hide, 
Immense, to Salius gives he, burdensome 
With shag and gilded claws. Here Nisus 

cries : 
•' If for the worsted be such fine rewards, 
And thou dost feel compassion for the fallen, 
What worthy gifts wilt thou to Nisus grant, 
Who have by merit earned the leading 

crown, 
Had not the [same] unfriendly fortune me, 
The which hath Salius, swept [therefrom] 

away ?" 501 

And at the same time with these words he 

showed 
His face and limbs, befouled with soaking 

soil. 



482. " Graceful ;" or " decent." 
Macbeth says of himself : 

" I have bought 
Golden opinions from all sorts of people." Act i. 7. 

" Hear, ye fair daughters of this happy land, 
Whose radiant eyes the vanquished world com- 
mand, 
Virtue is beauty : but when charms of mind 
With elegance of outward form are join'd, 
When youth makes such bright objects still more 

bright, 
And fortune sets them in the strongest light ; 
'Tis all of Heaven that we below may view, 
And all, but adoration, is your due." 

Young, Force of Religion, i. 9-16. 

492. " 'Tis something to be pitied of a king." 

Marlowe, Edward the Second. 



The sire thrice-worthy smiled at him, and 

bade 
A buckler forth be brought, the art on art 
Of Didymaon, from the holy gate 
Of Neptune by the Greeks plucked down : 

with this 
Choice boon the peerless youth does he 

present. 
Thereon, when were the races closed, 

and he 
Went through [the distribution of] the gifts : 
"Now if there valor be in any wight, 511 
x\nd ready resolution in his breast, 
Let him appear and raise aloft his arms, 
With [cestus-] banded hands." He thus- 
wise speaks, 
And of the fight the double prize lays 

down ; — 
A bullock for the conqu'ror decked in gold 
And wreaths ; a falcion and distinguished 

helm, 
As comforts for the conquered. No delay ! 
Straight Dares rears his front with giant 

powers, 
And lifts him with the vast applause of 

men : 520 

He who alone was customed to maintain 
The conflict against Paris ; and the same 
Fast by the tomb, where greatest Hector 

lies, 
The conqu'ror Butes of colossal frame, 
Who in descent from the Bebrycian race 
Of Amycus did vaunt him, felled to earth, 
And stretched him dying on the tawny sand. 
Such Dares for the op'ning combat lifts 
His stately head, and shows his shoulders 

broad, 
And, arms outstretching, tosses them by 

turns, 530 

And with his buffets cuffs the gales. For 

him 
There is another sought : nor is there one 
Out of a host so great makes bold to meet 
The man, and draw the gauntlets on his 

hands. 
Therefore alert, and deeming one and all 
Held from the palm aloof, he stood before 
^Eneas' feet ; nor making more demur, 
Then with the left hand seizes by his horn 
The bull, and speaks on this wise : 

" Goddess-born, 
If no one dares to trust him to the fray, 540 
What period to my standing [here] ? How 

long 
Is it becoming I should be delayed ? 
Bid me lead off my guerdon." One and all 
At once with voice the Dardans cheered, 

and begged 
That to the hero should be given up 



v. 386 — 4° 6 - 



BOOK V. 



v. 406—434. 



161 



[The prizes] that were pledged. Severely 

here 
Acestes chides Entellus with his speech, 
As next upon the emerald couch of turf 
Along with him he sat : " Entellus, erst 
Of champions gallantest without avail, 550 
Such noble gifts, in so submissive mood, 
With naught of struggle, to be carried off 
Wilt thou allow? Where now that god of 

our's, 
Thy master, Eryx, chronicled in vain ? 
Where thy renown throughout all Sicily, 
And those thy trophies hanging from thy 

roofs ?" 
He quick to these : " Not love of praise, 

nor fame, 
Hath yielded, banished by alarm ; but 

sooth, 
Ice-cold through sluggish eld, my blood is 

dull, 
And pow'rs worn-out are freezing in my 

frame. 560 

If I, — what I had whilom, and wherein 
That caitiff yonder trusting brags, — if now 
I had that youth, not sooth by prize 
Allured, and by a lovely bull, would I 
Have come : nor do I of the guerdons 

reck." 
Thus having said, thereon he in the midst 
A pair of gauntlets of stupendous weight 
Flung down, wherein fierce Eryx for the 

frays 
Was used to wield his hand, and strain his 

arms 
Within the stubborn hide. Their souls were 

in amaze : 570 

Of such huge oxen sev'h prodigious hides 
Were stiff with lead and iron stitched 

within. 
'Fore all is Dares wonder-struck himself, 



559. " Vilarezo 

Was once, as you are, sprightly, and though I say it, 

Maintain'd my father's reputation, 

And honour of our house, with actions 

Worthy our name and family ; but now, 

Time hath let fall cold snow upon my hairs, 

Plough'd on my brows the furrows of his anger, 

Disfurnish'd me of active blood, and wrapt me 

Half in my sear-cloih." 

Shirley, Maid's Revenge, i. 2. 

561. " Age has not yet 

So shrunk my sinews, or so chill'd my veins, 

But conscious virtue in my breast remains. 

But had I now 

That strength, with which my boiling youth was 

fraught ; 
When in the vale of Balasor I fought, 
And from Bengale their captive monarch brought ; 
When elephant 'gainst elephant did rear 
His trunk, and castles justl'd in the air ; 
My sword the way to victory had shown, 
And ow'd the conquest to itself alone." 

Dryden, Aurungzebe, act. ii. 



And far aloof declines ; and, great of soul, 
The offspring of Anchises both the weight, 
And very folds enormous of the hides, 
To this side, and to that, turns o'er and 

o'er. 
Thereon the aged [hero] such like words 
Fetched from his bosom : " What if one 

had seen 
The gloves and arms of Hercules himself, 
And the sad combat on this very strand? 
These arms thy brother Eryx whilom wore ; 
(With blood thou seest and spattered brains 

yet dyed ;) 583 

In these against the great Alcides stood ; 
To these was I inured, while better blood 
Imparted strength, nor yet did jealous eld, 
On both my temples sprent, wax grey. 

But if 
The Trojan Dares these our arms declines, 
And this with good iEneas is resolved, 
My counsellor Acestes sanctions [this], 590 
The combats let us even make. The hides 
Of Eryx I for thee forego, — dismiss 
Thy fears, — and thou thy Trojan gauntlets 

doff." 
These having said, he flung a double robe 
From off his shoulders ; and his limbs huge 

joints, 
His monstrous bones and shoulders, laid he 

bare, 
And stood a giant on the central sand. 
Then did the father, from Anchises sprung, 
Bring forward even gauntlets, and entwined 
The hands of both with weapons of a size. 
Straight each erect on tiptoe stood, and 

reared 601 

His arms undaunted to the gales above. 
Far backward from the blow their lofty 

heads 
Withdrew they, and commingle hands with 

hands, 
And goad the fray : in nimbleness of feet 
Superior one, and trusting in his youth ; 
The other, powerful in limbs and bulk, 
But 'neath the trembler totter sluggish 

knees ; 
Asthmatic panting shakes his giant joints. 
The champions 'tween them bandy many a 

stroke 610 

All vainly, many on their hollow side 
Redouble they, and from their chest give 

forth 

587. He might truly have said with Amyclas in 
Ford's Broken Heart, i. 2 : 

" See lords, Amyclas your king is ent'ring 
Into his youth again. I shall shake oft" 
This silver badge of age, and change this snow 
For hairs as gay as are Apollo's locks ; 
Our heart leaps in new vigour." 

M 



l62 



v. 435—452. 



THE AlNEID. 



v. 453—472. 



Prodigious crashes, and around their ears 
And temples wanders the repeated hand ; 
Their cheeks are crackling 'neath the iron 

blow. 
Stands in his weight Entellus, and, un- 
stirred 
In the same posture, merely with his frame, 
And eyes upon the watch, the strokes 

escapes. 
The other, as who storms a stately town 
With enginery, or round the mountain 
towers 620 

Sits under arms, now these, now inlets 

those, 
And all the ground, with skilfulness ex- 
plores, 
And with diverse assaults in vain persists. 
Entellus, rising up, his right hand showed, 
And lifted it aloft : the other quick 
Foresaw the buffet swooping from above, 
And, with his nimble body slipped aside, 

withdrew. 
His strength Entellus squandered on the 

wind, 
And, self-moved, heavy he, and heavily, 
Himself to earth with vasty weight falls 
down ; 630 

As sometimes in its hollowness down falls 
Either on Erymanth or Ida vast, 
From roots upwrenched, a fir. Together 

rise 
In zeal the Trojans and Sicilia's youth : 
Ascends their outcry to the heav'n ; and 

first 
Acestes hurries up, and from the ground 
Uplifts in pity his coeval friend. 



626. Spenser makes even the wind created by a 
giant's blow of terrific energy : 
" The geaunt strooke so maynly mercilesse, 

That could have overthrowne a stony towre ; 
* And, were not hevenly grace that did him blesse, 

He had been pouldred all, as thin as fiowre ; 

But he was wary of that deadly stowre, 
j And lightly lept from underneath the blow ; 

Yet so exceeding was the villein's powre, 

That with the winde it did him overthrow, 

And all his sences stoond, that still he lay full 
low." F. Q., i. 7, 12. 

628. Marlowe has a different image : 
" And make your strokes to wound the senseless 
light." Tamburlaine the Great, iii. 3. 

631. Spenser illustrates such a fall in no common- 
place way : 
" As when a vulture greedie of his pray, 

Through hunger long that hart to him doth lend, 
Strikes at an heron with all his bodies sway, 
That from his force seemes nought may it defend ; 
The warie fowl, that spies him toward bend 
His dreadfull souse, avoydes it,shunning light, 
And maketh him his wing in vaine to spend ; 
That with the weight of his own weeldlesse might 
He falleth nigh to ground, and scarse recovereth 
flight." F. Q., iv. 3. 



But not foreslowed, nor daunted by his fall, 

The hero fiercer to the fight returns, 

And wrath wakes strength. Then kindles 

might his shame, 640 

And conscious prowess, and he hotly hunts 
The headlong Dares all throughout the 

plain, 
Now with the right hand blows redoubling, 

now 
E'en with the left. Nor stay, nor rest : as 

storms 
With plenteous hail on housetops rattle, — so 
With crowding blows the hero with each 

hand 
Oft smites and chases Dares. Then the sire 
^Eneas, wrath to go to further lengths, 
Entellus, too, to fume with soul of gall, 
Permitted not, but put an end to fight, 650 
And fainting Dares rescued, soothing him 
With words, and speaks the like : " Un- 
happy man ! 
What such wild frenzy seized thy soul? 

Dost thou 
Not feel his strength is foreign, and the 

powers 
Of heav'n are changed ? Submit thee to a 

god !" He said : 
And straight broke off their combats with 

the speech. 
But him his trusty peers, as weakly knees 
He drags, and flings to either side his head, 
And from his mouth discharges clotted gore, 
And teeth in blood commingled, to the 

ships 660 

Conduct ; and, summoned, helm and sword 



643. I lie, v. 457, does not admit of a close 
translation. 

" So they 
Doubly redoubled strokes upon the foe." 

Shakespeare, Macbeth, i. 2. 

645. "Yet nought thereof was Triamond adredde, 
Ne desperate of glorious victorie ; 
But sharpely him assayld, and sore bestedde 
With heapes of strokes, which he at him let flie 
As thicke as hayle forth poured from the skie : 
He stroke, he soust, he foynd, he hewd, he lasht, 
And did his yron brond so fast applie, 
That from the same the fierie sparkles flasht, 
As fast as water-sprinkles gainst a rocke are dasht." 
Spenser, F. Q., iv. 3, 25. 

654. This argument was used by Duessa to San- 
sioy, but without effect : 

" ' Yea but,' quoth she, * he beares a charmed 
shield, 
And eke enchaunted armes, that none can perce ; 
Ne none can wound the man, that does them 

wield.' 
' Charmd or enchaunted,' answered he then ferce, 
'I no whitt reck; ne you the like _ need to 
reherce.' " F. Q., i. 4, 50. 

656. Such seems to be the force of que, et. 



v. 472—497- 



BOOK V. 



v. 498—527. 



163 



The palm and bull resign t' Entellus. Here 
The conqueror, triumphant in his soul, 
And with the bull elate, cries : " Goddess- 
born, 
And ye, O Teucer's sons, learn these, — alike 
What were my powers in a youthful frame, 
And from what death recalled ye Dares 

save." 
He said, and took his stand against the face 
Of the confronted bull, which stood hard by 
The guerdon of the fight, and, with right 

hand 670 

Drawn backward, full in centre of his horns 
He poised the felon gauntlets, lifted high, 
And dashed them on the bones, — the 

brain burst ope. 
Is felled, and lifeless, quiv'ring, sinks to 

earth the ox. 
He o'er him from his breast such words 

outpours : 
" This nobler life, O Eryx, I to thee 
In lieu of Dares' death, repay ; a conqu'ror 

here, 
My gauntlets and my craft I lay aside." 
Forthwith ^Eneas in the nimble shaft 
Woos those to strive, who peradventure list, 
And lays down prizes ; and with giant hand 
A mast from out Serestus' ship uprears, 682 
And on a cord, passed through, a winged 

dove, 
Whereto their weapons they may aim, he 

hangs 
From the tall mast. Together flocked the 

men, 
And th' in-cast lot a helm of bronze received. 
And first, with fav'ring cheer, before them all 
Leaps forth the station of Hippocoon, 
The son of Hyrtacus : whom Mnestheus, 

late 
The winner in the naval strife, pur- 
sues, — 690 
Mnestheus, with verdant olive bound. 

Eurytion third, 
Thy brother, O thrice-glorious Pandar, 

who, 
Commanded erst to violate the league, 
First hurled thy weapon in the midst of 

Greeks. 

666. " Old as I am, and quenched with scars and 

sorrows, 
Yet would I make this withered arm do wonders, 
And open in an enemy such wounds 
Mercy would weep to look on." 

J. Fletcher, Valentinian, iv. 4. 

674. In the short space of 'nine lines, from v. 473- 
481, Virgil uses taurus, j?cvencus, and bos of the 
same beast : yet they all differ. 

688. In this strong sense exit is used, Ceo. i. v. 
116. Consequitur, v. 494, therefore, must not be 
rendered tamely. 



The last, and at the bottom of the helm, 
Acestes settled down, e'en venturing he 
With hand of his to try the toil of youths. 
Then arch with lusty strength their buxom 

bows 
The heroes, each according to his might, 
And from their quivers draw their weapons 

forth. 700 

And, foremost through the heav'n, with 

twanging cord, 
The shaft of young Hyrtacides disparts 
The wingy gales, swoops straightway, and 

is fixed 
Within the timber of the fronting mast. 
The mast it quivered, and the startled 

bird 
Betrayed her apprehension by her wings, 
And every [spot] with mighty clapping 

rang. 
Next, active Mnestheus with his in-drawn 

bow 
Took up his stand, aloft directing aim, 
And eyes and arrow levelled both at once. 
But, pitiable, he the bird herself 711 

Had not the power with the steel to strike : 
The knots and flaxen ligatures he burst, 
Wherewith she, foot-enfettered, from the 

mast 
On high was hanging. She to southern 

gales, 
And clouds of blackness, fled on wing 

away. 
Then quickly, long erewhile upon his bow, 
In readiness, his weapons keeping stretched, 
Eurytion called his brother to his vows, 
As now he watched her blithe in empty 

heaven ; 720 

And, clapping with her wings, he pierced 

the dove 
Beneath a sable cloud. She breathless falls, 
And leaves her life among th' empyreal 

stars, 
And as she falls brings home the fastened 

shaft. 
Palm missed, alone remained Acestes, who 
Still shot his weapon to the airy gales, 
The sire exhibiting alike his skill, 
And ringing bow. Here offered is to view 
A sudden prodigy, and doomed to prove 
Of grave presage. The mighty issue [this ' 
Explained thereafter, and their late por- 
tents 731 
Alarming prophets sang. For, as it flies 
Among the wat'ry clouds, the shaft took 

fire, . 
And scored a pathway with the flames, and 

spent, 
To subtile winds withdrew : as oft, from 
heaven 

m 2 



164 



v. 527—556. 



THE jENEID. 



v. 556—587. 



Unsphered, athwart it shoot the flying 

stars, 
And tresses trail. With thunder-stricken 

souls 
Stood fixed, and supplicated heav'nly 

powers, 
The heroes of Trinacria and Troy. 
Nor does thrice-great ./Eneas the portent 
Decline ; but clasping glad Acestes, he 
Loads him with handsome gifts, and speaks 

the like : 742 

"Sire, take them: for Olympus' mighty 

king 
Hath willed that thou, by such presage- 

ments placed 
Above the lot, the honors bear away. 
This present of the aged Anchises' self 
Shalt thou possess, — a bowl with figures 

graved, 
Which Thracian Cisseus whilom to my sire 
Anchises for a noble gift had giv'n to bear, 
Of his affection standing-proof and pledge." 
Thus having spoken, he enrings his brows 
With verdant bay, and at the head of all 
The foremost conqueror Acestes names. 
Nor does the good Eurytion grudge the 

prize, 754 

Borne off before him, though 'twas he alone 
That from the lofty heav'n struck down the 

bird. 
Next stalks in guerdons he who burst the 

bands ; 
The last, who pierced with wingy bolt the 

mast. 
But sire ^Eneas, — not yet closed the 

strife, — 
To him the guardian and companion 

[squire] 760 

Of young lulus calls,— the son of Epytus ; 
And thus bespeaks his confidential ear : 
" Go haste thee, and Ascanius (if he now 
His boyish squadrons with him hath pre- 
pared, 
And the manoeuvres of their steeds ar- 
ranged, ) 
In honor of his grandsire, tell," saith he, 
' ' To bring his troops, and show himself in 

arms." 
Himself bids all the scattered throng with- 
draw 
From th' ample cirque, and open stand the 

plains. 
On march the boys, and 'fore their parents' 

view 77° 

Shine uniformly on their bridled steeds : 
Whom all the youth of Sicily and Troy, 
As they advance, in admiration cheer. 
The hair of all in customed form was 

pressed 



With shaven chaplet. Carry they a pair 
Of cornel spear-shafts, tipped with steel ; a 

part 
Upon the shoulder burnished quivers ; runs 
From summit of the chest, about the neck, 
A pliant collar of entwisted gold. 
Of riders companies in number three, 780 
And commandants by threes pace to and 

fro ; 
The youths, each following in twelves, 

with band 
Divided gleam, with masters, too, alike. 
One was aline of youths, which, triumphing, 
The little Priam led, his grandsire's name 
Recalling, thy illustrious descent, 
Polites, doomed Italians to advance ; 
Whom bears a Thracian horse of piebald 

hue, 
With blots of white, his forefoot fetlocks 

white, 
A brow, too, white displaying, tow'ring 

high. 790 

The second, Atys, whence the Atii 
Of Rome their pedigree have carried 

down ; — 
The little Atys, e'en a boy beloved 
By boy lulus. Last, and past them all 
In figure lovely, is lulus borne 
Upon a Sidon palfrey, which to him 
The beauteous Dido had vouchsafed, to be 
Of her affection standing-proof and pledge. 
The other youths are on Sicilian steeds 
Of aged Acestes carried. Welcome with 

applause 800 

The fearful lads, and as they gaze rejoice 
The sons of Dardanus, and recognise 
The features of their ancient sires. As soon 
As all th' assemblage, and their [parents'] 

eyes, 
Delighted they survey upon their steeds, 
A signal to them by a shout, as they 
Stood ready, gave the son of Epytus 
From far, and sounded with his whip. 

Apart 
They shot [in] even [ranks], and troops by 

threes 
Broke up in sundered squadrons, and again, 
When summoned, they their marches 

wheeled about, 811 

And hostile weapons tilted. Thereupon 
Fresh charges they commence, and fresh 

retreats, 
Confronted on the grounds, and rings in 

rings 
Alternate they entangle, and awake 
The mimicry of battle under arms. 
And now their backs do they expose in 

flight, 
Now in hostility reverse their darts ; 



v. 587 — 6io. 



BOOK V. 



v. 610 — 615. 



165 



Peace made, in company now ride. As erst, 
'Tis said, the Labyrinth in lofty Crete 820 
A passage had, inweaved with blinding 

walls, 
And, puzzling by a thousand ways, a cheat, 
Where might annul the tokens of advance 
Unmarked and irretrievable mistake. 
In course none else the Teucri's sons their 

steps 
Involve, and weave their flights and frays 

in sport ; 
Like dolphins, which, in swimming through 

dank seas, 
Cut the Carpathian and the Libyan [main], 
And gambol through the waves. This 

style of tilt, 
And tourneys these, Ascanius first, what 

time 830 

He Alba Longa girt with walls, renewed, 
And taught the ancient Latins to observe 
In form wherein the boy himself, wherein 
Troy's youth with him [observed it]. Th' 

Albans taught 
Their [sons] ; hence highest Rome in after 

days 
Received it, and the homage to their sires 
Maintained ; and now it is entitled "Troy," 
The boys "The Trojan Band." Thus far 

the games 
Were kept in honor of the sainted sire. 
Here Fortune, shifted, altered first her 

faith. 840 

The while with diff 'rent pastimes by the 

tomb 
Are they observing annivers'ry [rites], 
Saturnian Juno Iris sent from heaven 
To Ilium's fleet, and as she hies she breathes 
The winds upon her, stirring many [a 

thought], 
Not yet englutted with her old revenge. 
The other, hasting on her passage o'er 
The bow with thousand hues, by none be- 
held,— 

820. Fletcher compares the world to a labyrinth : 
" The world's a labyrinth, where unguided men 
Walk up and down to find their weariness : 
No sooner have we measur'd with much toil 
The crooked path, with hope to gain our freedom, 
But it betrays us to a new affliction." 

The Night- Walker, iv. 6. 

See Akenside, Pleasures of the Imagination, iii. 
i-5- 
840. " Daughter, thou seest how Fortune turns her 

wheel. 
We that but late were mounted up aloft, 
Lull'd in the skirt of that inconstant Dame, 
Are now thrown headlong by her ruthless hand, 
To kiss that earth whereon our feet should stand." 
Heywood, Foure Prentises of London, i. 1. 

848. Spenser makes Clarion still gayer than Iris : 



With nimble flight down posts the maid. 

She views 
The mighty throng, and scans the shores, 

and sees 850 

The ports abandoned, and the navy left. 
But, far secluded on the lonely beach, 
The Trojan women wept Anchises lost, 
And on the deep, deep sea all gazed in 

tears. 



" Lastly his shinie wings as silver bright, 
Painted with thousand colours passing farre 
All painters skill, he did about him dight : 
Not half so manie sundr ie colours arre 
In Iris bowe ; ne Heaven doth shine so bright, 
Distinguished with manie a tw inckling starre ; 
Nor Junoes bird, in her ey-spotted traine, 
So manie goodly colours doth containe." 

Muiopotmos, 12. 

Milton grandly describes the descent of Raphael : 
" Down thither prone in flight 
He speeds, and through the vast eternal sky 
Sails between worlds and worlds, with steady wing 
Now on the polar winds, then with quick fan 
Winnows the buxom air ; till, within soar 
Of towering eagles, to all the fowls he seems 
A phoenix, gazed by all as that sole bird, 
When, to enshrine his reliques in the sun's 
Bright temple, to Egyptian Thebes he flies. 
At once on th' eastern cliff of Paradise 
He lights, and to his proper shape returns 
A seraph wing'd : six wings he wore to shade 
His lineaments divine ; the pair that clad 
Each shoulder broad came mantling o'er his breast 
With regal ornament ; the middle pair 
Girt like a starry zone his waist, and round 
Skirted his loins and thighs with downy gold 
And colours dipp'd in Heaven ; the third his feet 
Shadow'd from either heel with feather'd mail, 
Sky-tinctured grain." P. L., b. v. 

" Meantime refracted from yon eastern cloud, 
Bestriding earth, the grand ethereal bow 
Shoots up immense ; and every hue unfolds, 
In fair proportion running from the red, 
To where the violet fades into the sky." 

Thomson, Spring. 

Akenside thus beautifully paints Fiction : 
" Let Fiction come, upon her vagrant wings 
Wafting ten thousand colours through the air, 
Which, by the glances of her magic eye, 
She blends and shifts at will, through countless 

forms, 
Her wild creation." 

Pleasures of the Imagination, i. 14-18. 

854. Even Colin at first sight of the sea was not 
more alarmed than these timid ladies : 
" ' So to the sea we came ; the sea, that is 
A world of waters heaped up on hie, 
Rolling like mountaines in wide wildernesse, 
Horrible, hideous, roaring with hoarse crie.' 
' And is the sea,' quoth Coridon, ' so fearfull ?" 
' Fearful, much more,' quoth he, 'then hart can 

fear : 
Thousand wyld beasts with deep mouthes gr-ping 

direfull 
Therin stil wait poore passengers to teare. 
Who life doth loath, and longs death to behold, 
Before he die, alreadie dead with feare, 
And yet would live with heart half stonie cold, 
Let him to sea, and he shall see it there. 



i66 



v. 615 — 638. 



THE sENEID. 



v. 638-662. 



*' Alas ! that should to weary [hearts] re- 
main 
So many shoals, and such expanse of 

sea !" — 
One cry with all. A city they entreat ; 
It irks the toil of ocean to endure. 
She therefore flung herself among the 

midst, 
In harming not unversed, and mien alike 
And garment of the goddess lays aside. 
She Beroe becomes, the aged wife 862 

Of Tmaros-born Doryclus, [one] to whom 
Had birth, and erst a name, and sons be- 
longed ; 
And thus amid the Dardans' mothers she 
Intrudes herself: " O wretched, whom no 

hand," 
She cries, " of Greciain the war had haled 
To doom beneath your native city's walls ! 
O hapless nation, for destruction what 
Does Fortune hold thee back ? Since 
Troja's wreck 870 

The seventh summer now is wheeled, while 

seas, 
While every land, so many rocks, devoid 
Of hospitage, and stars, we having spanned 
Are wafted on ; while we through ocean vast 
Italia flying chase, and by the waves 
Are rolled along. Here Eryx' brother- 
bourns, 
Our host Acestes, too : what hinders us 
From founding walls, and giving citizens 
Their city ? O my country ! and, in vain 
Delivered from the foe, ye household gods ! 
Shall none e'ermore be called the walls of 
Troy? 881 

Nowhere shall I behold Hectorean streams, 
The Xanthus and the Simois ? Nay come, 
And burn ye up with me the cursed ships. 
For through my sleep to me Cassandra's 

ghost, 
The prophetess, seemed blazing brands to 

give. 
Here seek ye Troy ; here lies the home," 
she cries, 



And yet as ghastly dreadfull, as it seemes, 
Bold men, presuming life for gain to sell, 
Dare tempt that gulf, and in those wandrir.g stremes 
Seek wales unknowne, waies leading down to hell.' " 
Spenser, Colin Clouts Come Home Again. 
See note on JEn. 8, v. 109, where the quotation 
is continued. 

875. " But me, not destined such delights to share, 
My prime of life in wand'ring spent and care ; 
Impell'd with steps unceasing to pursue 
Some fleeting good, that mocks me with the view ; 
That like the circle bounding earth and skies, 
Allures from far, yet, as I follow, flies ; 
My fortune leads to traverse realms alone, 
And find no spot of all the world my own." 

Goldsmith, Traveller. 



1 ' For you ; now is the moment for the 

deed 
To be accomplished : be there no demur 
With such grave presages. Lo ! altars 

four 890 

To Neptune : e'en the god himself the 

brands 
And heart supplies." These saying, she, 

the first, 
Engrasps with vehemence the felon fire, 
And with right hand uplifted from afar 
She it with effort brandishes and flings. 
Roused were the minds, and paralyzed the 

hearts 
Of th' Ilian women. Here from many, 

one, 
Who was by birth the eldest, Pyrgo, [she] 
Of Priam's sons so many royal nurse : 
' ' No Beroe [is this] for you ; this, dames, 
Is no Rhcetean wife of Doryclus. 901 

Mark ye the tokens of a heav'nly grace, 
And glowing eyes ; what air is hers, what 

looks, 
And tone of voice, nay gait as she pro- 
ceeds ! 
I e'en myself erewhile left Beroe, 
At parting, sick, impatient that alone 
From such a service she should lacking 

be, 
Nor rightful off'rings to Anchises bring." 
These [words] she uttered : but the dames, 

at first 
In vacillation and with evil eyes, 910 

Began to view the ships ; in doubt between 
A wretched passion for the present land, 
And realms that summon by the fates : 

what time 
Along the sky the goddess raised her [form] 
On pinions of a poise, and in her flight 
A bow colossal scored beneath the clouds. 
Then, sooth, astounded by the prodigies, 
And frenzy-driv'n, in chorus do they yell, 
And pillage from the inmost hearths their 

fire. 
Some rob the altars ; leaf, and sprigs, and 
brands, 920 

They fling together. Vulcan fumes with 



921. Glover thus graphically describes the burn- 
ing of the Persian camp : 

" The word is giv'n. They seize 
The burning fuel. Sparkling in the wind, 
Destructive fire is brandish'd. 

Now devastation, unconfined, involves 
The Malian fields. Among barbarian tents 
From difFrent stations fly consuming flames. 
The Greeks afford no respite ; and the storm 
Exasperates the blaze. To ev'ry part 
The conflagration like a sea expands, 
One waving surface of unbounded fire, 
In ruddy volumes mount the curling flames 



v. 662 — 677. 



BOOK V. 



v. 677 — 692. 



167 



Let loose through banks, and oars, and 

painted sterns 
Of fir. A courier to Anchises' tomb, 
And [to] the benches of the theatre, 
Eumelus, brings the tidings that the ships 
Were in a blaze ; and they themselves 

behind 
See sooty ashes flutt'ring in a cloud. 
And first Ascanius, as he gaily led 
His cavalry manoeuvres, in such guise, 
Keen on his charger, sought the troubled 

camp ; 930 

Nor can the breathless masters hold him 

back. 
" What this strange frenzy ? At what 

[object] now, 
At what is it you aim ?" cries he. " Alas ! 
My wretched countrywomen ! It is not 
The foeman, and the hostile camp of 

Greeks, — 
'Tis your own hopes ye burn. Lo ! here 

am I, 
Your own Ascanius !" He before their 

feet 
His empty helmet flung, wherewith bedight 
In sport the mimicry of war he waked. 
At once ./Eneas hastes, at once the hosts 
Of Teucer's sons. But they in fear thro'out 
The severed shores, in all directions fly 942 

To heaVn's dark vault, and paint the midnight 

clouds. 
So, when the north emits his purpled lights, 
The undulated radiance, streaming wide, 
As with a burning canopy invests 
Th' ethereal concave. (Eta now disclos'd 
His forehead, glittering in eternal frost : 
While down his rocks the foamy torrents shone. 
Far o'er the main the pointed rays were thrown ; 
Night snatch'd her mantle from the Ocean's breast ; 
The billows glimmer'd from the distant shores." 
Leonidas, b. xii. 

Ariel tells Prospero of the scene of magic fire 

which he conjured up : 

" I boarded the king's ship ; now on the beak, 
Now in the waist, the deck, in every cabin, 
I flam'd amazement : sometimes, I'd divide, 
And burn in many places ; on the topmast, 
The yards and bowsprit, would I flame distinctly, 
Then meet, and join. Jove's lightnings, the 

precursors 
O' the dreadful thunder-claps, more momentary 
And sight-out-running were not : the fire and 

cracks 
Of sulphurous roaring the most mighty Neptune 
Seem to besiege, and make his bold waves tremble, 
Yea, his dread trident shake." 

Shakespeare, Tempest, i. 2. 

941. " Fear soon is settled in a woman's breast." 

Drayton, Edward to A lice. 

942. " For if the least imagin'd overture 
But of conceiv'd revolt men once espy, 

Straight shrink the weak ; the great will not endure ; 
Th' impatient run ; the discontented fly : 
The friend his friend's example doth procure, 
And all together haste them presently, 



Apart, and woods, and, be they anywhere, 
The vaulted rocks clandestinely they seek. 
They're sick of their emprise and of the 

light, 
And their own [friends] repentant recog- 
nize, 
And Juno from their bosom is dislodged. 
Howbeit did not upon this account 
The flames and burnings their ungoverned 

might 
Lay by : beneath the smoking timber lives 
The oakum, spewing lazy smoke, and slow 
Upon the galleys preys the smould'ring 
heat, 952 

And all throughout their hull descends the 

plague : 
Nor heroes' strength nor in-poured floods 

avail. 
Then good yEneas from his shoulders tears 
His garment off, and calls the gods to aid, 
And stretches out his hands : ' ' Almighty 

Jove, 
If not as yet the Trojans to a man 
Thou dost abhor, if thy good will of old 
At all regards the travails of mankind ; 
Grant now my fleet, O sire, to 'scape the 
flame, 961 

And save the Trojans' slender state from 

doom ; 
Or do thou, — what remains, — by hostile 

flash 
To death, if I deserve it, send me down, 

Some to their home, some hide ; others that stay 
To reconcile themselves, the rest betray." 

Lord Salisbury's Speech to King Richard. 

Daniell, Civil War, ii. 34. 
945. Polydore is smart on Monimia : 

" Intolerable vanity ! your sex 
Was never in the right ; ye are always false 
Or silly ; even your dresses are not more 
Fantastic than your appetites ; you think 
Of nothing twice ; opinion you have none ; 
To-day ye are nice, to-morrow none so free ; 
Now smile, then frown ; now sorrowful, then glad ; 
Now pleased, now not ; and all you know not why ! 
Virtue you affect ; inconstancy's your practice." 
Otway, Orplian, i. 2. 
952. Dryden of the Fire of London : 
" In this deep quiet, from what source unknown, 
Those seeds of fire their fatal birth disclose 
And first few scattering sparks about were blown, 
Big with the flames that to our ruin rose. 
" Then in some close-pent room it crept along, 
And, smouldering as it went, in silence fed ; 
Till th' infant monster, with devouring strong, 
Walk'd boldly upright with exalted head." 
Annus Mirabilis, 217, 18. 

964. See Charles's address to Heaven ; Ann. Mir. 
262 : 

" Or if my heedless youth has step'd astray, 
Too soon forgetful of Thy gracious hand, 
On me alone Thy just displeasure lay, 

But take Thy judgments from this mourning 
land." 



i68 



v. 692 — 703. 



THE jENEID. 



v. 704—713. 



And with thy right hand whelm me here." 

He scarce 
These [words] had uttered, when with 

sluicy rains 
A pitchy storm beyond example raves, 
And thrill with thunder steeps and plains 

of earth. 
From the whole welkin dashes down a 

shower, 
Confused with water, and in deepest black 
With huddled southern gales ; and from 

above 971 

The ships are brimmed ; the half-charred 

timbers reek ; 
Till every fire is quenched, and all the keels, 
With loss of four, are rescued from the 

plague. 
But sire ^Eneas, by the sore mischance 
Deep-shocked, was now to this side, now 

to that, 
Within his bosom shifting weighty cares, 
Debating whether he should settle down 
On Sic'ly's fields, forgetful of the fates, 
Or aim at reaching the Italian coasts. 980 

" Meanwhile the South wind rose, and, with black 
wings 
Wide-hovering, all the clouds together drove 
From under Heaven ; the hills to their supply 
Vapour, and exhalation dusk and moist, 
Sent up amain ; and now the thicken'd sky- 
Like a dark ceiling stood ; down rush'd the rain 
Impetuous." Milton, P. L., xi. 

" He, when deep-rolling clouds blot out the day, 
And thunderous storms and solemn gloom display, 
Pours down a watery deluge from on high, 
And opens all the sluices of the sky : 
High o'er the shores the rushing surge prevails, 
Bursts o'er the plain, and roars along the vales ; 
Dashing abruptly, dreadful down it comes, 
Tumbling through rocks, and tosses, whirls, and 

foams : 
Meantime, from every region of the sky, 
Red burning bolts in forky vengeance fly ; 
Dreadfully bright o'er seas and earth they glare, 
And bursts of thunder rend th' encumbered air." 
Broome, Paraphrase on Pectus., 43. 

974. Dryden calls the ships, destroyed by fire in 
the Dutch war, " martyrs " : 
" Restless he pass'd the remnant of the night, 

Till the fresh air proclaim'd the morning nigh : 
And burning snips, the martyrs of the fight, 
With paler fires beheld the eastern sky." 

Annus Mirab., st. 102. 

976. " Then comes my fit again : I had else been 

perfect : 
Whole as the marble, founded as the rock ; 
As broad and general as the casing air : 
But now I am cabin'd, cribb'd, confin'd, bound in 
To saucy doubts and fears." 

Shakespeare, Macbeth, iii. 4. 

Shakespeare makes Reignier bear calamity with 
a brave heart : 
" I am a soldier, and unapt to weep, 

Or to exclaim on fortune's fickleness." 

1 Henry VI., v. 3. 



Then aged Nautes, whom in special wise 
Tritonian Pallas taught, and famous made 
With plenteous science, offered these re- 
plies, — 
Or what the gods' high anger might 

presage, 
Or what the scheme of destinies demand ; — 
And he, ^Eneas cheering with these words, 
Begins : " O goddess-born, where'er the 

Fates 
May draw us and withdraw us follow we ; 
Whatever shall befortune, every hap 
Is by endurance to be overcome. 990 

Thou hast a Dardan of a heav'nly line, 
Acestes : him take thou, and knit with thee 
Frank partner in thy plans. To him con- 
sign 
Who, from the galleys lost, are in exeess, 

986. " Cure her of that : 

Canst thou not minister to a mind diseas'd ; 
Pluck from the memory a rooted sorrow ; 
Raze out the written troubles of the brain ; 
And with some sweet oblivious antidote 
Cleanse the stuff 'd bosom of that perilous grief 
Which weighs upon the heart ?" 

Shakespeare, Macbeth, v. 3. 

988. Churchill inculcates similar obedience to 
Honour : 
" If Honour calls, where'er she points the way, 

The sons of Honour follow and obey." 

The Farewell. 

990. " In struggling with misfortunes 

Lies the true proof of virtue. On smooth seas 
How many bauble boats dare set their sails, 
And make an equal way with firmer vessels ! 
But let the tempest once enrage that sea, 
And then behold the strong-ribb'd argosie, 
Bounding between the ocean and the air, 
Like Perseus mounted on his Pegasus. 
Then where are those weak rivals of the main ? 
Or to avoid the tempest fled to port, 
Or made a prey to Neptune : even thus 
Do empty show and true-priz'd worth divide 
In storms of fortune." 

Dryden, Troilus and Cressida, i. 1 . 

Rowe makes Jane Shore give utterance to the 

following pathetic soliloquy : 

" Yet, yet endure, nor murmur, oh ! my soul : 
For are not thy transgressions great and num- 
berless ? 
Do they not cover thee like rising floods, 
And press thee like a weight of waters down ? 
Does not the hand of righteousness afflict thee ? 
And who shall plead against it? Who shall say 
To Power Almighty, Thou hast done enough? 
Or bid his dreadful rod of vengeance stay? 
Wait then with patience, till the circling hours 
Shall bring the time of thy appointed rest, 
And lay thee down in death. The hireling thus 
With labour drudges out the painful day, 
And often looks with long-expecting eyes 
To see the shadows rise, and be dismissed." 

Jane Shore, act v. 

" Remember patience is the Christian's courage. 
Stoics have bled, and demigods have died : 
A Christian's task is harder : — 'tis to suffer." 
Walpole, Mysterious Mot/ier. iv. 4. 



713—734- 



BOOK V. 



734—748. 



169 



And who are weary of our grand emprise 
And thine estate, alike the aged, advanced 
In years, and sea-worn matrons ; and what- 

e'er 
Is weakly with thee, and afraid of risk, 
Cull out, and let them have, — the weary 

[souls], — 
Their ramparts in these lands ; their city 

they 1000 

Shall call ' Acesta' by a licensed name." 

By such expressions of his aged friend 
Afire, then sooth is he o'er all his cares 
Distracted in his soul. And ebon Night 
Upon her two-horse chariot borne, the 

heavens 
Enchained ; thereon appeared from out the 

sky 
Down gliding, th' apparition of his sire 
Anchises, on a sudden pouring forth 
Such words : " O son, to me than life 

erewhile, 
While life remained, more dear ; O son, 
Experienced in the destinies of Troy, ion 
At Jove's commandment am I hither come, 
He who the fire hath banished from thy 

ships, 
And pitied thee at last from heav'n on 

high. 
Th' advice obey, which now [in] fairest 

[shape] 
The aged Nautes gives ; do thou choice 

youths, 
The bravest hearts, to Italy transport. 
A race of steel, and savage in their guise, 
By thee in Latium is to be subdued. 
Yet first the nether homes of Dis approach, 
And through the depths Avernian seek, 

my son, 1021 

Converse with me. For have no hold of me 
The godless Tartarus, or rueful shades ; 

1004. " 'Twas when bright Cynthia with her silver 
car, 
Soft stealing from Endymion's bed, 
Had call'd forth ev'ry glitt'ring star, 
And up th' ascent of heav'n her brilliant host 
had led. 
Night with all her negro train 
Took possession of the plain ; 
On an herse she rode reclin'd 
Drawn by screech-owls slow and blind. 
Close to her with printless feet, 
Crept Stillness in a winding sheet. 
Next to her deaf Silence was seen, 
Treading on tip-toes over the green ; 
Softly, lightly, gently she trips, 
Still holding her fingers seal'd to her lips." 

Smart, Ode xiv. 1. 

1016. " For know, an honest statesman to a prince 
Is like a cedar planted by a spring : 
The spring bathes the tree's root, the gratefull 

tree 
Rewards it with its shadow." 

Webster, Dutchesse of Malfy, iii. 2. 



But sweet assemblies of religious [souls], 
Elysium, too, do I frequent. Thee hither- 
ward 
The taintless Sybil with abundant blood 
Of sable flocks shall lead. Then all thy race, 
And what the walls be giv'n thee, thou 

shalt learn. 
And now farewell : dank Night is wheeling 

round 
Her central orbit, and the ruthless Dawn 
Hath breathed upon me with his panting 

steeds." 1031 

He spake, and sped like smoke to subtile 

air. 
^Eneas cries: " Hence whither dost thou 

rush ? 
Whither dost fling away? Whom fliest 

thou? 
Or who from our embraces thee debars ?" 
Pronouncing these, the embers he awakes 
And slumb'ring fires ; and Pergamean Lar, 
And hoary Vesta's shrine, with sacred meal 
And brimful censer humbly he adores. 

Forthwith his comrades, and Acestes first, 
He summons, and of Jupiter's command, 
And his dear sire's injunctions, throughly he 
Apprises them, and what decision now 1043 



1027-9. Perhaps the reader may here be reminded 
of Miranda, who says to Prospero : 

" You have often 
Begun to tell me what I am ; but stopp'd, 
And left me to a bootless inquisition ; 
Concluding, Stay, not yet." 

Shakespeare, Tempest, i. 2. 

1029. Spenser finely describes Night in her airy 

progress : 

" Where griesly Night, with visage deadly sad, 
That Phoebus chearefull face durst never vew, 
And in a foule blacke pitchy mantle clad 
She findes forth comming from her darksome mew ; 
Where she all day did hide her hated hew. 
Before the door her yron charet stood, 
Already harnessed for iourney new, 
And cole-black steedes yborne of hellish brood, 

And on their rusty bits did champ, as they were 
wood." F. Q., i. 6, 20. 

" For Night's swift dragons cut the clouds full fast, 
And yonder shines Aurora's harbinger, 
At whose approach ghosts, wand'ring here and 

there, 
Troop home to church-yards : damned spirits all, 
That in cross-ways and floods have burial, 
Already to their wormy beds are gone ; 
For fear lest day should look their shames upon, 
They wilfully themselves exile from light, 
And must for aye consort with black-brow'd 

Night." 
Shakespeare, Midsummer Night's Dream, iii. 2. 

1030. " But, soft ! mcthinks I scent the morning 
air. 

Fare thee well at once ! 

The glow-worm shows the matin to be near, 
And 'gins to pale his ineffectual fire : 
Adieu, adieu, adieu ! Remember me." 

Shakespeare, Hamlet, i. 5. 



170 



v. 748 — 77T. 



THE JENEID. 



v. 771—793- 



Stands settled in his mind. To his designs 
No stay ; nor does Acestes disallow 
His orders. For the city they enrol 
The dames, and willing commons set aside, 
Souls craving naught of high renown. 

Themselves 
The thwarts renew, and in the ships replace 
The timbers, gnawed by flames around ; 

they fit 
Both oars and cordage ; in their number 

scant, 105 1 

But all alive their gallantry for war. 
Meanwhile iEneas with a plough scores out 
The city, and by lot assigns their homes ; 
This bids be " Ilium," and these spots be 

/'Troy." 
Trojan Acestes in the kingship joys, 
And institutes a Forum, and grants rights 
To summoned sires. Then, neighb'ring on 

the stars, 
On Eryx' crest there founded is a seat 
T' Idalian Venus ; and t' Anchises' tomb 
A priest and grove, wide-holy, is attached. 
And now nine days the nation all observed 
The feast, and on the altars sacrifice 1063 
Was offered ; gentle breezes laid the seas, 
And freshening Auster, breathing on them, 

woos 
Once more upon the deep. There rises up 
A mighty weeping through the winding 

shores ; 
In mutual embrace both day and night 
Do they retard. Now e'en the very dames, 
The very men, to whom erst grim appeared 
The aspect of the sea, and insupportable 
The will of heav'n, desirous are to go, 1072 
And all the travail of a flight endure : 
Whom good iEneas cheers with kindly 

words, 
And to Acestes, linked by blood, in tears 



1051. " Joy, joy, I see confest from every eye ; 
Your limbs tread vigorous, and your breasts beat 

high. 
Thin tho' our ranks, tho' scanty be our bands, 
Bold are our hearts, and nervous are our hands. 
With us, truth, justice, fame, and freedom close, 
Each singly equal to a host of foes." 

Brooke, Gustavus Vasa, iii. end. 

1067. Of these tiresome dames it might have been 

said: 

" Had women navigable rivers in their eyes, 
They would dispend them all. I'll tell thee, 
These are but moonish shades of griefs or fears : 
There's nothing sooner dry than women's tears." 
Webster, Vittoria Corombona, v. 

1072. " Philosophers their pains may spare, j 
Perpetual motion where to find ; 
If such a thing be anywhere, 
'Tis, woman, in thy fickle mind." 

Charles Cotton, The False One. 



See note on yfsw. iv. v. 569. 



Entrusts. Three calves to Eryx, and to 

Storms 
A ewe-lamb, he to slaughter then enjoins, 
And hawser [s] in succession to be loosed. 
Himself, enwreathed upon his head with 

leaves 
Of olive trimmed, far standing on the 
bow, 1080 

A paten holds, and flings the entrails forth 
Upon the briny waves, and fluid wines 
Outpours. The wind, uprising from astern, 
Attends the voyagers. In rivalry 
The crews lash ocean, and the waters 
sweep. 
But Venus meanwhile, worried by her 
cares, 
Neptune accosts, and from her breast out- 
pours 
Such plainings : "Juno's weighty wrath, 

her gall, 
Not to be glutted, me, O Neptune, force 
To stoop to every prayer: — [she] whom 
nor length , 1090 

Of time, nor any piety doth melt ; 
Nor is she, by the sovereignty of Jove 
And by the Fates [though] beaten down, 

at rest. 
'Tis not enough that she in cursed hate 
Hath from the bosom of the Phrygians' 

race 
Their city eaten out, nor dragged them on 
Through every punishment : — of ruined 

Troy 
The remnant, ashes, and the bones she 

hunts. 
The grounds of such outrageous frenzy she 
May know. Thou wert my witness late 
In Libyan surges what a pile she raised 
Upon a sudden ; seas all blent with 
heaven, 1 102 

In vain relying on ^Eolian storms : 
In thy own realm adventuring this. Lo ! 

e'en 
By Trojan matrons, forced all through the 
crime, 



Juno was as hard as Shylock, with whom, in 

favour of Antonio, was no 

" Glancing an eye of pity on his losses. 
That have of late been huddled on his back ; 
Enough to press a royal merchant down, 
And pluck commiseration of his state 
From brassy bosoms, and rough hearts of flint, 
From stubborn Turks and Tartars, never train'd 
To offices of tender courtesy." 

Shakespeare, MercJiant of Venice, iv. 1. 

1090. Venus could not have said with the Duchess 
of York : 

" A beggar begs that never begged before." 

Shakespeare, A". Richard II., v. 3. 

1091. See note on Eel. i. /. 85. 



v. 794— 8o8. 



BOOK V. 



v. 808—821. 



J 7 : 



She hath in shameful wise burnt up their 

ships, 
And, through the loss of fleet, constrained 

[their lord] 
To leave his comrades to an unknown land. 
For what remains, I crave it be allowed 
For thee to grant safe canvas through the 

waves; mo 

Laurentine Tiber it may be allowed 
To reach ; if I admissible [requests] 
Am urging, if the Weirds those walls 

vouchsafe." 
Then the deep sea's Saturnian tamer 

these 
Delivered : " It is altogether right 
That thou, O Cytherea, shouldest trust 
Upon my realms, whence drawest thou 

thy birth. 
I've earned it, too : I oft the frenzies quelled 
And such wild madness both of sky and 

sea. 
Nor is it less upon the lands (the Xanthus 
And Simois to witness do I call,) 1121 

Hath thine ^Eneas been a care to me. 
What time, in chase of Troja's breathless 

hosts, 
Achilles hurtled them against the walls, 
Gave many a thousand to their doom, and 

groaned 
Choked rivers, nor could Xanthus find a 

path, 
And disembogue him in the main : — then I 
^Eneas, while with Peleus' gallant son 



1 126. Drayton, of the overthrow in the Red Sea : 
Death is discern'd triumphantly in arms 
On the rough seas his slaughtery to keep, 
And his cold self in breath of mortals warms, 
Upon the dimpled bosom of the deep. 
There might you see a chequer'd ensign swim 
About the body of the envy'd dead, 
Serve for a hearse or coverture to him, 
Erewhile did waft it proudly 'bout his head: 
The warlike chariot turn'd upon the back, 
With the dead horses in their traces ty'd, 
Drags their fat carcass through the foamy brack, 
That drew it late undauntedly in pride. 
There floats the barb'd steed with his rider 

drown'd, 
Whose foot in his caparison is cast, 
Who late with sharp spurs did his courser wound, 
Himself now ridden with his strangled beast." 
Moses his Birth and Miracles, iii. 41-56. 

Glover, finely of the destruction of the Persians : 

" Down the Thalian steep 
Prone are they hurry'd to th' expanded arms 
Of Horrour, rising from the oozy deep, 
And grasping all their members, as they fall. 
The dire confusion like a storm invades 
The chafing surge. Whole troops Bellona rolls 
In one vast ruin from the craggy ridge. 
O'er all their arms, their ensigns, deep-cngulf'd ; 
With hideous roar the waves for ever close." 
Leonidas, viii. end. 



Engaged, — no matches or his gods, or 

powers, — 
Seized in a hollow cloud ; although I 

yearned 1130 

To overthow from its foundation, reared 
By hands of mine, the walls of Troy fore- 
sworn. 
Now, too, my mind abides with me the 

same : 
Dispel thy fear ; in safety shall he reach 
Avernus' havens, which thou dost desire. 
One only shall there be, whom, missing, he 
Shall in the eddy seek ; a single life 
For many shall be giv'n." By these his 

words 
When he to gladness calmed the goddess' 

breast, 
His coursers does the father yoke in gold, 
And foaming curbs upon the beasts he sets, 
And from his hands threw all the reins 

away. 1142 

In sea-green chariot airily he flies 
Along the surface-seas : down sink the 

waves, 
And 'neath his thund'ring axle ocean's 

plain 
Is in its swell upon the waters laid ; 



1140. " He said no more, but bade two Tritons 

sound 
Their crooked shells, to spread the summons 

round. 
Through the wide caves the blast is heard afar ; 
With speed two more provide his azure car, 
A concave shell ; two the thinn'd coursers join : 
All wait officious round, and own th' accustom'd 

sign. 
The god ascends ; his better hand sustains 
The three-forked spear, his left directs the reins. 
Through breaking waves the chariot mounts him 

high ; 
Before its thundering course the frothy waters fly. 
He gains the surface ; on his either side 
The bright attendants, rang'd with comely pride, 
Advance in just array, and grace the pompous 

tide." Hughes, Court of Neptune, end. 

1 146. " So when th' assuming god, whom storms 

obey, 
To all the warring winds at once give way, 
The frantic brethren ravage all around, 
And rocks, and woods, and shores, their ra?e 

resound ; 
Incumbent o'er the main, at length they sweep 
The liquid plains, and raise the peaceful deep. 
Put when superior Neptune leaves his bed, 
His trident shakes, and shows his awful head ; 
The madding winds are hush'd, the tempest 

cease, 
And every rolling surge resides in peace." 

Couyreve, Birth of the Muse. 

W. Thompson ascribes the same power to May 
in his beautiful Hymn, st. 22 : 
" At thy approach the wild waves' loud uproar, 

And foamy surges of the madd'ning main 

Forget to heave their mountains to the shore, 

Diffused into the level of the plain. 



172 



v. 821—827. 



THE jENEID. 



v. 827 — 841. 



Flee off the storm-clouds from the waste of 

sky. 
Then [loom] the motley figures of his train, 
Immense sea-monsters, and the elder choir 
Of Glaucus and Palsemon Ino-born, 1150 
And nimble Tritons, and all Phorcus' host. 
Keeps Thetis on the left, and M elite, 
And Panope the maid, Nesaee, Spio, too, 
Thalia also, and Cymodoce. 

Here through the sire ^Eneas' anxious 

mind 



For thee the halcyon builds her summer's nest ; 
For thee the ocean smooths her troubled breast, 
Gay from thy placid smiles, in thy own purple 
drest." 

1155. This whole account of the Trojans leaving 
Sicily will be involved in great confusion, unless 
the reference of hie, v. 827, be rightly understood. 
As it stands, it would seem to be connected with 
the preceding history of Neptune and Venus : but 
this view seems quite inadmissible. The state of 
the case appears to be this : While ./Eneas was 
making arrangements for the colony, which he was 
to leave behind him, composed of the infirm of 
both sexes, silly women and cowards, Venus solicits 
the friendly aid of Neptune, which is freely accorded. 
The sea had been rough, the winds unruly, and the 
sky threatening ; but these were all reduced to 
moderation (v. 820, 1,) by the interference of the 
god. This change of weather took place just after 
the completion of the funeral feast in honor of 
Anchises (v. 763, 4) ; so that iEneas sets sail with 
as fair a wind as could be, — Atister; Cumse being 
nearly due north of Eryx. The breeze, which had 
been freshening, was still too light to admit of much 
progress by sailing, so that they had hitherto trusted 
to their oars ; but now, at a certain point of their 
voyage (probably soon after they had set out) — hie, 
— they set the sails. 

But how came they to tack ? — for sailors never 
tack with a fair wind ; and yet{Aitster was fair ; and, 
moreover, we are told, ferunt suajlamina classem. 
There seems to be but one way out of this serious 
difficulty, a difficulty which does not seem to have 
been noticed by the commentators. Though the 
wind was fair for going from the west of Sicily to 
Campania, yet it might have been foul for getting 
out of Eryx, and clear of the land to the open sea. 
So far they tacked, and then — but not till then — 
the Jlamina could be said to be sua. If this 
explanation of the matter be considered too refined, 
it is not easy to see how Virgil is to be screened 
from the charge of ignorance or carelessness. One 
need be neither sailor nor yachtsman to com- 
prehend the dilemma in which a poet of unques- 
tionable learning, and of no little caution, must 
otherwise be involved. 

There seems to be no difficulty about the general 
meaning of the passage from A ttolli to detorque7it- 
que ; but it is not sure thatfecere fiedem is trans- 
lated aright. It is very objectionable to employ 
technical terms in a poem further than is absolutely 
necessary ; yet this last expression, strictly perhaps, 
should have been rendered, " they belayed the 
sheet," or, "they made a tack." This, at least, is 
certain, that they did something or other with the 
sheet, with a view to tacking: and what, if not 
belaying it? In nautical language the whole pro- 
ceeding, it is probable, would be thus expressed : 
They stepped the masts, bent the sails on the yards, 
tacked about while in stays, let fly, now the port, 



Thrill soothing joys in turn. He bids with 

speed 
That all the masts be hoisted up, yards 

stretched 
To sails. They fastened all at once the 

sheet, 
And equally their canvas-folds upon the 

left, 
Now on the right, unloose ; they all at once 
The lofty yard-arms veer and veer aback : 
Waft their own gales the fleet. The first 

'fore all, 11 62 

The serried squadron Palinurus led : 
Towards him the rest were bid to aim their 

course. 
And now well-nigh the zenith-goal of 

heaven 
Dank Night had gained ; in calm repose 

their limbs 
The sailors had unbent, stretched 'neath 

the oars 
Along the painful seats; whenSomnus, light, 
Down gliding from the empyrean stars, 
Sundered the sullen air, and forced apart 
The shades, thee seeking, Palinure, to thee, 
Unfaulty, bearing rueful dreams ; 1 1 72 



now the starboard, sheets, and braced the yards 
sharp up on either hand. 

The tutor should impress upon the uninitiated 
student, that the " sheet" of a sail is not its spread 
of canvas, but the rope which is attached to one or 
both of its lower corners, in order to extend it and 
maintain its position. 

1 157. " High on the slipp'ry masts the yards ascend, 
And far abroad the canvas wings extend." 

Falconer, Shipwreck, i. 

1 165. Rowe thus alludes to this ominous hour : 

" The setting sun descends 
Swift to the western waves ; and guilty Night, 
Hasty to spread her horrors o'er the world, 
Rides on the dusky air. — And now it comes, 
The fatal moment comes, e'en that dread time, 
When witches meet to gather herbs on graves, 
When discontented ghosts forsake their tombs, 
And ghastly roam about, and doleful groan." 
Ulysses, iii. 

1 168. Rawlins introduces Evadne praying for 
Giovanno a more merciful exercise of the god's 
power than he exhibited towards the unhappy 
pilot : 

" Thou silent god, that with the leaden mace 
Arresteth all (save those prodigious birdes) 
That are Fate's heraulds to proclaime all ill ; 
Deafe Giovanno, let no fancied noyse 
Of ominous screech-owles, or night ravens voice, 
Affright his quiet sences : let his sleepe 
Be free from horrour, or unruly dreames, 
That may beget a tempest in the streames 
Of his calm reason : let 'em run as smooth, 
And with as great a silence, as those doe 
That never tooke an injurie ; where no wind 
Had yet acquaintance : but like a smooth cristall, 
Dissolv'd into a water that never frown'd, 
Or knew a voyce but musicke." 

The Rebellion, act iv. 1. 



v. 841— J 



BOOK V. 



v. 858 — 869. 



173 



And on the lofty stern the god sat down, 
To Phorbas like, and from his lips out- 
pours 
These accents : " Palinure, Iasus' son, 
The waters of themselves waft on the 

fleet; 
Staid breathe the gales ; the hour is giv'n 

to rest : 
Lay down thy head, and steal thy flagging 

eyes 
From toil. E'en I myself a little while 
Will in thy stead thy duties undertake." 
To whom, with effort heaving up his 



eyes, 
Saith Palinurus 



182 



' Is it me the face 
And restful surges of the calmy sea 
Thou bidd'st not know? Is't me this 

marvel trust ? 
"Why sooth am I ^Eneas to confide 
To guileful southern gales, aye, duped so 

oft 
By the delusion of a cloudless sky ?" 
Such words he uttered, and attached 

[thereto], 
And clinging, no where let the tiller go, 
And kept his eyes [turned] towards the 

stars. Behold! 1 190 

The god a branch, in dew of Lethe soaked, 
And drowsed with efficacy from the Styx, 
Above both temples waves, and, as he 

stays, 
Unstrings his swimming eyeballs. Scarcely 

first 
Had unanticipated rest unbent 
His joints, when, leaning o'er him from 

above, 



1 191. T. Warton has a different image : 
" On this my pensive pillow, gentle Sleep, 
Descend, in all thy downy plumage drest : 
Wipe with thy wing those eyes that wake to 

weep, 
And place thy crown of poppies on my breast." 
Ode, i. 1. 

Fletcher a different magic. In his beautiful 
pastoral poem, The Faithful Shepherdess, he in- 
troduces the "Sullen Shepherd," with Amaryllis 
in his arms, and saying : 
" From thy forehead thus I take 

These herbs, and charge thee not awake, 

Till in yonder holy well 

Thrice, with powerful magic spell 

Fill'd with many a baleful word, 

Thou hast been dipp'd. Thus, with my cord 

Of blasted hemp, by moonlight twin'd, 

I do thy sleepy body bind. 

I turn thy head unto the east, 

And thy feet unto the west, 

Thy left arm to the south put forth, 

And thy right unto the north. 

I take thy body from the ground, 

In this deep and deadly swound, 

And into this holy spring 

I let thee slide down by my string " 

Act iii. 1, 1-16. 



With a wrenched piece of stern, and with 

the helm, 
He flung him forward on the crystal waves, 
Head-foremost, and upon his mates in 

vain 
Oft calling. He himself, winged, on the 

wing, 1200 

Upraised his [form] to subtile air. Not 

less 
Careers its voyage safe upon the main 
The fleet, and through sire Neptune's 

words of pledge 
Is wafted unalarmed. And now it e'en, 
Borne on, was drawing nigh the Sirens' 

rocks, 
Erst stern, and with the bones of many 

bleached ; — 
Then hoarse afar with th' ever-chafing 

sea 
The rocks were booming ; — when the 

father felt 
That, through her pilot lost, his reeling 

ship 
Warped off, — himself e'en steered her in 

the nighted waves, 12 10 

Upheaving many a groan, and in his soul 



1205. The Nymph of the Derwent seems to 
have been hardly less dangerous in Damon's view : 
" Within our Darwin, in her rockie cell, 

A nymph there lives, which thousand boyes 
hath harm'd ; 
All as she gliding rides in boats of shell, 
Darting her eyes, (v/here spite and beauty dwell : 
Ay me, that spite with beautie should be 

arm'd !) 
Her witching eye the boy and boat hath-' 
charm'd. 
No sooner drinks he down that pois'nous eye, 
But mourns and pines : (ah piteous crueltie !) 
With her he longs to live ; for her he longs to 
die." P. Fletcher, Piscatory Eclogues, v. 5. 

1210. The gallant soldier seems to have become 
an able seaman, so as not to have needed the warn- 
ing of Chromis : 

" Ah, foolish lads, that think with waves to play, 
And rule rough seas, which never knew com- 
mand ! 
First in some river thy new skill essay, 

Till time and practice teach thy weakly hand. 
A thin, thin plank keeps in thy vital breath : 
Death ready waits. Fond boyes, to play with 
death !" 

P. Fletcher, Piscatory Eclogues, iv. 16. 

" Inur'd to peril, with unconquer'd soul, 
The chief beheld tempestuous oceans roll 
O'er the wild surge, when dismal shades preside, 
His equal skill the lonely bark could guide ; 
His genius, ever for th' event prepared, 
Rose with the storm, and all its dangers shared." 
Falconer, Shipwreck, i. 2. 

121 1. " He must not float upon his watery bier 
Unwept, and welter to the parching wind, 
Without the mead of some melodious tear." 

The idea in this beautiful passage of Milton's 



174 



v. 869—870. 



THE ^NEID. 



v. 870 — 871. 



Shocked at the misadventure of his friend : 
" O thou, who to a sky and ocean bright 

(Lycidas) is borrowed from Ben Jonson's Cynthia's 
Revels, i. 1 : 

" Vouchsafe me, I may do him these last rites, 
But kiss his flower, and sing some mourning 

strain 
Over his wat'ry hearse." 

See Gifford's note. No excuse is needed for 
transcribing the charming dirge a little farther on : 

** Slow, slow, fresh fount, keep time with my salt 
tears : 
Yet slower yet ; O faintly, gentle springs : 
List to the heavy part the music bears, 
Woe weeps out her division, when she sings. 
Droop herbs and flowers, 
Fall grief in showers, 
Our beauties are not ours ; 
O, I could still, 
Like melting snow upon some craggy hill, 

Drop, drop, drop, drop, 
Since nature's pride is now a wither'd 
daffodil." 

This lament of ./Eneas over Palinurus may remind 



O'ermuch hast trusted, naked shalt thou 

lie, 
O Palinurus, on an unknown strand !" 

Shakespeare's readers of the exquisite address of 
Pericles to his dead queen, when committing her to 
a watery grave : 

" No light, no fire : th' unfriendly elements 
Forgot thee utterly; nor have I time 
To give thee hallow'd to thy grave, but straight 
Must cast thee, scarcely coffin'd, in the ooze ; 
Where for a monument upon thy bones 
And aye-remaining lamps, the belching whale 
And humming water must o'erwhelm thy corpse, 
Lying with simple shells." 



Why .Eneas should make no remark about the 
loss of the rudder and piece of stern seems hard to 
explain ; his steering his ship without a rudder is 
still more unintelligible. Even in modern days, 
with all the advantages of nautical and mechanical 
skill, the loss of a rudder occasions no small con- 
cern to a ship's company. 

The language of the story seems to be much 
better than the construction of it. Surely there 
was no " dig nits vindice nodus" in the case. 



BOOK VI. 



So speaks he weeping, and upon the 
fleet 

Let loose the reins, and softly gains at 
last 

Cumae's Euboean coasts. They veer around 

The prows towards ocean ; then with grip- 
ing fang 

The anchor firmed the ships, and fringe 
the shores 

Their arching sterns. A band of youths 
springs forth 

In fervor on Hesperia's strand. Some 
seek 

The seeds of fire concealed in veins of 
flint; 

Some scour wild creatures' matted shrouds, 

The forests ; and discovered floods re- 
veal. 10 

But good iEneas to the tow'rs, whereon 



Line 8. Milton alludes to other artificial modes 
of striking a light : 

" While the winds 
Blow moist and keen, shattering the grateful locks 
Of these fair spreading trees ; which bids us seek 
Some better shroud, some better warmth to cherish 
Our limbs benumb'd, ere this diurnal star 
Leave cold the night, how we his gather'd beams 
Reflected may with matter sere foment ; 
Or by collision of two bodies, grind 
The air attrite to fire." P. L., x. end. 



Apollo guardian sits aloft, and far 

To th' awful Sibyl's cloisters, — cavern 

huge,— 
Repairs ; in whom a giant intellect 
And spirit does the Delian seer inbreathe, 
And . opes [events] to come. They enter 

now 
The groves of Trivia, and his gilded domes. 
Daedalus, as goes the legend, as he flies 
The realms of Minos on his sweepy wings, 
Adventuring to trust him to the sky, 20 
Along a wontless region floated off 
To th' icy Bears, and on the Chalcian height 
Alighted airily at last. Restored 
To these lands first, O Phoebus, unto thee 
He sanctified the oarage of his wings, 
And reared a monster fane. Upon the 

doors 
Androgeus' death ; then, penalties to pay 
Ceropians doomed, — O piteous plight ! — 

by sevens , 

Each year the bodies of their progeny ; 
Stands, — drawn the lots, — the urn. On 

th' other side, 30 



12. " Its uplands sloping deck the mountain's side, 
Woods over woods in gay theatric pride ; 
While oft some temple's mould'ring tops between 
With memorable grandeur mark the scene." 

Goldsmith, Traveller. 



v. 23—43- 



BOOK VI 



v. 43—64. 



175 



Upraised from Ocean, answers Gnosus' land. 
Here the inhuman passion for a bull, 
And, prostituted through an artifice, 
Pasiphae ; and her confounded birth, 
And twain-shaped imp, the Minotaur, 

stands there, 
Memorials of her execrable lust ; 
Here is that toilful work of his abode, 
And its inextricable maze. But sooth, 
The mighty passion of the royal maid 
Commiserating, Daedalus himself 40 

The cheats and windings of the dome un- 

clewed, 
Directing random footsteps by a thread. 
Thou, too, a leading share in such a noble 

work, 
Might grief allow, O Icarus, would'st 

hold. 
He twice essayed upon the gold to grave 
Thy fall ; twice dropped thy father's hands. 

Yea, all 
They in succession with their eyes would 

scan, 
Had not Achates, in advance despatched, 
Been present now, and, in his company, 
Priestess of Phoebus and the Trivian [maid], 
Deiophobe of Glaucus [daughter], who 51 
Such like pronounces to the king : ' ' This 

hour 
Exacteth not these gazings for itself; 
Now to be slaying from the herd untouched 
Sev'n steers were meeter, just as many ewes 
Of two years' old, in customed fashion 

culled." 
Having addressed iEneas in such words 
(Nor do the men the holy rites enjoined 
Delay), the Teucri to the lofty fane 
The priestess calls. Th' Eubcean cliff's 

huge side 60 

Is scooped into a cavern, whither lead 

38. "A stately palace he forthwith did build ; 
Whose intricate innumerable ways, 
With such confused errours, so beguil'd 
Th' unguided entrers with uncertain strays, 
And doubtful turnings kept them in delays ; 
With bootless labour leading them about, 
Able to find no way, nor in, nor out." 

Daniel, Complaint of Rosamond. 

" Well knew'st thou what a monster I would be, 
When thou didst build this labyrinth for me, 
Whose strange meanders, turning ev'ry way, 
Be like the course wherein my youth did stray : 
Only a clue doth guide me out and in, 
But yet still walk I circular in sin." 

Drayton, Rosamond to King Henry. 

45. " Tis strange my master should be yet so 

young 
A puppy, that he cannot see his fall, 
And got so near the sun." 

J. Fletcher, The Noble Gentleman, i. 1. 

61. Yalden, in his fine Hymn to Darkness, xiii. : 



Wide avenues a hundred, hundred gates, 
Whence just as many voices sally forth, 
The Sibyl's answers. To the threshold 

they 
Were come, when cries the maid : "To 

claim the fates 
'Tis time : the god ! behold the god !" With 

whom, 
While [words] the like she speaks before 

the doors, 
Upon a sudden neither mien, nor hue 
Are uniform, nor trim remained her locks ; 
But heaving stands her breast, and, frenzy- 
wild, 70 
Her heart is swelling up : and she appears 
Enlarged [in figure], neither utt'ring [tone] 
Of mortals, seeing she is breathed upon 
By now a closer power of the god. 
" Dost thou betake thee idly to thy vows 
And prayers, Troy-born iEneas?" she 

exclaims ; 
" Dost thou betake thee idly ? for ere- 

then 
Shall not yawn open the enormous jaws 
Of the astounded mansion." And the 

like 
She having spoken held her peace. Ice- 
cold 80 
Throughout the hardy bones of Teucer's 

sons 
A shudder ran, and prayers the monarch 

pours 
From out his bosom's depth : " O Phoebus, 

who 
Hast ever pitied Troja's weighty woes, 
Who Paris' Dardan shafts and hands didst 

aim 
Against the body of ^Eacides ; 
So many seas, vast lands encircling, I 
Have entered, — thou my guide, — and, far 

withdrawn, 
The clans of the Massylians, and the fields, 
Dispread in front by Syrtes ; now at last 90 
The flying coasts of Italy we grasp. 
May Troja's fate have followed us thus far ! 
O ye, too, it is lawful now to spare 
The Pergamean race, — e'en all ye gods 
And goddesses, to whom hath stood op- 
posed 



" In caves of night, the oracles of old 

Did all their mysteries unfold : 

Darkness did first Religion grace, 

Gave terrours to the god, and reverence to the 
place." 
72. " The Pythian goddess 

Is dumb and sullen, till with fury fill'd 
She spreads, she rises, growing to the sight, 
She stares, she foams, she raves ; the awful secrets 
Burst from her trembling lips, and ease the tortur'd 
maid." Smith, Vhadra and Hippolytus, i. 1. 



i 7 6 



v. 64—87. 



THE &NEID. 



v. 87 — 108. 



Our Ilium and Darclania's high renown. 
Do thou too, most holy prophetess, 
Foresightful of futurity, vouchsafe, — 
Realms not undue to my own fates I claim, — 
That Teucri may in Latium settle down, 
And wand'ring gods and hunted Pow'rs of 

Troy. 101 

I then to Phcebus, and the Trivian [maid], 
A fane of solid marble will appoint, 
And days of festival from Phcebus' name. 
Thee also there awaits within my realm 
A stately sanctuary ; for I here 
Thy oracles and mystical replies, 
Pronounced to my own nation, will lay up, 
And chosen men, boon [maiden], sanctify. 
Only to leaves thy verses do not trust, no 
Lest, troubled, they may flit abroad, the 

sport 
Of sweepy winds : pray chant them thou 

thyself." 
An end he made of speaking with his lips. 

But not as yet of Phcebus tolerant, 
Wild raves the prophetess within the cave, 
If she the mighty god from out her breast 
Can shake : so much the more he tires her 

mouth 
Of fury, taming down her hagard heart, 
And by his pressure moulds her [to his will]. 
And now the dome's one hundred vasty 

gates 120 

Flew open of their own accord, and waft 
The prophetess' replies through air : ' ' O 

thou, 
Who art at last discharged from mighty risks 
Of sea, yet heavier of the land remain. 
Into Lavinium's realms the Dardan sons 
Shall come ; — chase this disquiet from thy 

breast ; — 
But that they'd come they shall not also wish. 
Wars, dreadful wars, and with a flood of 

blood 



98. " Thou fathom'st the deep gulf of ages past, 
And canst pluck up with ease 
The years when thou dost please : 
Like shipwreck'd treasures, by rude tempests cast 

Long since into the sea, 
Brought up again to light and public use by thee. 

Nor dost thou only dive so low, but fly 
With an unwearied wing the other way on high, 
Where fates among the stars do grow ; 
And there, with piercing eye, 
Through the firm shell and the thick white dost spy 

Years to come a-forming lie, 
Close in their sacred secundine asleep, 

Till hatch'd by the sun's vital heat, 
Which o'er them yet does brooding set, 
They life and motion get, 
And, ripe at last, with vigorous might 
Break through the shell, and take their everlasting 
flight." Cowley, Pindaric Odes, The Muse. 

127. "But e'en shall wish that they had never 
come." 



The Tiber in a foam do I perceive. 

To thee shall not a Simois, nor Xanthus, 

Nor camp of Dorians [there] be lacking 

found ; 131 

A new Achilles there is now secured 
In Latium, aye himself a goddess' son. 
Neither shall Juno, to the Teucri linked, 
In any quarter be aloof ; whilst thou 
In humble fashion, in thy state of want, — 
What nations of the Itali, or what 
The cities [thou] shalt not have craved ! 

The cause 138 

Of such a grievous woe once more a bride, 
The hostess of the Teucri, and once more 
Foreign espousals. Yield thou not to woes ; 
But, in their face, the bolder go, as thee 
Thy fortune shall allow. The foremost path 
Of safety, which thou dost imagine least, 
Shall from a Grecian city be disclosed." 
In such like accents from her shrine 

chants forth 
The Cuman Sibyl dreadful mysteries, 
And through the cave rebellows, with the 

dark 
The true enwrapping. O'er the frenzied 

[maid] 
These curbs Apollo shakes, and plies his 

goads 15° 

Beneath her breast. As soon as paused her 

rage, 
And madding lips reposed, hero ^Eneas 
Begins: "No phase of toils, O maid, to 

me 
Arises strange or unexpected : all 
Have I forestalled, and in my mind ere now 
Gone o'er them with myself. One thing I 

crave : 
Since here the portal of the hellish king 
Is said [to lie], and, fraught with murk, the 

fen, 
From Acheron o'erfiowed, that it may prove 
My lot to wend my journey to the gaze 

139. Hermia says to Helena : 

" You, mistress, all this coil is long of you." 
Shakespeare, Midsummer Night's Dream, iii. 2. 

142. The Bastard to King John : 
" Be great in act, as you have been in thought ; 
Let not the world see fear, and sad distrust, 
Govern the motion of a kingly eye: 
Be stirring as the time : be fire with fire : 
Threaten the threat'ner ; and outface the brow 
Of bragging horror ; so shall inferior eyes, 
That borrow their behaviours from the great, 
Grow great by your example, and put on 
The dauntless spirit of resolution." 

Shakespeare, King John, v. 1. 

" Whate'er it be, be thou still like thyself, 
And sit thee by our side : yield not thy neck 
To fortune's yoke, but let thy dauntlessmind 
Still ride in triumph over all mischance." 

3 K. Henry VI., in. 3. 



v. io8 — 129. 



BOOK VI. 



v. 129 — 143. 



177 



And presence of my darling sire ; that thou 
Would'st teach the route, and ope the holy- 
gates. 162 
Him I through flames and thousand chasing 

darts 
Saved on these shoulders, and from 'mid 

the foe 
Recovered ; he attended on my path ; 
All seas along with me, and all the threats 
Alike of ocean and of sky, he bore ; — 
Infirm, beyond the strength and lot of eld. 
Yea that in lowly guise I thee should seek, 
And thresholds thine approach, imploring 

me, 170 

The selfsame charges gave. Both son and 

sire, 
Kind [maid], compassionate, I entreat ; 
(For thou canst all things, nor hath Hecat 

thee 
In vain appointed o'er Avernian groves ;) 
If Orpheus could his consort's ghost evoke, 
Resting on Thracian lute and tuneful 

strings ; 
If Pollux ransomed by alternate death 
A brother ; goes, too, and returns the way 

so oft ; — 
Why mighty Theseus, why Alcides, name ? 
My birth, too, is from Jupiter supreme." 
In accents such he sued, and th' altars 

held, 181 

When thus the prophetess began to speak : 
" O sprung from blood of gods, thou child 

of Troy, 
Son of Anchises, easy the descent 
T' Avernus ; night and day lies ope the gate 
Of ghastly Dis : but to recall the step, 
And to effect escape to upper air, — 
This is the difficulty, this the toil. 

176. Julio attributes a similar power to his fair 
one's voice : 

" And when she speaks, oh, angels, then music 
(Such as old Orpheus made, that gave a soul 
To aged mountains, and made rugged beasts 
Lay by their rages ; and tall trees, that knew 
No sound but tempests, to bow down their 

branches, 
And hear and wonder ; and the sea, whose surges 
Shook their white heads in heaven, to be as 

midnight 
Still and attentive) steals into our souls 
So suddenly and strangely, that we are 
From that time no more ours, but what she 

pleases !" Fletcher, The Captain, ii. 1. 

184. " But easy is the way and passage plaine 
To Pleasure's pallace ; it may soone be spide, 
And day and night her dores to all stand open wide." 
Spenser, F. Q., ii. 3, 41. 

" But many shapes 
Of Death, and many are the ways that lead 
To his grim cave, all dismal." Milton, P. L., xi. 

188. " Long is the way 

And hard, that out of Hell leads up to light ; 



The few, whom Jove hath in his kindness 

loved, 
Or glowing merit lifted to the sky, 190 
The children of the gods, have had the 

power. 
All intervening [regions] forests hold, 
And Cocyt, gliding with his black embrace, 
Environs them. But if such deep desire, 
If yearning so intense possess thy mind, 
Twice o'er the Stygian pools to float, twice 

view 
The murky Tartarus, and thee it joys 
To yield thy spirit to the wild emprise, 
Receive what needs must be accomplished 

first. 
There lurks within a shady tree a bough 
Of gold, alike in leaves and lither spray, 
To Juno of the nether world pronounced 
Devote : this all the grove imbow'rs, and 

shades 203 

With darkling glens inclose. But 'tis not 

deigned 
Beneath the hidden [spots] of earth to pass, 
Before one shall have cropped away the 

sprigs 
With golden tresses from the tree. This gift, 
Her own, to be presented to herself 
Hath beauteous Proserpine ordained. The 

first 



Our prison strong ; this huge convex of fire 
Outrageous to devour, immures us round 
Ninefold ; and gates of burning adamant, 
Barr'd over us, prohibit all egress. 
These pass'd, if any pass, the void profound 
Of unessential night receives him next, 
Wide gaping, and with utter loss of being 
Threatens him, plunged in that abortive gulf. 
If thence he scape into whatever world, 
Or unknown region, what remains him less 
Than unknown dangers, and as hard escape ?" 

Par. Lost, ii. 

190. " How just our pride, when we behold those 

heights ! 
Not those ambition paints in air, but those 
Reason points out, and ardent virtue gains, 
And angels emulate ; our pride how just ! 
When mount we ? when these shackles cast ? when 

quit 
This cell of the creation ? this small nest, 
Stuck in a corner of the universe, 
Wrapt up in fleecy cloud and fine-spun air ? 
Fine-spun to sense ; but gross and feculent 
To souls celestial ; souls ordain'd to breathe 
Ambrosial gales, and drink a purer sky : 
Greatly triumphant on Time's further shore, 
Where virtue reigns, enrich'd with full arrears ; 
While pomp imperial begs an alms of peace." 

Young, The Complaint, X. 6. 
" To chase each partial purpose from his breast ; 
And through the mists of passion and of sense. 
And through the tossing tide of chance and pain, 
To hold his course unfaltering, while tne voice 
Of Truth and Virtue, up the steep ascent 
Of nature, calls him to his high rewara, 
The applauding smile of Heaven." 
Akenside, Pleasures of Imagination, i. 160-6. 

N 



178 



v. 143 — T ^>7- 



THE jENEID. 



v. 168 — 191. 



Plucked off, fails not a second [bough] of 
gold, 210 

And with like metal does the shoot begin 
To leaf. Aloft then search it with thine 

eyes, 
And duly cull it with thy hand when found. 
For freely it will follow of itself, 
And readily, if thee the Weirds invite : 
Thou else wilt not have pow'r by any 

strength 
To master it, nor wrench it off with stub- 
born steel. 
Moreo'er, lies dead the body of thy friend, — 
Alas ! thou know'st it not, — and thy whole 

fleet 
It taints with death, while my advices thou 
Art seeking, and delaying in my door. 
In his own resting-place consign him first, 
And hearse him in the grave. Bring sable 
flocks : 223 

Be these the first atonements. Thus at last 
The groves of Styx, and realms impassable 
To living [beings], thou shalt view." She 

said, 
And with a tightened lip she dumb became. 
^Eneas, downcast in his eyes, with 
mournful look, 
Fares on, the cavern leaving, and in mind 
Revolves the hidden issues with himself ; 
To whom the stanch Achates comrade 
goes, 231 

And firms his footsteps, [filled] with like 

concerns. 
Much they between them in diverse dis- 
course 
Conferred, — what lifeless mate the pro- 
phetess 
Could mean, what body was to be ingraved. 
And they Misenus on the droughty beach, 
When came they, see by death unworthy 

killed ;— 
Misenus, son of ^Folus, than whom 
None else more eminent with bronze to 

rouse 
The crews, and Mars to kindle with the 
strain. 240 

Of mighty Hector he had been the mate ; 
Round Hector, e'en with clarion and with 

spear 
Distinguished, was he wont to meet the 
frays. 



22t. Or : " and dost on my threshold hang." 
But it is not easy to preserve the metaphor in 
fiendes, without conveying the notion of a different 
kind of dependence from that which the poet had 
in view. 

236. Atque (v. 162) has almost the force of 
" straightway." See Wagner, Qucest. Virg. xxxv. 



As soon as him the conquering Achilles 
Berobbed of life, t' iEneas Dardan-born 
Had the thrice-gallant hero joined himself 
As comrade, following no meaner [fates]. 
But then, while haply he on hollow shell 
With music fills the seas, and in his strain 
To contests madly challenges the gods, 250 
The jealous Triton, — if 'tis worth belief, — 
Had plunged the hero, 'mongst the rocks 

surprised, 
Upon the foamy billow. Therefore all 
With lusty outcry shouted round ; in chief 
The good ^Eneas. Then the Sibyl's 

orders, — 
There's no delay, — in tears do they des- 
patch, 
And th' altar of the sepulchre to pile 
With trees, and stretch it forth to heav'n, 

they strive. 
The route is taken to an ancient wood, 
Wild creatures' lofty lairs. Down fall 

pitch-pines ; 260 

With axes stricken does the ilex ring ; 
And ashen timbers, and the splitting oak 
Is cleft with wedges ; towards it roll they 

on 
Huge mountain-ashes from the mounts. 

Yea too, 
^Eneas, 'mid such toils the foremost, cheers 
His mates, and with like weapons is 

equipped. 
And these himself within his own sad heart 
Revolves, while gazing on the boundless 

wood, 
And thus with voice he prays : • ' Would 

heav'n that now 
To us that golden branch upon the tree 270 
Would show itself within a grove so vast ! 
Since all with truth, — alas ! with too much 

[truth],— 
Of thee the prophetess, Misenus, spake." 
These [words] he scarce had uttered, when 

by chance 
Two doves, before the hero's very face, 
Swooped from the firmament upon the wing, 



248. Misenus was not so modest, and perhaps not 
so skilful, as P. Fletcher represents Thelgon in one 
of his charming Eclogues : 
" I have a pipe, which once thou loved'st well, 
(Was never pipe that gave a better sound,) 
Which oft to heare, fair Thetis from her cell, 
Thetis, the queen of seas, attended round 
With hundred nymphs, and many powers that 
dwell 
In th' ocean's rocky walls, came up to heare, 
And gave me gifts, which still for thee lye hoarded 
here." Piscatory Eclogues, i. 19. 

269. Notwithstanding all that Wagner says, forte 
(v. 186) seems to make nonsense of the passage. 
Nor does the objection to voce, — for which there is 
very good authority, — seem to be worth very much. 



192 209- 



BOOK VI. 



v. 209 — 231. 



179 



And lighted down upon the sward of green. 
Then does the highest hero recognize 
His mother's birds, and blithe he prays : 

" Be ye, 
O [be] my guides, if any path there lies, 
And steer through air your passage to the 

groves, 281 

Where shades the precious bough the 

fruitful soil. 
And thou, O goddess-mother, fail me not 
In my uncertain state." Thus having said, 
He checked his footsteps, watching what 

the signs 
They furnish, whither they proceed to pass. 
In feeding they so far advance on wing, 
As could the eyes of those pursuing keep 
Within their view. Thereon, what time 

they came 
Up to Avernus' noisome-smelling jaws, 290 
They mount them fleet, and through the 

crystal air 
Gliding away, upon the perch desired, 
Atop the double tree, they settle, whence 
A chequered sheen of gold throughout the 

boughs 
Gleamed back. As mistletoe is wont in 

woods * 

In cold of winter to be green with leaf 
New [-born], (which soweth not its native 

tree,) 
And with its saffron offspring to enring 
The rounded branches : suchlike was the 

guise 
Of the gold leafing on the shady holm ; 300 

287. Spenser makes use of the same agency to 
bring the heart-broken Squire to Belphcebe : 
" The same he tooke, and with a riband new, 
In which his ladies colours were, did bind 
About the turtle's necke, that with the vew 
Did greatly solace his engrieved mind. 
All unawares the bird, when she did find 
Herselfe so deckt, her nimble wings displaid, 
And flew away as lightly as the wind : 
Which sodaine accident him much dismaid ; 
And, looking after long, did mark which way she 
straid, 
But whenas long he looked had in vaine, 
Yet saw her forward still to make her flight, 
His weary eie return'd to him againe, 
Full of discomfort and disquiet plight, 
That both his iuell he had lost so light, 
And eke his deare companion of his care. 
But that sweet bird departing flew forthright, 
Through the wide region of the wastfull aire, 
Untill she came where wonned his Belphebe fair." 
F. Q., iv. 8, 7, 8. 

293. Cemind, rather than gemincE, has the au- 
thority of the best manuscripts.^ Gembue looks 
very awkward and intrusive, while it is doubtful 
that Virgil ever uses the word at all with an ellipsis 
of the noun. 

There seems to be as little doubt about the mean- 
ing as about the lection. It would be an abrupt 
weakness, quite below the poet, to introduce the 



The foil thus tinkled in the balmy breeze. 
^Eneas in a moment seizes it, 
And, eager, breaks away the coying [bough], 
And bears it to the Sibyl-seer's abode. 

Nor less meanwhile Misenus on the shore 
The Teucri wept, and paid the latest [dues] 
To thankless ashes. First, with pitch-pines 

rich 
And oak cut up, a mighty pyre they reared ; 
Whose sides they interlace with sombre 

leaves, 
And deathly cypresses in front erect, 310 
And grace it o'er with gleaming arms. A 

part 
Warm waters, and bronze vessels, surging up 
Through flames, prepare, and wash and 

oint the corpse 
Of him death-cold. Up springs a groan. 

They then 
The limbs, bewept, upon a couch lay down, 
And o'er them fling his purple wardrobe, 

wraps 
Well known. Some underwent the mighty 

bier, — 
Sad service, — and in fashion of their sires 
A torch, laid underneath, averted held. 
Together huddled are consumed their gifts 
Of incense, viands, jars with oil outpoured. 
Soon as the ashes had fall'n in, and slept 
The flame, with wine they moistened the 

remains 323 

And spongy embers ; and the gathered 

bones 
In bronzen casket Corinasus urned. 
The same thrice circled with the crystal wave 
His comrades, sprinkling them with filmy 

dew, 
And branch of blessed olive, and the men 
He purified, and spake the latest words. 

element of a fork in the tree in this way ; indeed 

to mention it at all would be trifling. He is all 

along dwelling upon the double character of the 

tree, in consequence of the presence of an extraneous 

branch. 

317. '* Most worthy soldiers, 

Let me entreat your knowledge to inform me 
What noble body that is, which you bear 
With such a sad and ceremonious grief, 
As if ye meant to woo the world and nature 
To be in love with death." 

Beaumont and Fletcher, Bonduca, v. 1. 

329. P. Fletcher beautifully makes Love, or 
Charity, perform such offices; Purple Island, ix. 
46: 

"And when the dead, by cruel tyrants' spite, 
Lie out to rav'nous birds and beasts expos'd, 
His yearnful heart pitying that wretched sight, 
In seemly graves their weary flesh enclos'd, 
And strew'd with dainty flow'rs the iowiy 

hearse ; 
Then all alone the last words did rehearse, 
Bidding them softly sleep in his sad sighinj: verse.'' 
N 2 



i8o 



232 — 242. 



THE jENEID. 



v. 242 — 266. 



But good ^Eneas rears of massy bulk 330 

The barrow, and the hero's arms, his own, 

Both oar and trump, beneath a skyey mount ; 

That which ' ' Misenus " now from him is 
called, 

And holds through ages his undying name. 
These [rites] discharged, in haste he car- 
ries out 

The Sibyl's orders. Stood a cavern deep, 

And huge with chasm enormous, rife in 
crags, 

Fenced by a pitchy mere and gloom of 
woods ; 

O'er which no flying creatures could, un- 
scathed, 

A voyage steer upon their wings : such 
steam, 340 

Forth flushing from its murky jaws, would 
waft 

Its form to th' arch of heav'n ; wherefrom 
the spot 



336. " An hydeous hole al vaste, withouten shape 
Of endless depth, orewhelmde with rugged stone, 
Wyth ougly mouth, and grisly jawes doth gape, 
And to our sight confounds it selfe in one. 
Here entred we, and geding forth, anone 
An horrible lothly lake we might discerne 
As black as pitche that cleped is Averne. 
A deadly gulfe where nought but rubbish grows, 
With fowle black swelth in thickned lumpes lies, 
Which up in the ayer such stinking vapors throwes. 
That over there may fly no fowle but dyes, 
Choakt with the pestilent savours that aryse." 

This extract is made from a very early imitation 
of Virgil by Sackville, called "Induction to A 
Mirrour for Magistrates." 

Spenser makes Night, at Duessa's request, carry 
Sansfoy to hell to be healed by ^Esculapius, in 
which account he finely imitates Virgil, but with 
some grand original touches : 

" Thence turning backe in silence softe they stole, 
And brought the heavie corse with easie face 
To yawning gulfe of deepe Avernus hole : 
By that same hole an entrance dark and bace, 
With smoake and sulphur hiding all the place, 
Descends to Hell : there creature never past, 
That backe retourned without heavenly grace ; 
But dreadful furies, which their chaines have 

brast, 
And damned sprights sent forth to make ill men 
aghast. 
" By that same way the direfull dames do drive 
Their mournefull charett, fild with rusty blood, 
And downe to Plutoe's house are come bilive : 
Which passing through, on every side them stood 
The trembling ghosts with sad amazed mood, 
Chattring their iron teeth, and staring wide 
With stonie eies ; and all the hellish brood 
Of fiends infernall flockt on every side, 
To gaze on erthly wight, that with the Night 
durst ride." F. Q., i. 5, 31, 2. 

339. "All that were made for man's use fly this 

desert ; 
No airy fowl dares make his flight over it, 
It is so ominous. 

Serpents and ugly things, the shames of nature, 
Roots of malignant tastes, foul standing waters." 
J. Fletcher, The Sea Voyage, i. 3. 



The Grecians have entitled by the name 
" Aornos." Here four bullocks, swart of 

back, 
First sets the priestess, and upon their brow 
The wines pours over, and the topmost hairs 
Cropping amid the centre of their horns, 
She places them upon the holy fires, — 
The first libations, — calling with her voice 
On Hecat, puissant both in heaven and hell. 
Knives others plant beneath [their throats], 

and catch 351 

The milk-warm blood in bowls. ^Fneas, 

e'en 
Himself, a female lamb of sable fleece, 
Unto the mother of the Fury-train, 
And her high sister, with the falcion stabs ; 
A barren cow, too, Proserpine, to thee. 
Then to the Monarch of the Styx he founds 
His nightly altars, and the flesh entire 
Of bulls he lays upon the flames, rich oil 
O'er burning entrails pouring down. But lo ! 
Tust at the rays and dawn of th' infant sun, 
"The ground is rumbling underneath their 

feet, 362 

And 'gan the heights of forests to be stirred, 
And dogs were seen to yell throughout the 

gloom, — 
The goddess drawing nigh. "Far, oh! 

far hence 
Avaunt, profane !" loud cries the pro- 
phetess, 
"And from the grove entire withdraw; 

and thou 
Start forward on thy way, and from its 

sheath 
Tear forth the falcion. Now for courage 

need, 
yEneas, now for steady heart." Thus much 
She having uttered, frantic plunged her- 
self 371 
Within the open cave. His guide, as she 
Proceeds, he matches with undaunted steps. 
Ye gods, whose sway is o'er the ghosts, 

and ye, 
Still Shadows ; Chaos, too, and Phlege- 

thon ; 
Spots silent far and wide in night ; — to me 
Be it allowed what has been heard to speak ; 



362. " But loe, while thus amid the desert darke, 
We passed on with steppes and pace unmette : 
A rumbling roar confusde with howle and bark 
Of dogs, shoke all the ground under our feete, 
And stroke the din within our ears so deepe 
As halfe distraught unto the ground I fell, 
Besought retourne, and not to visite hell." 

Sackville, Induction, 28. 

364. Or, if gender must be observed : 

" And through the gloom were bitches seen to 

howl." 
See note on Ceo. i. /. 648. 



v. 266 — 273- 



BOOK VI 



v. 273—274. 



Be it allowed with your assent to ope 
The things, in deep of earth and darkness 

sunk. 
They fared in gloom beneath the lonely 

night, 380 

Through shade, and through the tenantless 

abodes 
And empty realms of Dis. As by the fitful 

moon, 
Beneath her sullen light, a route is [ta'en] 
In woods, when Jove hath buried heav'n 

in shade, 
And inky Night from Nature stripped her 

hue. 
Before the court itself, and hell's first jaws, 



380. " The bottom of a well 

At midnight, with but two stars on the top, 
Were broad day to this darkness." 

Shirley, TJie Lady of Pleasure, iv. 1. 

383. " tnievish Night, 

Why shouldst thou, but for some felonious end, 
In thy dark lantern thus close up the stars, 
That Nature hung in heaven, and fill'd their lamps 
With everlasting oil, to give due light 
To the misled and lonely traveller?" 
" I did not err ; there does a silver cloud 
Turn forth her silver lining on the night, 
And casts a gleam over this tufted grove." 

Milton, Comus. 
" Now black, and deep, the night begins to fall, 
A shade immense. Sunk in the quenching gloom, 
Magnificent and vast, are Heaven and Earth. 
Order confounded lies ; all beauty void : 
Distinction lost ; and gay variety 
One universal blot : such the fair power 
Of light, to -kindle and create the whole. 
Drear is the state of that benighted wretch, 
Who then, bewilder'd, wanders through the dark, 
Full of pale fancies, and chimeras huge ; 
Nor visited by one directive ray, 
From cottage streaming, or from airy hall." 

Thomson, Autumn. 

385. Or, more literally : " from objects reft their 
hue." 

Savage has the same idea and its reverse. Speak- 
ing of the sun : 
" What gay, creative power his presence brings ! 

Hills, lawns, lakes, villages ! — the face of things, 

All night beneath successive shadows miss'd, 

Instant begin in colours to exist." 

The Wanderer, c. iv. 

386-395. Spenser has different occupants of the 

gates of hell : 

" At length they came into a larger space, 
That stretcht itself into an ample playne ; 

£ Through which a beaten broad highway did trace, 
That streight did lead to Plutoes griesly rayne : 
By that wayes side there sate infernall Payne, 
And fast beside him sat tumultuous Strife ; 
The one in hand an yron whip did strayne, 
The other brandished a bloody knife ; 

And both did gnash their teeth, and both did 
threaten life. 

" On th' other side in one consort there sate 
Cruell Revenge, and rancorous Despight, 
Disloyall Treason, and hart-burning Hate ; 
But gnawing Gealousy, out of their sight 



Have Woe and vengeful Cares their pallets 
laid ; 387 



Sitting alone, his bitter lips did bight : 

And trembling Fear still to and fro did fly, 

And found no place where safe he shroud him 

might : 
Lamenting Sorrow did in darkness lye ; 
And Shame his ugly face did hide from living eye. 

" And over them sad Horror with grim hew 
Did alwaies sore, beating his yron wings : 
And after him ovvles and night-ravens flew, 
The hateful messengers of heavy things." 

F. Q., ii. 7, 20-2. 
387. " Vengeful Cares." 

" And first within the portche and jawes of hell 
Sate diepe Remorse of Conscience, al besprent 
With teares : and to her selfe oft would she tell 
Her wretchednes, and cursing never stent 
To sob and sigh : but ever thus lament 
With thoughtful care, as she that all in vayne 
Would weare and waste continually in payne. 

" Her iyes unsteadfast rolling here and there, 
Whurld on eche place, as place that vengeauns 

brought, 
So was her minde continually in feare, 
Tossed and tormented with the tedious thought 
Of those detested crymes which she had wrought : 
With dreadful cheare and lookes thrown to the 

skye, 
Wyshyng for death, and yet she could not dye." 
Sackville, Induction, 32, 3. 

" O conscience ! into what abyss of fears 
And horrors hast thou driven me ; out of which 
I find no way, from deep to deeper plunged." 
Adam's Soliloquy, Milton, P.L., ix. 

" Thoughts, my tormentors, arm'd with deadly 
stings, 
Mangle my apprehensive tenderest parts, 
Exasperate, exulcerate, and raise 
Dire inflammation, which no cooling herb 
Of med'cinal liquor can assuage, 
Nor breath of vernal air from snowy Alp. 
Sleep hath forsook and given me o'er 
To death's benumbing opium as my only cure : 
These faintings, swoonings of despair, 
And sense of Heaven's desertion." 

Samson Agonistes. 

" No — 'tis the tale which angry conscience tells, 
When she with more than tragic horrour swells 
Each circumstance of guilt ; when stern, but 

true, 
She brings bad actions forth into review ; 
And, like the dread hand-writing on the wall, 
Bids late Remorse awake at Reason's call ; 
Arm'd at all points bids scorpion Vengeance pass, 
And to the mind holds up Reflection's glass ; 
The mind which, starting, heaves the heartfelt 

groan, 
And hates that form she knows to be her own." 
Churchill, The Conference. 

" ! it is monstrous ! monstrous ! 
Methought the billows spoke, and told me of it ; 
The winds did sing it to me ; and the thunder, 
That deep and dreadful organ-pipe, pronoune'd 
The name of Prosper ; it did bass my trespass." 
Shakespeare, TemJ>est, iii. 3. 

" O coward conscience, how dost thou afflict me ! 
The lights burn blue. It is now dead midnight. 
Cold fearful drops stand on my trembling flesh. 
What do I fear'.' myself! there's none else by. 



l82 



v. 275—279. 



THE sENEW. 



v. 279 — 294. 



And wan Diseases haunt, and rueful Eld, 
And Fear, and Hunger, counselling to 

crime, 
And grisly Want, — shapes awful to be 

seen, — 390 

And Death, and Toil ; then Death's own 

kinsman, Sleep, 
And guilty Joys of soul, and doomful War , 

Richard loves Richard ; that is, I am I. 

Ts there a murderer here ? No : — yes ; I am : 

Then fly! — What ? from myself ? Great reason : { 
why? 

Lest I revenge. What? myself on myself? 

Alack ! I love myself. Wherefore ? for any good, 

That I myself have done unto myself? 

Oh, no : alas ! I rather hate myself 

For hateful deeds committed by myself. 

I am a villain : yet I lie, I am not. 

Fool, of thyself speak well: — Fool, do not 

flatter. 
My conscience hath a thousand several tongues, 
And every tongue brings in a several tale, 
And every tale condemns me for a villain. 
Perjury, foul perjury, in the high'st degree, 
Murder, stern murder, in the dir'st degree, 
All several sins, all used in each degree, 
Throng to the bar, crying all, — Guilty ! guilty !" 
K. Richard III., v. 3. 

388. " Wan Diseases." 

" Immediately a place 
Before his eyes appear'd, sad, noisome, dark"; 
A lazar-house.it seemed ; wherein were laid 
Numbers of all diseased ; all maladies 
Of ghastly spasm, or racking torture, qualms 
Of heartsick agony, all feverous kinds, 
Convulsions, epilepsies, fierce catarrhs, 
Intestine stone and ulcer, colic-pangs, 
Demoniac frenzy, moping melancholy, 
And moonstruck madness, pining atrophy, 
Marasmas, and wide-wasting pestilence, 
Dropsies, and asthmas, and joint-racking rheums. 
Dire was the tossing, deep the groans. Despair 
Tended the sick busiest from couch to couch ; 
And over them triumphant Death his dart 
Shook, but delay'd to strike, though oft invok'd 
With vows, as their chief good and final hope." 
Milton, P. L., b. xi. 

391. " At last this odious offspring whom thou 

seest, 
Thine own begotten, breaking violent way, 
Tore through my entrails, that, with fear and 

pain 
Distorted, all my nether shape thus grew 
Transform'd. But he my inbred enemy 
Forth issued, brandishing his fatal dart, 
Made to destroy. I fled, and cried out Death ! 
Hell trembled at the hideous name, and sigh'd 
From all her caves, and back resounded Death .'" 
Ibid., b. ii. 

392. " Hateful confounders both of blood and laws, 
Vile orators of shame, that plead delight ; 
Ungracious agents in a wicked cause, 
Factors for darkness, messengers of night, 
Serpents of guile, devils that do unite 
The wanton taste of that forbidden tree, 
Whose fruit once pluck'd, will show how foul we 
be." Daniel, Complaint of Rosamond. 

" Have mercy, Heaven! how have I been wan- 
dering, 
Wandering the way of lust, and left my Maker ! 



Upon the fronting sill, and iron cells 
Of" Furies, and Disunion wild, enwreathed 
Upon her snaky hair with gory bands. 
Amidst it spreads its boughs and aged arms 
An elm umbrageous, huge ; which haunt, 

they tell 
Fantastic Dreams in clusters occupy, 
And grapple to it under every leaf". 
And many a portentous form beside 400 
Of divers brutes are stalling in the doors, — 
Centaurs, and Scyllae of a double guise, 
And hundred-handed Briareus, and beast 
Of Lerna, hissing dread, and, armed with 

flames, 
Chimaera ; Gorgons, Harpies, too, and 

shape 
Of the three-bodied Ghost. Here grasps 

his sword 
^Fneas, scared with sudden fear, and its 

drawn edge * 
Against them he presents as they advance ; 
And had not his companion in her lore 
Reminded him that they were subtile 

sprites, 410 

Without a body, hovering around 
Beneath the hollow phantom of a form, 
He would have hurtled on them, and in vain 
Have cut asunder spectres with a sword. 

How have I slept like cork upon a water, 
And had no feeling of the storm that toss'd me ! 
Trod the blind paths of death ! forsook assurance, 
Eternity of blessedness, for a woman !" 

Fletcher, The Island Princess, iv. 5. 

398. Dryden gives a lively description of dreams 
in a passage which he introduces into his transla- 
tion of Chaucer's Nones Preestes Tale: 
" Dreams are but interludes, which Fancy makes ; 
When monarch Reason sleeps, this mimic wakes : 
Compounds a medley of disjointed things, 
A mob of robbers, and a court of kings. 
Light fumes are merry, grosser fumes are sad : 
Both are the reasonable soul run mad. 
And many wondrous forms in sleep we see, 
That neither were, nor are, nor e'er can be. 
Sometimes forgotten things long cast behind 
Rush forward to the brain, and come to mind. 
The nurse's legends are for truth receiv'd, _ 
And the man dreams but what the boy believ'd." 
The Cock and the Fox, 325. 

" I talk of dreams ; 
Which are the children of an idle brain, 
Begot of nothing but vain fantasy ; 
Which is as thin of substance as the air, 
And more inconstant than the wind, who wooes 
Even now the frozen bosom of the north, 
And, being anger'd, puffs away from thence, 
Turning his face to the dew-dropping South." 
Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet, i. 4. 

4 I0 . " Alas ! good venturous youth, 

I love thy courage yet, and bold emprise ; 
But here thy sword can do thee little stead." 
Milton, Comus. 

414. Ariel, seeing Alonzo and his company draw 
their swords, cries : 



v. 295 — 3o8. 



BOOK VI. 



v. 309 — 326. 



183 



Hence lies the path that leadeth to the 

waves 
Of the Tartarean Acheron. Troubled here 
With mire and gorge prodigious, seethes 

a gulf, 
And into Cocyt belches all its sand. 
These waters and the floods a ferryman, 
Terrific, guards, of fearful filthiness, — 420 
Charon ; upon whose chin full much of 

hoary hair 
Neglected lies ; stand [stiff] his eyes inflame; 
Down from his shoulders hangs his frowsy 

garb 
In knot. Himself his shallop with a pole 
Shoves on, and tends the sails, and carries 

o'er 
The bodies in his boat of rusty hue, 
Now old ; but flush and green the god's 

old age. 
Hither the throng, all tiding to the banks, 
Kept rushing, — dames, and husbands, and 

the forms 
Of high-souled heroes, that have done with 

life ; 430 

Boys, and unwedded maids, and striplings, 

laid 
On piles before the presence of their sires : 

" You fools ! I and my fellows 
Are ministers of fate ; the elements 
Of whom your swords are temper'd, may as well 
Wound the loud winds, or with bemock'd-at stabs 
Kill the still closing waters, as diminish 
One dowle that's in my plume." 

Shakespeare, Tempest, iii. 3. 
416. " " Four infernal rivers, that disgorge 

Into the burning lake their baleful streams : 
Abhorred Styx, the flood of deadly hate ; 
Sad Acheron, of sorrow black and deep ; 
Cocytus, named of lamentation loud, 
Heard on the rueful stream ; fierce Phlegethon, 
Whose waves of torrent fire inflame with rage : 
Far off from these, a slow and silent stream, 
Lethe, the river of oblivion, rolls 
Her watery labyrinth ; whereof who drinks 
Forthwith his former state and being forgets, 
Forgets both joy and grief, pleasure and pain." 
Milton, P. L., b. ii. 

427. " Age had not shed 
That dust of silver o'er his sable locks, 

Which spoke his strength mature beyond its 

prime, 
Yet vigorous still ; for from his healthy cheek 
Time had not cropt a rose, or on his brow 
One wrinkling furrow plough'd ; his eagle eye 
Had all its youthful lightning." 

Mason, English Garden, b. ii. 

428. " Gape, earth, and let the fiends infernal view 
A hell as hopeless, and as full of fear, 

As are the blasted banks of Erebus, 

Where shaking ghosts, with ever howling groans, 

Hover about the ugly ferryman, 

To get a passage to Elysium." 

Marlowe, Tamburlaine the Great, v. 2. 

432. " First, Moloch, horrid king, besmear'd with 
blood 
Of human sacrifice, and parents' tears ; 



As numerous as in the earliest cold 
Of Autumn, in the forests gliding, fall 
The leaves ; or numerous as birds to land 
Together flock them from the gulf pro- 
found, 
When the chill year is chasing them across 
The deep, and driving them to sunny 

climes. 
They stood, beseeching they might be the 

first 
To make the passage over, and out- 
stretched 440 
Their hands with yearning for the farther 

bank. 
Yet, takes the surly boatman in now these, 
Now those ; but others, banished far aloof, 
Debars he from the strand. ^Eneas, sooth, 
In wonderment, and by the bustle moved, 
Saith : "Tell me, O thou maiden, what 

imports 
The flocking to the river ? Or what seek 
The ghosts ? Or by what diff 'rence these 

the banks 
Forsake, those sweep with oars the leady 

shoals ?" 

To him thus shortly th' aged priestess 

spake : 450 

" Sired of Anchises, most undoubted child 

Of gods, Cocytus' pools profound thou 

seest, 
And fen of Styx, by whose divinity 
Are gods afraid to swear, and swear un- 
truth. 
All this which thou descriest is a throng, 
Unholpen and ungraved ; yon ferryman 
Is Charon ; these, whom wafts the wave, 
the tombed. 



Though, for the noise of drums and timbrels 

loud, 
Their children's cries unheard, that passed 

through fire 
To his grim idol." Milton, P. L., b. i. 

438. "Part loosely wing the region, part more wise 
In common, ranged in figure, wedge their way, 
Intelligent of seasons, and set forth 
Their airy caravan, high over seas 
Flying, and over lands, with mutual wing 
Easing their flight ; so steers the prudent crane 
Her annual voyage, borne on winds ; the air 
Floats as they pass, fann'd with unnumber'd 

plumes." Ibid., b. vii. 

" When Autumn scatters his departing gleams, 
Warn'd of approaching Winter, gather'd, play 
The swallow people ; and toss'd wide around, 
O'er the calm sky, in convolution swift, 
The feather'd eddy floats : rejoicing once, 
Ere to their wintry slumbers they retire ; 
In clusters hung, beneath the mouldering band, 
And where, unpierced by frost, the cavern 

sweats ; 
Or rather into warmer climes convey'd, 
With other kindred birds of season." 

Thomson, Autumn, 



184 



327—351. 



THE ALNEID. 



v. 351—361, 



Nor is it giv'n to carry them across 

The banks of terror, and the brawling 

floods, 
Before their bones have in their homes re- 
posed. 460 
A hundred years they stray and hover round 
These shores : thereon admitted, they at 

last 
The pools sore wished-for come to view 

again." 
Anchises' offspring paused, and checked 

his steps, 
Revolving many a thought, and from his 

soul 
Compassionated their unrighteous lot. 
There spies he sad, and lacking rite of 

death, 
Leucaspis, and the Lycian navy's chief, 
Orontes ; whom, together borne from Troy 
O'er gusty waters, Auster overwhelmed, 
Ingulfing in the tide both ship and men. 

Lo ! pilot Palinurus moved him on : 472 
Who in the Libyan voyage late, while he 
Remarks the stars, had fallen off the stern, 
Flung forth amid the waves. Him, sorrow- 
struck, 
When he with difficulty recognized 
In depth of gloom, he thus accosts him 

first: 
" Who, Palinure, of gods reft thee from us, 
And whelmed thee 'neath the middle of 

the sea ? 
Come say. For, not ere then found false, 
my soul 480 

By this one answer hath Apollo duped ; 
Who chanted that thou shouldest on the 

deep 
Be safe, and at Ausonia's bourns arrive. 
Behold ! is this his plighted faith ?" But 

he: 
" Nor thee hath Phoebus' oracle misled, 
O prince, Anchises' son, nor did a god 
In ocean plunge me : for the helm, by 

chance 
Through my excessive energy wrenched off, 
Whereto I grappled, its appointed guard, 
And steered our courses, in my headlong 
fall 490 



474. " Orion's shoulders and the Pointers serve 
To be our loadstars in the lingering night ; 
The beauties of Arcturus we behold : 
And though the sailor is no bookman held, 
He knows more art than ever bookmen read." 
Robert Greene, A Looking-Glass for London. 

4Q0. " I saw your brother, 

Most provident in peril, bind himself 
(Courage and hope both teaching him the practice) 
To a strong mast, that lived upon the sea ; 
Where, like Arion on the dolphin's back, 
I saw him hold acquaintance with the waves." 
Shakespeare, Twelfth Night, i. 2. 



I with me dragged away. By felon seas 
I swear, that I no such intense alarm 
On my behalf conceived, as lest thy ship, 
Of tackle robbed, of pilot dispossessed, 
Should fail thee in such heaving mountain- 
waves. 
Three wintry nights throughout the bound- 
less seas 
Did Notus bear me forceful o'er the tide : 
On dawn the fourth scarce Italy I kenned, 
High from the billow-top. By slow 

degrees 
I swam to land ; was now securing spots 
Of safety, if a ruthless crew, as I 501 

With reeking gear was cumbered, and with 

hands 
Inbent was clutching jaggy crests of rock, 
Had not with steel assailed me, and in 
ignorance 



495. " Fail thee," or " founder." 

Wolsey similarly protests his fidelity to his king : 

" I do profess, 
That for your highness' good I ever labour 1 d 
More than mine own : that aim I have, and will. 
Though all the world should crack their duty to 

you, 
And throw it from their soul ; though perils did 
Abound, as thick as thought could make them, and 
Appear in forms more horrid ; yet my duty, 
As doth a rock against the chiding flood, 
Should the approach of this wild river break, 
And stand unshaken yours." 

Shakespeare, K. Henry VIII., iii. 2. 

500. " Francisco. Sir, he may live : 
I saw him beat the surges under him, 

And ride upon their backs ; he trod the water, 
Whose enmity he flung aside, and breasted 
,„The surge most swoln that met him; his bold 
head 
'Bove the contentious waves he kept, and oar'd 
Himself with his good arms in lusty stroke 
To the shore, that o'er his wave-worn basis bow'd, 
As stooping to relieve him : I not doubt 
He came alive to land. 

Alonzo. No, no, he's gone." 

Shakespeare, Tempest, ii. 1. 

501. " I know among you some have oft beheld 
A blood-hound train, by Rapine's lust impell'd, 
On England's cruel coast impatient stand, 

To rob the wanderers wreck' d upon their strand. 
These, while their savage office they pursue, 
Oft wound to death the helpless plunder'd crew, 
Who, 'scap'd from ev'ry horror of the main, 
Implor'd their mercy, but implor'd in vain." 

Falconer, Shipwreck, c. ii. 

" Then we're deliver'd twice : first from the sea, 
And then from men, who, more remorseless, prey 
On shipwreck'd wretches, and who spoil and 

murder 
Those whom fell tempests and devouring waves 
In all their fury spared." 

Lillo, Fatal Curiosity, i. 3. 

503. Mons (from emineo,) is strictly any promi- 
nence. Here (v. 360) it cannot mean "mountain," 
as Palinurus could not have reached the top of a 
mountain, while struggling for life in the water. 



v. 3 61 — 378. 



BOOK VI. 



v. 379—399. 



185 



A prize imagined. Holds me now the 

surge, 
And bandy me the winds about the shore. 
Thee therefore by the joysome light and 

gales 
Of heaven ; by thy father, I entreat ; 
By hopes of rising lulus, from these woes 
Deliver me, unconquered [prince] ; or 

earth 510 

Do thou cast o'er me, — for thou hast the 

power, — 
And seek out Velia's havens ; or do thou, 
If any means exist, if any [means] 
Thy goddess-mother hath to thee disclosed, 
(For not, I deem, without the will of gods, 
O'er floods so mighty, and the Stygian fen, 
Dost thou prepare to float,) thy right hand 

lend 
A wretch, and carry me away with thee 
Along the waves, that I, at least in seats 
Of peacefulness in death, may be at rest." 
The like he'd spoken, when the like began 
The prophetess : " Whence this so dread 

desire, 522 

O Palinure, to thee? Shalt thou, ungraved, 
The Stygian waters, and the rigid tide 
Of the Eumenides behold, or bank, 
Unauthorised, approach ? Cease thou to 

hope 
That deities' decrees are warped by prayer. 
But take in heedful mood [these] words [of 

mine], 
Of thy sore plight the comforts : for thy 

bones 
Shall neighbor [nations] far and wide 

throughout 530 



506. " Bandy," or " racket." 
" Ha ! total night and horrour here preside ; 
My stunn'd ear tingles to the whizzing tide : 
It is their funeral knell ! And, gliding near, 
Methinks the phantoms of the dead appear, 
But lo ! emerging from the wat'ry grave, 
Again they float incumbent on the wave ; 
Again the dismal prospect opens round, 
The wreck, the shore, the dying, and the drown'd. 
And see, enfeebled by repeated shocks, 
Those two, who scramble on th' adjacent rocks, 
Their faithless hold no longer can retain : 
They sink o'erwhelm'd, and never rise again." 
Falconer, Shipwreck, c. iii. 
511. There is no small pathos and power in 
Young's account of his committing Narcissa (Mrs. 
Temple) to the grave in France ; where her corpse 
fared as ill as did that of Palinurus : 
" Denied the charity of dust to spread 
O'er dust ! A charity their dogs enjoy ! 
What could I do? What succour? What resource? 
With pious sacrilege a grave I stole ; 
With impious piety that grave I wronged ; 
Short in my duty ; coward in my grief! 
More like her murderer, than friend, I crept, 
With soft-suspended step, and muffled deep 
In midnight darkness, whisper'd my last sigh." 
Complaint, N. iii. 



Their cities, by portents from heav'n en- 
forced, 
Appease, and rear a tomb, and at the tomb 
Present their yearly off 'rings, and the place 
The deathless name of Palinure shall hold." 
By these her words his cares were chased 

away, 
And banished from his dreary heart awhile 
Its anguish : joys he in a name-sake land. 
So they complete their route commenced, 

and near 
The river ; whom when from that quarter 

now 
The boatman from the Stygian wave espied 
Advancing through the silent grove, and foot 
Directing to the bank, on this wise he 542 
Is foremost to accost them with his speech, 
And chides them, unassailed : "Whoe'er 

thou art, 
Who armor-clad art marching on our 

streams, 
Come, say, why com'st thou? — now, — 

from yonder spot, — 
And check thy step. The place of Shades 

is this, 
Of Sleep and drowsy Night : 'twere felony 
To waft live bodies in the Stygian bark. 
Nor sooth have I rejoiced that I took in 
Alcides passenger upon the pool ; 551 

Nor Theseus and Pirithous, though they 
Were sired of gods, and unsubdued in 

might. 
He with his hand the hellish warder sought 
For fetters, — from our very monarch's 

throne, — 
And dragged him quaking : these, to force 

away 
Our mistress from the couching-hall of Dis, 
Addressed themselves." In answer where- 

unto 
Spake briefly the Amphrysian prophetess : 
' ' Here no such ambush ; cease to be dis- 
turbed ; 560 



535. " When humbly thus 

The great descend to visit the afflicted, 
When thus unmindful of their rest they come, 
To soothe the sorrows of the midnight mourner, 
Comfort comes with them, like the golden sun, 
Dispels the sullen shades with her sweet influence, 
And cheers the melancholy house of care." 

Rowe, Jane Shore, act ii. 

" You saw but sorrow in its waning form, 
A working sea, remaining from a storm ; 
When the now weary waves roll o'er the deep, 
And faintly murmur ere they fall asleep." 

Dryden, Aumngzebe, iv. 1. 

" In thy serener shades our ghosts delight, 
And court the umbrage of the night ; 
In vaults and gloomy caves they stray, 
But fly the morning's beams, and sicken at the 
day." 

Yaldcn, Hymn to Darkness, st. 6. 



i86 



v. 400 — 421. 



THE ^ENEID. 



v. 421—434. 



Nor do our weapons violence import. 

Let the colossal porter in his den, 

For ever barking, scare the bloodless 

shades ; 
Chaste Proserpine her uncle's palace keep. 
Trojan yEneas, marked for piety 
And arms, is passing to his father down 
To lowest shades of Erebus. If thee 
No thought of such high piety affects, 
Yet thou this branch, (uncovers she the 

branch 
That lurked beneath her robe ;) should'st 
recognise." 57° 

Then from its spleen down sinks his swell- 
ing heart : 
Nor more to these. He looking in amaze 
At th' awful present of the fateful spray, 
After long interval beheld, towards these 
His dingy vessel turns, and nears the bank. 
Thereon the other spirits, which along 
The lengthful thwarts were sitting, flings 

he down, 
And clears the gangways : at the same 

time takes 
Within the hold the huge ^Eneas. Groaned 
The cobbled shallop underneath the weight, 
And, rife in leaks, took in the fen in 
floods. 581 

At last, across the river, free from harm, 
Both prophetess and hero he debarks 
In ooze unsightly, and on sea-green sedge. 
Huge Cerberus with triple-throated bay 
Peals through these kingdoms, in his 

fronting den 
Couching immense. To whom the pro- 
phetess, 
His necks now seeing bristle with their 

snakes, 
With honey drowsed and drug-besprinkled 

grains, 
A bolus throws. With madding hunger he 



580. " The princely York himself, alone a freight, 
The Swiftsure groans beneath great Gloster's 
weight." Dryden, Astrcea Redux, 234. 

587. Of course one is reminded here of Satan's 
address to Death, in Milton : 

" Whence and what art thou, execrable shape ! 
That dar'st, though grim and terrible, advance 
Thy miscreated front athwart my way 
To yonder gates ? Through them I mean to pass, 
That be assur'd, without leave ask'd of thee ! 
Retire, or taste thy folly ; and learn by proof, 
Hell-born ! not to contend with spirits of Heaven." 
P. L., b. ii. 

590. Spenser makes Night, under similar cir- 
cumstances, independent of the druggist's aid : 

" Before the threshold dreadfull Cerberus 
His three deformed heads did lay along, 
Curled with thousand adders venomous ; 
And lilled forth his bloody naming tong. 



Three gullets op'ning, snaps up what was 

thrown, 591 

And his huge chine unbraces, stretched on 

earth, 
And, monstrous, all throughout his den is 

spread. 
yEneas grasps the entrance, — [deep in sleep] 
The sentry buried, — and he quick escapes 
Beyond the rivage of the stream, that 

knows 
Of no return. Forthwith are voices heard, 
And mighty crying, and the ghosts of babes, 
That weep within th' immediate threshold, 

whom, 
Without their sharing in a life of charm, 
And ravished from the breast, black day 

hath reft, 601 

And plunged in dissolution premature. 
Next these are they, who on a truthless 

charge 
Were doomed to death. Nor, sooth, are 

these their homes 
Assigned without a lot, without a judge : 
Investigator Minos shakes the urn ; 
He both a council of the voiceless calls, 
And gains a knowledge of their lives and 

sins. 
Then the next regions hold the wailful 

ones, 
Who to themselves have death, while free 

from guilt, 610 



At them he gan to reare his bristles strong, 

And felly gnarre, untill Dayes enemy 

Did him appease : then downe his taile he hong, 

And suffered them to passen quietly : 

For she in Hell and Heaven had power equally." 

F. Q., i. 5, 34. 
Odin is equally potent : 
" Uprose the King of men with speed, 
And saddled straight his coal-back steed ; 
Down the yawning steep he rode, 
That leads to Hela's drear abode. 
Him the Dog of Darkness spied, 
His shaggy mouth he open'd wide, 
While from his jaws, with carnage fill'd, 
Foam and human gore distill'd ; 
Hoarse he bays with hideous din, 
Eyes that glow and fangs that grin ; 
And long pursues, with fruitless yell, 
The father of the powerful spell." 

Gray, Descent of Odin, 1-12. 

608. " Let guilty men remember, their black deeds 
Do lean on crutches made of slender reeds." 
Webster, Vittoria Corombona, end. 
" A thousand stings are in me ! O, what vile prisons 
Make we our bodies to our immortal souls ! 
Brave tenants to bad houses : 'tis a dear rent 
They pay for naughty lodging !" 

Middleton, The Spanish Gipsy, iii. 1. 
610. " Beneath the beech, whose branches bare, 
Smit with the lightning's livid glare, 

O'erhang the craggy road, 
And whistle hollow as they wave ; 
Within a solitary grave, 
A slayer of himself holds his accurs'd abode. 



v. 435—436. 



BOOK VI. 



v. 436—451. 



187 



Procured by their own hand, and, loathing 

light, 
Have cast away their lives. How would 

they wish 

" Lower'd the grim morn, in murky dies, 
Damp mists involv'd the scowling skies, 

And dimm'd the struggling day ; 
As by the brook that ling'ring laves 
Yon rush-grown moor with sable waves, 

Full of the dark resolve he took his sullen way. 

" I mark'd his desultory pace, 

His gestures strange, and varying face, 

With many a mutter'd sound : 
And ah ! too late aghast I view'd 
The reeking blade, the hand embru'd ; 

He fell, and groaning grasp'd in agony the ground." 
T. Warton, Ode, vi. 1-3. 
" Forbear, forbear ; 
Think what a sea of deep perdition whelms 
The wretch's trembling soul, who launches forth 
Unlicens'd to eternity. Think, think : 
And let the thought restrain thy impious hand. 
The race of man is one vast marshali'd army, 
Summon'd to pass the spacious realms of Time ; 
Their leader the Almighty. In that march, 
Ah ! who may quit his post ?" Mason, Elfrida. 

" Who flies from life confesses 
He flies from something that appears so dreadful 
He dares not face it. Is it guilt or virtue 
That thus shrinks back and trembles at to- 
morrow ? 
Yes, this is meanness, and alone regards 
Its selfish ease ; virtue is never leagued 
With its base dictates." 

Mickle, Siege of Marseilles, iv. 2. 

612. " Ay, but to die, and go we know not where 
To lie in cold obstruction, and to rot ; 
This sensible warm motion to become 
A kneaded clod ; and the delighted spirit 
To bathe in fiery floods, or to reside 
In thrilling regions of thick-ribbed ice ; 
To be imprison'd in the viewless winds, 
And blown with restless violence round about 
The pendent world ; or to be worse than worst 
Of those, that lawless and incertain thoughts 
Imagine howling ! — 'tis too horrible ! 
The weariest and most loathed worldly life, 
That age, ache, penury, and imprisonment, 
Can lay on nature, is a paradise 
To what we fear of death." 

Shakespeare, Measure for Measure, iii. 1. 

" To be, or not to be, — that is the question : 
Whether 'tis nobler in the mind, to suffer 
The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, 
Or to take arms against a sea of troubles, 
And, by opposing, end them ? To die, — to sleep, — 
No more ; — and, by a sleep, to say we end 
The heart-ache, and the thousand natural shocks 
That flesh is heir to, — 'tis a consummation 
Devoutly to be wish'd. To die ; — to sleep ; — 
To sleep ! perchance to dream : — ay, there's the 

rub ; 
For in that sleep of death what dreams may come, 
When we have shuffled off this mortal coil, 
Must give us pause : there's the respect 
That makes calamity of so long life. 
For who would bear the whips and scorns of time, 
The oppressor's wrong, the proud man's con- 
tumely, 
The pangs of despis'd love, the law's delay, 
The insolence of office, and the spurns 
That patient merit of the unworthy takes, 



In air aloft now even penury, 

And sore distresses to endure ! The law 

[Of hell] withstands them, and th' unlovely 

fen 
With melancholy billow binds them fast, 
And, nine times poured between, Styx 
hems them in. 
Nor far from this, on every side dispread, 
Are shown " The Mourning Fields :" so 

call they them by name. 
Here those, whom callous love with ruth- 
less waste 620 
Hath eaten to the core, sequestered paths 
Bescreen, and myrtle-thicket bowers round : 
Their woes forsake them not in death it- 
self. 
He Phaedra in these regions, Procris too, 
And moanful Eriphyle, pointing out 
The wounds from her unfeeling son, de- 
scries ; 
Evadne also, and Pasiphae. 
To these Laodamia comrade goes, 
And Caenis, erst a youth, a woman now, 
E'en changed again by fate to shape of 
yore. 63c 
Among whom Dido, the Phoenician, 
dame, 
Fresh from her wound, was wand' ring in a 
spacious grove. 



When he himself might his quietus make 
With a bare bodkin? Who would fardels bear, 
To grunt and sweat under a weary life ; 
But that the dread of something after death, — 
The undiscover'd country, from whose bourn 
No traveller returns, — puzzles the will, 
And makes us rather bear those ills we have, 
Than fly to others that we know not of? 
Thus conscience does make cowards of us all." 
Hamlet, iii. 1. 

620. " Then hastens onward to the pensive grove, 
The silent mansion of disastrous love. 
Here Jealousy with jaundic'd look appears, 
And broken slumbers, and fantastic fears. 
The widow'd turtle hangs her moulting wings, 
And to the woods in mournful murmurs sings. 
No winds but sighs there are, no floods but tears ; 
Each conscious tree a tragic signal bears : 
Their wounded bark records some broken vow, 
And willow-garlands hang on every bough." 

Garth, Dispensary, vi. 242-50. 

632. " Hence, all you vain delights, 
As short as are the nights, 

Wherein you spend your folly ! 
There's nought in this life sweet, 
If man were wise to see't, 

But only melancholy : 

Oh, sweetest melancholy ! 
Welcome, folded arms, and fixed eyes, 
A sigh that piercing, mortifies, 
A look that's fasten'd on the ground, 
A tongue chain'd up without a sound ! 
Fountain-heads, and pathless groves, 
Places which pale passion loves ! 
Moonlight walks, when all the fowls 
Are warmly hous'd, save bats and owls ! 



i88 



v. 451 — 461. 



THE sENEID. 



v. 461 — 482. 



Near whom as soon as Troja's hero stood, 
And recognized her dim among the 

shades ; — 
As who in th' infant month or sees, or 

thinks 
That he has seen, among the clouds the 

moon 
Arising ; — tears he dropped, and with 

sweet love 
Addressed her : " Hapless Dido, was then 

true 
The news which me had reached, that thou 

wert dead, 
And through the sword had sought the 

closing [scene] ? 640 

Alas ! was I to thee the cause of death ? 
By stars I swear, by deities above, 
And if lies any faith in deep of earth, 
I loth, O queen, departed from thy shore. 
But me the gods' commands, which force 



A midnight bell, a parting groan ! 
These are the sounds we feed upon ; 
Then stretch our bones in a still gloomy valley ; 
Nothing's so dainty sweet as lovely melancholy." 
J. Fletcher, The Nice Valour, Hi. 3. 
Any one can see Milton's obligations to this 
exquisite song for some of the ideas in IlPenseroso. 

636. " Or fairy elves, 

Whose midnight revels, by a forest side, 
Or fountain, some belated peasant sees, 
Or dreams he sees, while overhead the moon 
Sits arbitress, and nearer to the earth 
Wheels her pale course." 

Milton, P. L., b. i. end. 

" For what I see, or only think I see, 

Is like a glimpse of moonshine, streak'd with red : 
A shuffled, sullen, and uncertain light, 
That dances through the clouds, and shuts again." 
Dryden, Cleomenes, iv. 1. 

638. " Such is the fate unhappy women find, 
And such the curse entail'd upon our kind, 
That man, the lawless libertine, may rove 
Free and unquestion'd through the wilds of love ; 
While woman, sense and nature's easy fool, 
If poor weak woman swerve from virtue's rule, 
If, strongly charm'd, she leave the thorny way 
And in the softer paths of pleasure stray, 
Ruin ensues, reproach and endless shame. 
And one false step entirely damns her fame. 
In vain with tears the loss she may deplore, 
In vain look back on what she was before ; 
She sets, like stars that fall, to rise no more." 
Rowe, Jane Shore, act. i. end. 

645. " So spake the Fiend, and with necessity, 

The tyrant's plea, excused his devilish deeds." 

Milton, P. L., b. iv. 

" A fellow that makes religion his stalking-horse, 

He breeds a plague : thou shalt poison him." 

Marston, The Malcontent, iv. 3. 

' ' Come, you shall not labour 
To extenuate your guilt, but quit it clean : 
Bad men excuse their faults ; good men will leave 

them : 
He acts the third crime that defends the first." 
Ben Jonson, Catiline, Hi. 2. 



To travel through these shades, through 

regions rife 
In thorns through fallowness, and night's 

abyss, 
Constrained by their behests ; nor could I 

deem 
That this such grievous anguish I on thee 
Could bring by my departure. Stay thy 
step, 650 

And from our gaze withdraw not thou thy- 
self. 
Whom fliest thou ? This [time], that I 
Address thee, is by destiny the last." 
With suchlike words /Eneas tried to soothe 
The soul afire, and fixing stern regards ; 
And tears he waked. The other, turned 

aloof, 
Her eyes kept riveted upon the ground ; 
Nor is in visage by his speech commenced 
More influenced, than if she stood a flint 
Unyielding, or Marpesian rock. At last 
She tore herself away, and in her hate 661 
Retreated to the shady forest, where 
Her former consort echoes to her griefs, 
And her affection does Sychseus match. 
Nor less yEneas, by her fate unkind 
Struck to the heart, pursues her weeping 

far, 
And feels compassion for her as she goes. 
Therefrom he toils along the route as- 
signed. 
And now they occupied the utmost fields, 
Which, set apart, the famed in battle 
haunt. 670 

Here meets him Tydeus, here, renowned 

in arms, 
Parthenopaeus, and the wan Adrastus' ghost. 
Here, sorely wept 'mong denizens of air, 
And fall'n in fight, the sons of Dardanus : 
All whom as he perceives in long array, 



" The devil can cite Scripture for his purpose." 
Shakespeare, Merchant of Venice, i. 3. 

" And, oftentimes, excusing of a fault 
Doth make the fault the worse by the excuse." 
King John, iv. 2. 
" Gospel is in thy face and outward garb, 
And treason on thy tongue." 

Dryden, The Duke of Guise, iv. 1. 

656. "Small griefs find tongues; full _casks are 
ever found 
To give, if an}', yet but little sound ; 
Deep waters noiseless are ; and this we know 
That chiding streams betray small depth below." 

Herrick, Aynatory Odes, xlviii. 
Had she condescended a word, she jnight have 
said: 

" If impious acts 
Have left thee blood enough to blush, 
I'll paint it on thy cheeks." 

Fletcher, Spanish Curate, Hi. 3. 

659. Silex is always feminine in Virgil. 



v. 482 — 5°4- 



BOOK VI. 



v. 505—521. 



He o'er them groaned ; e'en Glaucus, 

Medon, too, 
Also Thersilochus, Antenor's children three, 
And, consecrate to Ceres, Polyphsete ; 
Idseus, too, still grasping car, still arms. 
Round stand the spirits right and left in 

crowds. 680 

Nor is't sufficient to have seen him once ; 
It joys to linger to the last, and move 
Their step with his, and of his coming learn 
The reasons. But the chieftains of the 

Greeks, 
And Agamemnon's phalanxes, when they 
Beheld the hero and his gleaming arms 
Among the shadows, quake with deep 

alarm. 
Some turn their backs, as erst they sought 

the ships ; 
Others a puny exclamation raise : 
The cry begun deludes them as they gape. 
And here the son of Priam he beholds, 
Deiphobus, torn all throughout his form, 
And mercilessly mangled on his face, — 693 
His face, and both his hands, and temples 

robbed 
Of ravished ears, and, maimed;] with seem- 
less wound, 
His nostrils. Him thus scarce he recognized , 
As quakes he, and the dread infliction hides ; 
And with familiar tones he speaks him first : 
" Deiphobus, of might in arms, thou seed 
From lofty blood of Teucer, who hath 

chosen 700 

Such bloody vengeance to inflict ? To 

whom 
Was such great pow'r o'er thee allowed ? 

Tome 
Brought rumor [word] on [that] last night 

that thou, 
Worn out with mighty slaughter of the 

Greeks, 
Down sankest on a jumbled charnel-heap. 

681. The smiths in the house of Riches were 
equally astonished at the sight of Sir Guyon : 
" But when an earthly wight they present saw 
Glistring in armes and battailous array, 
From their whot work they did themselves with- 
■ draw 

To wonder at the sight ; for, till that day, 
They never creature saw that cam that way : 
Their staring eyes sparckling with fervent fyre, 
And ugly shapes did nigh the man dismay, 
That, were it not for shame, he would retyre." 
Spenser, F. Q., ii. 7, 37. 

705. As Rowe makes Slaughter do : 
" The dreadful business of the war is o'er ; 
And Slaughter, that from yester morn till ev'n, 
"With giant steps, passed striding o'er the field, 
Besmear'd and horrid with the blood of nations, 
Now weary sits among the mangled heaps, 
And slumbers o'er her prey." 

Tamerlane, ii. i~6. 



Then I myself upon Rhceteum's shore 

A tomb, an empty [tomb], upreared, and 

thrice 
With thund'ring voice upon thy Manes 

called. 
Thy name and weapons guard the spot ; 

thee, friend, 
I was unable to descry, and lay [in earth], 
At my departure from our native land." 
Whereto the son of Priam : ' ' Naught, my 
friend, 712 

On thy part hath been left [undone] ; all 

[debts] 
Hast thou to thy Deiphobus discharged, 
And to his corse's shades. But me my 

fates, 
And [that] Laconian [woman's] deathful 

guilt, 
Have plunged in these misfortunes. It is 

she 
Hath these memorials left. For, our last 

night 
How 'mid unreal joys we passed, thou 

know'st, 
And thou must needs remember it too 
well. 720 

What time with bound the doomful horse 

o'erleaped 
High Pergamus, and, pregnant in its 

womb, 
Brought infantry in armor on us ; she, 
A dance pretending, led the Phrygian 

dames, 
Enacting Bacchanalian revels round : 
Herself, the midmost, held a monster 

torch, 
And from the castle summit hailed the 

Greeks. 
Then me, forespent with sorrows, and with 

sleep 
Weighed down, my luckless couching- 
chamber held, 



7I 8. " Here lay Duncan, 

His silver skin lac'd with his golden blood ; 
And his gash'd stabs look'd like a breach in nature 
For Ruin's wasteful entrance." 

Shakespeare, Macbeth, ii. 3. 

728, 9. He had no one to raise the warning 
voice : 

" While you here do snoring lie, 
Open-ey'd Conspiracy 
His time doth take: 
~ If of life you keep a care. 

Shake off slumber and beware : 
Awake! awake!" Tempest, ii. 1. 

" ' Sleep no more ! 
Macbeth does murder sleep,'— the innocent sleep ; 
Sleep, that knits up the ravell'd sleave of care, 
The death of each day's life, sore labour's bath, 
Balm of hurt minds, great nature's second course, 
Chief nourisher in life's feast." Macbeth, ii. 2. 



190 



v. 5 21—5 34- 



THE jENEID. 



v. 534—541. 



And overwhelmed me, as I lay, a rest, 730 
Balmy and deep, and likest to the still 
Of death. Meanwhile my exemplary wife 
All weapons from the house clears quite 

away, 
And from my head had filched my trusty 

sword. 
Inside the house she Menelaus calls, 
And opes the doors: sooth hoping this 

would prove 
A signal service to her loving [lord], 
And that the scandal of her old misdeeds 
Could thus be blotted out. Why thee 

delay ? 
They burst within the hall of sleep ; is 

joined 740 

In company with them iEolides, 
Encourager of crimes. O gods ! the like 
Requite ye to the Grecians if, with lip 
Religious, vengeance I demand in turn. 
But thee, with life endowed, what ac- 
cidents, — 
Come, tell me in thy turn, — have hither 

brought ? 
Art come, enforced by wand'rings of the 

deep, 
Or by a warning from the gods ? Or thee 
What fortune harasses, that drear abodes, 



731. " Shake off this downy sleep, death's coun- 
terfeit." Macbeth, ii. 3. 
732. Helen well deserves Marston's satire: 

' Sooner hard steel will melt with southern winds, 
A seaman's whistle calm the ocean, 
A town on fire be extinct with tears, 
Than women, vowed to blushless impudence, 
With sweet behaviour and soft minioning, 
Will turn from that where appetite is fixed." 

Malcontent, iv. 3. 
735. This miserable murderess scarce deserves to 

be connected with any allusion to Lady Macbeth : 
" Come, come, you spirits 
That tend on mortal thoughts, unsex me here, 
And fill me, from the crown to the toe, top-full 
Of direst cruelty ! Make thick my blood ; 
Stop up th' access and passage to remorse, 
That no compunctious visitings of nature 
Shake my fell purpose, nor keep peace between 
Th' effect and it ! Come to my woman's breasts, 
And take my milk for gall, you murd'ring 

ministers. 
Wherever in your sightless substances 
You wait on nature's mischief! Come, thick 

night, 
And pall thee in the dunnest smoke of hell, 
That my keen knife see not the wound it makes, 
Nor heaven peep through the blanket of the dark, 
To cry, Hold! hold!" Act i. 5. 

749. " See'st thou the dreary plain, forlorn and wild, 
The seat of Desolation, void of light, 
Save what the glimmering of these livid flames 
Casts pale and dreadful?" Milton, P. L., b. i. 

" This is the place, by his commands, to meet in : 
It has a sad and fatal invitation : 
A he rmit, that forsakes the world for prayer 
And solitude, would be timorous to live here. 



Without a sun, spots troublous, thou 

should'st reach ?" 750 

At this, a turning point of their discourse, 
Aurora in her rosy four-horse car 
Had now mid heav'n in her empyreal race 
O'erpassed ; and haply all the granted time 
Would they have whiled away in such 

employs ; 
But him the Sibyl, his companion, warned, 
And briefly [thus] addressed : " The night 

swoops on, 
^Eneas ; we in weeping spend the hours. 
This is the spot, where into branches 

twain 
The pathway splits itself. The right [is 

that], - 760 



There's not a spray for birds to perch upon ; 
For every tree that overlooks the vale 
Carries the mark of lightning, and is blasted. 
The day, which smiled, as I came forth, and 

spread 
Fair beams about, has taken a deep melancholy, 
That sits more ominous in her face than night : 
All darkness is less horrid than half light. 
Never was such a scene for death presented : 
And there's a ragged mountain peeping over, 
With many heads, seeming to crowd themselves 
Spectators of some tragedy." 

Shirley, The Court Secret, iv. 2. 

750. Or : " Sun-lacking, spots of trouble." 

752. " Naiis. Behold the rosy dawn 
Rises in tinsell'd lawn, 
And smiling seems to fawn 
Upon the mountains. 

Cloe. Awaked from her dreams, 

Shooting forth golden beams, 
Dancing upon the streams, 
Courting the fountains." 
Drayton, The Muses' 1 Elysium, Nymphal iii. 

'* Is it so much, and yet the morn not up? 

See yonder, where the shame-fac'd maiden 

comes ! 
Into our sight how gently doth she slide, 
Hiding her chaste cheeks, like a modest bride, 
With a red veil of blushes !" 

Fletcher, The Wo7na?t-Hater, i. 1. 

757, 8. " The clock upbraids me with the waste ot 
time." Shakespeare, Twelfth Night, iii. 1. 

760. " Eternity, the various sentence past, 
Assigns the sever'd throng distinct abodes, 
Sulphureous or ambrosial : what ensues ? 
The deed predominant ! The deed of deeds ! — 
Which makes a Hell of Hell, a Heaven of 

Heaven. 
The goddess, with determin'd aspect, turns 
Her adamantine key's enormous size 
Through destiny's inextricable wards, 
Deep driving every bolt, on both their fates. 
Then, from the crystal battlement of Heaven, 
Down, down she hurls it through the dark pro- 
found, 
Ten thousand thousand fathom ; there to rust, 
And ne'er unlock her resolution more. 
The deep resounds; and Hell, through all her 

glooms, 
Returns, in groans, the melancholy roar." 

Young, Complaint, N. ix. 



v. 541—558. 



BOOK VI. 



v. 558—574- 



191 



Which stretches 'neath the walls of mighty 

Dis; 
By this the route t' Elysium lies for us ; 
But punishments of wicked [souls] the left 
Works out, and sends them to accursed 

Hell." 
Deiphobus in answer : " Storm thou not, 
Great priestess ; I shall pass away, fill up 
The tale, and be restored to gloom. Go 

thou, 
Our pride ! go, better fates enjoy !" Thus 

much 
He said, and at the word his footsteps 

wheeled. 
/Eneas on a sudden looks behind, 770 
And 'neath a cliff upon the left he sees 
A spacious hold, engirt with triple wall, 
Which, ravening with its scorching flames, 

the flood, 
Tartarean Phlegethon, beclips, and whirls 
The booming rocks. A gate there is in front, 
Colossal, and of solid adamant 
Its pillars ; that no might of men, not e'en 
The heav'nly ones themselves, may have 

the power 
To root them from their base with steel. 

There stands 
[Up-mounting] to the gales an iron keep ; 
And, sitting down, Tisiphone, with robe 
Blood-spattered, tucked beneath, the vesti- 
bule 782 
Unsleeping sentinels both night and day. 
Hence groans are heard, and felon lashes 

ring; 

772. " At last appear 
Hell bounds, high reaching to the horrid roof, 
And thrice threefold the gates ; threefold were 

brass, 
Three iron, three of adamantine rock, 
Impenetrable, impaled with circling fire, 
Yet unconsumed." Milton, P. L., b. ii. 

773. " Horrors beneath, darkness in darkness, Hell 
Of Hell, where torments behind torments dwell ; 
A furnace formidable, deep, and wide, 
O'er-boiling with a mad sulphureous tide, 
Expands its jaws, most dreadful to survey, 
And roars outrageous for the destin'd prey. 
The sons of light scarce unappall'd look down, 
And nearer press Heaven's everlasting throne." 

Young, Last Day, b. hi. 
774. See note on 1. 416. 
780. "Methinks Suspicion and Distrust dwell here, 
Staring with meagre forms through grated 

windows ; 
Death lurks within, and unrelenting punishment ; 
Without, grim danger, fear, and fiercest pow'r, 
Sit on the rude old tow'rs and Gothic battle- 
ments : 
While horror overlooks the dreadful wall, 
And frowns on all around." 

Rowe, Lady Jane Grey, act iii. 

784. A touching picture of a prisoner's woe from 
Chaucer ; Knighte's Tale. Speaking of Palamon, 
1281, 2 : 



The clank of iron and the trail of chains. 
iEneas paused, and, startled by the din, 
Stood still. " What forms of guilt [are 

these], O maid ? — 
Speak forth ! — or by what vengeance are 

they plagued ? 
What such distressful wailing to the air ?" 
Then thus the prophetess began to speak : 
' ' O famous prince of Teucri, it to none 791 
Is lawful in his purity to plant 
A foot upon the cursed sill ; but me 
When o'er the groves Avernian Hecat 

placed, 
Herself explained the vengeance of the 

gods, 
And she escorted me through every [spot]. 
These does the Gnosian Rhadamanthus 

hold, 
Thrice-rigid realms, and punishes and 

hears 
Their crafty sins, and forces them to own 
What crimes, committed in the uppei 
world, 800 

Each [soul], in unavailing secrecy 
Exulting, hath deferred to death ['s] late 

[hour]. 
Forthwith the guilty ones Avengeress 
Tisiphone, accoutred with a scourge, 
Torments in mockery, and stretching out 
In her left hand her grisly snakes, she calls 
The ruthless squadrons of the sister-crew. 
At last then, grating on dread-jarring hinge, 
The cursed gates are oped. Dost see what 
guise 



" The pure fetters on his shinnes grete 
Were of his bitter salte teres wete." 

802. " Cut off even in the blossoms of my sin, 
Unhousel'd, disappointed, unanel'd ; 
No reckoning made, but sent to my account 
With all my imperfections on my head : 
O, horrible ! O horrible ! most horrible !" 

Shakespeare, Hamlet, i. 5. 

" Yet down his cheeks the gems of pity fell, 
To see the helpless wretches that remain'd, 
There left through delves and deserts dire to yell ; 
Amaz'd, their looks with pale dismay were stain'd, 

And, spreading wide their hands, they meek re- 
pentance feign'd. 

" But ah ! their scorned day of grace was past, 
For (horrible to tell !) a desert wild 
Before them stretch'd, bare, comfortless, and vast, 
With gibbets, bones, and carcasses defil'd. 
There nor trim field, nor lively culture smil'd ; 
Nor waving shade was seen, nor fountain fair ; 
But sands abrupt on sands lay loosely pil'd, 
Through which they floundering toil'd with pain- 
ful care, 
Whilst Phoebus smote them sore, and fir'd the 
cloudless air." 

Thomson, Castle 0/ Indolence, end. 

809. " Before the gates there sat 

On either side a formidable sha] e : 
The one seem'd woman to the waist, and fair, 



192 



v. 574— 59°- 



THE jENEID. 



v. 591 — 609. 



Of sentry in the entrance sits ? What shape 
The threshold guards ? With fifty pitchy 

chasms 811 

Terrific, Hydra fiercer holds within 
His seat. Then Tartarus itself opes twice 
So deep adown the steep, and stretches forth 
Beneath the darkness, as the upward gaze 
To th' empyrean firmament of Heaven. 
Here Terra's ancient progeny, the brood 
Titanian, dashed by lightning down, are 

rolled 
At bottom of the pit. . Here, too, I saw 
Aloeus' twins, huge bodies, who with hands 
Attempted to demolish mighty heaven, 821 
And Jove thrust out from his ancestral 

realms. 
I saw, too, paying penalties severe, 
Salmoneus, while he apes the fires of Jove, 
And peals of Heav'n. He, drawn by 

coursers four, 
And cresset brandishing, through states of 

Greeks, 
And through the city of mid Elis, rode 
In triumph, and the worship of the gods 
Claimed to himself, — the madman ! — who 

the storms, 
And flash inimitable, with his bronze 830 



But ended foul in many a scaly fold, 
Voluminous and vast ; a serpent arm'd 
With mortal sting. About her middle round 
A cry of hellhounds never ceasing bark'd 
With wide Cerberian mouths full loud, and rung 
A hideous peal ; yet, when they list, would creep, 
If aught disturb'd their noise, into her womb, 
And kennel there ; yet there still bark'd and howl'd, 
Within, unseen." Milton, P. L., b. ii. 

818. " For such a numerous host 

Fled not in silence through the frighted deep, 
With ruin upon ruin, rout on rout, 
Confusion worse confounded ; and Heaven-gates 
Pour'd out by millions her victorious bands 
Pursuing." Ibid., b. ii. 

821. " He it was, whose guile 

Stirr'd up with envy and revenge, deceived 
The mother of mankind, what time his pride 
Had cast him out of Heaven, with all his host 
Of rebel angels : by whose aid, aspiring 
To set himself in glory above his peers, 
He trusted to have equall'd the Most High, 
If he opposed ; and, with ambitious aim 
Against the throne and monarchy of God, 
Raised impious war in Heaven, and battle proud, 
With vain attempt. Him the Almighty Power 
Hurl'd headlong flaming from the ethereal sky, 
With hideous ruin and combustion, down 
To bottomless perdition, there to dwell 
In adamantine chains and penal fire, 
Who durst defy the Omnipotent to arms." 

Ibid., b. i. 
824. " What devil art thou, that counterfeits 

heaven's thunder ?" 

Webster, The Duchess of Malji, iii. 5. 

830. Drayton, speaking of David's skill on the 
lyre, says that the birds strained themselves 
" To imitate the inimitable touch." 

David and Goliath. 



And tramp of horn-hoofed steeds would 

counterfeit. 
But the almighty sire, 'mid massy clouds 
His levin-bolt elanced, — not torches he, 
Nor smoky lights from pitchy pines ; — and 

him 
Headforemost in a wild tornado hurled. 
Moreover, Tityus, too, the foster-child 
Of Earth all-teeming, was there to behold ; 
Whose frame through nine whole acres is 

dispread ; 
A monstrous vulture, too, with hooky bill 
The deathless liver pecking, and the flesh 
That teems for punishments, both roots 

them up 841 

For cates, and nestles 'neath his tow'ring 

chest : 
Nor to the inwards, bourgeoning anew, 
Is any respite granted. Wherefore name 
The Lapithse, Ixion, and Pirithous ? 
O'er whom there beetles black a [rock of] 

flint, 
Now, now about to topple o'er, and like 
One falling. Shine 'neath lofty couches boon 
Their golden props, and banquets are 

served up 
With kingly lavish ness before their view. 
The eldest of the Furies near reclines 85 1 
And bars their touching with their hands 

the boards, 
And rises up, her brand uplifting high, 
And thunders with her mouth. Here they 

by whom 
The brotherhood were loathed, while life 

endured ; 
Or parent buffeted, or craft inwove 



840. No such very imaginary scene in warm 

regions : 

" A surface hideous, delug'd o'er with blood, 
Beyond my view inimitably stretch'd, 
One vast expanse of horror. There supine, 
Of huge dimension, cov'ring half the plain, 
A giant corse lay mangled, red with wounds 
Delv'd in th' enormous flesh, which, bubbling, fed 
Ten thousand thousand grisly beaks and jaws, 
Insatiably devouring." Glover, Leonidas, b. xi. 

852. " But on theyroll'd in heaps, and, up the trees 
Climbing, sat thicker than the snaky locks 
That curld Megsera. Greedily they plucked 
The fruitage fair to sight, like that which grew 
Near that bituminous lake where Sodom flamed ; 
This more delusive, not the touch but taste, 
Deceived. They, fondly thinking to allay 
Their appetite with gust, instead of fruit, 
Chew'd bitter ashes, which the offended taste 
With spattering noise rejected : oft they essay'd, 
Hunger and thirst constraining : drugg'd as oft, 
With hatefulest disrelish writhed their jaws, 
With soot and cinders flll'd." Milton, P. L., b. x. 

856, 7. " How often in contempt of laws, 
To sound the bottom of a cause, 
To search out ev'ry rotten part, 
And worm into its very heart, 



v. 609 — 615. 



BOOK VI. 



v. 615 — 625. 



193 



Against a client ; or they who, alone, 
Have brooded o'er the riches they have 

gained, 
Nor set aside a portion for their kin ; — 
Which is the vastest multitude ; — and who 
For their adultery were put to death ; 861 
And who have godless arms pursued, nor 

feared 
The right hands of their masters to be- 
guile : — 
In durance they their punishment await. 
Seek not to be informed what punishment ; 
Or what the shape [of pain], or fate, hath 
whelmed 



Hath he ta'en briefs on false pretence, 
And undertaken the defence 
Of trusting fools, whom in the end 
He meant to ruin, not defend." 

Churchill, The Duellist, b. iii. 

" I have seen some of his profession 
Out of a case as plain, as clear as day, 
Pick out such hard, inextricable doubts, 
That they have spun a suit of seven years long, 
And led their hood-wink clients in a wood, 
A most irremeable labyrinth, 
Till they have quite consum'd them." 

May, The Heir, act iv. 

858. " A thousand black tormentors shall pursue 

thee, 
Until thou leap into eternal flames, 
Where gold, which thou adorest here on earth, 
Melted, the fiends shall pour into thy throat." 

Fletcher and Shirley, The Night Walker, ii. 4. 

From a noble passage of Ben Jonson's : 
" Good morning to the day ; and next, my gold ! 
Open the shrine, that I may see my saint, 
Hail the world's soul, and mine ! More glad 

than is 
The teeming earth to see the long'd-for sun 
Peep through the horns of the celestial Ram, 
Am I to view thy splendor darkening his : 
That lying here, amongst my other hoards, 
Shew'st like a flame by night, or like the day 
Struck out of Chaos, when all darkness fled 
Unto the centre. O thou son of Sol, 
But brighter than thy father, let me kiss 
With adoration thee, and every relick 
Of sacred treasure in this blessed room." 

TJie Fox, i. 1, 1-13. 
Also see Ford's City Madam, iii. 3. 

861. " Groans are too late : sooner the ravisher 
Whose soul is hurled into eternal frost, 

Stung with the force of twenty thousand winters, 
To punish the distempers of his blood, 
Shall hope to get from thence, than those avoid 
The certainty of hell where he is." 

Fletcher and Shirley, The Night Walker, iv. 5. 

862. " Be virtuous ends pursu'd by virtuous means, 
Nor think th' intention sanctifies the deed : 
That maxim, published in an impious age, 
Would loose the wild enthusiast to destroy, 
And fix the fierce usurpers bloody title ; 

Then bigotry might send her slaves to war, 
And bid success become the test of truth ; 
Unpitying massacre might waste the world, 
And persecution boast the call of Heaven." 

Johnson, Irene, iii. 8. 



Their subjects. Others roll a monster 

rock, 
And hang distended on the spokes of 

wheels. 
The ill-starred Theseus sits, and sit he will 
For ever ; Phlegyas, too, in depth of woe, 
Puts all in mind, and with a thund'ring 

voice 871 

Bears witness through the shades : ' Learn 

righteousness, 
When warned, and not to slight the gods !' 

This [wretch] 
Hath sold away a native land for gold, 
And over it a tyrant master placed ; 
Made statutes, and unmade them, for his 

fee. 
Another hath assailed a daughter's bed, 
And barred espousals. All of them have 

dared 
Gigantic guilt, and what they dared have 

gained. 
[No,] not although I had a hundred 

tongues, 880 



869. " Prayers there are idle, death is woo'd in vain : 

In midst of death poor wretches long to die : 
Night without day or rest, still doubling pain : 

Woes spending still, yet still their end less nigh : 
The soul there restless, helpless, hopeless lies : 
There's life that never lives, there's death that 
never dies." 

P. Fletcher, Purple Island, vi. 37. 

" A dungeon, horrible on all sides round, 
As one great furnace flamed; yet from those 

flames 
No light ; but rather darkness visible 
Served only to discover sights of woe, 
Regions of sorrow, doleful shades, where peace 
And rest can never dwell ; hope never comes, 
That comes to all ; but torture without end 
Still urges, and a fiery deluge, fed 
With ever-burning sulphur unconsumed." 

Milton, P. L., b. i. 
" Or for ever sunk 
Under yon boiling ocean, wrapp'd in chains ; 
There to converse with everlasting groans, 
Unrespited, unpitied, unreprieved, 
Ages of hopeless end." Ibid., b. ii. 

874. Shirley, of similar guilt : 

" Does he call treason justice? Such a treason 
As heathens blush at, nature and religion 
Tremble to hear : to fight against my country ! 
'Tis a less sin to kill my father, there, 
Or stab my own heart : these are private mischiefs 
And may in time be wept for ; but the least 
Wound I can fasten on my country makes 
A nation bleed." 'The Young Admiral, iii. 1. 

" But view them closer, craft and fraud appear ; 
E'en liberty itself is barter'd here. 
At gold's superior charms all freedom flic; ; 
The needy sell it, and the rich man buys." 

Goldsmith, Traveller. 

" O Portius, is there not some chosen curse, 
Some hidden thunder in the stores of heaven, 
Red with uncommon wrath, to blast the man 
Who owes his greatness to his country's ruin ." 
Addison, Cato, i. 1, 21-24 
O 



194 



v. 625 — 638. 



THE jENEID. 



v. 639—647. 



And hundred mouths, and iron voice, 

could I 
All shapes of their enormities embrace, 
All titles of their punishments recount." 
These words when Phoebus' aged priestess 

spake : — 
"But come now, seize the pathway, and 

complete 
The undertaken service : let us haste !" 
She cries. "The walls do I discern, up- 
reared 
In forges of the Cyclops, and the gates 
With their confronting archway, where 

these gifts 
Do our injunctions bid us to lay down." 890 
She said, and, footing on with even step 
Along the darkness of the paths, they 

grasp 
The intervening space, and near the doors. 
Upon the entrance does yEneas seize, 
And dews his person o'er with water fresh, 
And on the fronting threshold pins the 

branch. 
At length, these [duties] having been 

discharged, 
The service of the goddess done, they 

reached 
The gladsome regions and the charming 

greens, 

882. In Ford's First Play the following sublime 
passage occurs ; 'Tis Pity, iii. 6 : 

" There is a place, 
(List, daughter) in a black and hollow vault, 
Where day is never seen ; there shines no sun, 
But flaming horror of consuming fires ; 
A lightless sulphur, chok'd with smoky fogs 
Of an infected darkness : in this place 
Dwell many thousand thousand sundry sorts 
Of never-dying deaths ; there damned souls 
Roar without pity ; there are gluttons fed 
With toads and adders ; there is burning oil 
Pour'd down the drunkard's throat : the usurer 
Is forc'd to sup whole draughts of molten gold ; 
There is the murderer for ever stabb'd, 
Yet can he never die ; there lies the wanton 
On racks of burning steel, whilst in his soul 
He feels the torment of his raging lust." 

899. " With greater light Heaven's temples opened 

shine ; 
Morns smiling rise, evens blushing do decline ; 
Clouds dappled glister, boisterous winds are calm, 
Soft zephyrs do the fields with sighs embalm ; 
In silent calms the sea hath hush'd his roars, 
And with enamour'd curls doth kiss the shores ; 
All-bearing Earth, like a new-married queen, 
Her beauties heightens, in a gown of green 
Perfumes the air, her meads are wrought with 

flow'rs, 
In colours various, figures, smelling, pow'rs ; 
Trees wanton in the groves with leavy locks, 
Here hills enamell'd stand, the vales, the rocks, 
Ring peals of joy ; here floods and prattling brooks, 
(Stars' liquid mirrors,) with serpenting crooks. 
And whispering murmurs, sound unto the main, 
The golden age returned is again." 

Drummond, Flowers of S ion. 



And blessed mansions of the happy groves. 
Here does a more expansive atmosphere, 
Yea with a glitt'ring sheen, the plains 

enrobe, 902 

And their own sun, the stars their own, 

they know. 
Some play their limbs upon the turfy lists, 
In frolic strive, and on the golden sand 
Engage in wrestle ; others with their feet 
Strike up the dances, and their sonnets sing. 
Moreo'er, the Thracian priest with length- 

ful garb 
Answers the sev'n varieties of tones 
In rhythmic strains ; and now the same he 

strikes 910 

With fingers, now with quill of iv'ry. Here 

" Their glittering tents he pass'd, and now is come 
Into the blissful field, through groves of myrrh, 
And flowering odours, cassia, nard, and balm ; 
A wilderness of sweets ; for Nature here 
Wanton'd as in her prime, and play'd at will, 
Her virgin fancies pouring forth more sweet, 
Wild above rule or art, enormous bliss." 

Milton, P. L., b. v. 

900. " O sacred innocence that sweetly sleeps 
On turtles' feathers, whilst a guilty conscience 
Is a black register, wherein is writ 
All our good deeds and bad, a perspective 
That shews us hell !" 

Webster, TJie DucJiess of Malfi, iv. 2. 

904. Milton makes both Angels and Devils engage 
in earthly games : even Virgil, in his necessary 
ignorance, did not venture so far as this. 

A scene similar to this is described by Sir William 
Jones in his " Seven Fountains :" 
" Then in a car, by snow-white coursers drawn, 
They led him o'er the dew-besprinkled lawn, 
Through groves of joy and arbours of delight, 
With all that could allure his ravish'd sight ; 
Green hillocks, meads, and ros}' grots he view'd, 
And verdurous plains with winding streams 

bedew'd. 
On every bank, and under every shade, 
A thousand youths, a thousand damsels play'd ; 
Some wantonly were tripping in a ring 
On the soft border of a gushing spring ; 
While some, reclining in the shady vales, 
Told to their smiling loves their amorous tales." 
" Sometimes with secure delight 
The upland hamlets will invite, 
When the merry bells go round, 
And the jocund rebecks sound 
To many a youth and many a maid, 
Dancing in the chequer'd shade ; 
And young and old come forth to play 
On a sunshine holy-day." 

Milton, U Allegro. 

907. " O the pleasure of the plains ! 

Happy nymphs and happy swains 
(Harmless, merry, free, and gay,) 
Dance and sport the hours away.'' 

(Jay, Acts and Galatea, 1-4. 

911. How charming is Spenser ! 
" Eftsoones they heard a most melodious sound, 
Of all that mote delight a daintie eare, 
Such as attonce might not on living ground, 
Save in this paradise, be heard elsewhere : 



v. 648 — 659- 



BOOK VI. 



v. 659—674. 



195 



The ancient strain of Teucer, fairest race, 
The high-souled heroes, born in better 

years, 
E'en Ilus, and Assaracus, and Dardanus, 
Troy's founder. He from far in wonder 

views 
The warriors' armor and their phantom cars. 
Their spears stand firmly planted in the 

earth, 
And all around unyoked throughout the 

plain 
Their horses feed. What zest for cars and 

arms 
Resided in them living, what concern 920 
In feeding glossy coursers, that the same 
Pursues them when in earth inhearsed. 

Behold ! 
Descries he others on the right and left 
Throughout the herbage feasting, and in 

choir 
Glad Paean hymning 'mid a spicy grove 
Of bay ; whence from above [in] fullest 

[tide] 
The river of Eridanus is rolled 



Right hard it was for wight which did it heare, 
To read what manner musicke that mote bee ; 
For all that pleasing is to living eare 
Was there consorted in one harmonee ; 
Birdes, voices, instruments, windes, waters, all agree. 

" The ioyous birdes, shrouded in chearefull shade, 
Their notes unto the voice attempred sweet ; 
Th' angelicall soft trembling voj'ces made 
To th' instruments divine respondence meet ; 
The silver-sounding instruments did meet 
With the base murmure of the waters fall ; 
The waters fall with difference discreet 
Now soft, now loud, unto the wind did call ; 

The gentle warbling wind low answered to all." 
F. Q., ii. 12, 70, 1. 

922. This idea is beautifully embodied by P. 
Fletcher : , 

" Thomalin, mourn not for him ; he's sweetly 
sleeping 
In Neptune's court, whom here he sought to 
please ; 
While humming rivers, by his cabin creeping, 
Rock soft his slumbering thoughts in quiet 
ease." Piscatory Eclogues, ii. 17. 

926. Chatterton well describes the descent of a 
river, and its subsequent emergence : 
" On Tiber's banks, Tiber, whose waters glide 
In slow meanders down to Gaigra's side ; 
And, circling all the horrid mountain round, 
Rushes impetuous to the deep profound ; 
Rolls o'er the ragged rocks with hideous yell ; 
Collects its waves beneath the earth's vast shell. 
There for a while in loud confusion hurl'd, 
It crumbles mountains down, and shakes the 

world ; 
Till borne upon the pinions of the air, 
Through the rent earth the bursting waves 

appear ; 
Fiercely propell'd the whiten'd billows rise, 
Break from the cavern, and ascend the skies." 
The Death of N icon, 1-12. 



Along the forest. Here the band [of those, 
Who] in their fighting for their native land 
Have suffered wounds ; and who were 

taintless priests, 930 

While life endured ; and who were holy 

bards, 
And strains, of Phcebus worthy, spoke ; or 

they, 
Who by discovered arts have life refined, 
And who have others mindful of them 

made 
By their deserving it : — with all of these 
Their brows are circled by a snowy wreath. 
Whom, flocking round, the Sibyl thus ad- 
dressed ; 
'Fore all Musaeus : for a num'rous throng 
Have him their centre, and to him look up, 
Above them standing by his shoulders 

high : — 940 

" Say, happy souls, and thou thrice-worthy 

bard, 
What tract, what place, contains Anchises ? 

We 
On his account have come, and mighty 

streams 
Of Erebus sailed over." Straight to her 
Reply in few the hero thus returned : 
" To none there is a fixed abode : we 

dwell 
In shady bow'rs; and couches of the banks, 



929. " Welcome, my son ! here lay him down, my 

friends, 
Full in my sight, that I may view at leisure 
The bloody corse, and count those glorious wounds. 
How beautiful is death, when earned by virtue ! 
Who would not be that youth ? What pity is it 
That we can die but once to serve our country ?" 
Addison, Cato, iv. 

931. " From yonder realms of empyrean day 
Bursts on my ear th' indignant lay : 
There sit the sainted sage, the bard divine, 
The few, whom Genius gave to shine 
Through every unborn age and undiscover'd clime." 
Gray, Ode for Music, ii. 

" The poet's eye, in a fine frenzy rolling, 

Doth glance from heaven to earth, from earth to 

heaven ; 
And, as imagination bodies forth 
The forms of things unknown, the poet's pen 
Turns them to shapes, and gives to airy nothing 
A local habitation and a name." 
Shakespeare, M ids loiuncr Night's Dream, v. 1. 

947. The British poets abound in descriptions of 
such scenes as are here only brielly touched upon : 
the difficulty is in the selection. To quote but a 
few : 

" A gardein saw I, full of blosomcd bowis, 
Upon a river, in a grene inede, 
There as swectnesse evermore inough is, 
With flowres white, blewe, yelowe, and rede, 
And cold welle streaines, nothing dede, 
That swommen full ofsmale fishes light, 
With linnet rede, and scaler silver bright :" 

Chaucer, Assembly of Fades, st. 27. 
O 2 



9 6 



v. 674 — 686. 



THE ^ENEID. 



v. 686 — 706. 



And meadows, fresh with runnels, do we 

haunt. 
But ye, if thus the fancy in your heart 
Inclines you, overpass this brow, and I 950 
Forthwith will set you in an easy path." 
He said, and in the front advanced his step, 
And from above the glist'ring plains points 

out : 
They thereupon the topmost summits leave. 
But sire Anchises, deep in verdant glen, 
The souls confined, and fated to advance 
To upper light, was passing in review, 
With earnestness reflecting; and by chance 
Was counting all the number of his kin, 
And dear descendants, and the destinies 
And fortunes of the men, their manners too, 
And their achievements. And when he 

beheld, 962 

Advancing in his front along the grass, 
iEneas, he in eagerness both hands 
Outstretched, and tears were jetted o'er his 

cheeks, 

" Fresh shadowes, fit to shroud from sunny ray : 
Fair lawnds, to take the sunne in season dew : 
Sweet springs, in which a thousand nymphs did 

play; 
Soft-rombHng brookes, that gentle slomberdrew ; 
High-reared mounts, the lands about to view ; 
Low-looking dales, disloigned from common gaze, 
Delightful bowres, to solace lovers trew ; 
False labyrinthes, fond runners eyes to daze ; 

All which, by Nature made, did Nature selfe amaze. 

" And ail without were walkes and alleyes dight 
With divers trees enrang'd in even rankes ; 
And here and there were pleasant arbors pight, 
And shadie seates, and sundrie flowring bankes." 
Spenser, F. Q., iv. 10, 24, 5. 

" I know a bank whereon the wild thyme blows, 
Where oxlips and the nodding violet grows ; 
Quke over canopied with lush woodbine, 
With sweet musk-roses, and with eglantine : 
There sleeps Titania, some time of the night, 
Lull'd in these flowers with dances and delight : 
And there the snake throws her enamell'd skin, 
Weed wide enough to wrap a fairy in." 
Shakespeare, Midstimmer Night's Dream, ii. 2. 

" Consent to be my mistress, Celestina, 

And we will have it spring-time all the year : 
Upon whose invitations, when we walk, 
The winds shall play soft descant to our feet, 
And breathe rich odours to re-pure the air : 
Green bowers on every side shall tempt our stay, 
And violets stoop to have us tread upon 'em. 
The red rose shall grow pale, being near thy 

cheek, 
And the white, blush, o'ercome with such a 

forehead. 
Here laid, and measuring with ourselves some 

bank, 
A thousand birds shall from the woods repair, 
And place themselves so cunningly behind 
The leaves of every tree, that while they pay 
Us tribute of their songs, thou shalt imagine 
The very trees bear music, and sweet voices 
Do grow in every arbour." 

Shirley, TJic Lady of Pleasure, v. 1. 



And from his lips dropped forth the voice : 

''Hast thou 
Arrived at last, and hath thy piety, 
Awaited by a parent, overcome 
The painful journey ? Is it deigned, my 

son, 
To look upon thy features, and to hear 970 
Familiar accents, and return them ? Thus 
In sooth I judged within my mind, and 

deemed 
That it would happen, reckoning up the 

times ; 
Nor me hath my anxiety misled. 
Borne [o'er] what lands, and o'er how 

spacious seas, 
Do I receive thee ! By how grievous risks 
Betossed, my son ! What terror have I felt, 
Lest Libya's realms might do thee aught of 

harm !" 
But he : " Me, sire, thy [ghost], thy rueful 

ghost, 
Oft, oft appearing, these abodes hath forced 
To near : my ships are riding in the Tyrr- 
hene sea. 981 
Vouchsafe to link right hand, vouchsafe, O 

sire ; 
And steal thee not away from our embrace." 
In such wise speaking, at the same time he 
Bewet his features with a flood of tears. 
Three times he there essayed to throw his 

arms 
Around his neck ; three times, in vain 

engrasped, 
The phantom-form escaped his hands, a 

match 
For wanton winds, and likest wingy sleep. 
Meanwhile y£neas sees within a vale, 990 
That stretched in curve away, a grove re- 
tired, 
And shrubs in thickets rustling, and the 

stream 
Of Lethe, which along the homes of peace 
Flows on. Round this uncounted states 

and tribes 



977, 8. Or, more literally : 

" How have I dreaded, lest 
In aught the realms of Libya thee might harm !' 

985. The ancient Epic poets could scarce have 
comprehended the Dauphin, when he says to Lord 

Salisbury : 

" Let me wipe off this honourable dew, 
That silverly doth progress on thy cheeks : 
My heart hath melted at a lady's tears, 
Being an ordinary inundation ; 
But This effusion of such manly drops, 
This shower, blown up by tempest of the soul, 
Startles mine eyes, and makes me more amaz'd 
Than had I seen the vaulty top of heaven 
Figur'd quite o'er with burning meteors." 

Shakespeare, King John, v. 2. 



v. 7°6 — 72! 



BOOK VI. 



v. 728—739. 



197 



Were flitting ; and, — as when among the 

meads 
The bees in cloudless summer [-hour] alight 
On chequered blossoms, and are streamed 

around 
White lilies, — hums with musicall the plain. 
^Eneas shudders at the sudden sight, 
And in his ignorance does he demand 1000 
The reasons : — what may be those floods 

beyond, 
Or who the persons, in a host so vast 
Have filled the banks. Then sire Anchises 

[thus] : 
" The souls, to whom are other bodies due 
By destiny, at Lethe's river-wave 
Care-chasing draughts and long oblivion 

drink. 
Hereof in sooth to give thee an account, 
And spread them out before thy view, the 

line 
Of my [descendants] to recount, long since 
[Have] I desire[d] ; that thou the more 

with me 1010 

In Italy discovered may'st rejoice." 
' ' O father, is it then to be conceived 
That any spirits to the world above 
Pass hence uplifted, and again return 
To sluggish bodies? In these wretched 

[souls] 
What so portentous passion for the light ?" 
" I sooth will tell, nor keep thee poised [in 

doubt], 
My son :" Anchises catches up [the speech], 
And duly each particular unfolds. 

" Firstly; the sky, and lands, and wat'ry 

plains, 1020 

And sheeny ball of Luna, and the stars 
Titanian, soul within supports, and mind, 
Shed through the members, stirs the mass 

entire, 
And with the mighty framework blends 

itself. 
Thence birth of men and cattle, and the 

lives 



996. Spenser, beautifully of Clarion : 
" There he arriving, round about doth flie, 
From bed to bed, from one to other border ; 
And takes survey, with curious busie eye, 
Of every flowre and herbe there set in order ; 
Now this, now that, he tasteth tenderly, 
Yet none of them he rudely doth disorder, 
Ne with his feete their silken leaves deface ; 
But pastures on the pleasures of each place." 
Muioj>otmos, st. 22. 

1006. See note on line 416. 

1008. " The hour's now come ; 

The very minute bids thee ope thine ear ; 
Obey, and be attentive." 

Shakespeare, Tempest, i. 2. 
See note, Mn. v. 1027-9. 



Of flying creatures, and the monster forms, 
Which 'neath its marble surface breeds the 

deep. 
A fiery energy and heav'nly source 
Resides within these principles, so far 
As harmful bodies clog them not, nor blunt 

them 1030 

Earth-gendered joints and perishable limbs. 
Hence fear they and desire, they grieve and 

joy; 

Nor do they peer abroad upon the heavens, 
Confined in darkness and a gloomy jail. 
Yea too, when with its latest ray hath life 
Left them, yet do not from the woeful ones 
Their every ill, nor all their body-plagues 
Depart entirely. And it needs must be 
That many a fault, long grown up with their 

growth, 
In wondrous ways should deep within them 

root. 1040 

Hence are they disciplined by punishments, 



1030. The English idiom absolutely demands a 
negative in the positive clause in v. 732 ; otherwise 
a meaning the reverse of the poet's will be 
conveyed. 

" O ignorant poor man ! What dost thou fear, 
Lock'd up within the casket of thy breast ? 
What jewels and what riches hast thou there? 
What heav'nly treasure in so weak a chest ? 
" Look in thy soul, and thou shalt beauties find, 
Like those which drown'd Narcissus in the 
flood: 
Honour and pleasure both are in thy mind, 
And all that in the world is counted good. 
" Think of her worth, and think that God did mean 
This worthy mind should worthy things em- 
brace : 
Blot not her beauties with thy thoughts unclean, 
Nor her dishonour with thy passion base. 

" Kill not her quick'ning pow'r with surfeitings ; 
Mar not her sense with sensuality ; 
Cast not her wit on idle things ; 

Make not her free-will slave to vanity. 

" And when thou think'st of her eternity, 

Think not that death against her nature is : 
Think it a birth : and when thou go'st to die, 
Sing like a swan, as if thou went'st to bliss." 
Sir John Davies, Immortality of t fie Soul. 

" Yet man, fool man ! here buries all his thoughts ; 
Inters celestial hopes without one sigh. 
Prisoner of Earth, and pent beneath the Moon, 
Here pinions all his wishes ; wing'd by Heaven 
To fly at infinite, and reach it there, 
Where seraphs gather immortality 
On life's fair tree, fast by the throne of God." 

" A soul immortal, spending all her fires, 
Wasting her strength in strenuous idleness. 
Thrown into tumult, raptur'd or alarm'd, 
At aught this scene can threaten or indulge, 
Resembles ocean into tempest wrought, 
To waft a feather, or to drown a fly." 

Young, The Complaint, N. i. 

1041. " I am thy father's spirit, 

Doom'd for a certain term to walk the night, 
And, for the day, confin'd to lasting fires, 



v. 739—745- 



THE jENEID. 



v. 745—756. 



And penalties of crimes of old pay out. 
Some gibbeted are spread to empty winds ; 
From others underneath the monstrous gulf 
Their wickedness ingrained is washed away, 
Or is burnt out by fire. We each endure 
His proper Manes ; then we are dismissed 
Throughout the wide Elysium, and we few 
The gladsome fields possess : till length of 
day[s],— 



Till the foul crimes, done in my days of nature, 
Are burnt and purg'd away." 

Shakespeare, Hamlet, i. 5. 

1044. Spenser magnificently introduces Pilate in 

the infernal regions, washing his hands, but in 

vain : 

" He lookt a little further, and espyde 
Another wretch, whose carcas deepe was drent 
Within the river, which the same did hyde : 
But both his hands, most filthy feculent, 
Above the water were on high extent, 
And faynd to wash themselves incessantly, 
Yet nothing cleaner were for such intent, 
But rather fowler seemed to the eye : 

So lost his labour, vaine and ydle industry. 

" The knight, him calling, asked who he was? 
Who, lifting up his head, him answerd thus : 
' I Pilate am, the falsest judge, alas ! 
And most unjust ; that, by unrighteous 
And wicked doome,' " &c. F. Q., ii. 7, end. 

Crashaw, on the original act itself : 
" My hands are wash'd, but, O the water's spilt, 
That labour'd to have wash'd thy guilt : 
The flood, if any be that can suffice, 
Must have its fountain in thine eyes." 
" What hands are here ? Ha ! they pluck out 
mine eyes ! 
Will all great Neptune's ocean wash this blood 
Clean from my hand ? No ; this my hand will 

rather 
The multitudinous seas incarnadine, 
Making the green — one red." 

Shakespeare, Macbeth, ii. 2. 

1046. " Nor custom, nor example, nor vast numbers 

Of such as do offend, make less the sin. 

For each particular crime a strict account 

Will be exacted, and that comfort which 

The damned pretend, fellows in misery, 

Takes nothing from their torments : every one 

Must suffer in himself the measure of 

His wickedness." Massinger, T)ie Picture, iv. 1. 

1049. " Deceit and artifice ! the turn's too sudden : 

Habitual evils seldom change so soon, 

But many days must pass, and many sorrows, 

Conscious remorse and anguish must be felt, 

To curb desire, to break the stubborn will, 

And work a second nature in the soul." 

Rowe, Ulysses, act i. 

In Ford's Play ' Tis Pity, the Friar thus touch- 
ingly addresses the guilty Giovanni ; act i. 1 : 
" Hie to thy father's house : there lock thee fast 
Within thy chamber ; then fall down 
On both thy knees, and grovel on the ground ; 
Cry to thy heart ; wash every word thou utter'st 
In tears (and if t be possible) in blood : 
Beg Heaven to cleanse the leprosy of lust 
That rots thy soul ; acknowledge what thou art— 
A wretch, a worm, a nothing : weep, sigh, pray, 
Three times a day, and three times every night.' : 



The round of time complete, — hath blotted 
out 1050 

Th' incorporated stain, and taintless left 
The heaven-born intelligence, and fire 
Of uncompounded spirit. All of these, 
When they have through a thousand years 

rolled round 
The wheel [of Time], to Lethe's flood the 

god 
Forth summons in a mighty host ; to wit, 
That, void of memory, the vault above 
They may again revisit, and begin 
To wish into their bodies to return." 1059 
Anchises said, and on he draws his son, 
The Sibyl with him too, within the midst 
Of the assemblies, and the humming crowd ; 
And fixes on a hillock, whence them all 
In long array he can in front review, 
And learn their lineaments as they advance. 
' ' Now come ! what fame upon our Dar- 
dan race 



Mason follows up the Christian idea thus beau- 
tifully : 

" O flinty Edgar, 
What ! will this penitence not move thee ? Know 
There is a rose-lipp'd seraph sits on high, 
Who ever bends his holy ear to earth, 
To mark the voice of penitence, to catch 
Her solemn sighs, to tune them to his harp, 
And echo them in harmonies divine 
Up to the throne of Grace." Elfrida. 

1051. " Merlin. But follow thou the whispers of 

thy soul, 
That draw thee nearer Heaven ; 
And, as thy place is nearest to the sky, 
The rays will reach thee first, and bleach thy soot. 

Philidel. In hope of^that I spread my azure 
wings, 
And wishing still, — for yet I dare not pray, — 
I bask in daylight, and behold with joy 
My scum work outward, and my rust wear off." 
Dry den, King Arthur, ii. 1. 

1059. " Heavens ! can you then thus waste, in 

shameful wise, 
Your few important days of trial here ? 
Heirs of eternity ! yborn to rise 
Through endless states of being, still more near 
To bliss approaching, and perfection clear, 
Can you renounce a fortune so sublime, 
Such glorious hopes, your backward steps to steer, 
And roll, with vilest brutes, thro' mud and slime ! 
No ! no ! — Your heaven-touch'd heart disdains the 
sordid crime !" 

" Not less the life, the vivid joy serene, 
That lighted up these new-created men, 
Than that which wings th' exulting spirit clean, 
When just deliver'd from his fleshly den, 
It soaring seeks its native skies agen : 
How light its essence ! how unclogg'd its powers, 
Beyond the blazon of my mortal pen ! 
Ev'n so we glad forsook the sinful bowers, 

Ev'n such enrapturd life, such energy was ours." 
Thomson, Castle of Indolence, ii. end. 

1062. Sonantem, v. 753, must not be rendered 
too strongly : see vv. 705-9. 



v. 756—779- 



BOOK VI. 



v. 779—800. 



199 



Attends hereafter, what posterity 
From the Italian nation us awaits, — 
Distinguished spirits, and about to pass 
Into our name, — I will explain in speech, 
And in thy destinies will tutor thee. 107 1 
"Yon youth, thou seest, who on his 

headless spear 
Is leaning, holds by lot the nearest post 
To light. He foremost to the stars of 

heaven, 
Commingled with Italian blood, shall rise, — 
Silvius, an Alban title, thy last child ; 
Whom late to thee, in thy old age, thy 

spouse 
Lavinia shall bring forth within the woods, 
A king, and sire of kings, from whom our 

line 
Shall rule in Alba Longa. He the next 
Is Procas, of the Trojan race the pride, 
And Capys [too], and Numitor, and he, 
Who thee shall in his name reflect, Silvius 
^neas, equally for piety 1084 

Or arms distinguished, if at any time 
He Alba shall receive to rule. What youths ! 
Behold what mighty pow'rs do they display ! 
E'en shaded with the civic oak, they bear 
Their temples. These Nomentum shall for 

thee, 
And Gabii, and Fidense's city ; these 1090 
Shall plant upon the hills Collatia's towers, 
For praise of chastity renowned ; and add 
Pometii the haughty, and the Fort 
Of Inuus, and Bola, Cora too. 
These then shall be their names ; the lands 

are now 
Without a name. Yea too, in company 
With his grandsire, Mavortian Romulus 
Shall join him ; whom shall of Assarac's 

blood 



1069. The idea in ituras, v. 758, seems to be that 
which Sir John Davies combats here : 
" Nor in a secret cloister doth he keep 

These virgin-spirits, till their marriage-day ; 
Nor locks them up in chambers, where they sleep 
Till they awake within these beds of clay." 
humortality of the Soul, section 5. 
But Thomson avails himself of it in Alfred, ii. 3 : 
" From those eternal regions bright, 
Where suns that never set in night 

Diffuse the golden day, 
Where Spring unfading pours around, 
O'er all the dew-impearled ground, 

Her thousand colours gay ; 
O ! whether on the fountain's flowery side, 
Whence living waters glide, 
Or in the fragrant grove 
Whose shade embosoms Peace and Love, 
New pleasures all your hours employ, 
And ravish every sense with every joy: 
Great heirs of empire yet unborn 
Who shall this island late adorn ! 
A monarch's drooping thought to cheer, 
Appear ! appear ! appear !" 



His mother Ilia bring to light. Dost thou 

not see 
How double plumes are standing from his 

head, 1 100 

And e'en the father of the gods above 
Now stamps him with a dignity, his own ? 
Behold ! beneath his auspices, my son, 
That glorious Rome her sovereignty shall 

bring 
To match with earth, her gallantly with 

heaven, 
And singly for herself her seven heights 
With rampart girdle, happy in a race 
Of heroes : as the Berecynthian dame 
Is wafted in her chariot, crowned with 

towers, 
Through Phrygia's cities, blithe with birth 

of gods, 1 1 10 

A hundred grandsons folding in her arms, 
All denizens of heav'n, all tenanting 
The heights empyreal. Hither both thine 

eyes 
Now turn ; this nation view, e'en Romans 

thine. 
This Caesar is, and all lulus' strain, 
Decreed to pass beneath the mighty cope 
Of heav'n. This is the man, this he, whom 

thou 
Dost often, often hear to thee is pledged, — 
Augustus Caesar, offspring of a god ; 
He who shall found the age of gold again 
In Latium, o'er the territories ruled 1121 
By Saturn erst ; and past the Garamants 
And Indians shall his sovereignty extend. 
Without the constellations lies their land, 
Without the pathways of the year and sun, 
Where heav'n-supporting Atlas whirls the 

pole 
Upon his shoulder, chased with blazing 

stars. 
At his approach e'en now both Caspian 

realms, 
And the Mseotian land, are struck aghast 

1 125. " In climes beyond the solar road, 
Where shaggy forms o'er ice-built mountains 

roam, 
The Muse has broke the twilight gloom, 
To cheer the shivering native's dull abode." 
Gray, The Progress of Poesy. 

1127. " Even from the fiery-spangled veil of 
heaven." 

Marlowe, Tamburlainc the Great, v. 2. 

Dr. Young has somewhere "blossomed with 
stars." Milton's " powdered with Stars," P. L., 
b. vii., may have been taken from Sackville's In- 
duction, st. 9 : 

" Then looking upward to the heavens beames, 
With nightes starres thicke powdred every where, 
Which erst so glistened with the golden streames, 
That chcarefull Phebus spred dovvne from his 
sphere." 



v. 800— 8t8. 



THE jENEID. 



v. 818—832. 



At answers of the gods, and troubled be 
The flurried outlets of the sev'nfold Nile. 
Nor did in sooth Alcides overpass 1132 
So wide [a span] of earth, although he 

pierced 
The bronzen-footed hind, or tranquillized 
The groves of Erymanth, and Lerna forced 
To shudder through his bow : nor he who 

sways 
His team with reins, encircled with the vine, 
In conquest, — Liber, driving tigers down 
From Nysa's lofty crest. And do we still 
Demur to spread our fame by our exploits ? 
Or is it fear, that bars our settling down 
Upon Ausonia's land ?" " But who is he 
Afar, distinguished by the olive-sprays, 
Bearing the holy things ?" "I know the 
locks 1 144 

And frosty chin of Roma's monarch, who 
The city first shall stablish by his laws ; 
From petty Cures, and a poor estate, 
Commissioned to majestic sway. To whom 
Shall Tullus next succeed, he who shall 

break 
The quiet of his native land, and rouse 1 150 
To arms his restful subjects, and the hosts, 
To triumphs now unused. Whom follows 

close 
Too vauntful Ancus, now, e'en now, o'er- 

much 
Rejoicing in mob-breath. And dost thou 

list 



1 147, 8. " And, as in cloudy days, we see the sun 
Glide over turrets, temples, richest fields, 
All those left dark, and slighted in his way, 
And on the wretched plight of some poor shed, 
Pours all the glories of his golden head : 
So heavenly virtue on this envied lord 
Points all his graces." Shirley, Chabot, iv. 1. 

1153, 4. " O popular applause ! What heart of man 
Is proof against thy sweet seducing charms? 
The wisest and the best feel urgent need 
Of all their caution in thy gentlest gales ; 
But swell'd into a gust, — who then, alas ! 
With all his canvas set, and inexpert, 
And therefore heedless, can withstand thy 
pow'r 1" Cowper, Task, b. ii. 

" Foe to restraint, unpractis'd in deceit, 
Too resolute, from nature's active heat, 
To brook affronts, and tamely pass them by ; 
Too proud to flatter, too sincere to lie, 
Too plain to please, too honest to be great, 
Give me, kind Heav'n, an humbler, happier state ; 
Far from the place where men with pride deceive, 
Where rascals promise, and where fools believe ; 
Far from the walk of folly, vice, and strife, 
Calm, independent, let me steal through life, 
Nor one vain wish my steady thoughts beguile 
To fear his lordship's frown, or court his smile." 
Churchill, Night. 

" Wilt thou assign the flatteries, whereon 
The reeling pillars of a popular breath 
Have rais'd thy giant-like conceit ?" 

Beaumont and Fletcher, The Laws of Candy, i. 2. 



The Tarqu'in monarchs, and the haughty 

soul 
Of vengeful Brutus, and the fascial rods, 
Recovered, to behold ? The consul's sway 
And ruthless axes he shall first receive ; 
And, [though] a father, shall his sons, 

strange wars 
Arousing, to their punishment, for sake 1 160 
Of beauteous freedom, call. Unhappy man ! 
Howe'er posterity these deeds shall brook, 
The love of country, and a boundless lust 
Of praises, shall prevail. Moreover too, 
The Decii, and the Drusi far away, 
And, unrelenting with his axe, behold 
Torquatus ; and, the standards bringing 

back, 
Camillus. But those sprites, whom thou 

perceiv'st 
Gleaming in weapons uniform, in heart 
Knit now, and while in night they're over- 
whelmed, — 1 1 70 
Alas ! how sore the war between them, if 
The light of life they shall have reached ! 

How sore 
The battles and the carnage they shall wake! 
From Alpine piles, and from Moncecus 5 

tower, 
The sire-in-law down swooping; son-in-law, 



1 159. " Raymond. What 'treason is it to redeem 
my king, 
And to reform the state ? 

Torrismond. That's a stale cheat : 

The primitive rebel, Lucifer, first us'd it, 
And was the first reformer of the skies." 

Dryden, Spanish Fryar, v. 

1161. " Beauteous freedom." The Tarquins 
would have said : 

" Now mince the sin, 
And mollify damnation with a phrase." 

Dryden, Spanish Fryar, v. 

1162. " Brook," or, perhaps, "tell." The mean- 
ing of the passage seems to be this. It is as if 
Anchises had said: "I am aware that this act of 
Brutus is questionable, and that hereafter it will be 
freely canvassed, and by some as freely condemned. 
But, notwithstanding this difference of opinion, I 
believe that the upholders of Brutus will at last 
carry the world with them. The love of country, 
and the desire for the approval of good men, will 
be pronounced paramount to all considerations of 
private interest or affection." 

1163, 4. " Though the desire of fame be the last 
weakness 
Wise men put off." 

Massinger, A Very Woman, v. 4. 

Gifford, in a note on this passage, says that 
Massinger and Milton (who calls fame, "That 
last infirmity of a noble mind,") were probably both 
indebted to Tacitus: " Qnando ctiam sapientibus 
c up ido gloria: 7iovissima exuitur.'" Hist. xi. 6. 

1 171. "If you can look into the seeds of time, 
And say, which grain will grow, and which will 
not." Shakespeare, Macbeth, i. 3. 



v. 832—847. 



BOOK VI. 



v. 847—866. 



With troops to meet him, from the East 

supplied ! 
Do not, my sons, do not familiarize 
Such grievous battles to your minds, nor turn 
Your lusty strength against your country's 

bowels : 
And thou the first, do thou forbear, who 

draw'st 1 1 80 

Thy lineage from Olympus ; fling away 
The weapons from thy hand, O my own 

blood ! 
That [warrior] to the lofty Capitol, 
A conqueror, on Corinth triumphed o'er, 
Shall drive his chariot, marked by slaugh- 
tered Greeks. 
This Argos shall uproot, Mycenae, too, 
[The seat] of Agamemnon, aye and e'en 
A child of yEacus, Achilles' seed, 
The powerful in armor, having venged 
The ancestors of Troja, and Minerva's 

fane, 1190 

That was disgraced. Who, mighty Cato, 

thee, 
Or thee, OCossus, could unmentioned leave? 
Who could the race of Gracchus ? Or [those] 

twain, 
Two levin-bolts of war, the Scipios, 
The scourge of Libya? And Fabricius, 
A master [spirit] in a petty sphere ? 
Or thee, Serranus, sowing in thy trench ? 
Whither, O Fabii, hurry wearied me ? 
Thou art that " Maximus," who dost alone 



1179. " See, see, the pining malady of France ! 
Behold the wounds, the most unnatural wounds, 
Which thou thyself hast given her woful breast ! 
O, turn thy edged sword another way ; 
Strike those that hurt, and hurt not those that 

help; 
One drop of blood, drawn from thy country's 

bosom, 
Should grieve thee more than streams of foreign 

gore.''' Shakespeare, 1 K. Hen. VI. , iii. 3. 

" Every wound 
We give our country is a crimson tear 
From our own heart. They are a viperous brood 
Gnaw through the bowels of their parent." 

Shirley, The Politician, iv. 2. 

1 197. " Cromwell, I charge thee, fling away am- 
bition : 
By that sin fell the angels." 

Shakespeare, King Henry VIII., iii. 2. 

" You have worth, 
Richly enamelled with modesty ; 
And, though your lofty merit might sit crown'd 
On Caucasus, or the Pyrenaean mountains, 
You choose the humbler valley, and had rather 
Grow a safe shrub below, than dare the winds, 
And be a cedar." 

Randolph, The Muses? Looking-Glass , iii. 2. 

" Trust me, I prize poor virtue with a rag 
Better than vice with both the Indies." 

Beaumont and I- letcher, The Faithful 
Friends t iv. 4. 



For us by dallying retrieve the state. 1200 
Others more tenderly shall model out 
Their breathing bronzes, truly I believe ; 
Shall living features from the marble draw ; 
Plead causes better ; and the heav'n's career 
Map out with wand, and rise of stars de- 
scribe : 
Do thou, to rule the nations 'neath thy 

sway, 
Remember, Roman ! these shall be thy 

arts : — 
E'en to obtrude upon them terms of peace, 
To spare the prostrate, and to crush the 

proud." 
Thus sire Anchises ; and, in their amaze, 
He these subjoins : " s See how Marcellus, 

badged 121 1 

With trophies from the gen'ral, stalks along 
And, conq'ror, all the heroes overtops ! 
He shall the state of Rome, while tumult vast 
Is troubling it, support j he, mounted on 

his steed, 
Shall quell the Poeni and revolting Gaul, 
And the third captured arms shall hang aloft 
To sire Quirinus." And /Eneas here : — 
For pacing by his side he saw a youth, 
Peerless in figure and*in gleaming arms, 
Eut little blithe his forehead, and his eyne 
With downcast look : — " Who, sire, is he, 

who thus 1222 

Accompanies the warrior as he goes ? 
His son ? Or any of his mighty stock 
Of grandsons ? What a buzz of retinue 



1202. " Breathing :" that is, of course, seemingly 
alive; as Spenser represents Minerva working a 
Butterfly : 

" Emongst these leaves she made a butterflie, 
With excellent device and wondrous slight, 
Fluttring among the olives wantonly, 
That seem'd to live, so like it was in sight : 
The velvet nap which on his wings doth lie, 
The silken downe with which his backe is dight, 
His broad outstretched homes, his hayrie thies, 
His glorious colours, and his glistering eies." 
Muiopotmos, 42. 

" Such are thy pieces, imitating life 

So near, they almost conquer in the strife." 

Dryden, Ep. to Sir G. Kneller. 

" Still to new scenes my wandering muse retires, 
And the dumb show of breathing rocks admires ; 
Where the smooth chisel all its force has shown, 
And soften'd into flesh the rugged stone." 

Addison, Letter to Lord Halifax. 

" Beneath yon storied roof, where mimic life 
Glows to the eye, and at the painter's touch 
A new creation lives along the walls." 

Murphy, The Orphan of China, act ii. 

1225, 6. So Gray of Queen Elizabeth: 
" Girt with many a baron bold 

Sublime their starry fronts they rear ; 

And gorgeous dames and statesmen old, 

In bearded majesty, appear. 



v. 866—885. 



THE jENEID. 



v. 885 — 902. 



Around ! His bearing in himself how grand ! 
But ebon Night is hov'ring round his head 
With sullen shade." The sire Anchises then 

began, 
With eyedrops starting forth: " O son, 

seek not 
The weighty sorrows of thy kin. The 

Fates 1230 

Shall but just hold him to the view of earth, 
Nor farther let him live. O'ermuch to you 
Rome's race had puissant seemed, ye gods 

above, 
If these your boons had ever- during proved. 
What grievous groans of warriors will that 

field, 
By Mars' majestic city, send abroad ! 
Aye, too, what obsequies, O Tiberine, 
Shalt thou behold, when thou shalt glide 

along 
By his fresh grave ! Nor shall there any 

youth 
Of Ilian race his Latin ancestors 1240 

To such a lofty pitch with hope upraise : 
Nor ever shall the land of Romulus 
In any nursling vaunt herself so high. 
Ah piety ! Ah faith of olden days ! 
And thou, O right hand, unsubdued in war ! 
Not with impunity would any [knight] 
Have tilted on to meet him, cased in arms, 
Or when afoot against the foeman he would 

march, 
Or gore with spurs his foaming charger's 

flanks. 
Alas ! O youth, for pity meet ! If thou 
Thy felon destinies in any wise 125 1 

Canst burst away, Marcellus thou shalt be. 
By handfuls give me lilies ; let me strew 
Their gaudy blossoms, and uppile the shade 



In the midst a form divine ! 
Her eye proclaims her of the Briton line : 
Her lion-fort, her awe-commanding face, \ 
Attemper'd sweet to virgin grace." 

The Bard, iii. 2. 
1231. " He has a victory in 's death : this world 

Deserved him not. How soon he was translated 

To glorious eternity ! 'Tis too late 

To fright the air with words ; my tears embalm 
him." Shirley, Chabot, end. 

1244. " Oh, thou art gone, and gone with thee all 

goodness, 
The great example of all equity, 
(Oh, thou alone a Roman, thou art perished !) 
Faith, fortitude, and constant nobleness ! 
Weep, Rome ! weep, Italy ! Weep all that knew 

him." J. Fletcher, Valcntinian, iv. 4. 

1254. " Ye valleys low, where the mild whispers 

rise 
Of shades, and wanton winds, and gushing 

brooks, 
On whose fresh lap the swart-star sparely looks ; 
Throw hither all your quaint enamell'd eyes, 
That on the green turf suck the honied showers, 
And purple all the ground with vernal flowers. 



Of my descendant with these gifts at least, 
And an unprofitable duty pay." 

Thus they at large throughout the region 

range 
In spacious plains of air, and all survey. 
Through each whereof when had Anchises 

led 
His son, and fired his spirit with the love 
Of coming fame, he next the hero tells 1261 
The battles, which thereafter should be 

waged ; 
Informs him also of Laurentine clans, 
And city of Latinus ; and the means, 
Whereby each toil he may or shun or bear. 
Two gates there are of Sleep, whereof 

the one 
Is said to be of horn, through which is 

given 
A ready outlet to the real shades : 
The other, lustrous, finished off with sheen 
Of iv'ry ; but [by this] to th' upper world 
Fantastic visions do the Manes send. 127 1 
When with these words Anchises then es- 
corts 
His offspring, and the Sibyl by his side, 
And lets them out by th' iv'ry gate, — he 

treads 
The pathway to the galleys, and his mates 
Revisits ; then straight bears him through 

the shore 
To Caiet's port. The anchor from the bow 
Is cast ; the sterns are resting on the 

strand. 

Bring the rathe primrose that forsaken dies, 
The tufted crow- toe, and pale jessamine, 
The white pink, and the pansy freak'd with jet, 
The glowing violet, 

The musk rose, and the well-attired woodbine, 
With cowslips wan that hang the pensive head, 
And every flower that sad embroidery wears : 
Bid Amaranthus all his beauty shed, 
And daffodillies fill their cups with tears, 
To strew the laureat hearse where Lycid lies." 
Milton, Lycidas. 

" With fairest flowers, 
While'summer lasts, and I live here, Fidele, 
I'll sweeten thy sad grave. Thou shalt not lack 
The flower, that's like thy face, pale primrose ; nor 
The azur'd harebell, like thy veins ; no, nor 
The leafy eglantine, whom not to slander, 
Outsweeten'd not thy breath. The ruddock would, 
With charitable bill," "bring thee all this ; 
Yea, and furr'd moss besides, when flowers are none, 
To winter-guard thy corse." 

Shakespeare, Cymbeline, iv. 2. 

1256. " Hung be the heavens with black, yield day 
to night ! 
Comets, importing change of times and states, 
Brandish your crystal tresses in the sky, 
And with them scourge the bad revolting stars, 
That have consented unto Henry's death ! 
Henry the Fifth, too famous to live long ! 
England ne'er lost a king of so much worth." 
Shakespeare, 1 King Henry VI., i. 1, 1-7. 



•II. 



BOOK VII 



16. 



203 



BOOK VII. 



Thou, also, to our shores, iEnean nurse, 

Caieta, at thy death undying fame 

Hast giv'n ; and now thy glory guards thy 

home, 
And in the great Hesperia does thy name 
Thy bones mark out, if that is any boast. 
But good iEneas, — her funereal rites 
Duly discharged, the barrow of the tomb 
Upraised, — when once the mountain seas 

reposed, 
Pursues his voyage under sail, and quits 
The haven. Breathe the breezes on the night, 
Nor does the silver moon their course 

forbid ; II 

The ocean gleams beneath her dancing 

ray. 
The nearest shores to Circe's land are grazed, 
Wherein the wealthy daughter of the Sun 

Line 8. " And weary waves, withdrawing from the 
fight, 
Lie lull'd and panting on the silent shore." 
Dryden, Annus Mir abitis, 98. 
11, 12. " Now through the passing cloud she seems 
to stoop, 
Now up the pure cerulean rides sublime. 
Wide the pale deluge floats, and streaming mild 
O'er the sky'd mountain to the shadowy vale, 
While rocks and floods reflect the quivering gleam, 
The whole air whitens with a boundless tide 
Of silver radiance, trembling round the world." 
Thomson, Autumn. 
" But soft ! the golden glow subsides ; 
Her chariot mounts on high ; 
And now in silver'd pomp she rides 
Pale regent of the sky." 

Cunningham, TJie Contemplatist, 7. 

12. Or, by less displacement of the Latin words : 
" Gleams underneath her bickering light the deep." 

14. " Within the navel of this hideous wood, 
Immured in cypress shades a sorcerer dwells, 
Of Bacchus and of Circe born, great Comus, 
Deep skill'd in all his mother's witcheries ; 
And here to every thirsty wanderer 
By sly enticement gives his baneful cup, 
With many murmurs mix'd, whose pleasing poison 
The visage quite transforms of him that drinks, 
And the inglorious likeness of a beast 
Fixes instead, unmoulding reason's mintage, 
Character'd in the face. This have I learnt, 
Tending my flocks hard by i' the hilly crofts, 
That brow this bottom glade : whence night by 

night 
He and his monstrous rout are heard to howl, 
Like stabled wolves, or tigers at their prey, 
Doing abhorred rites to Hecate 
In their obscured haunts of inward bowers. 
Yet have they many baits, and guileful spells, 
To inveigle and invite the unwary sense 
Of them that pass unweeting by the way." 

Milton, Comus. 
See Ben Jonson's magnificent Witch scene in 

The Masgue of Queens, enacted before James I., 

1609. 



The groves, that must not be approached, 

makes ring 
With ceaseless song, and in her prideful 

domes 
Burns musky cedar for her nightly lamps, 
Traveling the filmy warp with whistling 

reed. 
Hence groans are clearly heard, and lions' 

wrath, 19 

Rejecting chains, and roaring late at night; 



16. " Can any mortal mixture of earth's mould 
Breathe such divine, enchanting ravishment ? 
Sure something holy lodges in that breast, 
And with these raptures moves the vocal air 
To testify his hidden residence. 
How sweetly did they float upon the wings 
Of silence, through the empty-vaulted night, 
At every fall smoothing the raven down 
Of darkness, till it smil'd ! I have oft heard 
My mother Circe with the Syrens three, 
Amidst the flowery-kirtled Naiades, 
Culling their potent herbs and baleful drugs ; 
Who, as they sung, would take the prisond soul, 
And lap it in Elysium." Milton, Covins. 

19. " Whiles we stood here securing your repose, 
Even now, we heard a hollow burst of bellowing, 
Like bulls, or rather lions : did it not wake you 'i 
It struck mine ear most terribly." 

Shakespeare, Te7iipest, ii. 1. 

" Silence and solitude are every where. 

Through all the gloomy ways, and iron doors, 
That hither lead, nor human face nor voice 
Is seen or heard. A dreadful din was wont 
To grate the sense, when entered here, from 

groans, 
And howls of slaves condemned ; from clink of 

chains, 
And crash of rusty bars and creaking hinges : 
And ever and anon the sight was dashed 
With frightful faces, and the meagre looks 
Of grim and ghastly executioners." 

Congreve, The Mozirning Bride, v. 

" He knows her shifts and haunts ; 
And all her wiles and turns ; the venom'd plants 
Wherewith she kills ; where the sad mandrake 

grows, 
Whose groans are deathful : the dead-numbing 

nightshade, 
The stupefying hemlock, adder's tongue, 
And martagan : the shrieks of luckless owls 
We hear, and croaking night-crows in the air ! 
Green-bellied snakes, blue fire-drakes in the sky, 
And giddy flitter-mice with leathern wings ! 
The scaly beetles, with their habergeons. 
That make a humming murmur as they fly ! 
There in the stocks of trees white faies do dwell, 
And span-long elves that dance about a pool, 
With each a little changeling in their arms ! 
The airy spirits play with falling stars 
And mount the sphere of fire to kiss the moon ! 
While she sits reading by the glow-worm's light, 
Or rotten wood, o'er which the worm hath crept, 
The baneful schedule of her nocent charms, 
And binding characters, through which she wounds 
Her puppets, the sigilla of her witchcraft." 

Ben Jonson, The Sad Shepherd, ii. 2. 



204 



v. 17—33- 



THE JENETD. 



v. 33—48. 



And bristly boars and bears within their 

stalls 
Are raging ; howl, too, shapes of monster 

wolves ; 
Which from the guise of men the goddess 

grim, 
Circe, had by her pow'rful herbs transshaped 
To visages and forms of savage beasts. 
Which such portents that Troja's holy sons 
Might not endure, when wafted into port, 
Nor near the shores accursed, Neptune 

filled 
Their sails with fav'ring winds, and sped 

their flight, 
And carried them beyond the seething 

shoals. 30 

And now 'gan flush with beams [of light] 

the main, 
And from the lofty welkin saffron Morn 
In rosy chariot gleamed ; when fell the 

gales, 
And every blast sank suddenly to rest, 
And on the lazy surface strain the oars. 
And here a grove immense .^Eneas spies 
From forth the ocean. Through the midst 

thereof 
[The god] of Tiber in his charming stream, 
With racing eddies, and of golden hue 
With plenteous sand, bursts onward to the 

sea ; 40 

And motley birds around and overhead, 
Used to the banks and channel of the tide, 



26, 7. " You spotted snakes, with double tongue, 
Thorny hedge-hogs, be not seen ; 
Newts, and blind-worms do no wrong : 
Come not near our fairy queen. 

Philomel, with melody 

Sing in our sweet lullaby : 
Lulla, lulla, lullaby ; lulla, lulla, lullaby ; 
Never harm, nor spell, nor charm, 
Come our lovely lady nigh ; 
So, good night, with lullaby. 

Weaving spiders, come not here ; 

Hence, you long-legg'd spinners, hence ; 
Beetles black, approach not near ; 

Worm, nor snail, do no offence." 
Shakespeare, Midsummer Night's Dream, ii. 3. 

" I know thy trains, 
Though dearly to my cost, thy gins, and toils ; 
Thy fair enchanted cup, and warbling charms, 
No more on me have power ; their force is null'd : 
So much of adder's wisdom have I learn'd, . 
To fence my ear against thy sorceries." 

Milton, Samson. 

28. Similarly Guyon escapes the "Rock of Re- 
proch :" 

" So forth they rowed ; and that ferryman 
With his stiffe oares did brush the sea so strong, 
That the hoare waters from his frigot ran, 
And the light bubbles daunced all along, 
Whiles the salt brine out of the billowes sprong." 
Spenser, Faerie Queene, ii. 12, 10. 



The welkin were enchanting with their 

song, 
And flutt'ring through the grove. To 

bend their course, 
And veer the prows to land, he bids the 

crews, 
And enters in delight the shady flood. 
Come now, O Erato, who were the 
. kings, 
What crises of affairs, the posture what 
Of ancient Latium, when a foreign host 
Their fleet first landed on Ausonian coasts, 
Will I unfold, and from the first retrace 5 1 
The sources of the fray : thou, thou, thy 

bard, 
Teach, goddess ! I will sing of dreadful 

wars, 
Will sing of battles, and of princes, forced 
To death by passions, and the Tyrrhene 

band, 
And whole Hesperia mustered under arms. 
A higher train of subjects rises up 
For me ; a higher task I undertake. 

The kingLatinus fields and towns, at rest 
In lengthful peace, in years now stricken, 

ruled. 60 

That he of Faunus and a Laurent Nymph, 
Marica, was begotten, we receive. 
To Faunus Picus father was : and he 



43. " The briddes singen, it is no nay, 
The sperhauk and the popingay, 

That joie it was to here ; 
The throstel cok made eke his lay, 
The wode dove upon the spray, 
He sang ful loude and clere." 

Chaucer, Rime of Sir Thofias, 10. 

" The warblers lively tunes essay, 
The lark on wing, the linnet on the spray, 
While music trembles in their songful throats ; 
The bullfinch whistles soft his flute-like notes, 
The bolder blackbird swells sonorous lays ; 
The varying thrush commands a tuneful maze : 
Each a wild length of melody pursues, 
While the soft-murmuring, amorous wood-dove 

coos ; 
And, when in spring these melting mixtures flow, 
The cuckoo sends her unison of woe." 

Savage, The Wanderer, c. v. 

53. " So much the rather thou, celestial Light, 
Shine inward, and the mind through all her 

powers 
Irradiate ; there plant eyes, all mist from thence 
Purge and disperse, that I may see and tell 
Of things invisible to mortal sight." 

Milton, P. L., b. iii. 

57. " Thee I revisit now with bolder wing, 

Escap'd the Stygian pool, though long detain'd 
In that obscure sojourn, while in my flight 
Through utter and through middle darkness 

borne, 
With other notes than to the Orphean lyre, 
I sung of Chaos and eternal Night; 
Taught by the heavenly muse to venture down 
The dark descent, and up to reascend, 
Though hard and rare." Ibid. 



:- 7 6. 



BOOK VII. 



v. 76 — 96. 



205 



Relates that thou, O Saturn, wast his sire ; 
Thou art remotest founder of the race. 
By the decree of gods, a son to him 
And issue male was none ; e'en as it dawned, 
'Twas ravished from him in the prime of 

youth. 
His palace, and his tenements so vast, 
An only daughter kept, now ripe for man, 
Now fit for marriage in completed years. 
Her, many from great Latium, and through- 
out 72 
Entire Ausonia, courted ; Turnus courts, 
Before all other [suitors] passing fair, 
Of pow'r through ancestors on ancestors ; 
Whom to have linked to her as son-in-law 
The royal consort sped with wondrous zeal: 
But signs of gods with manifold alarms 
Withstand. There was a "Laurel" 'mid 

the dome, 
Within its deep recesses, consecrate 80 
In locks, and during many a year with awe 
Enguarded ; which, when lighted on, the 

sire 
Latinus, when he reared his maiden towers, 
Himself was rumored to have sanctified 
For Phoebus, and therefrom the name, 
" Laurentines," on the settlers to have fixed. 
The topmost crest hereof did clustering 

bees, — 
A marvel to be told ! — with mighty hum 
Across the limpid welkin borne, invest, 
And, with their feet in one another's linked, 
A swarm hung sudden, from a bough in leaf. 
Straight cries a seer : " A foreign hero we 
Behold approaching, and a host in quest 93 
Of the same quarters from the selfsame parts, 
And lording o'er us from the castle height." 
Moreover, while the altars with religious 

links 
The maid Lavinia kindles, as she stands 
Beside her father, she appeared, — oh, 

dread ! — 
With her long tresses to catch up the fire, 
And through her whole apparel to be burnt 
In crackling flame, alike in royal locks 
Ablaze, ablaze in diadem, adorned 102 



79. Laurus, however, is the "bay-tree." 

80. " For it had been an auncient tree 
Sacred with many a mysteree, 
And often crost with the priestes crewe, 
And often hallowed with holy-water dewe." 

Sheplieards Calender, Februarie. 

102. " 'Tis well ! so great a beauty 

Must have her ornaments. Nature adorns 
The peacock's tail with stars ; 'tis she attires 
The bird of paradise in all her plumes ; 
She decks the fields with various flowers ; 'tis she 
Spangled the heavens with all those glorious 

lights : 
She spotted the ermine's skin ; and arm'd the fish 



With jewelry ; then smoky to be wrapt 
In ruddy light, and all throughout the dome 
To scatter Vulcan. This in sooth was held 
[A] dread [portent], and wondrous to be 

seen : 
For chanted they that she would brilliant 

prove 
In fame and fortunes ; but that it presaged 
To her own people a momentous war. 
But, anxious at the prodigies, the king no 
The oracles of Faunus, his prophetic sire, 
Approaches, and consults the groves 
By deep Albunea, which of woodland 

[streams] 
The noblest, from its holy well-head brawls, 
And, dark, breathes out fell pestilential 

reek. 
Herefrom the clans of Italy, and all 
OZnotria's land in their perplexities 
Seek answers. Hither when his gifts the 

priest 
Hath brought, and underneath the stilly 

night, 
On skins of butchered ewes outspread, lain 
down, 1 20 

And slumbers courted ; many a spectral 

shape, 
In wondrous fashions flutt'ring, he beholds, 
And sundry voices hears ; enjoys he too 
The converse of the gods, and from Avernus' 

depths 
Accosts the Ach'ron. Here then e'en himself 
The sire Latinus, seeking for replies, 
A hundred woolly ewes of two years old 
Slew duly, and upon the skin thereof, 
And fleeces spread, he cushioned lay. A 

voice 
Is sudden from the lofty grove returned : 
" Seek not in Latin marriage-ties to wed 

In silver mail. But man she sent forth naked, 
Not that he should remain so, but that he, 
Indued with reason, should adorn himself 
With every one of these. The silk-worm is 
Only man's spinster ; else we might suspect 
That she esteem'd the painted butterfly 
Above her master-piece. You are the image 
Of that bright goddess, therefore wear the jewels 
Of all the east ; let the Red Sea be ransack'd 
To make you glitter." 

Randolph, Tlie Muses' Looking-Glass, iv. 1. 

112. "As those Druids taught, which kept the 
British rites, 
And dwelt in darksome groves, there counselling 
with sprites." Drayton, Polyolbion, s. i. 34, 5. 

124. " Oh ! bear me to the vast embowering shades, 
To twilight groves, and visionary vales ; 
To weeping grottoes, and prophetic glooms ; 
Where angel forms athwart the solemn dusk 
Tremendous sweep, or seem to sweep along ; 
And voices more than human, through the void 
Deep-sounding, seize th' enthusiastic ear !" 

Thomson, Autumn. 



206 



v. 96 — 126. 



THE jENEID. 



v. 126 — 146. 



Thy daughter, O my offspring, neither trust 
The nuptial union that has been arranged. 
Come foreign sons-in-law, who by their 
blood 134 

Our reputation to the stars may waft, 
And from whose root our children's chil- 
dren, all 
Beneath their feet, where Sol, careering 

back, 
Each Ocean views, both rolled and ruled 

shall see." 
These father Faunus' answers and his 

warnings, 
Vouchsafed him in the still of night, him- 
self 140 
Latinus shuts not up within his lip ; 
But, flitting round far-wide, had Rumor 

now 
Through towns Ausonian wafted them away, 
When the Laomedontian youth fast moored 
Their navy to the margent's turfy rise. 

yEneas, and the leading chiefs, and fair 
lulus, lay their bodies down beneath 
The branches of a stately tree, and set 
In order their repast, and wheaten cakes 
Along the grass they place beneath the 
feast ; — 150 

'Twas thus that did he, Jupiter, inspire ; — 
And with wild fruits the corny board enrich. 
Here th' other [cates] by chance devoured, 

what time 
To turn their teeth upon the scanty bread 
The dearth of diet forced them, and profane 
With hand and jaws presumptuous the disc 
Of fateful cake, nor spare its quarters broad : 
" Ho ! e'en our boards are we devouring !" 

cries 
lulus, nor indulging further jests. 
That speech, when heard, first brought an 
end of woes ; 160 

And from the speaker's lips straight caught 

it up 
His sire, and, mazed at th' oracle, he 

paused. 
Forthwith, ' ' Hail ! land by fates my due, 

and ye," 
He cries, ' ' O trusty household gods of Troy, 
All hail ! Our home is here, our country 

this. 
For sire Anchises suchlike mysteries 
Of fates, — I now recall it, — hath to me 
Bequeathed : ' What time shall hunger thee, 

my son, 
To shores unknown conveyed, when be 

thy cates 
Consumed, compel thy tables to devour, — 
Then, wearied out, remember to expect 171 



[45. Latin: "from.' 



Bitings on." 



Thy homes, and there to plant with [thy 

own] hand 
Thy maiden roofs, and found them with a 

trench. 
This was that hunger ; this the crowning 

[act] 
Awaited us, to set a bound to woes. 
Then come, and gladsome with the Sun's 

first light— 
What spots, or who the men that hold 

them, where 
The city of the nation, — let us trace, 
And [regions,] branching from the harbor, 

seek. 
•Now saucers in libation pour ye forth 180 
To Jove, and with your orisons invoke 
My sire Anchises, and the wines replace 
Upon the boards." Thus having spoken 

forth, 
He then his temples with a leafing bough 
Enwreathes, and both the Genius of the 

place, 
And Tellus, foremost of the gods, and 

Nymphs, 
And Floods, unknown as yet, he prays ; 

then Night, 
And Night's arising signs, and Ida's Jove ; 
And next the Phrygian Mother he invokes, 
And both his parents both in heaven and 

hell. 
Then the almighty father thrice from heaven 
Aloft in brightness thundered ; and, afire 
With rays of sheen and gold, within his 

hand 193 

He, shaking it himself, from heaven dis- 
played 
A cloud. Here suddenly a rumor 's spread 
Through Troja's squadrons, that the day 

was come, 
Wherein the walls, their due, they might 

uprear. 
In rivalry the banquet they renew, 
And, at the mighty prodigy rejoiced, 



176. As if he had said : 
" Hence, loathed Melancholy, 

Of Cerberus and blackest Midnight born, 
In Stygian cave forlorn, 
'Mongst horrid shapes, and shrieks, and sights 
unholy, 
Find out some uncouth cell 
Where brooding Darkness spreads his jealous 

wings, 
And the night-raven sings : 
There under ebon shades and low-brow'd rocks 
As rugged as thy locks, 

In dark Cimmerian desert ever dwell." 

Milton, V Allegro. 

193. " R ; ght against the eastern gate, 
Where the sun begins his state, 
Robed in flames, and amber light, 
The clouds in thousand liveries dight." 

Ibid. 



v. 147 — 17 1 - 



BOOK VII 



v. 171 — 185. 



207 



They set the wassail-bowls, and crown the 

wines. 200 

What time next Day, with earliest torch 

arisen, 
Surveyed the lands, the nation's city, and 

its bourns, 
And shores, in groups dissevered search 

they out ; — 
That these are plashes of Numicius' spring, 
That this the river Tiber, that here dwell 
The gallant Latins. Then Anchises' son 
A hundred envoys, culled from every rank, 
To the majestic palace of the king 
Commands to march, all decked with 

Pallas' sprays, 
And bear the hero presents, and entreat 210 
Peace for the Teucri. No demur : they 

haste, 
[As] ordered, and with rapid steps are 

borne. 
Himself scores out the walls with lowly 

trench, 
And builds upon the spot ; and on the 

shore 
Their homes, the first, in fashion of a camp, 
Encompasses with battlements and mound. 
And now their journey having spanned, 

the towers 
Of the Latini, and their lofty roofs, 
The youths began to see, and near the wall. 
Before the city, boys, and, in the bloom 220 
Of early age, the youth are trained on steeds, 
And tame their chariot[- courser] s on the 

dust; 
Or strain the restive bows, or limber bolts 
Launch by [the dint of] arms, and in the race 
And fight give challenge : when upon his 

steed 
Borne in advance, to th'aged monarch's ears 
A courier brings the news, that giant men 
In strange apparel had arrived. He gives 
Commandment, that within the palace they 
Should be invited, and he in the midst 230 
Upon his throne ancestral took his seat. 

A dome, majestical, immense, upraised 
Aloft upon a hundred pillars, stood 



200. The following song is introduced by Beau- 
mont and Fletcher in a similar scene in Valen- 
tinian, v. 8 : 

" God Lyseus, ever young, 
Ever honour'd, ever sung, 
Stain'd with blood of lusty grapes, 
In a thousand lusty shapes. 
Dance upon the mazer's brim, 
In the crimson liquor swim ; 
From thy plenteous hand divine, 
Let a river run with wine : 
God of youth, let this day here 
Enter neither care nor fear !" 

233. " From furthest Africa's tormented womb 
The marble brought erects the spacious dome, 



Upon the city's crest, the royal court 
Of Laurent Picus, awful from its woods, 
And rev'rence of the fathers. Here to take 
Their sceptres, and first fasces to upraise, 
Was the auspicious usance of the kings ; 
This sainted building was their senate-hall, 
These the apartments for their holy feasts ; 
Here, on the slaughter of a ram, the sires 
At stretching boards were wont to seat them 

down. 242 

Yea, too, the statues of their ancestors of 

yore, 
In line, of cedar old, — both Italus, 
And sire Sabinus, planter of the vine, 
Holding a hooky bill below his bust, 
And Saturn aged, and twain-faced Janus' 

form, 
Were standing in the court ; and other 

kings 
From the beginning, who the wounds of 

war 
In fighting for their country's sake endured. 
And many arms, moreo'er, on holy posts, 
Cars captived, hang, arched battle-axes too, 
And plumes of casques, and massy bars of 

gates, 253 

Or forms the pillars' long-extended rows, 

On which the planted grove, the pensile garden, 

grows. 
The workmen here obey the master's call, 
To gild the turret, and to paint the wall ; 
To mark the pavement there with various stone, 
And on the jasper steps to rear the throne. 
The spreading cedar, that an age had stood, 
: ' Supreme of trees, and mistress of the wood, 
Cut down and carv'd, my shining roof adorns, 
And Lebanon his ruin'd honour mourns." 

.Prior, Solomon, b. ii. 

243. " Oft let me range the gloomy aisles alone, 
Sad luxury ! to vulgar minds unknown. 
Along the walls where speaking marbles show 
What worthies form the hallow'd mould below ; 
Proud names, who once the reins of empire held ; 
In arms who triumph'd, or in arts excell'd ; 
Chiefs, grac'd with scars, and prodigal of blood ; 
Stern patriots, who for sacred freedom stood ; 
Just men, by whom impartial laws are given ; 
And saints, who taught, and led, the way to 
Heaven." Tickell, On the Death of Addison. 

" Those are the models of the ancient world, 
Left like the Roman statues to stir up 
Our following hopes ; the place itself puts on 
The brow of majesty, and flings her lustre 
Like the air newly lighten'd." 

Fletcher, The Noble Gentleman, i. 1. 

250. " Patriots have toil'd, and in their country's 
cause 
Bled nobly ; and their deeds, as they deserve, 
Receive proud recompense. We give in charge 
Their names to the sweet lyre. Tli' historic Muse, 
Proud of the treasure, marches with it down 
To latest times ; and Sculpture, in her turn, 
Gives bond in stone and cver-during bra 
To guard them, and t' immortalise her trust." 
Cowper, Task, v. 



2o8 



v. 186 — 211. 



THE ^ENEID. 



V. 211 237. 



And darts, and shields, and beaks from 

vessels wrenched. 
Himself with his Quirinal augur-staff, 
And scanty "trabea" short-girded, sat, 
And in his left hand the " ancile " bare — 
Picus, steed-tamer : whom, with golden 

wand 
When struck, and metamorphosed by her 

drugs, 
His wooer Circe, witched by passion, made 
A bird, and powdered o'er his wings with 

hues. 261 

Within such holy building of the gods, 
And sitting on th' hereditary throne, 
Latinus to his presence in the dome 
The Teucri summoned, and to them these 

[words], 
When entered in, he first from peaceful lip 
Delivered : " Say, ye sons of Dardanus ! — 
For neither are we unaware 
Or of your city, or your race ; and known 
By rumor, on the main your course ye 

steer, — 270 

What seek ye, what the reason, or whereof 
In want, your galleys to the Auson shore 
Thro' out so many azure seas hath brought ? 
Whether it be by misconceit of course, 
Or driv'n by tempests, such as, many a 

one, 
In deep of ocean mariners endure, 
Within the margents of our river ye 
Have come, and in the harbor lie at rest : 
Fly not 'our hospitality, nor yet 
Be strangers to the Latins, Saturn's race, 
Not righteous by controlment nor by laws, 
Themselves restraining of their free accord, 
And by the usance of their ancient god. 283 
And sooth I mind me, — the tradition goes 
Dim somewhat through [the lapse of] years, 

■ — that thus 
The elders of Auruncans noised it, how, 
Sprung from these countries, Dardanus 

pierced through 
As far as the Idasan towns of Phrygia, 
And Thracian Samos, which now Samo- 

thrace 
Is called. Him, hence set out from Tyrr- 
hene seat 290 
Of Coryth, now upon a throne receives 
The golden palace of the starry sky, 



282. " The rest, we live 

Law to ourselves : our reason is our law." 

Milton, P. L., b. ix. 

292. " But see, my Muse, if yet thy ravish'd sight 
Can bear that blaze, that rushing stream of light, 
Where the great hero's disencumber'd soul 
Springs from the Earth to reach her native pole. 
Boldly she quits th' abandoned cask of clay, 
Freed from her chains, and towers th' ethereal 
way ; 



And of the altars of the gods he swells 
The number." He had spoken, and his 

speech 
Ilioneus thus followed with his voice : 

' ' O king, of Faunus the distinguished son, 
Nor, tossed by billows, hath a murky storm 
Forced us to enter on your lands, nor star, 
Or shore, misled us from our line of route : 
We all, of purpose and with willing minds, 
Are wafted to this city, driv'n from realms, 
The greatest whilom, which, in his career 
From farmost heaven, used the Sun to view. 
From Jove the fountain of our race ; in 

Jove, 304 

Their ancestor, the Dardan youth rejoice. 
Our king himself, from Jove's sublimest 

strain, 
Troy-born ^neas, sent us to thy courts. 
How fierce a storm, from fell Mycenae burst, 
O'er Ida's plains hath swept ; forced by 

what fates, 
Each sphere of Europe and of Asia 

clashed ; — 310 

E'en he hath heard, if exiles any man 
The end of earth, in ocean tided back ; 
And if the zone of the unrighteous Sun, 
Amid four zones dispread, cuts any off. 
Borne from that deluge o'er so many seas, 
Immense, a scanty home for country- gods, 
And shore secure from harm, we crave, 

and, free 
To every being, water e'en and air. 
We not discreditable to your realm 
Shall prove ; nor yours be noised a light 

renown ; 320 

Or thankfulness for such a noble deed 
Die off ; nor shall it irk Ausonia's sons 
That Troy within their lap they had received. 
By [our] ^Eneas' destinies I swear, 
And his right hand of power, whether any 

man 
In troth, or war and arms, hath proved it, us 
Hath many a nation, many ( — scorn us not, 
That, of our own accord, upon our hands 
The fillets we advance, and words of 

prayer, — ) 

Soars o'er th' eternal funds of hail and snow, 
And leaves Heaven's stormy magazine below. 
Thence through the vast profound of Heaven she 

flies, 
And measures all the concave of the skies." 

Pitt, On the Death of Earl Stanhope. 

329. Ilioneus seems to have been a good, wise, 
gentle, yet vigorous character (see JE?i. i. v. 521 ; 
ix. 501, 569) ; possessed of a mind like that described 
by Ben Jonson in a graceful poem entitled " The 
Picture of the Mind:" 

" Not swelling like the ocean proud, 
But stooping gently, as a cloud, 
As smooth as oil pour'd forth, and calm 
As showers, and sweet as drops of balm. 



v. 238 — 263. 



BOOK VII. 



v. 263 — 291. 



209 



A clan both sought, and with themselves 
desired 330 

To link. But us the oracles of gods, 
To search out thoroughly these lands of 

yours, 
By their behests have forced. Hence 

Dardanus 
Arose ; Apollo hither claims us back, 
And hurries us with his sublime commands 
To Tyrrhene Tiber, and the saintly streams 
Of the Numician spring. He gives to 

thee, 
Moreo'er, a former Fortune's trifling gifts, 
Remnants recovered from a blazing Troy. 
From this gold [cup] his sire Anchises used 
To pour libations at the altars ; this 341 
Was Priam's ornament, when he their rights 
To summoned commons, in accustomed 

form 
Would grant : — both sceptre, and the reve- 
rend cap, 
And robes, the travail of the Ilian dames." 

At such expressions of Ilioneus 
Latinus keeps his features downward fixed 
In gaze, and moveless to the ground he 

cleaves, 
While rolling round his eyeballs on the 

stretch. 

Neither the broidered purple moves the 

king, 35° 

Neither does Priam's sceptre move so much, 

As o'er his daughter's spousal bonds and 

bed 
He muses, and old Faunus' prophecy 
Revolves within his bosom : — that this 

[prince], 
Who from a foreign seat hath issued forth, 
That son-in-law is by the fates foreshown, 
And to the realm with equal auspices 
Is summoned ; that to him a line will rise, 
In prowess eminent, and one to grasp 
The whole of earth by valor. He at last 
Exclaims in gladness: "Prosper may the 
gods 361 

Our undertakings, and their own presage ! 
That shall be granted, Trojan, that you 

list ; 
Nor do I scorn the presents. Not to you, — 
Latinus ruler, — breast of fruitful land, 
Or wealth of Troja, lacking shall be found. 
Let but /Eneas, e'en his very self, — 



" Smooth, soft, and sweet, in all a flood, 

Where it may run to any good ; 

And where it stays, it there becomes 

A nest of odorous spice and gums. 
" In action, winged as the wind ; 

In rest, like spirits left behind 

Upon a bank, or field of flowers, 

Begotten by the wind and showers." 

Underwoods, iv. 15-17. 



If such a deep affection for us there exists ; 
If to be linked in hospitage he speeds, 
And be entitled our ally, — arrive ; 370 
Nor let him shudder at the looks of friends. 
To me a portion will it be of peace 
T' have touched the right hand of your 

prince. Do ye 
In answer to your king my message now 
Return. I have a daughter, whom to wed 
With husband of our race, nor oracles 
From my paternal shrine, nor prodigies, 
Full many, from the sky allow : that here 
Shall sons-in-law appear from foreign 

coasts, 
That this remains for Latium, do they 
chant ; — 380 

Who by their blood our reputation to the 

stars 
May waft. That this is he [whom] fates 

demand, 
I both imagine, and, — if aught of truth 
My mind presages, — wish." These having 

said, 
Coursers from all his stud the father culls : 
Stood thrice a hundred, sleek in lofty stalls. 
At once for all the sons of Teucer he 
Commands in order to be led, caparisoned 
In purple and embroidered trappings, 

[steeds] 
Of wingy foot. Down dangling from their 
chests 390 

Hang golden poitrells ; covered o'er with 

gold, 
The yellow gold they champ beneath their 

teeth. 
A chariot for /Eneas absent, and in yoke 
A pair [of horses] from celestial seed, 
Fire puffing from their nostrils, of their 

strain, 
Which cunning Circe, stealing from her 

sire, 
Raised spurious from a substituted dam. 
The comrades of yEneas, with such gifts 
And sayings of Latinus, raised on high 
Upon their steeds, return, and peace bring 
home. 400 

But lo ! from the Inachian Argos back 
Returning was the ruthless spouse of Jove, 
And, wafted onward, occupied the air ; 
When blithe /Eneas and the Dardan fleet 
From out the welkin in the distance she, 
Even from Sicily's Pachynus, spied. 
She sees that buildings they are rearing 

now, 
Now trusting to the land ; that they their 
ships 

37 i. Or: 
*' Nor friendly countenances let him dread." 
V 



v. 291 — 3 12 - 



THE ^NEID. 



v. 312 — 324. 



Had quitted. Stung with poignant smart 

she stood : 
Then, tossing to and fro her head, these 
words 410 

Outpours she from her breast : " Ah ! 

loathsome brood, 
And fates of Phrygians to our fates op- 
posed ! 
Could they not on Sigean plains have fallen ? 
Could they not, captived, have been cap- 
tive led ? 
Did not the blazing Troy its heroes burn ? 
Amidst the fights, and through the midst 

of fires, 
A path they have discovered. But, I ween, 
My deity at last exhausted lies, 
Or I, with rancor glutted, have reposed. 
Yea, even from their country shaken forth, 
Throughout the billows I in spite have 
dared 421 

To chase them, and to set my face against 
The refugees all through the deep ; on 

Teucer's sons 
Are squandered pow'rs alike of sky and sea. 
What booted me the Syrts or Scylla ? what 
The vast Charybdis? They are lodged 

within 
The Tiber's wished-for channel, uncon- 
cerned 
At ocean and at me. The pow'r had Mars 
To wreck the ruffian brood of Lapithae ; 
The sire of gods himself delivered up 430 
The ancient Calydon to Dian's wrath ; — 
What curse so direful either Lapitha?, 
Or Calydon, deserving ? But sooth I, 
Jove's sovereign spouse, who naught un- 
tried could leave, 
Ill-fortuned, who myself to every [plan] 
Have turned, am by iEneas overmatched ! 
But if my godhead is not great enough, 
I certes should not scruple to entreat 
Whatever anywhere there be : if I 



418. " First Magician. But we, that can 

Command armies from hell for our design, 
And blast him, now stand idle and benumb'd, 
And shall grow here ridiculous statues ! I'll 
Muster my liends. 

Second Magician. And if I have not lost 
My power, the spirits shall obey, to drown 
This straggler, and secure this threaten'd island. 

Archimagics. Stay! Which of you can boast 
more power than I ? 
For every spirit you command, my spells 
Can raise a legion. You know I can 
Untenant hell, dispeople the wide air 
Where, like innumerable atoms, the black genii 
Hover, and jostle one another. All 
That haunt the woods and waters, all i' the dark 
And solitary chambers of the earth, 
P>reak through their adamantine chains, and fly 
Like lightning to my will." 

Shirley, St. Patrick for Ireland, i. 1. 



Can't bend the deities above, I'll rouse 440 
The Ach'ron. Grant it will not be vouch- 
safed 
To bar them from the Latin realms, and 

• by the fates 
Lavinia rests unchangeably his bride : 
Yet 'tis allowed to stay it, and to heap 
Impediments against such high events ; 
Yet 'tis allowed the subjects of both kings 
To ruin. At this cost of their own [friends], 
Let sire-in-law and son-in-law unite. 
With Trojan and Rutulian blood shalt thou 
Be dowered, damsel, and Bellona thee 450 
Awaits, thy bridesmaid ; nor, with torch 

impregned, 
Hath nuptial fires Cisseis teemed alone : 
Yea shall her birth the same to Venus 

prove, — 
Another Paris e'en, and brands of death 
Once more against the re-arising Troy." 
These words when she pronounced, she 
direful sought 
The earth. Baleful Allecto from the seat 



440, 1. See note on 1. 418. 

" By the sulphureous damps, 
That feed the hungry and incessant darkness, 
Which curls around the grim Alastor's back, 
Mutter again, and with one powerful word 
I'll call an host up from the Stygian lakes, 
Shall waft thee to the Acherontic fens ; 
Where, chok'd with mists as black as thy im- 
postures, 
Thou shalt live still a-dying." 

Fletcher, The Fair Maid of the Inn, iii. 1. 

" I can call spirits from the vasty deep." 
Shakespeare, 1 King Henry IV., iii. 1. 

450. " The greatest curse brave men can labour 
under 
Is the strong witchcraft of a woman's eyes." 
Fletcher, The Lover's Progress, iv. 3. 

452. So Henry VI. to Gloster (Richard III.) : 
" And thus I prophesy, — that many a thousand, 
Which now mistrust no parcel of my fear ; 
And many an old man's sigh, and many a widow's, 
And many an orphan's water-standing eye, — 
Men for their sons', wives for their husbands' fate, 
And orphans for their parents' timeless death, — 
Shall rue the hour that ever thou wast born. 
The owl shriek'd at thy birth, an evil sign ; 
The night-crow cried, aboding luckless time ; 
Dogs howl'd, and hideous tempest shook down 

trees ; 
The raven rook'd her on the chimney's top, 
And chattering pies in dismal discords sung. 
Thy mother felt more than a mother's pain, 
And yet brought forth less than a mother's hope." 
Shakespeare, 3 King Henry VI., v. 6. 

457. " Forth from this place of dread, Earth to appal 
Three Furies rushed at the angels' call. 
One with long tresses doth her visage mask, 
Her temples clouding in a horrid cask ; 
Her right hand swings a brandon in the air, 
While flames and terror hurleth every where ; 
Pond'rous with darts, her left doth bear a shield, 
Where Gorgon's head looks grim in sable field. 



v. 324—337- 



BOOK VII. 



v. 337—354- 



Of the dread goddesses, and murk of hell, 
She wakes ; whose heart's [delight are] 

woeful wars, 
And wrath, and stratagems, and harmful 

crimes. 460 

E'en doth her very father Pluto hate, 
Her hellish sisters hate, the fiend : she 

turns herself 
Into so many visages, so fell her forms, 
She burgeons grisly with so many snakes. 
Whom Juno in these accents instigates, 
And speaks the like : " To me vouchsafe 

this toil, 
Thine own, O maiden sprung from Night, 

this task, — 
That our respect or reputation, rent 
In pieces, from their ground may not 

retreat ; 
Nor that the iEneadae should have the 

power 470 

To importune Latinus for the match, 
Or gain a footing in Italian coasts. 
Thou brethren, knit in soul, canst arm to 

frays, 
And households rack with hatred : lashes 

thou 
On dwellings, and the brands of death 

[canst] bring ; 



Her eyes blaze fire and blood, each hair 'stills 

blood, 
Blood thrills from either pap, and where she stood 
Blood's liquid coral sprang her feet beneath ; 
Where she doth stretch her arm is blood and 
death." 
Drummond, Tfte SJiadow of the Judgment. 
See note on 1. 418. 

458. Wagner's reading dearum (v. 324) seems to 
have better authority than sororum, which Weise 
adopts ; but if the latter be preferred, the version 
must be varied thus : 

" Of the dread Sisters, and the murk of hell." 

461. " Soon as these hellish monsters came in sight, 

The Sun his eye in jetty vapours drown'd, 
Scar'd at such hell-hounds' view f Heaven's mazed 
light 
Sets in an early evening : Earth astound, 

Bids dogs with howls give warning : at which 

sound 
The fearful air starts, seas break their bound, 
And frighted fled away ; no sands might them 
impound." P. Fletcher, Purple Island, xii. 39. 

" Think of thy sin ; 
It is the heir-apparent unto hell, 
And has so many, and so ugly shapes, 
His father Pluto and the Furies hate 
To look on their own birth." 

" Besides 'tis so abhorr'd of all that's good, 
That when this monster lifts his cursed head 
Above the earth, and wraps it in the clouds, 
The sun flies back, as loth to stain his rays 
With such a foul pollution ; and night, 
In emulation of so black a deed, 
Puts on her darkest robe to cover it." 

Marmion, The Antiquary, iii. 1. 



Thou hast a thousand names, a thousand 

arts 
Of harming. Ransack thy prolific breast ; 
Dash into atoms their adjusted peace ; 
Sow crimes [the germs] of warfare ; let 

the youth 
Their weapons wish, and beg at once, and 

seize." 480 

Allecto then, with Gorgon poisons 

baned, 
At first to Latium and the stately roofs 
Of the Laurentine king repairs, and down 
Upon Amata's silent threshold sat ; 
Whom, o'er th' arrival of the Teucer-host 
And spousal [rights] of Turnus, as she 

flames, 
Alike her woman-cares and spleen in fer- 
ment kept. 
At her the goddess from her dingy locks 
One serpent launches, and within her 

breast, 
To her heart's core, she plunges it beneath ; 
That, madding with the monster, all the 

court 4 i 

She may embroil. He, gliding 'tween her 

robes 
And glossy breast, is rolled with contact 

none, 
And 'scapes the raver, as he breathes 

within 
An adder soul : becomes the lusty snake 
Entwisted gold about her neck, becomes 
A band of stretching fillet, and entwines 
Her locks, and slimy strays throughout her 

limbs. 
And while the first contagion, as it steals 



477. " Over their heads a black distemper'd sky, 
And through the air let grinning Furies fly ; 
Charg'd with commissions of infernal date, 
To raise fell Discord and intestine Hate ; 
From their foul heads let then; by handfuls tear 
The ugliest snakes and best-lov'd favourites there ; 
Then whirl them .spouting venom as they fall) 
'Mongst the assembled numbers of the hall ; 
There into murmuring bosoms let them go, 
Till their infection to confusion grow ; 
Till such bold tumults and disorders rise, 
As when the impious sons of Earth assail'd the 
threaten'd skies." Otway, Windsor Castle. 

483. " Then with expanded wings he steers his 
flight 
Aloft, incumbent on the dusky air 
That felt unusual weight ; t 11 on dry land 
He lights, if it were laud, that ever bcrn'd 
With solid, as the lake with liquid fire." 

Milton, /'. L., b. i. 

489. Imitated by Cowley, where he makes Envy 
take possession of Saul : 

'• With that she takes 
One of her worst, her best-beloved snakes : 
' Softly, dear worm ! soft and unseen,' said she, 
' Into his bo-^oin steal, and in it be 
My viceroy.'" Davideis, b. i. 

1' 2 



v. 354—378- 



THE jENEID. 



v. 379—402- 



"With moistful poison, thrills her senses 

through, 500 

And round her bones inweaves the flame ; 

nor yet 
Her mind throughout her bosom felt the 

fire ; 
In gentler strain, and in the customed 

mode 
Of mothers, spake she, shedding many a 

tear 
Over her daughter and the Phrygian match : 
" To Trojan exiles is Lavinia given 
[In marriage] to be led, O thou her sire ? 
Nor dost compassionate alike thy child, 
And thy own self? Nor dost compas- 
sionate 
A mother, whom the traitor will forsake 
With the first northern breeze, a pirate- 
knave, 511 
Seeking the depths, — the damsel carried off? 
Sooth not on this wise doth the Phrygian 

swain 
Pierce Lacedaemon, and hath borne away 
Ledaean Helen to the Trojan towns ! 
Where is thy saintly faith ? where old 

regard 
For thy own [friends], and right hand 

deigned so oft 
To kinsman Turnus ? If a son-in-law 518 
For the Latini from [some] foreign land 
Is sought, and that is settled, and on thee 
The mandates of thy father Faunus weigh ; 
Sooth every land, which independent lies 
Distinct from sway of ours, a foreign [land] 
I deem, and that the gods intend it thus. 
E'en Turnus, if his family's first source 
Be backward traced, hath Inachus, 
Acrisius, too, his fathers, and [his town,] 
Central Mycenae." When by these her 

words 
Latinus having vainly tried, she sees 
That firm he stands opposed, and deep had 
sunk 530 

Into her inwards the adder's rageful bane, 
And wholly through her spreads ; then 

sooth unblest, 
By monster goblins roused, past wont she 

raves 
Crazed through the boundless city : as at 

times, 
A top that flies beneath the twisted thong, 



502. Or : " through her whole breast caught up 
the fire." 

535. Surely this is no elegant comparison, though 
it cannot be more elegantly expressed. The idea 
of a queen racing about the town, like a whip-top, 
is ludicrous, if not mean. Shakespeare draws an 
illustration from school-boy sports, which is more 
dignified, and far more ingenious : 



Which striplings in a spacious ring, around 
Unpeopled halls, in frolic earnest, ply : 
It, driven by the whip, is borne along 
In wheeling courses ; o'er it stand amazed 
The inexperienced and unbearded groups, 
In admiration at the spinning box : 541 
The lashes give it life. Than that career 
No slower, she throughout the midst of 

towns, 
And ruffian mobs is driven. Yea moreo'er, 
Into the forests, — Bacchus' spirit feigned, — 
Attempting deeper guilt, and deeper rage 
Commencing, off she flies, and hides away 
Her daughter in the mountains, rife in 

leaves, 
That she may wrest the marriage from the 

sons 
Of Teucer, and the [hymeneal] torches 

stay ; 550 

" Evoe Bacchus," screaming, yelling forth, 
" That thou alone art worthy of the maid ; 
For that the tender ivy-shafts she takes 
For thee, that thee she circles in the dance, 
For thee she fosters her devoted hair." 
The rumor flies ; and, by the Furies fired 
Within their bosom, drives the selfsame 

glow 
The matrons all at once strange roofs to 

seek. 
Their homes have they abandoned ; to the 

winds 
They give their necks and locks. But other 

[dames] 560 

With thrilling shrieks the welkin fill, and 

wield 
Vine-girdled lances, wrapped about in 

skins. 
Herself among the midmost in her heat 
A blazing pine upbears, and chants the 

match 
Of Turnus and her daughter, rolling round 
A blood-shot eye, and sudden fiercely 

cries : 
' ' Ho ! list ye Latin dames, where'er ye be : 
If in your duteous spirits any love 
For your unfortunate Amata dwells, 
If some concernment for a mother's right 



" In my school-days, when I had lost one shaft, 
I shot his fellow of the selfsame flight 
The selfsame way, with more advised watch, 
To find the other forth ; and by advent'ring both, 
1 oft found both : I urge this childhood proof, 
Because what follows is pure innocence. 
I owe you much ; and, luce a wilful youth, 
That which I owe is lost : but if you please 
To shoot another arrow that self way 
Which you did shoot the first, I do not doubt, 
As I will watch the aim, or to find both, 
Or bring your latter hazard back again, 
And thankfully rest debtor for the first." 

The MercJiant of Venice, i. 1. 



v. 402 — 4 2 6. 



BOOK VII. 



V. 426—444. 



213 



Deep preys upon you, loose your tressy 

banc's, 571 

Take up the orgy-rites along with me." 
Suchlike 'raid woods, 'mid wild beasts' 

lonely [lairs] 
Allecto baits the queen on every side 
With goads of Bacchus. When she seemed 

enough 
First transports to have whetted, and the 

plan 
And all Latinus' court o'erthrown ; straight 

hence 
The sullen goddess on her raven wings 
Is wafted to the bold Rutulian's walls, — 
Which city Danae is said t' have built 580 
For her Acrisian settlers, — onward borne 
Upon the sweepy southern gale. The spot 
Was Ardea erst by our forefathers called ; 
And Ardea still remains a noble name ; 
But its prosperity is of the past. 
Here Turnus in his stately palace now 
In ebon night was snatching mid repose. 
Allecto doffs grim face and rageful limbs ; 
Transshapes her into haggish lineaments, 
And scores her frowsy brow with wrinkles ; 

dons 590 

Hoar tresses with a fillet ; then inweaves 
A sprig of olive ; Calybe becomes 
The priestess-crone of Juno and her fane, 
And to the youth before his eyes herself 
With accents these presents : "O Turnus, 

wilt thou bear 
That toils so many should be spent in vain, 
And that thy sceptre should be signed 

away 
To Dardan emigrants ? The king to thee 
The match and dowry, purchased by thy 

blood, 
Denies, and for his realm a foreign heir 
Is sought. Go now ! to thankless jeopardy 
Expose thee, flouted [man] ! the Tyrrhene 

ranks 602 



584. If tenet be read with Wagner and Forbiger, 
instead of manet (v. 412), the passage must be 
altered thus : 

" Preserves a noble name." 
585. Or: " hath passed away." 

590. " These many ruts and furrows in thy cheek 
Proves thy old face to be but champion ground 
Tilled with the plough of age." 

Randolph, Hey for Honesty. 
See Dyce's Middleton, ii. 73. 

Like the crone which Gay describes in Fable 23, 
Pt. i. : 

" A wrinkled hag, of wicked fame, 
Beside a little smoky flame 
Sat hovering, pinch'd with age and frost : 
Her shrivell'd hands, with veins emboss'd, 
Upon her knees her weight sustains, 
While palsy shook her crazy brains." 



Lay prostrate ; shelter Latins by a peace. 
These e'en to thee, while thou in still of 

night 
Shouldst lie, th' all-powerful Saturnian 

[queen] 
Herself hath bid me openly to speak. 
Then rouse thee up ! and that the youth be 

armed, 
And from the gates marched out, thou, 

blithe at arms, 
Make ready ; and the Phrygian chieftains, 

who 
Have ta'en their station in the lovely flood, 
And their bepainted barks to ashes burn. 
The sovereign power of the heav'nly 

[gods] 612 

Commands. Let king Latinus e'en him- 
self,— 
Save that to grant the match, and with his 

word 
Comply, he gives assurance, — Turnus feel, 
And at the last make proof of him in arms." 

The youth, here jeering the divineress, 
Thus op'ning words from lip in turn replies : 
1 ' The news, that ships to Tiber's wave are 

borne, 
Hath not, as thou imaginest, escaped 620 
Mine ears ; (forge not for me such great 

alarms ;) 
Nor royal Juno mindless is of us. 
But, crushed by dotage, and past bearing 

truth, 
Thy eld, O mother, worries thee with cares 
All idly, and amid the arms of kings 
Mocks a divineress with phantom dread. 
Thy province is, the statues of the gods, 
And temples, to defend ; let wars and 

peace 



623. "' Dotard,' said he, 'let be thy deepe advise ; 
Seemes that through many yeares thy wits thee 

faile, 
And that weake eld hath left thee nothing wise.' " 
Spenser, F. Q., ii. 3, 16. 

" Put thou, since Nature bids, the world resign ; 
'Tis now thy daughter's daughter's time to shine." 
Parnell, Elegy to an Old Beauty. 

" I pardon thee th' effects of doting age ; 

Vain doubts, and idle cares, and over-caution ; 
The second non-age of a soul more wise ; 
But now decay'd and sunk into the socket, 
Peeping by fits, and giving feeble light." 

Dryden, Don Sebastian, v. 1. 

624. " Thy brows and cheeks arc smooth as waters 
be 

When no breath troubles them : believe me, boy, 
Care seeks out wrinkled brows and hollow eyes. 
And builds himself caves to abide in them." 

Beaumont and Fletcher, J'/ttlasler, ii. 3. 
Turnus seems scarce to have remembered that 
" Who scorns at eld peels off his own young hairs." 
Ben Jonson, Sad S/u-/>/n-rd, ii. 2. 



2I 4 



v. 444—461. 



THE JENEID. 



v. 461 — 483. 



Men carry on, by whom should wars be 
waged." 
At such his words Allecto into wrath 630 
Blazed out. But in the stripling, as he 

speaks, 
A sudden shiver seizes on his joints ; 
Stiff stood his eyeballs : with so many 

snakes 
The Fury hisses, and so dread a shape 
Presents it['s form]. Then, rolling eyes of 

fire, 
As falters he, and further [words] he seeks 
To speak, she thrust him back, and lifted 

up 
Twain serpents from her tresses, and her 

thongs 
Made ring, and these subjoins with rageful 

mouth : 

' ' Behold ! by dotage I am crushed, whom 

eld, 640 

Past bearing truth, amid the arms of kings 

Bemocks with phantom dread ! Look 

thou to these : 
Here am I from the awful Sisters' seat ; 
Battles and death I carry in my hand." 
Thus having spoken, at the youth she 

launched 
A brand, and, smoking with a sooty light, 
Her torches fastened deep within his breast. 
His sleep huge shudd'ring breaks, and bones 

and joints 
Sweat, bursten forth from his whole body, 

bathes. 
" Arms !" mad he yells ; for arms through 
couch and halls 650 

He searches. Storms a passion for the 
sword, 



635. " But she thereat was wroth, that fordespight 
The glauncing sparkles through her bever glared, 
And from her eies did flash out fiery light, 
Like coles that through a silver censer sparkle 
bright." Spenser, F. Q. t v. 6, 38. 

645. " Some Fury, 

From burning Acheron, snatch'd a sulphur brand, 
That smok'd with hate, the parent of red murder, 
And threw it in her bosom." 

Massinger, Parliament of Love, v. 1. 

650. "A horse ! a horse ! my kingdom for a horse !" 

Shakespeare, K. Richard III., v. 6. 

651. " O save me from the tumult of the soul, 
From the wild beasts within ! For circling sands, 
When the swift whirlwind whelms them o'er the 

lands : 
The roaring deeps that to the clouds arise, 
While through the storm the darting lightning 

flies ; 
The monster brood to which this land gives 

birth ; 
The blazing city and the gaping earth ; 
All deaths, all tortures, in one pang combined, 
Are gentle to the tempest of the mind." 

Masinissa, in Thomson's Sophonisba, 1. 5. 



And cursed rage for warfare ; wrath 'bove 

all: 
As when with mighty din, a fire of twigs 
Is laid beneath a surging caldron's sides, 
And with the heat up leap the waters ; 

raves 
The fluid's steamy tide within, and high 
With foam o'erflows ; nor can the billow 

now 
Contain itself; flies sooty rack to air. 
An expedition therefore to the king 
Latinus, on the outrage done to peace, 660 
Enjoins he on the chieftains of the youths, 
And orders arms to be prepared to guard 
Italia, from their bourns to oust the foe : 
" That he is coming on, a match for both, 
Both Teucer's sons and Latins." When 

these words 
He uttered, and the gods to [share] his 

vows 
He called, in rivalry the Rutuli 
Cheer them to arms. This — rouses match- 
less pride 
Of shape and youth ; that — his ancestral 

kings ; 
Another — his right hand of brilliant deeds. 
While Turnus fills the Rutuli with daring 
soul, 671 

Allecto 'gainst the Trojans set herself 
In nimble motion on her Stygian wings ; 
With fresh manoeuvre having spied the 

spot 
Wherein upon the strand lulus fair 
With ambush, and in chase, the savage 

beasts 
Was hunting. Here a sudden furiousness 
Upon his hounds the maid of Cocyt darts, 
And dews their nostrils with familiar scent, 
That they in mettle might a hart pursue : 
Which proved the leading cause of woes, 
and fired 681 

The spirits of the peasantry for war. 
The hart was of surpassing shape, and huge 



672. So Drayton of " Mischief :" 
" She, with a sharp sight and a meagre look, 
Was always prying where she might do ill, 
In which the fiend continual pleasure took, 
(Her starved body plenty could not fill) 
Searching in every corner, every nook ; 
With winged feet, too swift to work her will, 
Furnish'd with deadly instruments she went, 
Of ev'ry sort, to wound where so she meant. 
" Having a vial fill'd with baneful wrath, 
(Brought from Cocytus by that cursed sprite) 
Which in her pale hand purposely she hath, 
And drops the poison upon every wight." 

The Barons' Wars, ji. 4-6. 

682. ' " Now 

Doth dogged war bristle his angry crest, 
And snarleth in the gentle eyes of peace." 

Shakespeare, K. John, iv. end. 



v. 483—499. 



BOOK VII. 



v. 499—503. 



215 



With horns, which, ravished from the 

mother's pap, 
The sons of Tyrrheus fostered, Tyrrheus, 

too, 
Their sire, to whom the royal herds submit, 
And far and wide the wardship of the 

plain 
Is trusted. Him, accustomed to their sway, 
Their sister Silvia, with a world of pains 
His antlers interlacing with soft wreaths, 
Was wont to trick them out, and comb the 

beast, 691 

And wash him in the crystal spring. He, 

tolerant 
Of hands, and to his master's table used, 
Would wander in the forests, and again 
To the familiar thresholds, of himself, 
Betake him home, however late at night. 
Him, straying far, lulus' madding hounds, 
As he is hunting, started up, what time 
[The stag] by chance adown the fav'ring 

stream 
Was floating, and upon the emerald bank 
His heats assuaging. E'en himself, afire 
With love of special praise, Ascanius, 

aimed 702 

Shafts from his arching bow : nor was the 

god 
Not present to his right hand as it swerves: 
And, shot with mighty whizzing both along 

690. " At early dawn the youth his journey took, 
And many a mountain pass'd and valley wide, 
Then reach'd the wild ; where, in a flowery nook,- 
And seated on a mossy stone, he spied 
An ancient man : his harp lay him beside. 
A stag sprung from the pasture at his call, 
And, kneeling, lick'd the wither'd hand that tied 
A wreath of woodbine round his antlers tall, 
And hung his lofty neck with many a flow'ret 
small." Beattie, Minstrel, b. ii. 25. 

702. " But now the monarch murderer comes in, 

Destructive man ! whom Nature would notarme, 
As when in madness mischief is foreseen, 

We leave it weaponless for fear of harme. 
" For she defenceless made him, that he might 

Less readily offend ; but art armes all, 
From single strife makes us in numbers fight ; 

And by such art this royall stagg did fall. 
" He weeps till grief does even his murd'rers pierce : 

Grief which so nobly through his anger strove, 
That it deserv'd the dignity of verse, 

And had it words, as humanly would move. 

" Thrice from the ground his vanquish'd head he 
rear'd, 

And with last looks his forrest walks did view ; 
Where sixty summers he had rul'd the heard, 

And where sharp dittany now vainly grew : 

" Whose hoary leaves no more his wounds shall 
heale ; 
For with a sigh (a blast of all his breath] 
That viewless thing, call'd life, did from him stcale, 
And with their bugle homes they winde his 
death." Davenant, Gondibert, i. 2, 52-6. 



The belly, and along the flank, careered 
The arrow. But the wounded beast within 
His well-known shelter homeward fled, 

and passed 
Groaning beneath the cotes, and with his 

plaint, 709 

Bloody and suitor-like, filled all the house. 
First sister Silvia, smiting with her hands 



706. Sackville introduces a wounded hart, to 
illustrate the "griefe of conscynce :" 
" Like to the dere that stryken with the dart 
Withdrawes himselfe into some secrete place, 
And feeling green the wound about his hart, 
Startles with panges tyl he fall on the grasse, 
And in great feare lyes gasping there a space, 
Furth braying sighes as though eche pange had 

brought 
The present death which he doeth dread so oft." 
Coiuplaynt of Henry e D. of Buckingham, st. 34. 

Not very dissimilarly, Pope : 
" What are the falling rills, the pendent shades, 
The morning bowers, the evening colonnades, 
But soft recesses for th' uneasy mind 
To sigh unheard in to the passing wind ! 
So the struck deer, in some sequester'd part, 
Lies down to die (the arrow in his heart) ; 
There hid in shades, and wasting day by day, 
Inly he bleeds, and pants his soul away." 

A Fragment. 

711. Silvia was as tender-hearted as the Prioresse 
in the prologue to the Canterbury Tales : 
" Of smale houndes hadde she, that she fedde 
With rosted flesh, and milk, and wastel brede. 
But sore wept she if on of hem were dede, 
Or if men smote it with a yerde smert : 
And all was conscience and tendre herte." 

Chaucer. 

Thyrsis, in a Bucolic of Herrick's, is equally 
miserable from a similar cause : 
" I have lost my lovely steer, 
That to me was far more dear 
Than these kine which I milk here ; 
Broad of forehead, large of eye, 
Party-colour'd like a pie, 
Smooth in each limb as a die ; 
Clear of hoof, and clear of horn, 
Sharply pointed like a thorn ; 
With a neck by yoke unworn, 
From the which hung down by string-;, 
Balls of cowslips, daisy rings, 
Interplac'd with ribbonings : 
Pardon, Lacon, if I weep ; 
Tears will spring where woes are deep." 
Hesperides : Pastoral and Dcscripth\\ x. 

Andrew Marvell has a charming poem on the 
like subject : 

" The wanton troopers riding by, 

Have shot my Fawn, and it will dye. 

Ungentle men ! they cannot thrive, 

Who kill'd thee. Thou ne'er didst alive 

Them any harm : alas ! nor cou'd 

Thy death yet do them any good." 
" With sweetest milk and sugar first 

I it at mine own fingers nurs'd ; 

And as it grew, so every day 

It wax'd more white and sweet than they." 
" It is a wondrous thing, how fleet 

'Twas on these little silver feet ! 



2l6 



v. 503 — 508. 



THE jENEID. 



v. 508 — 527. 



Her arms, aid summons, and together calls 
The sturdy peasants. They, — for skulked 

the plague 
Grim in the stilly forests, — unforeseen 
Are present ; one with firebrand burnt at 

end 
Equipped, one with the knots of weighty 

club : 
Whate'er is found by each in narrow search, 
Their anger makes a weapon. Tyrrheus 

calls 718 



With what a pretty skipping grace, 

It oft would challenge me the race ; 

And when 't had left me far away, 

'Twould stay, and run again, and stay. 

For it was nimbler much than hinds, 

And trod as if on the four winds. 
" I have a garden of my own, 

But so with roses overgrown, 

And lillys, that you would it guess 

To be a little wilderness ; 

And all the spring-time of the year 

It only loved to be there. 

Among the beds of lillys I 

Have sought it oft, where it should lye ; 

Yet could not, till itself would rise, 

Find it, although before mine eyes. 

For in the flaxen lillys' shade 

It like a bank of lillys laid. 

Upon the roses it would feed, 

Until its lips ev'n seem'd to bleed ; 

And then to me 't would boldly trip, 

And print those roses on my lip. 

But all its chief delight was still 

On roses thus itself to fill ; 

And its pure virgin limbs to fold 

In whitest sheets of lillys cold." 
" O help ! O help ! I see it faint 

And dye as calmly as a saint. 

See how it weeps ! The tears do come, 

Sad, slowly, dropping like a gum. 

So weeps the wounded balsam ; so 

The holy frankincense doth flow. 

The brotherless Heliades 

Melt in such amber tears as these." 

The Nymph complaining for the Death of 
her Fawn. 

715. " Thus as he spoke, loe ! with outrageous cry 
A thousand villeins rownd about them swarmd 
Out of the rockes and caves adioyning nye ; 
Vile caitive wretches, ragged, rude, deformd, 
All threatning death, all in straunge manner armd; 
Some with unweldy clubs, some with long 

speares, 
Some rusty knives, some staves in fier warmd : 
Sterne was their looke ; like wild amazed steares, 
Staring with hollow eies, and stiffe upstanding 

heares." Spenser, F. Q., ii. 9, 13. 

718. So Spenser of the " salvage man," who 

rescued Calepine : 

' ' Yet armes or weapon had he none to fight, 
Ne knew the use of warlike instruments, 
Save such as sudden rage him lent to smite." 
F. Q., vi. 4, 4. 

" Infernal discord, hideous to behold, 
Hangs like its evil genius o'er the city, 
And sends a snake to every vulgar breast. 
From several quarters the mad rabble swarm, 
Arm'd with the instruments of hasty rage, 



His troops, as he by chance a four- cleft oak 
Was splitting up with wedges driven home, 
Breathing ferociously, with axe engrasped. 
But the fell goddess, from her spying-place 
The season for her mischief having gained, 
Seeks the cote's lofty roofs, and from the 

crest 
Of its ridge-height the shepherd-signal 

sings, 
And on her winding horn her hellish voice 
She strains : wherewith straight quivered 

every grove 
And deep, deep forests rang. E'en heard 

it far 
The lake of Trivia, heard it Nar, the stream 
With sulph'rous water white, and Veline 

springs ; 730 

And anxious mothers folded to their breasts 
Their children. Then, sooth, posting to 

the sound, 
Wherewith the fearful horn its signal gave, 
With weapons seized from every quarter, 

troop 
The dauntless swains : yea too the Trojan 

youth 
T' Ascanius aid outpour from open camp. 
They marshalled have their lines. Not 

now in rustic fray 
With sturdy clubs, or stakes with burning 

tipped, 
'Tis fought ; but they with doubtful steel 

engage, 
And bristles far and near a darkling crop 
Of swords unsheathed ; and bronzes, sun- 
struck, gleam, 741 



And in confus'd disorderly array, 
Most formidable march : their differing clamors, 
Together join'd, compose one deaf'ning sound ; 
'Arm, arm,' they cry." 
Rowe, The Ambitious Stepmother, act v. 9-17. 

727. " My poor heart trembles like a timorous leaf, 
Which the wind shakes upon his sickly stalk, 
And frights into a palsy." 

Shirley, The Brothers, iv. 5. 

Allecto's voice produced both effects. 

73 r. Goldsmith uses the idea to illustrate the 
attachment of the Swiss for their mountain-homes : 
" And as a child, when scaring sounds molest, 
Clings close and closer to the mother's breast, 
So the loud torrent, and the whirlwind's roar, 
But bind him to his native mountains more." 

The Traveller. 

741. " He spake: and, to confirm his words, out 
flew 
Millions of flaming swords, drawn from the thighs 
Of mighty Cherubim ; the sudden blaze 
Far round illumined Hell." 

Milton, P. L., b. i. 

" The flights of whistling darts make brown the sky, 

Whose clashing points strike fire, and gild the 

dusk." Dryden, Troilus and Cressida, v. 2. 



v. 527—542. 



BOOK VII. 



v. 542—567. 



217 



And fling their radiance underneath the 

clouds : 
As when a billow with the rising gale 
Begins to whiten, by degrees the sea 
Uprears itself, and higher lifts its waves ; 
Then tow'rs to heaven from its deepest bed. 
A stripling here, before the battle's front, 
With whizzing arrow, who of Tyrrheus' 

sons 
Was eldest, Almo low is laid ; for clave 
Beneath his throat the bolt, and choked 

with blood 750 

The passage of his moistful voice, and life 
Of thread. [Falls] many a corse of warriors 

round, 
And elderly Galsesus, while himself 
He offers mediator for a peace ; 
Who was the one most righteous man [of 

all], 
And erst the richest in Ausonia's fields. 
Five flocks of bleating ones to him, five 

herds, 
Came home, and earth with hundred 

ploughs he turned. 
Now whilst these [deeds] are going on 

throughout 
The plains, — impartial Mars, — the goddess, 

made 7^° 

Mistress of her engagement, when with 

blood 
The warfare she imbrued, and set abroach 



" The setting sun, 
With yellow radiance, lightened all the vale ; 
And, as the warriors moved, each polished helm, 
Corslet, or spear, glanced back his gilded beams. 
The hill they climbed, and, halting at its top, 
Of more than mortal size, towering, they seemed 
An host angelic, clad in burning arms." 

Home, Douglas, iv. 1. 

755. " So spake the seraph Abdiel, faithful found 
Among the faithless, faithful only he : 
Among innumerable false unmoved, 
Unshaken, unreduced, unterrified, 
His loyalty he kept, his love, his zeal ; 
Nor number, nor example, with him wrought 
To swerve from truth, or change his constant 

mind, 
Though single." Milton, P. L., b. v. end. 

759. " Now," — atque, v. 540, — see Wagner, Quaes. 

Virg. 35, 22. 

760. " This battle fares like to the morning's war, 
When dying clouds contend with growing light: 
What time the shepherd, blowing of his nails, 
Can neither call it perfect day nor night. 
Now sways it this way, like a mighty sea, 
Forc'd by the tide to combat with the wind ; 
Now sways it that way, like the selfsame sea 
Forc'd to retire by fury of the wind : 
Sometime, the flood prevails ; and then, the 

wind : 
Now, one the better ; then, another best ; 
Both tugging to be victors, breast to breast, 
Yet neither conqueror, nor conquered : 
So is the equal poise of this fell war." 

Shakespeare, 3 King Henry VI., ii. 5. 



The deaths of their first fight, Hesperia 

quits, 
And, turned away along the gales of 

heaven, 
In triumph Juno speaks with haughty tone : 
" Lo ! stablished for thee by a rueful war, 
Disunion ! Say, for friendship let them 

meet, 
And leagues compact ! Since I with Auson 

blood 
Have dewed the Trojans, this I e'en thereto 
Will add, if I may have thy sure assent : 
The neighbor cities by reports will I 771 
To battles drive, and fire their souls with 

love 
Of madding Mars, that they all round for 

aid 
May come ; throughout the fields I'll scatter 

arms." 
Then Juno in reply : " Of frights and guile 
There is an overflow. [Firm] stand the 

grounds 
For warfare ; with their weapons hand to 

hand 
Are they engaged. The arms, which chance 

first gave, 
Their maiden blood hath dyed. Such 

marriages, 
And such connubial rites, let solemnise 780 
The peerless son of Venus, and the king 
Latinus' self. That thou o'er airs of heaven 
With further liberty shouldst range, wills 

not 
That father, of most high Olympus lord : 
Off from [these] regions ! I, if any [change 
Of] fortune in my toils remains, will set it 

straight 
Myself." Such words Saturnia spoke. But 

she 
Uplifts her pinions, hissing with their snakes, 
And seeks Cocytus' seat, forsaking heights 
Aloft. There is a spot 'mid Italy, 790 

Beneath the lofty mountains, of renown, 
And blazoned by report in many a coast, — 
Amsanctus' glens. This, dark with clustered 

leaves, 
A forest's side confines on either hand, 
And, brawling in the midst, a flood gives 

forth 



788. " At last his sail-broad vans 

He spreads for flight, and in the surging smoke 
Uplifted spurns the ground ; thence many a 

league, 
As in a cloudy chair, ascending rides, 
Audacious ; but, that seat soon failing, meets 
A vast vacuity. All unawares, 
Fluttering his pennons vain, plumb down lie 

drops 
Ten thousand fathom deep." 

Milton, /'. L., b. ii. 



218 



▼•"567 — 580. 



THE AlNEID. 



v. 580—597. 



A din from rocks and writhing eddy. Here 
The fearful cave and vents of grisly Dis 
Are shown, and from the bursten Acheron 
A vasty whirlpool opes its plagueful jaws ; 
Whereinto the Erinys being plunged, — 
The loathly fiend, — discumbered earth and 

heaven. 801 

Nor less the meanwhile the Saturnian 

queen 
Upon the warfare sets a crowning hand. 
Rush from the battle to the city all 
The host of shepherds, and the slain bring 

back, 
Young Almo, and the marred Galsesus' 

form ; 
And sue the gods, Latinus too conjure. 
Turnus is present, and amid the charge 
Of murder, and their heat, the horror he 
Redoubles: — "That the Teucri to the 

realm 810 

Were summoned ; that the Phrygian brood 

was blent 
With them ; that he was banished from the 

court." 
Then they, whose mothers, ecstasied by 

Bacchus, 



797. Glover has a fine description of the Cave of 
the Furies : 

" Around it slept 
A stagnant water, overarch'd by yews, 
Growth immemorial, which forbade the winds 
E'en to disturb the melancholy pool. 
To this, the fabled residence abhorr'd 
Of Hell-sprung beings, Demonax, himself 
Predominating demon of the place, 
Conducts the sev'n assassins. There no priest 
Officiates ; single there, as Charon grim, 
A boatman wafts them to the cavern's mouth. 
They enter, fenc'd in armour ; down the black 
Descent, o'er moist and lubricated stone, 
They tread unstable. Night's jmpurest birds 
With noisome wings each loathing visage beat ; 
Of each the shudd'ring flesh through plated steel 
By slimy efts, and clinging snakes, is chill'd ; 
Cold, creeping toads beset th' infected way." 
Athenaid, b. xiv. 

See note on Mn. vi. /. 336. 

800. " So saying he dismiss'd them : they with 

speed 
Their course through thickest constellations held, 
Spreading their bane. The blasted stars look'd 

wan, 
And planets, planet-struck, real eclipse 
Then suffer'd. Th' other way Satan went down 
The causey to Hell-gate. On either side 
Disparted Chaos overbuilt exclaim'd, 
And with rebounding surge the bars assail'd, 
That scorn'd his indignation : through the gate, 
Wide open and unguarded, Satan pass'd 
And all about found desolate." 

Milton, P. L., b. x. 

813. " Down they rush 

From Nysa's vine-empurpled cliff, the dames 
Of Thrace, the Satyrs, and the unruly Fauns, 
With old Silenus, reeling through the crowd 
Which gambols round him, in convulsions wild 



In dances caper in the wayless woods, — 
For not unweighty was Amata's name, — 
From every quarter mustered, coalesce, 
And_ importune for Mars. Straight all 

cursed war, 
In spite of omens, spite of oracles 
Of gods, heav'n's pleasure set aside, de- 
mand. 
In rivalry the palace of the king 820 

Latinus they beset. He, as a rock 
Of sea unstirred, withstands them : like 
A rock of sea, when comes a thund'ring 

crash, 
The which, with many a billow baying 

round, 
Maintains itself by its own weight : the cliffs 
And foamy rocks are roaring round in vain, 
And, dashed against its side, the ocean-weed 
Is showered back. But when no pow'r is 

given 
Their resolution blind to overrule, 
And at fell Juno's beck events proceed; 
The father, earnestly attesting gods 831 
And empty gales, cries : " Welaway ! we're 

crushed 
By destinies, and overborne by storm ! 
Ye shall yourselves with sacrilegious blood 
Pay these amercements, O unhappy [men]. 
Thee, Turnus, impious wretch, thee shall 

abide 
Sore punishment, and thou with vows too 

late 



Tossing their limbs, and'brandishing in air 

The ivy-mantled thyrsus, or the torch 

Through black smoke flaming, to the Phrygian 

pipe's 
Shrill voice, and to the clashing cymbals, mix'd 
With shrieks and frantic uproar." 

Akenside, Hymn to the Naiads, 283-99. 

821. " So have I seen a rock's heroic breast, 
Against proud Neptune, that his ruin threats, 
When all his waves he hath to battle prest, 
And with a thousand swelling billows beats 
The stubborn stone, and foams, and chaffs, and 
frets, 
To heave him from his root, unmoved stand ; 
And more in heaps the barking surges band, 
The more in pieces beat, fly weeping to the 

strand." 
G. Fletcher, Christ's Triumph over Death, xxiii. 

" All your attempts 
Shall fall on me like brittle shafts on armour, 
That break themselves ; or waves against a rock, 
That leave no sign of their ridiculous fury 
But foam and splinters." 

Massinger, The Fatal Dowry, v. 2. 

826. " A place there is, where proudly rais'd there 
stands 
A huge aspiring rock, neighb'ring the skies, 
Whose surly brow imperiously commands 
The sea his bounds, that at his proud feet lies ; 
And spurns the waves, that in rebellious bands 
Assault his empire, and against him rise." 

Daniel, Civil War, ii. 48. 



v. 597 — 6io. 



BOOK VII. 



v. 610 — 628. 



219 



The gods shalt worship. For to me my 

rest 838 

Is gained, and wholly in the threshold [lies] 
The haven ; of a happy death I'm robbed." 
Nor speaking further, he himself shut up 
Within the dome, and left the reins of state. 
There was a custom in Hesperian Latium, 
The which, from that day ever forth, the 

towns 
Of Alba holy have observed, now Rome 
Observes it, noblest of [created] things, — 
When Mars arouse they to the opening 

fights ; 
Or be it. on the Getse they prepare 
To wage with might a tear-deserving war, 
Or on Hyrcanians, or the Arab [tribe]s ; 850 
Or 'gainst the Inds to march, and track the 

Dawn, 
And standards from the Parths to rede- 

mand. 
Two gates there are of War, — so call they 

them 
By name, — from rev'rence hallowed, and 

the awe 
Of Mars ferocious : shut them hundred bolts 
Of bronze, and iron's deathless strength ; 

nor stirs 

838. " I am a weak old man, so poor and feeble, 
That my untoward joints can scarcely creep 
Unto the grave, where I must seek my rest." 
Ford, The Lover's Melancholy, v. end. 

" These eyes, like lamps whose wasting oil is spent, 
Wax dim, as drawing to their exigent ; _ 
Weak shoulders, overborne with burd'ning grief, 
And pithless arms, like to a wither'd vine, 
That droops his sapless branches to the ground !— 
Yet are these feet, whose strengthless stay is 

numb, 
Unable to support this lump of clay, 
Swift-winged with desire to get a grave, 
As witting I no other comfort have." 

Shakespeare, 1 King Henry VI., ii. 5. 

840. Thus losing the end of Pomfret's desires : 
" Then I'd not be with any trouble vex'd, 
Nor have the evening of my days perplex'd ; 
But by a silent and a peaceful death, 
Without a sigh, resign my aged breath." 

The Clwice, end. 

And Goldsmith's touching hopes : 
" In all my wand'rings round this world of care, 
In all my griefs,— and God has giv'n my share,— 
I still had hopes my latest hour to crown, 
Amid these humble bow'rs to lay me down ; 
To husband out life's taper at the close, 
And keep the flame from wasting by repose. ' 
Deserted Village. 

He was much in the position of Macbeth : 
" Had I but died an hour before this chance, 

I had Hv'd a blessed time ; for, from this instant, 
There's nothing serious in mortality : 
All is but tovs ; reno%vn, and grace is dead ; 
The wine of'life is drawn, and the mere lees 
Is left this vault to brag of." „ 

Shakespeare, Macbeth, u. 3. 



The guardian Janus from the threshold. 

These, — 
When with the fathers rests a fixed resolve 
For fight, himself in Quirine " trabea," 
And Gabine cincture, badged, — the grating 

doors, — . 860 

Unbars the consul ; he himself proclaims 
The battles ; follows then the other youth, 
And bronzen trumpets with a hoarse accord 
Together blast. Then in this fashion e'en 
Against the yEneads was Latinus pressed 
War to declare, and open back the gates 
Of sorrow. From their touch the father 

shrank, 
And, turned aloof, the loathsome service fled, 
And buried him within the darkling gloom. 
Then, gliding down from heav'n, the queen 

of gods 870 

The lagging portals forced her very self 
With her own hand, and on their wheeling 

hinge 
War's iron-banded gates Saturnia brast. 
Burns, unaroused and moveless hitherto, 
Ausonia. Some afoot prepare to march 
Along the plains ; some, high on stately 

steeds, 
Dust-covered storm : all arms demand. 
Some — furbished shields and sheeny javelins 

scour 
With oily lard, and whet upon the hone 
Their battle-axes, and it joys to bear 880 
The standards, and to hear the bray of 

trumps. 



871. " Thus saying, from her side the fatal key, 
Sad instrument of all our woe, she took ; 
And, towards the gate rolling her bestial train, 
Forthwith the huge portcullis high updrew ; 
Which, but herself, not all the Stygian powers " 
Could once have moved : then in the keyhole 

turns 
The intricate wards, and every bolt and bar 
Of massy iron or solid rock with ease 
Unfastens. On a sudden open fly 
With impetuous recoil and jarring sound 
The infernal doors, and on their hinges grate 
Harsh thunder, that the lowest bottom shook 
Of Erebus." Milton, P. L., b. ii. 

875-81. " Ther mayst thou see devising of harneis 
So uncouth and so riche, and wrought so wele 
Of goldsmithry, of brouding, and of stele ; 
The sheldes brighte, testeres, and trappures ; 
Gold-hewen helmes, hauberkes, cote-armures ; 
Knightes of retenue, and eke squieres, 
Nailing the speres, and helmes bokeling, 
Gniding of sheldes, with lainers lacing ; 
Ther as nede is, they weren nothing idel : 
The fomy stedes on the golden bridel 
Gnawing, and fast the armurers also 
With file and hammer priking to and fro ; 
Yemen on foot, and communes many on 
With shorte staves, thicke as they may gon ; 
Pipes, trompes, nakeres, clariounes, 
That in the bataille blowen blody sounes." 

Chaucer, Knightes Tale. 



v. 629 — 656. 



THE sENEID. 



v. 656 — 690. 



E'en five great cities on their anvils reared 
New forge them arms,— the powerful Atine, 
And Tiber haughty, Ardea, and the sons 
Of Crustumerff^ and, with turrets crowned, 
Antemnae. Cov'rings for their heads secure 
They hollow, and of withes bend wicker- 
work 
For bucklers ; others cuirasses of bronze, 
Or burnished greaves of pliant silver, mould. 
To this the pride of share and pruning-hook, 
To this all passion for the plough, gave 
way : 89 1 

The falchions of their fathers they recast 
In forges. And the trumpets now ring 

forth ; 
The watchword, sign for battle, passes on. 
His helm one [warrior] seizes from the roofs 
In anxious haste ; another to their yokes 
Drives on his neighing steeds, and in a 

shield, 
And, triply laced with gold, a habergeon, 
Is dight, and belted with a trusty sword. 

Now open Helicon, O goddesses, 900 
And quicken ye my lays : — what kings by 

war 
Were roused, what brigads, following each, 

filled up 
The champaign ; with what warriors even 

then 
Bloomed Italy's boon land, with weapons 

what 
It blazed : for ye alike remember, maids 
Divine, and can recount them : scarce to us 
The subtle breath of legend steals along. 

The foremost enters on the battle, fierce 
From Tyrrhene coasts, despiser of the gods, 
Mezentius, and his troops he arms. His son 
Next to him, Lausus, [one] than whom none 

else 
Was fairer, save Laurentine Turnus' form : 
Lausus, steed-tamer, and the vanquisher 913 
Of savage beasts, from Agyll's city leads, 
That vainly followed him, a thousand men ; 

worthy 
T' have been more happy in a father's rule, 
And not Mezentius to have had his sire. 
Next these, along the herbage, marked 
by palm, 
His chariot, and his conq'ring steeds dis- 
plays, 



909. " The immortal powers 

Protect a prince, though sold to impious acts, 
And seem to slumber till his roaring crimes 
Awake their justice ; but then, looking down, 
And with impartial eyes, on his contempt 
Of all religion, and moral goodness, 
They, in their secret judgments, do determine 
To leave him to his wickedness, which sinks him, 
When he is most secure." 

Massinger, The Roman Actor, iii. 1. 



Sprung from fair Hercules, fair Aventine ; 
And on his scutcheon wears his father's 

badge, 921 

A hundred snakes, and Hydra, adder-girt : 
Whom in a wood on Aventinus' hill 
The priestess Rhea, hidden in his birth, 
Brought into being 'neath the climes of 

light — 
A woman intermingled with a god, — 
As soon as, — Geryon slain, — Laurentine 

fields 
The conquering Tirynthius reached, and 

bathed 
His Spanish heifers in the Tuscan flood. 
They javelins in their hands and felon pikes 
For battles bear, and fight with slender 

blade 931 

And lance Sabellian. He himself, afoot, 
A lion's monstrous cov'ring winding round, 
In fearful shag unkempt, with snowy tusks 
Accoutred on his head, thus passed inside 
The royal palace, bristling, and engirt 
Around his shoulders with Herculean garb. 
Then brothers twain the walls of Tiber 

leave, 
The nation from their brother Tiber's name 
Entitled, — e'en Catillus and fierce Coras, — 

youth 940 

Of Argos, and before the battle's van, 
Amid the thick of arms, are borne along : 
As when two cloud-engendered Centaurs 

swoop 
Down from [some] mount's high summit, 

Homole 
And snowy Othrys in their fleet career 
Forsaking : yields to them as they ad- 
vance 
The spacious forest, and the bushy shrubs 
Retire before them with a thund'ring crash. 
Nor absent was the founder of the town 
Praeneste, whom hath every age believed 
Of Vulcan sired, 'mong rural folks a prince, 
And on the hearth discovered, — Caeculus. 
Him does a peasant host from far and near 
Accompany, e'en heroes, who the tall 954 
Praeneste, and who Gabine Juno's fields, 
And icy Anio, and the Hemic rocks, 
With runnels dewy, haunt ; whom thou 

dost feed, 
O rich Anagnia, whom sire Amasene. 
For all of these do neither arms, nor shields, 
Or chariots, clang : the greatest part sling 

balls 960 

Of bluish lead ; some wield a pair of darts 
In hand, and tawny caps of wolf-skin wear, 
Screen for the head : their left foot-soles 

unshod 



924. That is, of course : "in clandestine birth.' 



v. 690 — 717- 



BOOK VII. 



v. lif— ISO. 



221 



They plant ; a boot untanned the other 
clothes. 
Messapus next, steed-tamer, Neptune's 
son, 
Whom it was not allowed to mortal man, 
Either by fire or steel, to overthrow, 
His clans long while inactive, and his hosts 
Unused to war, calls suddenly to arms, 
And takes in hand again the falchion. 
These — 970 

Fescinnia's bands and low Falisci ; those — 
Hold Soract's summits and Flavinian fields, 
And, with its mount, the lake of Ciminus, 
And groves Capenian. In their number 

matched 
They marched, and sang their monarch : 

as at times 
The snowy swans among the calmy clouds, 
What time from feeding they betake them 

home, 
And through their lengthful necks melo- 
dious notes 
Give forth ; the river rings and Asia's mere, 
Far stricken. Nor would any deem that 
bands, 980 

Bronze-armed, of such a mighty host were 

blent, 
But from the deepsome gulf a skyey cloud 
Of screaming birds was hurried to the 
shores. 
Lo ! Clausus, from the Sabines' ancient 
blood, 
Leading a mighty host, and he himself 
Great as a mighty host, from whom is now 
Both Claudian tribe and family dispread 
Through Latium, since for share hath Rome 

been given 
To Sabines. [Marches forth] along with him 
A num'rous Amiternan band, and old 990 
Quirites, of Eretum all the band, 
And of the olive-rife Mutusca ; who 
Nomentum['s] city, who the Rosean fields 
Of the Velinus, who the rugged cliffs 
Of Tetrica, and mount Severus, and 
Casperia haunt, and Foruli, and flood 
Of the Himella ; they who Tiber drink 
And Fabaris ; they whom chilly Nursia 

sent, 
And Horta's hosts, and Latin clans, and 
those 

964. Instituere (v. 690) is plainly an aorist. 

975. " At which command the Powers militant 
That stood for Heaven, in mighty quadrate 

join'd 
Of union irresistible, moved on 
In silence their bright legions, to the sound 
Or instrumental harmony, that breathed 
Heroic ardour to adventurous deeds 
Under their godlike leaders." 

Milton, P. L., b. vi. 



Whom Allia sev'ring, — luckless title ! — 
flows between : 1000 

As many as the surges that are rolled 
Upon the surface of the Libyan sea, 
When gruff Orion in the wintry waves 
Is hid ; or when at early sun are parched 
The serried ears, or on the Hermus' plain, 
Or Lycia's golden fields. Their targes ring, 
And by the tramp of feet the earth is scared. 

Next, [of the line] of Agamemnon, foe 
Of Troja's name, Halesus in his car 
His coursers yokes, and on to Turnus hastes 
A thousand gallant tribes : who Massic 
[fields], ion 

In Bacchus fruitful, with their harrows turn ; 
And whom th' Auruncan sires from lofty 

hills, 
And near the Sidicinian plains, despatched ; 
And those who Gales quit, and borderer 
By Volturn's shoaly river, and alike 
The rough Saticulan, and Osci's bands. 
Their weapons slender javelins be ; but 

these 
It is their fashion with elastic strap 
To fit. Their left hands does a target 
screen ; 1020 

In close encounter they have hooked 
swords. 
Nor in our lays shalt they unmentioned 
pass, 
O QEbalus, whom Telon on the nymph 
Sebethis to have sired is said, what time 
He Caprea;, the Teleboans' realms, 
Possessed, now elderly : but e'en the son, 
Not satisfied with his paternal fields, 
Held even then far-wide beneath his sway 
The tribes of the Sarrastes, and the plains 
Which Sarnus dews, and they who occupy 
Rufrse, and Batulum, and Celenna's fields, 
And whom the apple-rife Abella's walls 
O'erpeer : in Teuton fashion are they used 
Their shafts to hurl ; the cov'rings for whose 
heads— 1034 

The rind from off the cork-tree reft ; and 

gleam 
Their bronzen bucklers, gleams their sword 
of bronze. 
Thee, too, the mount-fraught Nersoe to 
the frays 
Despatched, O Ufens, famous in renown 
And happy arms ; whose nation, passing 

wild, 
And used to constant hunting of the woods, 
Was the /Equiculan with stubborn clods. 
In arms they work the earth, and it de- 
lights 1042 
To bring together booty ever fresh, 
And live by plunder. And moreo'er there 
came 



v. 75° — 76o. 



THE uENEID. 



v. 761 — 782. 



From the Marruvian clan a priest, with leaf 
And blessed olive o'er his helmet trimmed, 
By the commission of his prince Archippus, 
Thrice-gallant Umbro ; who on adder brood, 
And hydras breathing noisomely, was wont 
To sprinkle slumbers both with charm and 

hand, 1050 

And lull their wrath, and ease their bites 

with skill. 
But not to salve the Dardan spear-point's 

blow 
Had he the virtue ; neither booted him 
Against his wounds enchantments, bringing 

sleep, 
And simples, gathered in the Marsian 

mounts. 
Anguitia's woodland thee, thee Fucinus 
With glassy wave, thee crystal meres, be- 

wept. 



1051. Music produces the same effect on man as 
on beast : at least, so the poets say. Shakespeare 
and Dryden have been already quoted ; Congreve 
thus: 

" Music alone with sudden charms can bind 
The wandering sense, and calm the troubled 

mind. 
Begin the powerful song, ye sacred Nine, 
Your instruments and voices join ; 
Harmony, peace, and sweet desire, 
In every breast inspire. 
Revive the melancholy drooping heart, 
And soft repose to restless thoughts impart. 
Appease the wrathful mind, 
To dire revenge and death inclin'd : 
With balmy sounds his boiling blood assuage, 
And melt to mild remorse his burning rage. 
'Tis done ; and now tumultuous passions cease ; 

And all is hush'd, and all is peace. 
The weary world with welcome ease is blest, 
By music lull'd to pleasing rest." 

Hymn to Harmony, 

1056, 7. " Lament, ye nymphs, and mourn, ye 
wretched swains ; 
Stray, all ye flocks, and desert be, ye plains ; 
Sigh, all ye winds, and weep, ye crystal floods ; 
Fade, all ye flowers, and wither all ye woods. 
I mourn Pastora dead : let Albion mourn, 
And sable clouds her chalky cliffs adorn." 
Congreve, The Mourning Muse of Alexis. 

" A spring, now she is dead ! of what ? of thorns, 
Briers and brambles ? thistles, burs, and docks ? 
Cold hemlock, yew ? the mandrake, or the box ? 
Did not the whole earth sicken when she died ? 
As if there since did fall one drop of dew, 
But what was wept for her ? or any stalk 
Did bear a flower, or any branch a bloom, 
After her wreath was made ? In faith, in faith, 
You do not fair to put these things upon me, 
Which can in no sort be : Earine, 
Who had her very being and her name, 
With the first knots or buddings of the spring, 
Born with the primrose or the violet, 
Or earliest roses blown ; when Cupid smiled, 
And Venus led the Graces out to dance, 
And all the sweets and flowers in Nature's lap 
Leap'd out, and made their solemn conjuration, 
To last but while she lived ! Do not I know 



Marched, too, the offspring of Hip- 
polytus, 
Thrice lovely, to the battle, Virbius, whom, 
A noble [soul], his mother Aricia sent, 
Reared in Egeria's groves, the reeking 
banks I 06 I 

Around, where, unctuous and appeaseable, 
The altar of Diana [stands]. For they 
Report in legend that Hippolytus, 
As soon as by a stepdame's craft he fell, 
And glutted by his blood his sire's revenge, 
To atoms torn by his bewildered steeds, 
To empyrean stars again, and 'neath 
The upper gales of heaven, came, recalled 
By sovereign simples and Diana's love. • 
Thereon th' almighty father, in his wrath 
That any mortal from the shades below 
Should to the light of life arise, himself 
The Phcebus- sired inventor of such salve 
And craft, with levin-bolt to Stygian waves 
Hurled down. But Trivia, boon, Hip- 
polytus 1076 
Incloisters in sequestered cells, and him 
To nymph Egeria and her grove consigns, 
Where solitary in Italian woods 
Unnoted he might pass his life, and where 
By change of name he Virbius might be. 
Whence also from the fane and hallowed 
groves 1082 
Of Trivia horn -hoofed horses are debarred ; 
For that upon the shore the car and youth 
They, scared at ocean-monsters, overturned. 
The son upon the surface of the plain 
Plied not a whit the less his fiery steeds, 
And in his chariot to the battles rushed. 



How the vale wither'd the same day ? How Dove, 
Dean, Eye, and Erwash, Idel, Snite, and Soare, 
Each broke his urn, and twenty waters more, 
That swelled proud Trent, shrunk themselves 

dry ? that since 
No sun or moon, or other cheerful star 
Look'd out of heaven, but all the cope was dark, 
As it were hung so for her exequies ! 
And not a voice or sound to ring her knell ; 
But of that dismal pair, the screeching owl, 
And buzzing hornet ! Hark ! hark ! hark ! the 

foul 
Bird ! how she flutters with her wicker wings ! 
Peace 1 You shall hear her screech." 

Ben Jonson, T/ie Sad Shepherd, i. 2. 

1085. So the Souldan's horses, at sight of the 
light issuing from Prince Arthure's shield : 

" Such was the furie of these headstrong steeds 
Soon as the infants sunlike shield they saw, 
That all obedience both to words and deeds 
They quite forgot, and scornd all former law : 
Through woods, and rockes, and mountaine?, 

they did draw 
The yron charet, and the wheeles did teare, 
And tost the Paynim without feare or awe ; 
From side to side they tost him here and there, 
Crying to them in vaine that nould his crying 

heare." Spenser, /•'. Q., v. 8, 41. 



v. 783 — 8oo. 



BOOK VII. 



v. 800 — 808. 



22 3 



Himself among the van, of passing 
shape, 
Turnus is all in motion, grasping arms, 
And by a head entire above them stands : 
On whom, all hairy with a triple crest, 
A lofty morion a Chimrera props, 1093 

^tnean blazes puffing from her jaws : 
The louder she, and wilder with her bale- 
ful fires, 
The fiercer wax the frays w r ith gushing 

blood. 
Moreo'er an Io, with uplifted horns, 
His glossy buckler badged with gold, [she] 

now 
With hair thick-covered, now a heifer, — 

brave 
Device ! — and Argus guardian of the maid, 
And, pouring from a graven urn his stream, 
Her father Inachus. There follows on 
A cloud of footmen, and the scutcheoned 
hosts 1 103 

Are thronged throughout the plains, e'en 

Argive youth, 
And the Auruncan bands, the Rutuli, 
And old Sicanians, and Sacranian files, 
And with their painted shields Labici ; who 
Thy glades, O Tiberine, and holy marge 
Of the Numicius plough, and work with 

share 
The hills of Rutuli, and Circe's crest : 
Over which fields Anxurian Jove pre- 
sides, 1 II 1 
And, joying in her holy grove of green, 

1092. Smart, describing William the Conqueror : 

" Like a god, 
Refulgent stood the conqueror : on his troops 
He sent his looks enliv'ning as the sun's, 
But on his foes frown'd agony and death. 
On his left side in bright emblazonry 
His falchion burn'd ; forth from his sevenfold 

shield 
A basilisk shot adamant ; his brow 
Wore clouds of fury : on that with plumage 

crown'd 
Of various hues sat a tremendous cone : 
Thus sits high-canopied above the clouds, 
Terrific beauty of nocturnal skies, 
Northern Aurora ; she thro' th' azure air 
Shoots, shoots her trem'lous rays in painted 

streaks 
Continual, while waving to the wind 
O'er Night's dark veil her lucid tresses flow." 
The I J op-Garden, b. i. 

1100. " In vaine he fears that which he cannot 
shonne : 
For who wotes not that womans subtiltyes 
Can guylen Argus, when she list misdonne ? 
It is not yron bandes, nor hundred eyes, 
Nor brasen walls, nor many wakeful] spyes, 
That can withold her willull-wandring feet ; 
But fast goodwill, with gentle courtesyes, 
And timely service to her pleasure meet, 
May her perhaps containe that else would algates 
fleet." Spender, F. Q,, iii. 9, 7. 



Feronia, where lies Satura's black wash, 
And icy through the valley-beds a path 
The Ufens seeks, and in the sea is hid. 
Besides these, from the Volscian clan 
arrived 
Camilla, leading on a troop of horse, 
And hosts in bloom of bronze, a warrioress. 
Not to Minerva's distaff or her frails 
Was she accustomed with her lady hands, 
But battles sore, a maiden, to endure, 1121 
And in career of feet t' outstrip the winds. 
She, or on topmost stalks of standing corn, 



1113. Satura:palus may possibly mean the " Pon- 
tine Marshes." 

"When o'er this world, by equinoctial rains m . 
Flooded immense, looks out the joyless Sun, 
And draws the copious steam ; from swampy 

fens, 
Where putrefaction into life ferments, 
And breathes destructive myriads : or from woods, 
Impenetrable shades, recesses foul, 
In vapours rank and blue corruption wrapt, 
Whose gloomy horrors yet no desperate foot 
Has ever dared to pierce ; then, wasteful, forth 
Walks the dire power of pestilent Disease. 
A thousand hideous fiends her course attend, 
Sick nature blasting, and to heartless woe, 
And feeble desolation, casting down 
The towering hopes and all the pride of man." 
Thomson, Summer. 

1114. " The fruitful valleys laced with silver rills." 
Browne, Brit. Past., b. ii. s. 3. 

1 122. " Softly gliding as I go, 

With this burthen full of woe, 
Through still silence of the night 
Guided by the glow-worm's light, 
Hither am I come at last. 
Many a thicket have I past ; 
Not a twig that durst deny me, 
Not a bush that durst descry me 
To the little bird that sleeps 
On the tender spray ; nor creeps 
That hardy worm with pointed tail, 
But if I be under sail, 
Flying faster than the wind, 
Leaving all the clouds behind, 
But doth hide her tender head 
In some hollow tree, or bed 
Of seeded nettles ; not a hare 
Can be started from his fare 
By my footing ; nor a wish 
Is more sudden ; nor a fish 
Can be found with greater ease 
Cut the vast unbounded seas, 
Leaving neither prir.t nor sound, 
Than I, when nimbly on the ground 
I measure many a league an hour." 
J. Fletcher, The Faithful Shepherdess, iv. 2. 

" How like the nimble winds, which play upon 
The tender grass, yet press it not, or fly 
Over the crystal face of smoothest streams, 
Leaving no curl behind them ; or how like 
The yellow-feather'd Hymen when he treads 
Upon the air's soft bosom, doth she pass, 
Observ'd with admiration ! Why, she makes 
Motion the god of every excellence.'' 

Beaumont and Fletcher, '1 lie Faithful Friends. 
iv. 3. 



2 24 



v. 808—809. 



THE jENEID. 



v, 809 — 817. 



Untouched, would fly, nor in her race had 
harmed 



1 124. " Here she was wont to go ! and here ! and 

here ! 
Just where those daisies, pinks, and violets grow : 
The world may find the spring by following her ; 
For other print her airy steps ne'er left. 
Her treading would not bend a blade of grass, 
Or shake the downy blow-ball from his stalk ! 
But like the soft West-wind she shot along, 
And where she went the flowers took thickest 

root, 
As she had sow'd them with her odorous foot." 
Ben Jonson, Sad Shepherd, i. 1. 

" Love's wings so justly heave 
The body up, that as our toes shall trip 
Over the tender and obedient grasse, 
Scarce any drop of dew is dasht to ground." 

Marston, Sophonisba, iv. 1. 

" I've seen him run swifter than starting hinds, 
Nor bent the tender grass beneath his feet : 
Swifter than shadows fleeting o'er the fields ; 



Their tender ears ; or through the central 

main, 
Poised on the heaving wave, would wend 

her way, 
Nor in its surface dip her nimble soles. 
Her all the youth, from houses and from 

fields 
Outpoured, and crowd of dames, in wonder 

view, 
And towards her gaze, while marching, 

open-mouthed, H30 

With thunder-stricken minds ; — how royal 

pride 
Of purple drapes her glossy shoulders ; how 
A pin of gold her hair together binds ; 
Her Lycian quiver how she bears herself, 
And shepherd-myrtle, headed with a point. 

Nay, even the winds, with all their stock of wings, 
Have puffed behind, as wanting breath to reach 
him." Lee, Rival Queens, ii. 1. 



BOOK VIII. 



When Turnus hoisted up the flag of war 
From the Laurentine castle, and the trumps 
With grating clangor brayed, and when he 

roused 
His mettled steeds, and when he brandished 

arms ; 
Forthwith excited are their souls : at once 
All Latium bands together by an oath 
In wild unrest, and storms the frantic 

youth. 
The leading generals, Messapus [e'en] 

Line 1. " Then straight commands, that at the 

warlike sound 
Of trumpets loud and clarions be uprear'd 
His mighty standard. That proud honour claimed 
Azazel as his right, a cherub tall ; 
Who forthwith from the glittering staff unfurl'd 
The imperial ensign ; which, full high advanced, 
Shone like a meteor streaming to the wind, 
With gems and golden lustre rich emblazed, 
Seraphic arms and trophies ; all the while 
Sonorous metal blowing martial sounds : 
At which the universal host up sent 
A shout, that tore Hell's concave, and beyond 
Frighted the reign of Chaos and old Night. 
All in a moment through the gloom were seen 
Ten thousand banners rise into the air 
With orient colours waving : with them rose 
A forest huge of spears ; and thronging helms 
Appear'd, and serried shields in thick array, 
Of depth immeasurable." Milton, P. L., b. i. 
3. " The trumpet, with its Mars-inciting voice 

The wind's broad breast impetuous sweeping o'er, 

Fill'd the big note of war." 

Glover, On Sir Isaac Newton. 



And Ufens, and, despiser of the gods, 
Mezentius, muster aid from every side, 10 
And of the tillers rob the spacious fields. 
E'en to the city of great Diomede 
Is Venulus commissioned, to entreat 
His aid, and, — that in Latium Teucer's sons 
Were settling down, yFneas in his fleet 
Arrived, and his defeated household-gods 
Was bringing in, and giving out that he 
Was by the destinies the king required, — 
To give him information, — and that many 

a state 
To the Dardanian hero link themselves, 
And far and wide through Latium that his 

name 21 

Is waxing great. By these beginnings 

what 
Designs he, what, if Fortune should attend, 
The issue of the contest he desires, 
More clearly to himself than to the king 
Turnus, or king Latinus, [must] appear. 
Through Latium such : which as he fully 

sees, 
The hero [of] Laomedontian [line] 
Is wav'ring in a mighty tide of cares, 
And now to this side, now to that, he shifts 
His active spirit, and to sundry points 31 



31. " Faster than spring-time showers, comes 

thought on thought ; 
And not a thought but thinks on dignity." 

Shakespeare, 2 A". Henry VI., iii. 1. 



V. 21 26. 



BOOK VIII. 



v. 26 — 32. 



22 5 



He hurries it, and whirls it round through 

all: 
As when within the water's bronzen lips 
The dancing light, rebounded from the sun, 
Or from reflection of the beaming moon, 
Through every region flutters far and near ; 
And now beneath the air is glanced aloft, 
And strikes the ceiling of the highest roof. 
'Twas night, and jaded forms of life thro'out 

33. " I shook for fear, and yet I danced for joy ; 
I had such motions as the sun-beams make 
Against a wall, or playing on a water, 
Or trembling vapour of a boiling pot, — 
That's not so good ; it should have been a crucible 
With molten metal : she had understood it." 
Ben Jonson, The Staple of News, ii. 1. 

Parnell has a beautiful image, [in illustration of 

an idea not very dissimilar : 

" His hopes no more a certain prospect boast, 
And all the tenor of his soul is lost : 
So when a smooth expanse receives imprest 
Calm Nature's image on its watery breast, 
Down bend the banks, the trees depending grow, 
And skies beneath with answering colours glow : 
But if a stone the gentle sea divide, _ 
Swift ruffling circles curl on every side, 
And glimmering fragments of a broken sun, 
Banks, trees, and skies, in thick disorder run." 
The Hermit. 
See P. Fletcher's Purple Island, c. v. 47. 

" A spacious lake below expanded lies, 
And lends a mirror to the quiv'ring skies. 
Here pendent domes, there dancing forests seem 
To float and tremble in the waving gleam." 

Langhorne, Sttidley Park. 

The water in the text is said to have " bronzen 
lips," as the edges of the vessel, which confines it, 
are of bronze. Sole (v. 23) is the image of the Sun. 

39. " The curfew tolls tbe knell of parting day, 
The lowing herd wind slowly o'er the lea, 
The ploughman homeward plods his weary way, 
And leaves the world to darkness and to me. 
" Now fades the glimmering landscape on the sight, 
And all the air a solemn stillness holds, 
Save where the beetle wheels his droning flight, 
And drowsy tinklings lull the distant folds : 
" Save that, from yonder ivy-mantled tower, _ 
The moping owl does to the moon complain 
Of such as, wandering near her secret bower, 
Molest her ancient solitary reign." 

Gray, Elegy, 1-3. 

" 'Tis night, dead night, and weary Nature lies 
So fast, as if she never were to rise. 
No breath of wind now whispers through the 

trees, 
No noise at land, nor murmur in the seas ; 
Lean wolves forget to howl at night's pale noon, 
No wakeful dogs bark at the silent moon, 
Nor bay the ghosts that glide with horror by, 
To view the caverns where their bodies lie. 
The ravens perch, and no presages give, 
Nor to the windows of the dying cleave ; 
The owls forget to scream ; no midnight sound 
Calls drowsy Echo from the hollow ground. 
In vaults the walking fires extinguish'd lie ; 
The stars, heav'n's sentries, wink and seem to die : 
Such universal silence spreads below, 
Through the vast shades where I am doomed to 
go." Lee, Theodosius, v. 2, 1-16. 



All lands, the race of fowls and flocks, deep 

sleep 40 

Enthralled : when sire ./Eneas on the bank, 
And underneath the vault of icy heav'n, 
In bosom troubled by the rueful war, 
Lay down, and through his limbs gave late 

repose. 
To him the Genius of the place himself, 
[The god] of Tiber, from his charming 

stream, 
In years advanced, among the poplar 

leaves 



" Come, sleep, O sleep ! the certain knot of peace, 
The baiting-place of wit, the balm of woe, 
The poor man's wealth, the prisoner's release, 
Th' indifferent judge between the high and 

low." 
Sir Philip Sidney, Astrophel and Stella, xxxix. 

" The drowsy night grows on the world, and now 
The busy craftsman and o'erlabour'd hind 
Forget the travel of the day in sleep : 
Care only wakes, and moping pensiveness ; 
With meagre discontented looks they sit, 
And watch the wasting of the midnight taper. 
Such vigils must I keep, so wakes my soul, 
Restless and self-tormented." 

Rowe, Jane Shore, ii. 3-10. 

44. " But gentle Sleepe envyde him any rest ; 
Instead thereof sad sorow and disdaine 
Of his hard hap did vexe his noble brest, 
And thousand fancies bett his ydle braine 

With their light wings, the sights of semblants 
vaine." Spenser, F. Q., iii. 4, 54. 

" Here silken slumbers and refreshing sleepe 
Were seldom found ; with quiet mindes those 

keepe, 
Not with disturbed thoughts ; the beds of kings 
Are never prest by them : sweet rest inrings 
The tyred body of the swarty clowne, 
And oft'ner lies on flocks than softest downe." 
Browne, Britannia's Pastorals, ii. song 1. 
" When night bids Sleep, 
Sweet nurse of nature, o'er the senses creep, 
When Misery herself no more complains, 
And slaves, if possible, forget their chains, 
Though his sense weakens, though his eyes grow 

dim, 
The rest, which comes to all, comes not to him. 
E'en at that hour Care, tyrant Care, forbids 
The dew of sleep to fall upon his lids. 
From night to night she watches at his bed ; 
Now, as one mop'd, sits brooding o'er his head ; 
Anon she starts, and, borne on raven's wings, 
Croaks forth aloud, — ' Sleep was not made for 

kings.' " Churchill, Gotham, b. iii. 

The friends of .(Eneas might here have wished 
for him what Valentinian's attendants desired for 
their emperor : 

" Care-charming Sleep, thou easer of all woes, 
Brother to Death, sweetly thyself dispose 
On this afflicted prince ; fall, like a cloud, 
In gentle showers ; give nothing that is loud 
Or painful'to his slumbers ; easy, sweet, 
And as a purling stream, thou son of Night, 
Pass by his troubled senses ; sing his pain, 
Like hollow murmuring wind or silver rain : 
Into this prince gently, oh, gently slide, 
And kiss him into slumbers like a bride." 

J. Fletcher, Valcntinian, v. 2. 

Q 



226 



v. 32—57. 



THE ^ENEID. 



v. 57—65. 



Appeared to lift him up, — with sea-green 

garb 
Fine lawn enveloped him, and shady reed 
His tresses veiled ; — then to accost him thus, 
And take away his troubles by these words : 
" gendered from the race of gods, 
thou who 5 2 

Dost Troja's city from her foes restore 
To us, and everlasting Pergamus 
Dost guard ; O looked-for on Laurentine 

ground 
And Latin fields, here [lies] for thee assured 
Thy home, assured Penates ; shrink thou 

not, 
Nor be affrighted by the threats of war : 
All spleen and wrath of gods have passed 

away. 
And now by thee, — lest thou shouldst deem 
that sleep 60 

Shapes these its baseless [visions], — found 

beneath 
The holms upon my bank, a monstrous sow, 
That has produced a brood of thirty young, 
Shall lie, white, on the ground reclining, 

white 
Around her dugs the litter ; this shall prove 
Thy city's site ; this, rest assured from toils: 
From which [event] within thrice ten re- 
turning years 
Ascanius shall the city Alba build, 
Of glorious name. No doubtful [truths] I 

chant. 
Now by what means what presses on may'st 
thou 70 

In triumph execute, in [words] a few, — 
Give heed, — I thee will teach. Arcadia's 

sons 
In these our coasts, — a race from Pallas 

sprung, 
Who [following] king Evander as his 

mates, 
Who following on his banners, have a site 
Selected, and upon the mountains built 
A city, Pallanteum, from the name 
Of Pallas their progenitor, — these war 
Unceasingly protract with Latium's race : 
These to thy camp adjoin as thine allies, 
And leagues compact. I thee will lead 
myself 81 



51. " She bids you 

Upon the wanton rushes lay you down, 
And rest your gentle head upon her lap, 
And she will sing the song that pleaseth you, 
And on your eyelids crown the god of sleep, 
Charming your blood with pleasing heaviness ; 
Making such difference 'twixt wake and sleep, 
As is the dift'rence betwixt day and night, 
The hour before the heav'nly-harness'd team 
Begins his golden progress in the east." 

Shakespeare, 1 K. Henry IV., iii. 1. 



Along my banks and runnel straight, that 

thou 
The tide opposing mayest with thy oars, 
Upborne, surmount. Come, rouse thee, 

goddess-born ! 
And when first stars are setting duly bring 
Thy prayers to Juno, and her wrath and 

threats 
By humble vows o'ercome. A conqueror 
To me shalt thou pay homage. I am he, 
Whom thou descriest with a brimming 

flood 
Grazing the banks, and sev'ring fruitful 

tilths, 90 

The azure Tiber, to the heav'ns a stream 
Thrice welcome. Here to me a stately fane, 
The head of lofty cities, towers forth." 

88. This patronage of iEneas by father Tiber 
was plainly not quite a disinterested affair (see 
lines 92, 3) : his civilities had partly their origin in 
vanity, as those of the river-god in Fletcher's 
Faithful Shepherdess were due to another selfish 
cause : 

" I am this fountain's god : below 

My waters to a river grow, 

And 'twixt two banks with osiers set, 

That only prosper in the wet, 

Through the meadows do they glide, 

Wheeling still on every side, 

Sometimes winding round about, 

To find the evenest channel out. 

And if thou wilt go with me, 

Leaving mortal company, 

In the cool streams shalt thou lie, 

Free from harm as well as I. 

I will give thee for thy food 

No fish that useth in the mud ; 

But trout and pike, that love to swim, 

Where the gravel from the brim 

Through the pure streams may be seen ; 

Orient pearl fit for a queen 

Will I give, thy love to win, 

And a shell to keep them in : 

Not a fish in all my brook 

That shall disobey thy look ; 

But, when thou wilt, come sliding by, 

And from thy white hand take a fly : 

And, to make thee understand 

How I can my waves command, 

They shall bubble whilst I sing, 

Sweeter than the silver string." Act iii. 1. 

89. " O, could I flow like thee, and make thy 
stream 
My great example, as it is my theme ! 
Though deep, yet clear ; though gentle, yet not 

dull; 
Strong without rage, without o'erflowing full." 
This celebrated allusion to the Thames, in Sir 
John Denham's Cooper's Hill, is imitated by Prior, 
speaking of the same river : 
" Serene, yet strong ; majestic, yet sedate ; 
Swift without violence, without terror great." 

Carmen Seculars. 
Even Hamilton must copy it, when writing an 
Inscription on a Dog : 

" Calm, though not mean ; courageous without 
rage ; 
Serious, not dull, and without thinking sage." 



v. 66—87. 



BOOK VIII. 



v. 87 — 101. 



227 



The River spoke ; then in a pool profound 
He plunged him, diving to its bed. The 

night 
And sleep /Eneas left : he rises up, 
And as he gazes on the dawning beams 
Of th' empyrean sun, in hollow hands 
The water duly from the flood upbears, 
And such-like words outpours to heav'n : 

" O Nymphs, 100 

Laurentine Nymphs, whence streams have 

birth, and thou, 
O father Tiber, with thy holy tide, 
Receive iEneas, and do ye at last 
From dangers screen him. In whatever 

spring 
Thy lake holds thee, who dost compassion 

feel 
For our misfortunes ; from whatever ground 
In fullest beauty thou art gushing forth ; 
Aye with my homage, ever with my 

gifts, 
Shalt thou be honored, O horn-bearing 

flood, 
Lord of Hesperian waters. O be thou 1 10 
But present, and more nigh to me confirm 
Thy heav'nly intimations !" Thus he 

speaks, 
And galleys twain of double bank he culls 
From out the navy, and with oarage fits : 
The same time furnishes the crews with 

arms. 
But lo ! an unexpected, and to view 
A wondrous omen : — fair along the wood, 
Like-hued with her white offspring, down 

there lay, 
And on the bank of green is spied, a sow : 
Which good yEneas sooth to thee, to thee 
Slays, sovereign Juno, off'ring holy rites, 
And places at thy altar with her brood. 122 
Tiber that night, however long it proves, 
His swelling river calmed, and, tiding back 



124. " Quoth he : ' Slide billows smoothly for her 
sake, 
Whose sight can make your aged Nereus young, 
For her fair passage even alleys make, 
And as the soft winds waft her sails along, 
Sleek ev'ry little dimple of the lake, 
Sweet Sirens, and be ready with your song.' " 
Drayton, Barons' Wars, iii. 47. 

" Here waxt the windes dumbe (shut up in their 
caves), 
As still as midnight were the sullen waves, 
And Neptune's silver ever-shaking brest 
As smooth as when the halcyon builds her nest. 
None other wrinckles on his face were seene 
Than on a fertile meade, or sportive greene, 
Where never plow-share ript his mother's wombe, 
To give an aged seed a living tombe ; 
Nor blinded mole the fatning earth e'er stirr'd, 
Nor boyes made pitfals for the hungry bird. 
The whistling reeds upon the water's side 
Shot up their sharp heads in a stately pride, 



With noiseless billow, so he came to rest, 
That he, in fashion of a gentle plash 
And stilly fen, might lay his surface low 
Upon the waters, so that from the oar 
Might strain be absent. Therefore they 

their course, 
Commenced, speed forward with a cheering 

shout. 130 

Glides through the streams the ointed fir ; 

and waves 
Are wond'ring, wonders th' unaccustomed 

grove 
At shields of warriors gleaming from afar, 
And painted galleys swimming on the flood. 
They with their rowing night alike and day 
Tire out, and lengthful reaches overpass, 
And are by sundry trees imbowered, and 

thread 
The verdant forests on the surface calm. 
The sun the central circle of the sky 
Had scaled, ablaze, what time from far the 

walls, 140 

And castle, and the houses' scattered roofs, 
Do they behold, which now the Roman power 
Hath matched with heaven : then the 

scant domains 
Evander held. They speedily their prows 
Veer towards them, and the city they ap- 
proach. 



And not a bynding ozyer bow'd his head, 
But on his roote him bravely carryed : 
No dandling leafe plaid with the subtill ayre, 
So smooth the sea was, and the skye so fayre." 
Browne, Britannia's Pastorals, ii. 1. 

" Calm were the elements, night's silence deep, 
The waves scarce murmuring, and the winds 
asleep." Dryden, Absalom and Achitophel. 

125. " Either side 

Was fene'd by trees high-shadowing. The front 
Look'd on a crystal pool, by feather'd tribes 
At ev'ry dawn frequented. From the springs 
A small redundance fed a shallow brook, 
O'er smoother pebbles rippling just to wake, 
Not startle Silence, and the ear of Night 
Entice to listen undisturb'd." 

Glover, Leonidas, b. ii. 

140. " Mark, how th' all-kindling orb 
Meridian glory gains ! 

Round Meru's breathing zone he winds oblique 
O'er pure cerulean plains : 
His jealous flames absorb 
All meaner lights, and unresisted strike 
The world with rapt'rous joy and dread. 
Ocean, smit with melting pain, 
Shrinks, and the fiercest monster of the main 
Mantles in caves profound his tusky head, , 
With sea-weeds dank and coral spri ad. 
Less can mild Earth and her yreen daughters bear 
The Moon's wide wasting glare: 
To rocks the panther creeps ; to woody night 
The vulture steals his flight ; 
E'en cold caineleons pant in thickets dun, 
And o'er the burning grit th' unwinged locusts 
run." Sir William Jones, Hymn, to Surya. 

Q 2 



V. 102 115. 



THE JENEID. 



v. 115— 138. 



By chance that day a yearly sacrifice 
The Arcad king t' Amphitryon's great son, 
And to the gods, was offring up before 
The city in a grove. Along with him 
Pallas his son, along with him were all 
The foremost of the youths, and humble 

senate, 151 

Presenting frankincense ; and milk-warm 

blood 
Was steaming at the altars. When tall ships 
They saw, and that amid the shady grove 
They towards them stole, and leaned on 

noiseless oars ; 
They're startled by the sudden sight, and 

all — 
The boards abandoned, — in a body rise. 
Whom gallant Pallas to break off the rites 
Forbids, and, with a weapon seized, himself 
To meet them flies, and from a knoll afar : 
' ' O youths, what cause hath forced you to 

essay 161 

Our unknown pathways ? Whither are ye 

bound ?" 
He cries : ' ' Who [are you by] your race ? 

Wherefrom, 
Your home ? Is't peace ye hither bring, or 

arms ?" 
Then sire ^Eneas from the lofty stern 



156. So Spenser beautifully describes Colin's as- 
tonishment at the fust sight of a ship (see note /£«. 
v. /. 854) : 

" For, as we stood there waiting on the strond, 
Behold, an huge great vessell to us came, 
Dauncing upon the waters back to lond, 
As if it scornd the daunger of the same : 
Yet was it but a wooden frame and fraile, 
Glewed together with some subtile matter. 
Yet had it armes and wings, and head and taile, 
And life to move itselfe upon the water. 
Strange thing ! how bold and swift that monster. 

was, 
That neither car'd for wynd, nor haile, nor raine, 
Nor swelling waves, but thorough them did passe 
So proudly, that she made them roare againe." 
Colin Clotits Come Home Again. 

T. Warton's swain is as much astonished as Pallas 
and his companions : 

" Sudden a burst of brightness smote my sight, 
From arms and all th' imblazonry of war 
Reflected far, while steeds, and men, and arms 
Seem'd floating wide, and stretch'd in vast array 
O'er the broad bosom of the big-swoln flood 
That dashing roll'd its beamy waves between. 
The banks promiscuous swarm'd with thronging 

troops ; 
These on the flood embarking, those appear'd 
Crowding the adverse shore, already past. 
All was confusion, all tumultuous din. 
I trembled as I look'd, tho' far above, 
And in one blaze their arms were blended bright 
With the broad stream, while all the glist'ring 

scene 
The morn illum'd, and in one splendour clad." 
Eclogue iv. 



Thus speaks, and from his hand holds out 

a branch 
Of peaceful olive: " Sons of Troy, and 

arms 
Unfriendly to the Latins, dost thou see ; 
Whom they by overbearing war have driven 
To exile. We Evander seek. Bear these, 
And tell him that Dardania's chosen chiefs 
Have come, entreating for a league of 

arms." ' 172 

Amazed was Pallas, at so great a name 
Deep-struck: " O disembark, whoe'er thou 

art," 
Saith he, " and face to face my sire address, 
And pass beneath our dwellings as a guest ;" 
And by the palm he caught him, and right 

hand 
Engrasping, clung thereto. As on they 

paced, 
The grove they enter, and the river quit. 

^Eneas then the king with friendly words 
Accosts : " O best of Grecia's sons, to 

whom 181 

Hath Fortune willed that I should offer 

prayer, 
And stretch before me boughs with fillet 

trimmed ; 
In sooth I have no apprehension felt, 
For that thou [wert] a leader of the Greeks, 
An Arcad also, and that from thy root 
With Atreus' double offspring thou wert 

linked ; 
But me my merit, and the holy oracles 
Of gods, and kindred fathers, thy renown 
Noised through the lands, have knit to 

thee, and brought 190 

By fates, a willing [suitor]. Dardanus, 
Of Ilium's city the primeval sire 
And founder, from Electra, (as the Greeks 

report,) 
Of Atlas daughter sprung, to Teucer's sons 
Is wafted ; gave Electra to the light 
The highest Atlas, who the balls of heaven 
Upon his shoulder props. You have for sire 



Atlas. 
I 



Jupiter= Electra. 
Dardanus. 
Ericthonius. 

Tros. 
Assaracus. 

Capys. 

Anchises. 

./Eneas. 



Maia=Jupiter. 
Mercury. 
Evander. 



v. 138—166. 



BOOK VIII. 



v. 167 — 195. 



229 



Mercurius, whom, conceived, fair Maia bore 
On Cyllene's icy crest ; but Maia, if at all 
Repose we trust in [legends we have] heard, 
Atlas, the self-same Atlas, sires, he who 
The constellations of the sky upholds. 202 
Thus branches off the pedigree of both 
From the one blood. Relying upon these, 
Not [through] ambassadors, nor through 

address, 
Have I first proofs of thee devised : myself, 
Myself, and my own life, have I myself 
Exposed, and come a suitor to thy courts. 
The selfsame Daunian clan, that pesters thee 
With felon war, if us they may expel, 210 
Believe that naught is lacking, but that'they 
May all Hesperia wholly bring beneath 
Their yoke, and hold the sea, which doth 

above, 
And that which doth below against it wash. 
Receive, and grant us, troth. There be 

with us 
Breasts bold in war ; there be [brave] souls, 
And youth in actions tried." iEneas said. 
The other on the speaker's face and eyes, 
And his whole person with his eye long 

since 
Kept poring. Then he thus few [words] 

returns : 220 

" How thee, Ogallantest of Teucer's sons, 
I welcome, and delighted recognize ! 
How I thy mighty sire Anchises' words, 
And voice, and visage, recollect ! For I 
Remember that in visiting the realms 
Of Hesione his sister, Priamus, 
The offspring of Laomedon, in quest 
Of Salamis, came farther on to see 
Arcadia's icy bourns. Then dawn of youth 
My cheeks was mantling over with its 
bloom ; 230 

And I with wonder gazed upon the chiefs 
Of Teucer's sons ; I gazed with wonder, too, 
On th' offspring of Laomedon himself : 
But statelier than all Anchises walked. 
My spirit burned with youthful love t' accost 
The hero, and to link right hand to right. 
I went up to him, and in eagerness 
'Neath Pheneus' walls I led him. He to me 
A noted quiver and its Lycian shafts, 

235. " Pardon, dread princess, that I made some 
scruple 
To leave a valley of security, 
To mount up to the hill of majesty, 
On which, the nearer Jove, the nearer lightning. 
What knew I, but your grace made trial of me ; 
Durst I presume to embrace, where but to touch 
With an unmanner'd hand, was death ? The fox, 
When he saw first the forest's king, the lion, 
Was almost dead with fear; the second view 
Only a little daunted him ; the third, 
He durst salute him boldly." 

Massinger, The Virgin- Martyr, i. 1. 



At his departure gave, a mantle too, 240 
With gold inwove, and twain gold bits, 

which now 
My Pallas hath. Then both,— that which 

ye seek, — 
Right hand by me united is in league ; 
And soon as ever shall to-morrow's dawn 
Restore her to the lands, with succor I 
Will send you blithe away, and with my 

means 
Will help. Meanwhile these holy [rites], 

— since ye 
Have hither come as friends, — [these] 

yearly [rites], 
Which to delay were crime, do ye observe 
In kindness with us, and yourselves e'en 
now 250 

Accustom to the boards of your allies." 
When these were said, the viands and 
the cups, 
Which were withdrawn, he bids to be re- 
placed, 
And he himself upon a turfy seat 
The men disposes, and distinguished by a 

cushion 
And hide of shaggy lion, he receives 
^neas, and invites him to a throne 
Of maple. Then choice youths in rivalry, 
And th' altar-priest, bear roasted flesh of 

bulls, 
And heap in baskets labored Ceres' gifts, 
And Bacchus they purvey. ^Fneas feasts, 
And with him Troja's youth, upon the chine 
And cleansing inwards of a solid ox. 263 
As soon as hunger was removed, and 
checked 
Desire of eating, king Evander saith : 
"Not these our yearly [rites] on us, these 

feasts 
In customed form, this altar of a power 
So mighty, hath a superstition vain, 
And heedless of the ancient gods, enjoined : 
From cruel dangers saved, O Trojan guest, 
Perform we them, and honors earned 
renew. 271 

Now firstly, poised on crags, this rock 

behold : 
How are the masses scattered far abroad, 
And stands forlorn the mansion of the 

mount, 
And cliffs have trailed a vasty wreck ! 

Here stood 
A cave, withdrawn within a huge recess, 
Which the half-human Cacus' awful shape 
Would occupy, by sunbeams unapproached : 

277. Or, taking scmihominis in its physical 
meaning— a doubtful view — 

" Which the dread shape of Cacus, half a man.'' 



230 



195—223. 



THE jENEID. 



v. 223 — 246. 



And aye with murder fresh the ground was 

• warm, 
And, pinned upon the prideful gates, the 

heads 280 

Of men hung ghastly with their rueful gore. 
This monster's sire was Vulcan : of that [sire] 
The sooty flames disgorging from his mouth, 
With giant bulk he moved him on. Time 

brought 
To us, too, at the last, as fain we wished, 
The succor and arrival of a god. 
For th' arch-avenger with the death and 

spoils 
Of triple Geryon proud, Alcides, came, 
And conqu'ror drove this way his mon- 
ster bulls : 
Beeves occupied alike the vale and stream. 
But Cacus' spirit, through the furies wild, 
Lest aught there had been or of crime, or 

craft, 292 

Unhazarded or unessayed, four bulls 
Of peerless figure from the grounds drives 

off, 
As many heifers of surpassing shape ; 
And these, — lest any footmarks lie with 

hoofs 
Direct, — dragged towards the cavern by 

the tail, 
And, hurried with their tracks upon the 

paths 
Reversed, he hid within the gloomy rock. 
No traces for the searcher cave-ward led. 
Meanwhile when now his satiated droves 
Amphitryo's son was shifting from their 

grounds, 302 

And making ready a retreat, the beeves 
At their departure low, and all the wood 
Was filled with plaints, and with their cry 

the hills 
Were quitted. Of the kine did one return 
The sound, and bellowed 'neath the mon- 
ster den, 
And balked the hope of Cacus [though] 

inj ailed. 
Here sooth Alcides' choler had blazed out 
In frenzies from his inky gall. He grasps 
His weapons in his hand and [club of] oak, 
Weighted with knots, and at full speed he 

seeks 312 

The skyish mountain heights. Then first 

our men 
Saw Cacus quailing, and in eyes dismayed. 

311. " But for that damn'd magician, let him be girt 
With all the grisly legions that troop 
Under the sooty flag of Acheron ; 
Harpies and Hydras, or all the monstrous forms 
'Twixt Africa and Ind, — I'll find him out, 
And force him to return his purchase back, 

r Or drag him by the curls to a foul death, 
Curs'd as his life." Milton, Comus. 



Straight posts he fleeter than the eastern 

gale, 
And seeks the cave : Fear lent his feet her 

wings. 
Soon as he shut him up, and, when the 

chains 
Were brast, he lowered down the monstrous 

stone 
Which hung thro' iron and his father's skill, 
And strengthened with a bar, secured the 

doors : 320 

Lo ! storming in his soul Tirynthius came, 
And, every inlet scanning, to and fro 
He flung his glances, gnashing with his 

teeth. 
Thrice, hot with anger, scans he the whole 

mount 
Of Aventinus ; thrice the rocky gates, 
Essays in vain ; thrice, weary, in the vale 
Sat down. There stood a pointed [cliff of] 

flint,— 
The rocks cut sheer on every quarter, — o'er 
The cavern's chine uprising, to be seen 
Of passing height, for nests of boding birds 
Meet homestead. This, as beetling with 

its crest, 331 

'Twas leaning towards the river on the left, 
He on the right, against it straining, shook, 
And, loosened, wrenched from out its 

deepest roots ; 
Then suddenly thereto an impulse gave ; 
With which his impulse in its length and 

breadth 
Peals yFther, leap apart the banks, and back 
The river runs affrighted. But the den, 
And royal court of Cacus, stript of roof, 
Appeared enormous, and the shady vaults 
Lay open deep within : not otherwise 341 
Than if by any power deep within 
Should yawning earth unlock her hellish 

homes, 
And ghastly realms reveal, by gods ab- 
horred, 
And from above the hideous pit be kenned, 
And Manes shudder at the light let in. 



316. Spenser has the same idea in more place* 
than one : 

" Thereto fear gave her wings, and need her 
courage taught." F. Q., iii. 7, 26. 

" It needlesse was to bid the flood pursue ; 
Anger gave wings." 

Browne, Britaiuiia's Pastorals, ii. 3. 
" Mistrztst now wing'd his feet, then raging ire, 
' For speede comes ever lamely to desire.' " 

Ibid. ii. 4. 

346. Dryden plainly borrows the idea, to illus- 
trate the mischief done to ships by a cannonade ; 
Annus Mirabilis, 128 : 

" Their open'd sides received a gloomy light, 
Dreadful as day let into shades below." 



v. 247 — 266. 



BOOK VIII. 



v. 266 — 285. 



231 



Therefore, surprised in unexpected day 
Upon a sudden, and injailed inside 
The hollow rock, and raising wontless roars, 
Alcides whelms him from above with darts, 
And every weapon summons to [his aid], 
And him with stocks and monster stones 

he plies. 352 

But he, — for neither is there furthermore 
Now any flight from danger, — from his jaws 
Prodigious smoke, — a marvel to be told, 
Spews forth, and wraps his home in blinding 

murk, 
The eyes of view bereaving, and enspheres 
Within the den a smoky night, — with fire 
The darkness blent. Alcides brooked it not 
In passion, and himself e'en through the fire 
He flung with headlong spring, where 

thickest smoke 361 

Its billow drives, and with a pitchy cloud 
The vasty cavern waves. He Cacus here 
In darkness, idle burnings spewing, grasps, 
Twisting him to a knot, and grappling 

screws 
His started eyeballs, and his blood-dry 

throat. 
Forthwith is opened, with its doors 

wrenched off, 
The grisly dwelling ; and the stolen kine, 
And plunder oath-denied, are to the heaven 
Displayed, and by the feet the shapeless 

corse 370 

Is dragged abroad. Their hearts cannot 

be cloyed 
By poring o'er the fearful eyes, the face, 

and breast, 



Ben Jonson, speaking of Rome : 

" She builds in gold, and to the stars, 
As if she threaten'd heav'n with wars ; 
And seeks for hell in quarries deep, 
Giving the fiends, that there do keep, 
A hope of day." 

Catiline, Chorus, end of act i. 
Gifford traces this to Petronius Arbiter. (See 
T. Petronii Arb. Satyricon. Amstel. 1669, p. 431.) 

351. Ramis (v. 250) as plainly means trunks of 
trees, as molaribus does not mean mill-stones. 

355. P. Fletcher, of the Dragon: 
" Out of his gorge a hellish smoke he drew 

That all the field with foggy mist enwraps : 
As when Tiphaeus from his paunch doth spew 
Black-smothering flames, roll'd in loud thunder- 
claps ; 
The pitchy vapours choke the shining ray, 
And bring dull night upon the smiling 
day." Purple Island, xii. 23. 

370. " Come forth, you seed of sulphur, sons of fire! 
Your stench it is broke forth ! Abomination 

Is in the house." Ben Jonson, Alchemist, v. 1. 

371, 2. " And after, all the raskall many ran, 
Heaped together in rude rablement, 

To see the face of that victorious man, 
Whom all admired as from Heaven sent, 



With bristles shaggy, of the demi-brute, 
And at the blazes quenched within his 

jaws. 
Thenceforward is the worship solemnised, 
And glad posterity have kept the day ; 
Potitius, too, the leading founder was, 
And, guardian of the rite to Hercules, 
Pinarius' house. This altar in the grove 
He reared, which ever ' Greatest ' shall be 

called 380 

By us, and which shall greatest ever be. 
Then come, O youths, do ye, in sacrifice 
For such high merits, with the leaf enring 
Your tresses, and the cups in your right 

hands 
Stretch forth, and call upon our common 

god, 
And wines present him freely." He had 

said, 
When twain-hued poplar with Herculean 

shade 
Both decked his locks, and, laced with 

leafage, hung ; 
A holy goblet, too, his right hand filled. 
At once they all upon the board in joy 
Pour out libations, and the gods entreat. 

Meanwhile in th' empyrean sinking down 
The eve is nigher brought : and now the 

priests 393 

And, at their head, Potitius, marched along, 
With skins, according to their fashion, 

clad, 
And torches carried. They renew the feast, 
And welcome off 'rings of the second board 
Present, and with their laden dishes pile 
The altars. Then the Salian [priests] for 

chants 



And gaz'd upon with gaping wonderment. 
But when they came where that dead dragon lay, 
Stretcht on the ground in monstrous large extent, 
The sight with ydle feare did them dismay, 
Ne durst approch him nigh, to touch, or once essay. 

" Some feard, and fiedd ; some feard, and well it 
fayned : 
One, that would wiser seeme then all the rest, 
Warnd him not touch, for yet perhaps remaynd 
Some lingring life within his hollow brest, 
Or in his wombe might lurke some hidden nest 
Of many dragonettes, his fruitful] seede ; 
Another saidc, that in his eyes di 
Yet sparckling fyre, and badd thereof take heed ; 

Another said, he saw him move his eyes indeed. 

" One mother, wheras her foolehardy chyld 
Did come too neare, and with his talants play, 
Halfe dead through feare, her little babe revyled, 
And to her gossibs gan in counsel] say : 
' How can I tell, but that his talants may 

Yet scratch my sonne, or rend bis tender hand? 

So diversly themselves in \aine thev fray ; 
While some more bold to measure him n. 

To prove how many acres he did spred ofTand." 

Spenser, F, Q., i. 12, 9-11. 



232 



v. 285 — 3 11 * 



THE jENEID. 



v. 311—339- 



The blazing altars round, appear en- 
wreathed 400 
Upon their brows with poplar branches : 

this— 
A choir of striplings, that — of aged [sires], 
Who in their hymn the lauds of Hercules, 
And his achievements, celebrate : how first 
His step-dame's monster-forms and pair 

of snakes, 
Crushing them in his hand, he strangled ; 

how 
In war choice cities he, the same, o'erthrew, 
Both Troja and QEchalia ; how sore toils, 
A thousand, under king Eurystheus, he 
Endured through doom of Juno the unjust. 
" Thou, O unconquerable [hero, slay'st] 
The children of the cloud, of double limb, 
Hylseus e'en, and Pholus, with thy hand : 
Thou the monstrosities of Crete dost slay, 
And lion huge beneath Nemea's rock. 415 
At thee have quaked the Stygian pools ; 

at thee 
Hell's porter, cow'ring o'er half-eaten bones 
Within his gory cavern ; neither thee 
Have any shapes, not e'en Typhosus, scared, 
A giant grasping weapons ; not devoid 
Of pow'r of thought did thee beset around 
The snake of Lerna with his host of heads. 
All hail ! indisputable son of Jove, 423 
Thou glory added to the pow'rs divine ! 
Alike to us, and thine own holy [rites], 
Draw near propitious with a fav'ring step." 
The like [exploits] they celebrate in songs : 
Above them all do they subjoin the cave 
Of Cacus, e'en himself too, puffing forth 
With blazes. All the woodland with the din 
Rings out in concert, and the hills rebound. 
Thereon, — the holy services complete, — 
They all betake them to the city back. 433 
On fared the monarch, overwhelmed with 

age, 
And in his company iEneas, and his son 
Close kept he to him as he foots along, 
And eased the way with manifold discourse. 
yEneas marvels, and his ready eyes 
Round all he throws, and by the spots is 
charmed, 



411. This transition from the third to the second 

person is copied by Milton ; as is remarked in Trol- 

lope's Anthon's Virgil : 

" Both turn'd, and under open sky adored 
The God that made both sky, air, earth, and 

heaven, 
Which they beheld ; the moon's resplendent globe, 
And starry pole : Thou also mad'st the night, 
Maker Omnipotent, and Thou the day." 

P.L., b. iv. 
422. Spenser has a grand description of a 

Dragon, and the Red Cross Knight's victory over 

him ; F.Q., i. n, 8-14, &c. 



And one by one in joy both searches out, 
And hears, the legends of the men of yore. 
Then king Evander, founder of the tower 
Of Rome : " These groves the native 

Fauns and Nymphs 443 

Were used t' inhabit, and a race of men 
Born from the boles [of trees] and sturdy 

oak ; 
Who had nor rule, nor elegance [of life] ; 
Nor bulls to yoke, or gather wealth, they 

knew, 
Or spare their gains : but branches and 

the chase, 
Rugged in sustenance, purveyed support. 
First Saturn came from empyrean heaven, 
Flying Jove's arms, and from his wrested 

realm 45 1 

An exile. He the race untaught, and spread 
Through lofty mountains, settled, and 

their laws 
Vouchsafed, and ' Latium ' chose them to 

be called, 
Since latent in these coasts he safe had 

lain. 
The golden age, whereof they tell, was 

'neath that king : 
He so in calm of peace the nations ruled ; 
Till step by step a worse, and tarnished 

age, 
And rage for war, and lust of gain ensued. 
Then came the Auson host, and Sic'ly's 

clans ; 460 

And Saturn's land too often laid aside 
Her name. Then kings, and Tybris, rough 

with frame 
Immense ; from whom have we Italians next 
The river by the title Tyber called ; 
Old Albula hath lost its real name. 
Myself, forth driven from my native land, 
And following the ocean's utmost [bounds], 
Almighty Fortune and resistless Fate 
Have in these regions placed, and me have 

forced 
My mother nymph Carmentis' warnings 

dread, 470 

And her inspirer-god Apollo." Scarce 
These [words] were spoken : then advanc- 
ing on 
He shows him both the altar, and the gate, 
Which Romans by the name " Carmental " 

call, 



459. " But violence can never longer sleep 
Than human passions please. In ev'ry heart 
Are sown the sparks that kindle fiery war : 
Occasion needs but fan them, and they blaze." 
Cowper, Task, b. v. 

468. " Since fate inevitable 

Subdues us, and omnipotent decree, 
The victor's will." Milton, P. L., b. ii. 



v. 339—363- 



BOOK VIII. 



v. 363—386. 



233 



The Nymph Carmentis' compliment of old, 
Presageful prophetess, who chanted first 
That the yEneadae would great become, 
And Pallanteum famous. Farther on 
The mighty grove, which mettled Romulus 
Entitled the " Asylum," and beneath 480 
An icy cliff " Lupercal " points he out, 
According to Parrhasian fashion called 
From the Lycasan Pan. E'en, too, does he 
Point out the hallowed Argiletum's wood, 
And calls the place to witness, and the 

death 
Of his guest Argus he explains. Thence 

leads 
To the Tarpeian hold and Capitol, 
Now golden, bristling erst with savage 

brakes. 
Already then dread rev'rence for the spot 
The quaking peasants awed ; already then 
They shuddered at the forest and the 

rock. 
"This grove, this hill," saith he, "with 

leafy crest, — 492 

What god, it is unsure, — a god doth haunt : 
Th' Arcadians hold that Jove himself 

they've seen, 
When oft his darkling ^Egis he would shake 
In his right hand, and thunder-clouds 

arouse. 
Moreover these two towns with scattered 

walls, 
Remnants and records of the men of old, 
Thou see'st. This castle father Janus, — 

that, 
Did Saturn build : Janiculum of one, 500 
Saturnia of the other, was the name." 
With such like talk between them up they 

came 
To poor Evander's palace, and at large 
His herds saw lowing both throughout 
The Roman Forum and the grand Carine. 
When reached they his abodes; "These 

gates," saith he, 
" Alcides conqu'ror entered : him this court 



481. As the Arcadians in Greece called Pan Ly- 
ceeus from their mountain of that name, which was 
sacred to him, as being his supposed haunt ; so 
Evander and his Arcadians in Italy, having conse- 
crated the cave in the Palatine Mount to Pan, called 
it Lupercal from lupus ; Lycceus being akin in 
form to A.VK05, and hence suggesting the word lupus. 

488. Nunc and olim (v. 348) might now be inter- 
changed with too much truth : 

" Fall'n, fall'n, a silent heap ; her heroes all 
Sunk in their urns ; behold the pride of pomp, 
The throne of nations fall'n ; obscur'd in dust ; 
E'en yet majestical." 

" Rent palaces, crush'd columns, rifled moles, 
Fanes roll'd on fanes, and tombs on buried 
tombs." Dyer, Ruins of Rome. 16. 



Received. O guest, dare riches to despise, 
And mould thee also worthy of the god : 
And come not churlish to our poor estate." 
He said, and 'neath his narrow mansion's 

roof 5 1 1 

The great ^Eneas led, and set him down, 
Cushioned upon a carpeting of leaves, 
And on the skin of a Libystine bear. 

Night posts, and folds the earth with 

ebon wings. 
But Venus, not in mind without a cause 
A mother scared, and by Laurentines' 

threats, 
And ruffian uproar roused, Vulcan accosts, 
And from her husband's golden bed she 

these begins, 
And o'er her accents breathes a heav'nly 

love : 520 

' ' While in their warfare the Argolic kings 
Were laying waste the fated Pergamus, 
And, doomed to fall by hostile flames, its 

towers, 
Not any succor for its wretched [sons], 
Not weapons of thy skill and power I 

asked ; 
Nor thee, O dearest consort, or thy toils, 
Have I been willing idly to employ ; 
Though both to Priam's sons full much I 

owed, 
And oft yEneas' sore distress had wept. 
He now at Jove's behests hath settled down 
On the Rutulians' coasts : then I the same 
A suitress come, and of thy deity, revered 
By me, arms crave, a mother for a son. 
Thee Nereus' daughter, thee Tithonus' 

spouse 534 

Could bend by tears. Behold, what hordes 

combine, 
What towns with bolted gates the falchion 

whet 



508. " Yet once a-day drop down a gentle look 
On the great molehill, and with pitying eye 
Survey the busy emmets round the heap, 
Crowding and bustling in a thousand forms 

Of strife and toil, to purchase wealth and fame, 
A bubble or a dust : then call thy thoughts 
Up to thyself to feed on joys unknown, 
Rich without gold, and great without renown." 
Watts, True Monarchy. 

509. " Pleasure has charms : but so has Virtue too. 
One skims the surface, like the swallow's wing, 
And scuds away unnotic'd. T'other nymph, 
Like spotless swans in solemn majesty, 
Breasts the pale surge, and leaves long light 

behind." Walpole, Mysterious Mother, ii. 4. 
515. " For now began 

Night with her sullen wings to double-shade 
The desert." Milton, /'. A'., b. i. end. 

Glover has a different image : 
" In sable vesture, spangled o'er with stars, 
The Night assum'd her throne." 

Lconidas, ix. 1, 2. 



234 



v. 386 — 4 01 ' 



THE MNEID. 



v. 402 — 427. 



'Gainst me, and [for] the overthrow of 

mine !" 
She said, and in her snowy arms, this side 
And that, the goddess, as he hesitates, 
Infolds him warmly with a soft embrace. 
He suddenly received the wonted flame, 
And the known heat his marrow pierced, 

and coursed 542 

Through melting bones. No less than 

when at times 
With flashing thunder burst, the chink of 

fire, 
In brightness gleaming, races through the 

clouds. 
His spouse perceived it, blithesome in her 

wiles, 
And of her beauty conscious. Then the sire, 
Enchained in everlasting passion, speaks : 
" Why seekest thou for reasons from the 

deep? 
Whither, O goddess, hath thy trust in me 
Departed ? Had there been the like con- 
cern, 551 
Then also lawful had it been for us 
To arm the Trojans ; nor th'^almighty sire, 
Nor destinies forbade that Troy should 

stand, 
And Priam through ten other years survive. 
And now, if thou to battle dost prepare, 
And this is thy resolve, engage can I 
Whate'er there be of travail in my craft, 



544. Spenser employs the idea for a similar 
purpose : 

" As the bonilasse passed bye, 
Hey, ho, the bonilasse ! 
She rovde at mee with glauncing eye, 

As cleare as the cristall glasse : . . . . 
Or as the thonder cleaves the cloudes, 

Hey, ho, the thonder ! 
Wherein the lightsome levin shroudes ; 
So cleaves thy soul asonder." 

Shefiheards Calender, August. 
Differently in Faerie Queene, iii. 11-25 : 
" 'Tis listening fear and dumb amazement all : 
When to the startled eye the sudden glance 
Appears far south, eruptive through the cloud ; 
And falling slower, in explosion vast, 
The thunder raises his tremendous voice. 
At first, heard solemn o'er the verge of Heaven, 
The tempest growls ; but, as it nearer comes, 
And rolls its awful burden on the wind, 
The lightnings flash a larger curve, and more 
The noise astounds : till overhead a sheet 
Of livid flame discloses wide : then shuts, 
And opens wider ; shuts and opens still 
Expansive, wrapping ether in a blaze. 
Follows the loosen'd, aggravated roar, 
Enlarging, deepening, mingling ; peal on peal 
Crush'd horrible, convulsing heaven and earth." 
Thomson, Summer. 
" Her cheeks bewraying 
As many amorous blushings, which brake out 
Like forced lightning from a troubled cloud." 
Shirley, The Maid's Revenge, i. 2. 



In iron what is able to be wrought, 

Or in the flux electrum, how so far 560 

As fires and blasts have force : by suing 

cease 
To cast a doubt upon thy pow'rs." These 

words 
He having said, the wished embraces gave, 
And, thrown upon the bosom of his spouse, 
He courted balmy slumber through his 

limbs. 
Then soon as maiden rest, in mid career 
Of night, now chased away, had banished 

sleep, 
When first the dame, on whom to nurture 

life 
By distaff and Minerva scant 'tis laid, 
The embers and the drowsed fires awakes, 
Night adding to her work, and by the lights 
Her maids with tedious task she plies, that 

she 572 

Unsullied may be able to maintain 
Her husband's bed, and tiny children rear : 
Not otherwise, nor slower in that hour, 
The lord of fire springs up from downy 

couch 
To his artistic works. An isle, hard by 
Sicania's side and the iEolian Lipare, 
Is elevated, steep with smoking rocks ; 
'Neath which a cave, and, eaten to the 

heart 580 

By Cyclops' forges, its iEtnean dens 
Thunder, and lusty dints, on stithies heard, 
Return a groan, and hiss within the vaults 
The Chalybs' bars, and in the furnaces 
Fire pants ; — the home of Vulcan, and the 

land 
" Vulcania " by its title. Hither then 
The lord of fire came down from heav'n on 

high. 
Iron were working in their monster den 
The Cyclops, — Brontes e'en, and Steropes, 
And, stript in limbs, Pyracmon. In their 

hands, 590 

Unfashioned, with a part now burnished off, 
A levin-bolt there lay ; full many which 

569. " Minerva, skilful goddess, train'd the maid 
To twirle the spindle by the twisting thread ; 
To fix the loom, instruct the reeds to part, 
Cross the long weft, and close the web with art." 
Parnell, Hesiod. 
592. " Above our atmosphere's intestine wars 
Rain's fountain-head, the magazine of hail ; 
Above the northern nests of feather'd snows, 
The brew of thunders and the flaming forge 
That forms the crooked lightning : above the caves, 
Where infant tempests wait their growing wings, 
And tune their tender voices to that roar, 
Which soon, perhaps, shall shake a guilty world ; 
Above misconstrued omens of the sky, 
Far-travell'd comets' calculated blaze ; 
Elance thy thought, and think of more than man." 
Young, The Complaint, N. ix. 



V. 42 7—447- 



BOOK VIIL 



v. 447—456. 



235 



From the whole welkin doth the father hurl 
Adown upon the lands : part incomplete 
Remained. Three rayons of the writhen 

shower, 
Three, had they added, of the wat'ry cloud, 
Of vermeil fire and winged Auster three. 
Now flashes horror-fraught, and din and 

fear, 
They in their work were blending, anger 

too, 
With dogging flames. Elsewhere for Mars 
They both a chariot and its flying wheels 601 
Were speeding, wherewithal he rouses men, 
Wherewith the cities ; and the iEgis, dread 
Inspiring, the impassioned Pallas' arms, 
In rivalry with scales of snakes and gold 
Were furbishing, and serpents interlinked, 
And e'en the Gorgon on the goddess' breast, 
Her eyeballs rolling, with a severed neck. 
" Away with all !" he cries, " and put aside 
The toils that are commenced, ye Cyclops, 

[brood] 
Of iEtna, and attention hither turn : 611 
Arms for a gallant hero must be made. 
There's now employment for your powers, 

now 
For lively hands, now for all master-skill : 
Fling, fling away delays !" Nor more he said ; 
But they all promptly bent [them to the 

task], 
And shared alike the travail. Run in rills 
Bronze and a mine of gold, and wounding 

steel 
In the huge furnace melts. A mighty shield 



595. " He saw them in their forms of battle ranged, 
How quick they wheel'd, and flying behind them 

shot 
Sharp sleet of arrowy showers against the face 
Of their pursuers." Milton, P. R. t b. iii. 

" Now the storm begins to lour, 

(Haste, the loom of hell prepare,) 
Iron sleet of arrowy shower_ 
Hurtles in the darken'd air." 

Gray, Fatal Sisters, 1. 

" Nay more, my lord, the masks are made so 
strong, 
That I myself upon them scaled the heavens, 
And boldly walked about the middle region ; 
Where, in the province of the meteors, 
I saw the cloudy shops of hail and rain, 
Garners of snow, and crystals full of dew ; 
Rivers of burning arrows, dens of dragons, 
Huge beams of flames, and spears like fire- 
brands." Brewer, Lingua, ii. 6. 

618. " High on the plain, in many cells prepared, 
That underneath had veins of liquid fire 
Sluiced from the lake, a second multitude 
With wondrous art founded the massy ore, 
Severing each kind, and scumm'd the bullion dross : 
A third as soon had form'd within the ground 
A various mould, and from the boiling cells 
By strange conveyance fill'd each hollow nook." 
Milton, P. L., b. i. 



They bring to shape, a single one, to meet 
The Latins' every dart ; and sevenfold disks 
Dovetail in disks. In gusty bellows some 
Admit the breezes, and discharge them 

back ; 623 

Some dip the screeching bronzes in the pool, 
With their implanted stithies groans the 

cave. 
They 'tween them with gigantic force their 

arms 
Upheave to rhythmic measure, and they 

turn, 
And turn again, with griping tongs the 

block. 
While these in coasts yEolian Lemnos' 

sire 629 

Hastes on, Evander from his lowly home 
Boon light awakes, and early songs of birds 



622. "And eke the breathfule bellowes blew 
amaine." Spenser, F. Q., iv. 5, 36. 

See note on Geo. iv. /. 235. 

631. Wagner says: " Audivi tamen homines 
rusticanos affi.nnantes, scepe se hinindinum garri- 
entiiun strepitu e somno excitari." There is no 
doubt that many others also have been awaked in 
the same way ; the author certainly has suffered 
the annoyance himself. Martens and swallows are 
exceedingly noisy at break of day, especially when 
engaged in building. 

The British poets contain many passages of great 
beauty, descriptive of the early morning music of 
the feathered creation : 

" Me mette thus in my bed all naked, 
And looked forth, for I was waked 
With smale foules a great hepe 
That had afraied me out of my slepe, 
Through noise and sweetness of hir song ; 
And as me mette, they sat among 
Upon my chamber roofe without 
Upon the tyles overall about." 

Chaucer, Booke of the DutcJussc. 

" Wake now, my love, awake ; for it is time ; 
The rosy Morne long since left Tithons bed, 
Allready to her silver coche to clyme ; 
And Phoebus gins to shew his glorious hed. 
Hark ! how the cheerefull birds do chaunt their 

laies, 
And carroll of loves praise. 
The merry larke hir mattins sings aloft ; 
The thrush replyes ; the mavis descant playes; 
The ouzell shrills ; the ruddock warbles soft ; 
So goodly all agree, with sweet consent, 
To this dayes merriment." 

Spenser, Epithalamion. 

Then from her burnish'd gate the" goodly glitt'r- 

ing east 
Gilds every lofty top, which late the humorous 

night 
Bespangled had with pearl, to please the morn- 
ing's sight : 
On which the mirthful quires, with their clcar 

open throats, 
Unto the joyful morn so strain their warbling 

notes, 
That hills and valleys ring, and even the echoing 

air 
Seems all compos'd of sounds, about l!i< 

where." Drayton, Polyolbion, Song xiii. 



236 



v. 456—457- 



THE JENEID. 



v. 458 — 480. 



Beneath the roof. Up springs the aged 

[king], 
And with a tunic o'er his limbs is robed, 



" Now Morn, her rosy steps with eastern clime 
Advancing, sow'd the earth with orient pearl, 
When Adam waked, so custom'd ; for his sleep 
Was aery light, from pure digestion bred, 
And temperate vapours bland, which the only 

sound 
Of leaves and fuming rills, Aurora's fan, 
Lightly dispersed, and the shrill matin song 
Of birds on every bough." 

Milton, P. L., b. v. 1-8. 
" To hear the lark begin his flight, 
And singing startle the dull night, 
From his watch-tower in the skies, 
Till the dappled dawn cfoth rise ; 
Then to come, in spite of sorrow, 
And at my window bid good morrow, 
Through the sweet-briar, or the vine, 
Or the twisted eglantine ; 
While the cock, with lively din, 
Scatters the rear of darkness thin, 
And to the stack, or the barn-door, 
Stoutly struts his dames before." & Allegro. 

" The breezy call of incense-breathing morn, 

The swallow twittering from the straw-built 
shed, 
The cock's shrill clarion, or the echoing horn, 
No more shall rouse them from their lowly 
bed." Gray, Elegy, 5. 

" LulPd by the drowsy din in sleep I lay, 
Till from the East pale gleam'd the dubious day ; 
Till chanticleer his merry notes begun, 
Thrice clapt his wings, and call'd the lingering 

Sun. 
Rous'd by his orisons from sweet repose, 
I shook off slumbers as the morning rose ; 
The morning rose, but shed a languid light, 
And down in ocean sunk the queen of night. 
Then jackdaws chatter 'd on the chimney high ; 
And cranes pursued their voyage thro' the sky . . 
Perch'd on a tree that nigh my chamber grew, 
The kite began her lamentable pew, 
Whereby the dawning of the day I knew." 
Fawkes, Tratislation of Gawin Douglas'' Winter. 

To this and Douglas' other beautiful poem, on May, 
it is easy to see that Milton owed no^small obliga- 
tions. 

" Hark ! hark ! the lark at heaven's gate sings, 
And Phoebus 'gins arise, 
His steeds to water at those springs 

On chalic'd flowers that lies ; 
And winking Mary-buds begin 

To ope their golden eyes ; 
With every thing that pretty is : 
My lady sweet, arise ; 
Arise, arise." Shakespeare, Cymbeline, ii. 3. 

" How is't each bough a several music yields ? 
The lusty throstle, early nightingale, 
Accord in tune, though vary in their tale ; 
The chirping swallow call'd forth by the sun, 
And crested lark doth his division run ? 
The yellow bees the air with murmur fill, 
The finches carol, and the turtles bill ?" 

Ben Jonson, Vision of Delight. 
" See, the day regins to break, 
And the lights shoot like a streak 
Of subtle fire ; the wind blows cold, 
Whilst the morning doth unfold ; 



And Tyrrhene laces round his footsoles 

binds ; 
He then below his side and shoulders belts 
His Tegeaean falchion, winding back 
A leopard's skin, down wimpled from the 

left. 
Yea, too, twain watch-dogs from his lofty 

door 
Precede, and company their master's step. 
His guest ^Eneas' cell and private [haunts] 
The hero sought, in mind of their discourse, 
And of the service [he had] pledged. No 

less 642 

./Eneas early moved him forth : to that — 
Pallas his son, to this — Achates went 
As henchman. They on meeting knit right 

hands, 
And in the centre of the court sit down, 
And conversation free enjoy at last. 
The king first these : " O Trojans' highest 

chief, 
Who while unharmed, I sooth will never 

own 
That whelmed are Troja's fortunes or her 

realm ; 650 

Scant in proportion to such high renown 
Be our abilities for aid of war. 
On this side by the Tuscan stream are we 
Hemmed in, closes the Rutulan on that, 
And round our rampart clatters with his 

arms. 
But I to thee prodigious tribes, and camps, 
Rich in dominion, purpose to attach ; 
Which safety unexpected fortune shows : 
Thou bring'st thee hither at the Weirds' 

demand. 
Not far away from this is peopled, reared 
Of aged stone, Argylla's city's seat ; 661 
Where erst a Lydian race, renowned in war, 
Upon Etruscan mountains settled down. 

Now the birds begin to rouse, 
And the squirrel from the boughs 
Leaps, to get him nuts and fruit ; 
The early lark, that erst was mute, 
Carols to the rising day 
Many a note and many a lay." 
J. Fletcher, The Faithful Shepherdess, iv. 5. 

" What bird so sings, yet does so wail? 
O, 'tis the ravish'd nightingale. 
Jug, jug, jug, jug, tereu she cryes, 
And still her woes at midnight rise. 
Brave prick-song ! Who is't now we hear? 
None but the lark so shrill and clear ; 
Now at heaven's gates she claps her wings, 
The morn not waking till she sings. 
Hark, hark, with what a pretty throat 
Poor robin redbreast times his note ; 
Hark, how the jolly cuckoes sing 
Cuckoe, to welcome in the Spring." 

Lilly, Alexander and Campaspe. 
See Weber's note on " Song by Delight ;" Ford's 
Sun's Darling, ii. 1. 



v. 481 — 49 8 « 



BOOK VIII. 



v. 498 — 526. 



237 



This [city], blooming thro'out many a year, 
The king Mezentius subsequently held 
With prideful tyranny and felon arms. 
Why name th' unutterable murders, why 
The tyrant's furious doings ? May the gods 
Keep them in store for his own head and 

race ! 
Nay e'en dead bodies he to living linked, 
Both yoking hands with hands, and face 

with face, — 671 

A kind of rack, — and, with the gleet and 

gore 
While streaming, in calamitous embrace, 
He thus destroyed them by a ling'ring 

death. 
But, wearied out at last, his citizens 
In his unutterable frenzy, armed 
Beleaguer both himself and palace round, 
His partners slay, fire volley to his roofs. 
He, 'mid the carnage 'scaping, fled for aid 
To the Rutulians' lands, and by the arms 
Of his host Turnus is he screened. For this 
In righteous fury all Etruria rose : 682 

Their prince for vengeance with immediate 

war 
They redemand. To these their thousands I 
Will thee, iEneas, as their captain join. 
For storm throughout the shore their serried 

ships, 
And crave t' advance the colors ; holds 

them back 



667. Barbarossa would have been a match for 
him: 

" Come, mighty vengeance ! 
Stir me, grim cruelty : the rack shall groan 
With new-born horrors ! I will issue forth, 
Like midnight pestilence : my breath shall strew 
The streets with dead ; and havock stalk in gore. 
Hence pity ! Feed the milky thought of babes ; 
Mine is of bloodier hue." 

Brown, Barbarossa, 4, end. 

675. Churchill beautifully illustrates the duty of 

kings : 

" The hive is up in arms — expert to teach, 
Nor, proudly, to be taught unwilling, each 
Seems from her fellow a new zeal to catch : 
Strength in her limbs, and on her wings despatch, 
The bee goes forth ; from herb to herb she flies, 
From flow'r to flow'r, and loads her lab'ring 

thighs 
With treasur'd sweets : robbing those flow'rs, 

which left, 
Find not themselves made poorer by the theft ; 
Their scents as lively, and their looks as fair, 
As if the pillager had not been there. 
Ne'er doth she flit on Pleasure's silken wing, 
Ne'er doth she, loit'ring, let the bloom of Spring 
Unrifled pass, and on the downy breast 
Of some fair flow'r indulge untimely rest. 
Ne'er doth she, drinking deep of those rich dews, 
Which chymist Night prepar'd, that faith abuse 
Due to the hive, and, selfish in her toils, 
To her own private use convert the spoils. 
Love of the stock first call'd her forth to roam, 
And to the stock she brings her booty home." 
Gotham, b. iii. 



An aged soothsayer, the destinies 
Declaring : ' O Maeonia's chosen youth, 
Flower and prowess of the men of yore, 
Whom righteous anger hurtles on the foe, 
And with resentment due Mezentius fires ; 
For no Italian is it right to tame 693 

So great a nation : foreign leaders choose.' 
Then camped th' Etruscan army on this 

plain, 
Alarmed by warnings of the pow'rs divine. 
Tarchon himself his envoys hath to me, 
And kingdom's diadem with sceptre sent, 
And the regalia he consigns, that I 
His camp should enter, and the Tyrrhene 
rule 700 

Assume. But me my age, through dull- 
ness slow, 
And by long years outworn, and pow'rs 

too late 
For gallant [deeds], the sovereignty be- 
grudges. I 
My son would counsel to it, did not he, 
Through a Sabellian mother blent [in race], 
Hence draw a portion of his native land. 
Do thou, to whose both years and birth the 

Weirds 
Are kind, whom gods demand, commence 

[the task], 
O Trojans and Italians' bravest chief. 
To thee, moreover, I my Pallas here, 7 10 
Our hope and consolation, will attach. 
'Neath thee his master, warfare to endure, 
And Mars' momentous work, thy feats to 

view, 
Let him inure himself, and thee regard 
In wonder from his earliest years. To 

him 
Two hundred Arcad knights, the youths' 

choice strength, 
Will I assign ; as many, too, to thee 
In his own name will Pallas.' He these 

[words] 
Had scarcely said, when down-fixed kept 

their eyes 
Anchises' son yEneas, and the stanch 720 
Achates ; and were thinking many a pain- 
ful [thought] 
With their drear heart ; — had Cytherea not 
A token given from the open heaven. 
For on a sudden, quivered from the sky, 
A levin-flash with pealing comes, and all 
Appeared to go to ruin in a trice, 
And. a Tyrrhenian trumpet-blast to bray 



701. " Stay, pitying Time . . . . 

Comes manhood's feverish summer, chill'd full 

soon 
By cold autumnal care, till wintry age 
Sinks in the frore severity of death." 

Mason, English Garden, b. ii. 



238 



v. 526—554- 



THE yENEID. 



v. 554—579- 



Throughout the sky. They upward look. 
Again, and [yet] again a crashing chides 
Stupendous. Armory amid a cloud, 730 
In a transparent quarter of the heaven, 
Throughout the clear to glisten they per- 
ceive, 
And, clashed, to thunder. In their souls 

the rest 
Were mazed ; but Troja's hero knew the 

sound, 
And pledges of his goddess-mother. Then 
He speaks : " Nay do not, host, sooth do 

not seek 
What issue may the prodigies import : 
'Tis I am by Olympus claimed. This sign 
My goddess-mother chanted she would 

send, 
Should war assail me, and Vulcanian arms 
Along the gales would for my succor bring. 
Alas ! how vast the slaughter for ill-starred 
Laurentines is at hand ! What penalties 

to me 743 

Shalt thou, O Turnus, pay ! How many 

shields 
Of warriors shalt thou 'neath thy waves, 

and helms, 
And gallant corses, father Tiber, roll ! 
Battles let them demand, and break the 

leagues !" 
These words when he delivered, from his 

seat 
On high he lifts himself, and first he wakes 
The altars, drowsed with Herculean fires ; 
And yestern Lar, and lowly household gods 
He glad approaches ; butcher two-year ewes 
According to the custom culled, alike 753 
Evander, Trojan youth alike. Then he 
Thence paces to the galleys, and his mates 
Again he visits : from whose number those, 
Who may his person follow to the wars, 
In chivalry surpassing, he selects ; 
The rest are wafted on the forward flood, 
And lazily float down the fav'ring stream, 
To come t' Ascanius with the news, alike 
Of their estate, and of his father. Steeds 
Are giv'n the Teucri, to the Tyrrhene fields 
Repairing ; one they lead, without the lot 
[Selected] for iEneas ; which all o'er 765 
A lion's tawny hide caparisons, 
All brightly gleaming with its claws of gold. 
A rumor flies, throughout the petty town 

730, 1. Odd as this expression may appear, it is 
not more so than Spenser's "luckless luckie maid," 
which is to be found somewhere in the Faerie 
Queene. 

768. Chaucer has an effective simile, to illustrate 
the spread of Rumor : 

" For if that thou 
Threw in a water now a stone, 
Well wost thou it will make anone 



Suddenly noised, that cavalry were quick 
Advancing to the Tyrrhene monarch's 

shores. 770 

Their vows the matrons in alarm repeat, 
And nearer to the danger draws the fear, 
And more enlarged now looms the form of 

Mars. 
Then sire Evander, clasping the right hand 
Of one upon departure, [to him] clings, 
Weeping insatiably, and such he speaks : 
" Oh ! that to me past years would Jove 

restore ! 
Such as I was, what time the foremost 

rank 
Beneath Prseneste's self I prostrate laid, 
And piles of shields in conquest set afire, 
And Herilus its king with this right hand 
'Neath Tart'rus sent ! To whom at birth 

three lives 782 

His dam Feronia, — dreadful to be told ! — 
Had granted, triple armor to be swayed ; 
He thrice was to be overthrown for death : 
Whom yet this right hand then of all his 

lives 
Bereft, and stript him of as many arms. 
I nowhere now should from thy sweet 

embrace 
Be torn away, my son ; nor e'er Mezentius, 
On this his neighbor's person heaping 

scorn, 790 

So many ruthless deaths by steel had 

caused, 
Had widowed of so many citizens 
My city. But do ye, O heav'nly powers, 
And thou, of gods the highest ruler, Jove, 
I pray, have pity on th' Arcadian king, 
And hear a father's prayers : If your 

divinities, 
If fates reserve my Pallas safe for me, 
If doomed to see him, and to meet in one 

I live ; — 
For life I sue : I will submit to bear 
Whatever travail ye may list. But if 800 
Any accurst disaster, Fortune, thou 
Dost threaten, — now, oh ! now, would 

heav'n that I 



A little roundell as a cercle, 

Paraventure as broad as a coverell, 

And right anone thou shalt see wele, 

That whele cercle will cause another whele, 

And that the third, and so forth brother, 

Every cercle causing other, 

Broader than himselfe was, 

And thus from roundell to compas, 

Ech about other going, 

Causeth of others stering, 

And multiplying evermo, 

Till it be so farre go, 

That it at both brinkes bee, 

Although thou may it not see." 

House of Fame, b. ii. 



v. 579 — 6o6. 



BOOK VIII. 



v. 606 — 633. 



239 



A pitiless existence might abridge, 
Whilst my anxieties are doubtful, whilst 
The expectation of the future [rests] 
Unsure ; while thee, beloved boy, my sole 
And late delight, in my embrace I hold ; 
Lest heavier tidings wound my ears." 

These words 
The father at their latest parting poured : 
The servants bear him swooning to his 

courts. 810 

And so the cavalry had issued now 
From opened gates : iEneas 'mid the van 
And stanch Achates ; then Troy's other 

lords : 
Pallas himself in centre of his troop, 
Distinguished in his cloak and painted 

arms : 
Like as, when in the wave of ocean bathed, 
Hath Lucifer, whom Venus loves before 
The other fires of stars, upraised in heaven 
His holy visage, and the gloom dispersed. 
The matrons quaking stand upon the walls, 
And follow with their eyes the dusty cloud, 
And their bronze-gleaming bands. They 

through the brakes, 822 

Where [lies] the nearest bound'ry of their 

route, 
March forward under arms. Up springs 

the shout, 
And, — squadron marshalled, — with a 

prancing din 
The hoof [of horses] shakes the crumbling 

plain. 
Huge stands a grove by Caere's icy stream, 
By rev'rence of the fathers far and near 
[Deemed] holy : on its every side have [this] 
The hollow hills incloistered, and the grove 
With sombre fir surround. The legend goes 
That for Silvanus, god of fields and flock, 
The old Pelasgi sanctified alike 833 

The thicket and a day, — they who the first 
The Latin territories erst possessed. 
Not far hence Tarcho and the Tyrrhenes safe 
Were keeping their encampment in [these] 

grounds, 
And all the legion from the lofty hill 
Could now be seen, and through the 

spacious fields 
It stretched. The sire ^Eneas, and the 

youth, 840 



819. Or : " His holy face, and broken up the gloom." 

821. " Methinks, they through the middle region 
come ; 
Their chariots hid in clouds of dust below, 
And o'er their heads their coursers' scatter'd fome 
Does seem to cover them like falling snow." 

Davenant, Gondibert, iii. 3. 

825. " The fleet hoof rattles o'er the flinty way." 
Mason, Elfrida. 



For battle chosen, hitherward advance, 
And, jaded, both their steeds and bodies 

tend. 
But Venus, goddess bright, 'mid skyey 

clouds, 
Bringing her gifts, was drawing nigh ; and 

when 
Her son within a vale retired afar, 
Sequestered by the chilly stream, she saw, 
She in such words addressed him, and 

herself 
Presented to him unbesought : " Behold ! 
Completed by my consort's promised skill, 
My boons ; that ne'er henceforward, O my 

son, 850 

Either Laurentines haught, or Turnus fierce, 
May'st thou demur to champion to the 

frays." 
She spoke, and the embraces of her son 
Did Cytherea seek ; the armor she 
Laid beaming underneath a fronting oak. 
He with the goddess' presents, and a grace 
So noble, in delight, cannot be palled, 
And o'er them one by one his eyes he 

rolls, 
And marvels, and between his hands and 

arms 
Turns o'er and o'er the helmet, dread with 

plumes, 860 

And flames disgorging ; and the doomful 

sword, 
The hauberk stiff with bronze, blood-tinted, 

huge, 
As when a dingy cloud begins to flame 
In sunbeams, and from far it flashes back ; 
Then, of electrum and of gold refined, 
The burnished greaves, and spear, and 

buckler's work, 
That beggared all description. There the 

tale 
Of Italy, and triumphs of the Romans, not 
Unknowing of the seers, and unaware 
Of time to come, the lord of fire had 

framed ; 870 

There all the lineage of the future stock 
Down from Ascanius, wars too fought in 

course. 
And he had formed a cub-delivered wolf, 
In Mars's verdant cave lain down ; twin 

boys, 
Disporting as they hang around her dugs, 
And licking unalarmed the dam ; her[self], 



867. " Yet look, how far 

The substance of my praise doth wrong this shadow 

In underprizing it, so far this shadow 

Doth limp behind the substance." 

Shakespeare, Merchant of Venice, iii. 2. 

" Description cannot suit itself in words." 

K. He?iry V., iv. 2, 



240 



v. 633—6.' 



THE JENEID. 



v. 659—679. 



With rounded neck bent back caressing 

them 
By turns, and shaping with her tongue 

their forms. 
Nor far hence Rome, and Sabine maidens, 

seized 
Despite of law in session of the Cirque, 
While grand Circensian [games] are held, 

had he 881 

Subjoined, fresh war too, rising in a trice 
On the Romulidae, and Tatius aged, 
And rigid Cures. Next, the selfsame 

kings, — 
The strife between them laid aside, — afront 
Jove's altar, and the saucers holding, stood, 
And with 2, butchered sow cemented leagues. 
Not far therefrom had nimble four-horse cars 
Dissevered Metus [wrenched] diverging 

ways ; — 
But thou, O Alban, wouldest to thy words 
Have stood ! — and th' entrails of the traitor 

knave 891 

Was Tullus haling through the wood, and, 

sprent, 
The brambles were distilling with his blood. 
Porsenna, too, was bidding them admit 
The ousted Tarquin, and with mighty siege 
Beleaguering the city ; th' ^Eneadae 
Were rushing to the sword in freedom's 

cause. 
Him, like to one that cannot brook [the 

sight], 
And like to one that threatens, you might 

view ; 
Since Codes ventured to uproot the bridge, 
And Clcelia swam the flood, — her fetters 

burst. 901 

At top, the sentry of Tarpeia's tower, 
Stood Manlius before the fane, and held 
The lofty Capitolian [heights], and fresh 
The palace bristled with Romulian straw. 
And flutt'ring here in gilded colonnades, 
A goose of silver chanted that the Gauls 
Were present in the threshold ; Gauls along 

the brakes 
Were present, and were seizing on the tower, 
Screened by the dark and boon of shady 

night : 910 



897. " And thou, fair Freedom, taught alike to feel 
The rabble's rage, and tyrant's angry steel ; 
Thou transitory flow'r, alike undone 
By proud contempt, and favour's fost'ring sun ; 
Still may thy blooms the changeful clime endure! 
I only would repress them to secure ; 
For just experience tells, in ev'ry soil, 
That those who think must govern those that toil ; 
And all that freedom's highest aims can reach 
Is but to lay proportion'd loads on each. 
Hence, should one order disproportion'd grow, 
Its double weight must ruin all below." 

Goldsmith, Traveller. 



Of gold their tresses, and of gold their gear ; 
In cloaks of plaid they sparkle ; then with 

gold 
Their milk-white necks are hooped ; they 

each a pair 
Of Alpine jav'lins brandish in their hand, 
With lengthened bucklers shielded o'er 

their forms. 
Here dancing Salii, and Luperci stript, 
And woolly caps, and targes dropped from 

heaven, 
He'd beaten'out ; chaste led the holy [rites] 
Throughout the city dames in easy cars. 
Hence at a distance he moreover adds 920 
The homes of Tart'rus, lofty gates of Dis, 
And crimes' amercements ; thee, too, Cati- 
line, 
Dangling upon an overhanging rock, 
And at the Furies' features in a quake ; 
Sequestered, too, the holy ones ; to these 
Cato dispensing laws. Amid these [scenes] 
A golden model of the swelling main 
Extended wide ; but with a frosted wave 
Foamed [seas of] azure ; and in silver 

round 
The brilliant dolphins into circle swept 
The waters with their tails, and cut the 

tide. 931 

Within the centre, vessels beaked with 

bronze, 
The frays of Actium, was there to behold ; 
And all Leucate with embattled Mars 
You might see glow, and waves beam forth 

in gold. 
On this side, leading on the Itali 
To fights, Augustus Caesar with the sires, 



922. Ben Jonson has a noble description of the 
circumstances under which Catiline met his end. 
Space forbids the insertion of more than a part of 
the whole passage : 

" Which Catiline seeing, and that now his troops 
Cover'd that earth they had fought on with their 

trunks, 
Ambitious of great fame to crown his ill, 
Collected all his fury, and ran in 
Arm'd with a glory high as his despair, 
Into our battle like a Libyan lion 
Upon his hunters, scornful of our weapons, 
Careless of wounds, plucking down lives about 

him, 
Till he had circled in himself with death : 
Then fell he too, t' embrace it where it lay. 
And as in that rebellion 'gainst the gods, 
Minerva holding forth Medusa's head, 
One of the giant brethren felt himself • 
Grow marble at the killing sight, and now 
Almost made stone, began to inquire, what flint, 
What rock it was, that crept through all his limbs, 
And ere he could think more, was that he feared ; 
So Catiline, at the sight of Rome in us, 
Became his tomb : yet did his look retain 
Some of his fierceness, and his hands still moved, 
As if he labour'd yet to grasp the state 
With those rebellious parts." Catiline, end. 



v. 679 — 703- 



BOOK VIII. 



v. 703 — 722. 



241 



And people, gods of home, and mighty gods, 
Standing upon the elevated stern ; 
Whose brows two flames auspiciously dis- 
charge, 940 
And his paternal star is on his head 
Displayed. Upon another part, with winds 
And gods propitious, is Agrippa lifted high, 
His squadron leading on : whose temples 

shine, — 
Proud badge of war, — with naval chaplet 

beaked. 
That side, with foreign pow'r and motley 

arms, 
Antonius, conqu'ror from Aurora's hordes, 
And shore of crimson, Egypt and the 

powers 
Of Orient, and the farthest Bactra, brings 
Along with him ; and follows, — O dis- 
grace ! — 950 
Th' Egyptian paramour. Together all 
Are hurtling, and is wholly in a froth, 
Uptorn with oars drawn back and trident 

beaks, 
The surface [of the sea]. The deeps they 

seek : 
Thou would'st believe were floating on the 

main 
Uprooted Cyclades, or lofty mounts, 
Justling with mounts : with such stupend- 
ous weight 
The crews in towered ships are pressing on. 
The hempen blaze by hand, and wingy 

steel 
Is by their javelins scattered : Neptune's 
fields 960 

With slaughter fresh are waxing red. The 

queen 
Amidst them with her country's timbrel 

calls 
Her hosts ; nor yet e'en from behind per- 
ceives 
Twain snakes : and monster gods of every 

breed, 
Barker Anubis, too, 'gainst Neptune [ranged], 
And Venus, and against Minerva, grasp 
Their weapons. Storms in centre of the fray 
Mavors, embossed in steel, and from the 

sky 
The rueful Furies ; and in mantle rent 
In joy stalks Discord, whom with bloody 
scourge 970 

950. " Cleopatra. Your lord, the man who serves 
me, is a Roman. 
Octavius. He was a Roman till he lost that name, 
To be a slave in Egypt." 

Dryden, All for Love, iii. 1. 
9,57. " Through Bosporus, betwixt the justling 
rocks." Milton, P. L., b. ii. end. 

970. " Discord she wills ; the missile ruin flies ; 
Sudden, unnatural debates arise, 



Bellona dogs. The Actian [god] Apollo 

these 
Perceiving, bending was his bow from high : 
With that affright all Egypt and the Inds, 
Each Arab, all the Sabans turned their 

backs. 
The queen herself was seen, — the winds 

invoked, — 
To set the sails, and now, e'en now, to 

slack 
The loosened ropes. Her 'mid the havoc wan 
At coming death, the lord of fire had made 
To be by billows and Iapyx borne ; 
But on the other side, with giant frame 
Nile mourning, and his bosom spreading 

out, 981 

And calling, in the fulness of his robe, 
Into his sea-green lap and shroudy floods 
The conquered [foes]. But Caesar, borne 

along 
In three-fold triumph to the walls of Rome, 
Was consecrating to Italian gods, — 
His deathless vow, — three hundred proudest 

shrines, 
Through the whole city. Streets with joy, 

and sports, 
And acclamation, ring. In all the fanes 
A choir of matrons, altars in them all ; 
Before the altars slaughtered bullocks 

strewed 991 

The earth. He, sitting in the snowy gate 
Of glist'ring Phoebus, th' off rings of the 

tribes 
Reviews, and fits them to the prideful doors : 
March conquered nations in a lengthful 

train, 



Doubt, mutual jealousy, and dumb disgust, 

Dark-hinted mutterings, and avow'd distrust ; 

To secret ferment is each heart resign'd ; 

Suspicion hovers in each clouded mind ; 

They jar, accus'd accuse, revil'd revile, 

And warmth to warmth oppose, and guile to guile ; 

Wrangling they part, themselves themselves betray ; 

Each dire device starts naked into day ; 

They feel confusion in the van with fear ; 

They feel the king of terrors in the rear." 

Savage, Wanderer, c. v. 

" Scar. Yond' ribald hag of Egypt, 

Whom leprosy o'ertake ! i' the midst o' the fight, — 
When vantage like a pair of twins appear 'd. 
Both as the same, or rather ours the elder,— > 
The brize upon her, like a cow in June, 
Hoists sails and flies. 

Eno. That I beheld : mine eyes 

Did sicken at the sight on't, and could not 
Endure a further view. 

Scar. She once being loofd, 

The noble ruin of her magic, Antony, 
Claps on his sea-wing, and like a doting mallard, 
Leaving the fight in height, flies after her ; 
I never saw an action of such shame : 
Experience, manhood, honour, ne'er before 
Did violate so itself." 

Shakespeare, Antony and Cleopatra, ii. 8. 



242 



v. 723-727- 



THE JENEID. 



v. 727—731. 



As diff rent in their tongues, as in the guise 
Of garb and arms. Here Mulciber the 

race 
Of Nomads, and loose-girdled Africans, 
Here Leleges, and Carians, Gelons too, 
With arrows armed, had fashioned. Passed 

along 1000 

Euphrates, now the gentler in his waves ; 
And, farthest of mankind, the Morini, 



And Rhine two-horned, and Dahae unsub- 
dued, 
Araxes, too, that held a bridge in scorn. 
The like o'er Vulcan's shield, his parent's 
gifts, 
He views in wonderment, and of events 
Unknowing, in the portraiture delights, 
As he upon his shoulder raises up 
Of sons of sons alike the fame and fates. 



BOOK IX. 



Now in a quarter severed far while these 
Are being done, Saturnian Juno down 
Sent Iris from the sky to Turnus bold. 
By hazard then in sire Pilumnus' grove 
Was Turnus sitting in a hallowed dale. 
To whom Thaumantias from her coral mouth 
Thus spake : "O Turnus, that, which to 

thy wish 
Not one of gods could venture to engage, 
Hath circling time, lo ! brought thee of 

itself. 
^Eneas, — town, and mates, and navy left, — 
The Palatine Evander's realm and court 1 1 
Is seeking. Nor [is this] sufficient : he 
To Cory thus' remotest towns hath pierced, 
And arms a band of Lydians, levied boors. 
Wherefore dost thou demur? 'Tis now 

the hour 
Thy coursers, now thy chariots, to demand : 
Break all delays, and storm his troubled 

camp." 
She said, and into heav'n upraised herself 
Upon her balanced wings, and in her flight 
A spacious bow she scored beneath the 

clouds. 20 

Knew her the youth, and lifted to the stars 
Both hands, and with such accent[s] as she 

flies 



Line 6. Warner, beautifully of the color of 
Rosamond's lips : 

" With that she dasht heron the lippes, 
So dyed double red : 
Hard was the heart that gaue the blow ; 
Soft were those lips that bled." 

Albion's England, b. viii. ch. 41. 

20. *' Have ye not seen, in gentle even-tide, 
When Jupiter the earth hath richly shower'd, 
Striding the clouds, a bow dispredden wide 
As if with light inwove, and gaily flower'd 
"With bright variety of blending dies ? 
White, purple, yellow melt along the skies, 
Alternate colours sink, alternate colours rise." 
W. Thompson, Hymn to May, 22. 



Pursued her : " Iris, pride of heav'n, who 

thee, 
Shot from the clouds, to me sent down to 

earth ? 
Whence this so brilliant weather in a trice ? 
Heav'n in the zenith do I see dispart, 
And straying through the firmament the 

stars. 
I follow omens of such high import, 
Whoe'er thou art that callest me to arms." 
And, thuswise having spoken, to the wave 
He forward went, and from the eddy-face 
Its waters he updrew, in many a prayer 32 
Craving the gods, and loaded heav'n with 

vows. 
And now the army all thro' open plains 



23. " Hail, many-coloured messenger, that ne'er 
Dost disobey the wife of Jupiter ; 
Who, with thy saffron wings, upon my flowers 
Diffusest honey-drops, refreshing showers : 
And with each end of thy blue bow dost crown 
My bosky acres, and my unshrubb'd down, 
Rich scarf to my proud earth ; why hath thy queen 
Summon'd me hither, to this short-grassed green ?" 

Shakespeare, Tempest, iv. 1. 
" O speak again, bright angel ! for thou art 
As glorious to this night, being o'er my head, 
As is a winged messenger of heaven 
Unto the white-upturned wond'ring eyes 
Of mortals, that fall back to gaze on him, 
When he bestrides the lazy-pacing clouds, 
And sails upon the bosom of the air." 

Romeo and "Juliet, ii. 2. 
28. P. Fletcher pleasantly introduces one of his 
fishermen, expressing the like pious obedience : 
" As late upon the shore I chanc'd to play, 
I heard a voice, like thunder, loudly say : 
' Thirsil, why idle liv'st ? Thirsil, away, away !' 
Thou God of seas, thy voice I gladly heare ; 
Thy voice (thy voice I know) I glad obey : 
Only do thou my wand'ring wherry steer, 
And when it errs, (as it will eas'ly stray,) 
Upon the rock with hopeful anchor stay : 
Then will I swim where's either sea or shore, 
Where never swain or boat was seen afore." 

Piscatory Eclogues, ii. 18, 19. 

34. " And now went forth the morn, 

Such as in highest heaven array'd in gold 



v. 26—36. 



BOOK IX. 



v. 36—59. 



243 



Marched rich in horses, rich in broidered 

gear 
And gold. Messapus doth the leading lines, 
The rear do Tyrrheus' youthful sons, re- 
strain ; 
Prince Turnus in the centre of the host 
Is in continued motion, grasping arms, 
And by a head entire above them stands. 
As, rising from his sev'n abated streams, 
Deep through the still the Ganges ; or when 
Nile 42 

With batt'ning flood is ebbing from the 

plains, 
And now hath buried him within his bed. 
Here, sphered with sable dust, a sudden 

cloud 
Do Teucer's sons descry, and gloom to rise 
Upon the plains. First from the fronting 

mound 
Cries out Caicus : " O ye citizens, 

Empyreal ; from before her vanish'd Night, 
Shot through with orient beams ; when all the plain, 
Cover'd with thick embattled squadrons bright, 
Chariots, and flaming arms, and fiery steeds, 
Reflecting blaze on blaze, first met his view." 

Milton, P.L., vi. 12-18. 

" He look'd and saw what numbers numberless 
The city-gates outpour'd, light-armed troops, 
In coats of mail and military pride ; 
In mail their horses clad, yet fleet and strong, 
Prancing their riders bore, the flower and choice 
Of many provinces from bound to bound. 
He saw them in their forms of battle ranged, 
How quick they wheel'd, and flying behind them 

shot 
Sharp sleet of arrowy showers against the face 
Of their pursuers, and overcame by flight ; 
The field all iron cast a gleaming brown : 
Nor wanted clouds of foot, nor on each horse 
Cuirassiers all in steel for standing fight, 
Chariots, or elephants indorsed with towers 
Of archers ; nor of labouring pioneers 
A multitude with spades and axes arm'd 
To lay hills plain, fell woods, or valleys fill, 
Or where plain was, raise hill, or overlay 
With bridges rivers proud, as with a yoke." 

P. R., b. iv. 

Glover in graphic terms describes the Persian host : 
" Five thousand horse, 
Caparison'd in streak'd or spotted skins 
Of tigers, pards, and panthers, form'd the van ; 
In quilted vests of cotton azure-dyed, 
With silver spangles deck'd, the tawny youth 
Of Indus rode ; white quivers loosely cross'd 
Their shoulders ; not ungraceful in their hands 
Were bows of glist'ning cane ; the ostrich lent 
His snowy plumage to the tissued gold, 
Which bound their temples. Next a thousand steeds 
Of sable hue on argent trappings bore 
A thousand Persians, all select ; in gold, 
Shap'd as pomegranates, rose their steely points 
Above the truncheons ; gilded were the shields, 
Of silver'd scales the corslets ; wrought with gems 
Of price, high-plum'd tiaras danc'd in light. 
In equal number, in resembling guise, 
A squadron follow'd ; save their mail was gold, 
And thick with beryls edg'd their silver shields." 
Athenaid, iv. 11-29. 



What mass is volumed with a pitchy murk ? 
Bring quick the sword, give jav'lins, mount 

the walls ! 50 

The foe is here, come on !" With lusty 

shout 
The Teucri mask themselves by all the 

gates, 
And man the walls. For thus, on taking 

leave, 
Thrice great in arms, iEneas had enjoined : 
" If any fortune should befall meanwhile, 
They should not venture to array their line, 
Nor trust the field ; that they should 

merely guard 
The camp and walls in safety through the 

trench. 
Therefore, although t' engage the hand do 

shame 
And wrath incite, natheless they bar the 

gates 60 

Against them, and his orders prompt 

perform, 
And, armed, in hollow towers wait the foe." 
Turnus, when flying forward he'd out- 
stripped 
The plodding host, by twenty chosen 

knights 
Escorted, and unlooked for, nears the 

town ; — 
Whom bears a Thracian steed with spots 

of white, 
And screens a golden helm with crimson 

plume. 
' ' Who shall he be, O youths, along with me, 
That first against the foeman — ? Lo !" 

he cries ; 
And, upward whirling it, his jav'lin shoots 
Into the gales, the prelude of the fight, 7 1 
And stately bears him onward o'er the plain. 
His mates receive [the movement] with a 

shout, 
And follow with a dreadful grating yell. 
They marvel at the Trojans' sluggish hearts, 
That they their persons to the righteous 

field 
Commit not, that the men confronting arms 
Do not advance, but their encampment hug. 
On this and that side chafed does he survey 
Upon his horse their rampires, and approach 
Throughout the wayless [wilds] he seeks. 

And like 81 

A wolf in ambush by a full sheep-fold, 

82. In a passage, which is marked by one of the 
blots on his Paradise Lost, Milton represents Satan 
as vaulting over the boundaries of Paradise. As he 
uses the like illustration of the marauding wolf, he 
carries the simile farther than Virgil : 

" High over-leap'd all bound 
Of hill or highest wall, and sheer within 
Lights on his feet. As when a prowling wolf 

R 2 



244 



v. 6o — { 



THE ^ENEID. 



> 120. 



When growls he at the cotes, and winds 

and rains 
Enduring, past the middle of the night : 
Safe 'neath their dams the lambs their 

bleatings ply : 
He, fierce and felon in his anger, storms 
Against the absent ; tortures him the rage 
Of rav'ixing, gathered from a length of time, 
And jaws, unmoist with blood : — not other- 
wise 
In the Rujtulian, gazing on the walls 90 
And camp, wrath kindles ; in his hardy 

bones 
Vexation blazes up : — by what device 
He may essay an entrance, and what course 
Dislodge .the cloistered Teucri from their 

trench, 
And pour them out upon the plain. The 

.fleet 
Which, joined to their encampments' side, 

lay hid, 
Fenced round with ramparts and the river- 
waves, 
He storms, and calls on his exulting mates 
For burnings, and, in ardor, fills his hand 
With flaring pine. Then truly [to the toil] 
They lean them ; Turnus' presence spurs 

them on ; 10 1 

And all the youth are armed with grisly 

links. 
They've sacked the hearths ; the smoky 

torch throws pitchy light, 
And Vulcan jumbled ashes to the stars. 

What deity, O Muses, warded off 
So felon burnings from the Teucri ? who 
Such mighty blazes from the ships repelled ? 
Say ye. Of old the credence in the fact ; 
But the tradition [runs] from year to year. 
What time upon the Phrygian Ida first no 
/Eneas built his navy, and prepared 
To seek the depths of sea, 'tis said, herself, 
The Berecynthian mother of the gods, 
Great Jove accosted in these terms : 

"My son, 
Grant to a suitress what thy parent dear, 
Olympus tamed, from thee doth claim. I 

own 
A piny forest, loved through many a year. 
A grove there stood upon the mountain's 

crest 
Whither my holy [rites] they used to bear, 
With swart pitch-pine and maple timbers 

dark : 120 

These I upon the Dardan youth, when he 

Whom hunger drives to seek new haunt for prey, 
Watching where shepherds pen their flocks at eve, 
1 n hurdled cotes amid the fields secure, 
Leaps o'er the fence with ease into the fold." 

P. L., b. iv. 



A navy needed, cheerfully bestowed. 
Now me, uneasy, troubles troubling fear : 
Dispel my apprehensions, and herein 
Allow by prayers a parent to avail : — 
That neither broken down by any course, 
Nor hurricane of wind, they be subdued. 
May it bestead that they upon our mounts 
Were sprung." To her on th' other hand 

her son, 
Who wheels the constellations of the world: 
' ' O mother, whither callest thou the fates ? 
Or what dost seek for these ? Shall vessels 

framed 132 

By mortal hands enjoy immortal right ? 
And sure through unsure risks /Eneas run ? 
To what divinity is privilege 
So great conceded ? Still, when done with 

[risks], 
The goal and ports iVusonian they shall gain 
Hereafter, whichsoever shall have 'scaped 
The billows, and the Dardan chief have 

borne 
To fields Laurentine I, their mortal shape 
Will take away, and of the mighty main 141 
Bid them be goddesses ; as Nereus-bora 
Doto and Galatea cleave apart 
The foaming ocean with their breast." He 

spoke ; 
And that this is established, by the floods, 
His Stygian brother's, by the banks, that boil 
With pitch and with a sooty gulf, he nods, 
And by his nod made all Olympus quake. 
Accordingly the day engaged was come, 
And the due seasons had the Destinies 150 
Fulfilled ; when th' outrage [done] by Tur- 
nus warned 
The Mother, from her holy barques to drive 
The brands aloof. Here first against their 

eyes 
Strange light there glared, and from the 

Dawn appeared 
To scud across the sky a mighty cloud, 
And Ida's choirs ; thereon a fearful voice 
Drops forth along the gales, and fills the 

hosts 
Of Trojans and Rutulians : "Be not ye 
In anxious haste, O Teucer's sons, to guard 
My vessels, neither arm your hands : the seas 
It sooner will to Turnus be vouchsafed 
To burn to ashes than my holy pines. 
Go ye, enfranchised, go, the goddesses. 
Of ocean ; 'tis the Mother bids." And 

straight the sterns 164 

Each burst away their fetters from the banks, 
And after dolphins' fashion, with their beaks 
Plunged down, the bottom of the waters 

seek. 
Hence, — marvellous portent ! — as many 

prows, 



v. i2i — 150. 



BOOK IX. 



v. 151— 175. 



245 



O'erlaid with bronze, as whilom on the 

strand 
Had rested, just so many maiden forms 1 70 
Reissue, and are wafted on the deep. 
Mazed were the minds of Rutulans ; 
Messapus 
Was e'en himself appalled, with troubled 

steeds ; 
And halts the stream hoarse-booming, and 

his step 
[The god] of Tiber from the deep recalls. 
But not bold Turnus confidence forsook : 
Yea he their spirits raises by his words, 
Yea chides them too : " 'Tis at the Trojans 

aim 
These prodigies ; from them hath Jove 

himself 
His wonted help withdrawn ; [their ships] 
nor darts, 180 

Nor fires of Rutuli, await. The seas 
Are therefore pathless to the Teucer-race, 
Nor is there any hope of flight ; one half 
Their means is cut away : the land, more- 

o'er, 
Is in our hands ; so many thousand arms 
Italian nations bring. Naught me affray, 
(If Phrygians make of any public vaunt,) 
The doomful oracles of gods. Enough 
To fates and Venus granted, that the fields 
Of rich Ausonia have the Trojans touched ; 
On th' other hand my fates as well have I, — 
With falchion to uproot the cursed race, 
My bride reft from me ; nor affects that pang 
Th' Atridae only, nor is it allowed 194 
Mycenae only on their arms to seize. 
But 'tis enough that they have fallen 

once : — 
For them t' have sinned before had been 

enough, 
[Then] loathing deep well nigh all woman- 
kind : — 
To whom this trust in intervening trench, 
And hindrances of dykes, thin screens of 
death, 200 

Give confidence. But have they not beheld 
The walls of Troja, framed by Neptune's 

hand, 
Sink down in flames ? But ye, O chosen 

ones ! 
Who with the sword to break their rampart 

through 
Makes ready, and along with me assails 
Their quaking camp ? With me there is 

no need 
Of Vulcan's armor, nor a thousand keels, 
Against the Teucri. Let Etruscans all 
Forthwith unite themselves as their allies. 
The darkness and Palladium's dastard 
theft, — 210 



The sentries of the fortress-summit slain, — 
They need not fear; nor shall we be en- 

wombed 
Within a horse's darksome paunch r in light, 
Before the world, 'tis fixed with fire to wrap 
Their walls around. I'll force them to 

conclude 
That they with Danai have no concern, 
And with Pelasgic youth, whom Hector 

stayed 
To the tenth year. Now, therefore, since 

is past 
The better part of day, for what remains, 
Rejoicing in our bravely sped affairs, 220 
Your bodies tend, O heroes, and expect 
The fight to be prepared." Meanwhile, 

the gates 
With watch of sentries to beset, the charge 
Is given to Messapus, and the walls 
To ring with fires. Twice seven Rutulans, 
The mounds with soldiery to keep, are 

culled : 
But follow each of these a hundred youths, 
Crimson with plumes, and glistering in gold. 
Patrol they, and the courses change, and 

spread 
Along the turf, indulge in wine, and tilt 
The wassail-bowls of bronze. Glare up 
the fires ; 231 

The sleepless night the sentries spend in 
play. 
These from the trench above the Trojans 
view, 
And occupy the heights in arms : more'oer, 
Restless with dread, they scrutinize the 

gates 
The bridges, too, and outer works unite : 
They weapons bring together. Spur them on 
Mnestheus and keen Serestus, whom the sire 
^Eneas, should misfortunes ever call, 
Decreed to be commanders of the youths, 
And managers of state. All through the 
walls 241 • 

The legion, having portioned out by lot 
The risk, their vigil keeps, and executes 
Their courses, — what should be maintained 
by each. 



222. The overwhelming weight of manuscripts 
forces one to read parari and not parati (v. 156). 
It is well that such is the case ; as the verse has a 
sad jingle of ps as it stands ; but with the other 
reading would have a jingle of ats besides. 

231. " Now night her course began, and, over 

Heaven 
Inducing darkness, grateful truce imposed 
And silence on the odious din of war. 
Under her cloudy covert both retired, 
Victor and vanquish'd. On the foughten field 
Michael and his Angels prevalent 
Encamping, placed in guard their watches round 
Cherubic waving fires." Milton, P. L. t b. vi. 



246 



v. 176 — 187. 



THE ^NEID. 



Nisus there was, the sentry of a gate, 
Thrice-keen in arms, of Hyrtacus the son ; 
Whom huntress Ida had as comrade sent 
T' yEneas, — quick with dart and nimble 

shafts ; 
And by his side Euryalus his mate. 
Than whom of ^Eneadce none other stood 
More fair, nor [fairer] donned the arms of 

Troy; 251 

The stripling, marking his unrazored lips 
With bloom of youth. With these the love 

was one, 
And side by side upon the frays they 

dashed : 
Then, too, with common post the gate they 

kept. 
Saith Nisus : "Do the gods this glow in- 
fuse 
Within our spirits, O Euryalus ? 
Or doth his dread desire to each become 
A god ? 'Tis either fight, or something 

grand, 
My soul now long since drives me to essay ; 
Nor is it satisfied with calm repose. 261 



252. " Among the rest, that all the rest excelld, 

A dainty boy there wonn'd, whose harmlesse yeares 
Now in their freshest budding gently sweld ; 
His nimph-like face nere felt the nimble sheeres'; 
Youth's downy blossome through his cheeke 
appeares." 

In Spenser's Works, Brittain's Ida, c. i. 2. 

" Comus. Were they of manly prime, or youthful 
bloom ? 

Lady. As smooth as Hebe's their unrazor'd lips." 
Milton, Comus. 

253. " And shine as you exalted are : 
Two names of friendship, but one star : 

Of hearts the union, and those not by chance 
Made, or indenture, or leas'd out t' advance 
The profits for a time. 
No pleasures vain did chime, 
Of rhymes, or riots at your feasts, 
Orgies of drink, or feign'd protests : 
But simple love of greatness and of good, 
That knits brave minds and manners more than 
blood." Ben Jonson, Underwoods, 88, iv. 

259-261. "Imagination of some great exploit 
Drives him beyond the bounds of patience." 

Shakespeare, 1 K. Henry IV., i. 3. 
Perhaps Nisus thought that 

" Virtue, if not in action, is a vice." 

Massinger, The Maid of Honour, i. 1. 

Marlowe makes the Duke of Guise say, in The 
Massacre at Paris : 

" Now, Guise, begin those deep-engendered 
thoughts 

To burst abroad those never-dying flames, 

Which cannot be extinguish'd but by blood. 

Oft have I levell'd, and at last have learn'd 

That peril is the chiefest way to happiness, 

And resolution honour's fairest aim. 

What glory is there in a common good, 

That hangs for every peasant to achieve? 

That like I best, that flies beyond my reach. 

Let me to scale the high Pyramides, 



Thou seest what [full] reliance on their state 
The Rutuli possesses. Here and there 
Lights twinkle ; they, in sleep and wine 

unstrung, 
Have laid them down ; the regions far and 

wide 
Are hushed. Learn further what I meditate, 
And what design now rises in my mind. 
^Eneas hither to be called do all, 
Both commons and the fathers, warmly 

pray, 269 

And men to be despatched [to him] to bear 
Undoubted tidings. If, what I for thee 
Demand, they promise, seeing for myself 
The glory of th' achievement is enough, — 
Meseems that I can underneath yon hill 
Find out a passage to the walls and domes 
Of Pallanteum." In astonishment 
Euryalus was lost, pierced thro' and thro' 
With lofty passion for renown : at once 
In these addresses he his glowing friend : 
"Me, then, thy comrade in thy grand 

emprise, 280 

O Nisus, dost disdain to link ? Shall I 
Send thee alone upon such heavy risks ? 

And thereon set the diadem of France ; 
I'll either rend it with my nails to nought, 
Or mount the top with my aspiring wings, 
Although my downfall be the deepest hell." 

264. "Wide o'er all 

The dusky plain, by the fires half extinct, 
Are seen the soldiers, roll'd in heaps confus'd, 
The slaves of brutal appetite." 

Smollett, The Regicide, v. 3. 
265, 6. Stillness at night is well described by 

Brown : 

" All, all is hushed. Throughout the empty streets 
Nor voice, nor sound ; as if the inhabitants, 
Like the presaging herds, that seek the covert 
Ere the loud thunder rolls, had inly felt 
And shunned the impending uproar. 

" There is a solemn horror in the night, too, 
That pleases me : a general pause through nature : 
The winds are hushed. And as I passed the beach 
The lazy billows scarce could lash the shore : 
No star peeps through the firmament of heaven." 
Barbarossa, iii. 1. 

273. " And choose we still the phantom through 
the fire, 

O'er bog, and brake, and precipice, till death ? 

And toil we still for sublunary pay ? 

Defy the dangers of the field and flood, 

Or, spider-like, spin out our precious all, 

Our more than vitals spin (if no regard 

To great futurity) in curious webs 

Of subtle thought, and exquisite design ; 

(Fine net-work of the brain !) to catch a fly ! 

The momentary buz of vain renown ! 

A name ; a mortal immortality !" 

Young, Complaint, N. vi. 

282. " However, I with thee have fix'd my lot ; 
Certain to undergo like doom : if death 
Consort with thee, death is to me as life ; 
So forcible within my heart I feel 
The bond of nature draw me to my own ; 
My own in thee, for what thou art is mine ; 



V. 201 224- 



BOOK IX. 



v. 224 — 239. 



247 



Not so my sire Opheltes, used to wars, 
Hath trained me up, amid Argolic dread 
And toils of Troja nurtured ; nor with thee 
Have I in such a way demeaned myself, 
High-souled .-Eneas and his latest fates 
While following. Here there dwells, there 

dwells a soul, 
A scorner of the light, and deems that fame, 
Whereat thou aimest, cheaply bought with 

life." 290 

Nisus to these : " Sooth nothing of the kind 
From thee I feared ; nor is it decent, no ! 
So me in triumph may to thee restore 
Great Jove, or whosoe'er with kindly eyes 
Views these ! But should there any, — thou 

perceiv'st 
How many [risks] in such a crisis [lie] ; — 
Should any, either accident or god, 
To misadventure hurry me away, 
I would that thou shouldst overlive : thy age 
Is worthier of life. One let there be 300 
Who may entrust me to accustomed earth, 
Reft from the fray, or ransomed by a price ; 
Or, this should any Fortune disallow, 
One, who may to [my] absent [corse] dis- 
charge 
Its obsequies, and grace it with a grave. 
Nor to thy wretched mother could I prove 
The spring of woe so deep ; who thee, [dear] 

boy, — 
Alone of many mothers daring it, — 
Pursues, nor recks of great Acesta's domes." 
But he : "To idle purpose dost thou weave 
Thy flimsy pleas, nor my resolve, now 

changed, 3 1 1 

Withdraws from its position. Let us haste !" 
He cries. The sentries he at once awakes : 
They take their places, and the courses keep. 
The station being left, he paces on 
As Nisus' mate, and seek they out the prince. 
The rest of living things through all the 

lands 

Our state cannot be sever'd ; we are one, 
One flesh ; to lose thee were to lose myself." 
Adam to Eve : Milton, P. L., b. ix. 

290. " ' I'll go,' said I, 'once more I'll venture all ; 
'Tis brave to perish by a noble fall.' " 

Pomfret, Love TriumpJiant over Reason. 
" 'Tis the danger crowns 
A brave achievement." May, T/ie Heir, act ii. 

299. " Thou art too covetous of another's safety ; 
Too prodigal and careless of thine own." 

Massinger, TJie Bashful Lover, ii. 6. 

317. " Mydnight was cum, and every vitall thing 
With swete sound slepe theyr weary lyms did rest, 
The beastes were still, the lytle byrdes that syng 
Now sweetely slept besides theyr mothers bre»t : 
The olde and all were shrowded in theyr nest. 
The waters calme, the cruel seas did ceas, 
The wudes, the fyeldes, and all thynges held theyr 
peace. 



With sleep their cares were light'ning, and 

their hearts 
Forgetful of their toils. The Trojans' lead- 
ing chiefs, 
Their chosen youth, a consultation held 320 
Upon the highest int'rests of the realm, — 
[To wit,] what they should do, or who 

should now 
T' yEneas be a messenger. They stand 
On lengthful lances resting, and their shields 
Engrasping in the midst of camp and plain. 
Then Nisus, and with him Euryalus, 
Forthwith to be admitted warmly beg : 
" That their affair was weighty, and would 

prove 
Worth the delay." lulus first received 
The flurried [youths], and Nisus bade to 

speak. 330 

Then thus the son of Hyrtacus : " O list 
With minds unbiassed, ye .nEnean sons, 
Nor let these [propositions], which we bring, 
Be judged of from our years. The Rutuli, 
In slumber and in wine unstrung, are 

hushed : 
The quarter for a stratagem have we 
Ourselves espied, which lieth to the view 
Upon the double roadway of the gate, 
That [stands] the nearest to the sea. Their 

fires 
Are stayed, and starward is the collied 

smoke 340 

" The golden stars wer whyrlde am yd theyr race, 
And on the earth did laugh with twinkling lyght, 
When eche thing nestled in his restyng place, 
Forgat dayes payne with pleasure of the nyght : 
The hare had not the greedy houndes in sight, 
The fearfull dear of death stood not in doubt, 
The partrydge dremt not of the falcons foot. 
" The ougly beare newe myndeth not the stake, 
Nor how the cruell mastyves do hym tear ; 
The stag lay still unroused from the brake, 
The fomy boar feard not the hunters spear. 
All thing was still in desert, bush, and brear. 
With quyet heart now from their travailes rest ; 
Soundly they slept in midst of all their rest." 

Sackville, Complaynt of Henrye D. of 
Buckingliam, 79-81. 

" All things were husht, each bird slept on h:'s 
bough, 
And night gave rest to him, day tir'd at plough : 
Each beast, each bird, and each day-toyling wight, 
Receiv'd the comfort of the silent night." 

Browne, Britannia's Pastorals, i. 3. 

" Lo ! midnight from her starry reign 
Looks awful down on earth and main, 
The tuneful birds lie hush'd in sleep, 
With all that crop the verdant food, 
With all that skim the crystal flood, 
Or haunt the caverns of the rocky steep. 
No rushing winds disturb the tufted bowers, 
No wakeful sound the moonlight valley knows, 
Save where the brook its liquid murmur pours, 
And lulls the waving scene to more profound 
repose." Akenside, Ode to Sleep, ii. 2, 2. 



248 



v. 240 — 270. 



THE ^ENEID. 



v. 271 — 290. 



Upraised. If ye allow us to employ 
The chance, to seek ^Eneas, and the walls 
Of Pallanteum, here anon with spoils, — 
Vast carnage wrought, — us present will you 

see. 
Nor doth the road mislead us as we go : 
Below the darkling valleys we have seen, 
In ceaseless chase, the outskirts of the town, 
And gained a knowledge of the stream 

throughout." 
Here, weighed with years, and in his judg- 
ment ripe, 
Aletes : " O ye gods of fatherland, 350 
Beneath whose providence Troy ever rests, 
Ye still intend not clean to wipe away 
TheTeucri, seeing ye [to them] have brought 
Such souls, and breasts so stanch within 

their youths." 
Thus saying, he the shoulders and right 

hands 
Of both engrasped, and with his tears his 

face 
And lips bedewed. " To you, O heroes, 

what, 
What worthy guerdons for these deeds of 

praise 
Could I deem possible to be repaid ? 
First the most honorable will the gods, 360 
And your own merits, render ; then the rest 
Anon the good vEneas will return, 
Aye and Ascanius, in the flow'r of age, 
Not e'er unmindful of so high desert." 
" Yea, you do I, whose only safety lies 
In the recov'ry of my sire," — [th' address] 
Takes up Ascanius,—" by the mighty gods 
Of home, and Assarac's domestic god, 
And hoary Vesta's shrines, conjure ; what- 
ever chance 
And trust I have, I place it in your breasts : 
Recall my sire, restore his presence : naught 
is sad 371 

With him regained. Two goblets will I give, 
In silver finished, and with figures crisp, 
Which from Arisba crushed my father took ; 
And tripods twain ; of gold two talents huge ; 
An ancient bowl, which Sidon's Dido gave. 
But if to seize Italia, and enjoy 
Her sceptres, shall to me a victor fall, 
And to prescribe th' allotment of the spoil: — 
Thou sawest on what steed, in armor what, 
Marched Turnus [all] in gold : — that very 
[steed], 381 

The scutcheon and the crimson plumes, 

Willi 



371. " For since mine eie your ioyous sight did mis, 
My chearfull day is turnd to chearelesse night, 
And eke my night of death the shadow is : 

But welcome now, my light, and shining lampe of 
blis !" Spenser, F. Q., i. 3, 27. 



Reserve from the allotment, even now, 

Nisus, thy rewards. Besides, my sire 
Will twice six ladies' persons, passing choice, 
And captives grant, and their own arms 

with all ; 
Above these [gifts], whatever of domain 
E'en king Latinus doth himself possess. 
But thee, whom my own age is following on 
With closer stages, youth to be revered, 390 
With my whole bosom do I welcome now, 
And my companion clasp for every risk. 
No honor shall be sought in my exploits 
Without thee ; whether peace or war I make, 
On thee [shall rest] my deepest trust of deeds 
And words." To whom in answer suchlike 

speaks 
Euryalus : ' ' No day shall have evinced 
That I for such bold ventures am no match : 
Let only fav'ring Fortune fall no foe. 
But I from thee 'bove every boon one thing 
Entreat : a mother of the ancient strain 401 
Of Priamus have I, whom, woe-begone, 
Not Ilium's land, not king Acestes' walls 
Withheld from going forth along with me. 
Her, in unconsciousness of this our risk, 
Whate'er it is, and [left] without farewell, 

1 now am quitting : Night and thy right hand 
My witness be, that I could not endure 

A parent's tears. But, I entreat, do thou 
Console her helpless, and assist her lorn. 

392. " 0, I have suffered 

With those that I saw suffer." 

Shakespeare, Tempest, i. 2, 5, 6. 

399. There is high authority for reading haut, 
instead of aut, in v. 283, which appears to make the 
whole passage more like Virgil than the lection of 
Heyne, Weise, and others. A colon after tantum 
gives it a stiff air, and joining the word with ar- 
guerit does not seem to mend the matter much. 
See Forbiger's satisfactory comment. 

" The intent, and not the deed, 
Is in our power : and therefore who dares greatly 
Does greatly." Brown, Barbarossa, v. 2. 

403. Or, observing the Latin order : 
" Not Ilium's land withheld from going forth 
Along with me, not king Acestes' walls." 

410. The poor lady might perhaps have answered 
her noble comforter as Leonato did Antonio : 
" I pray thee, cease thy counsel, 
Which falls into mine ears as profitless 
As water in a sieve ; give not me counsel ; 
Nor let no comforter delight mine ear, 
But such a one whose wrongs do suit with mine. 
Bring me a father that so lov'd his child, 
Whose joy of her is overwhelmed like mine, 
And bid him speak to me of patience ; 
Measure his woe the length and breadth of mine, 
And let it answer every strain for strain ; 
As thus for thus, and such a grief for such 
In every lineament, branch, shape, and form ; 
If such a one will smile, and stroke his beard ; 
Call sorrow joy ; cry hem, when he should groan ; 
Patch grief with proverbs : make misfortune drunk 
With candle-wasters ; bring him yet to me, 



v. 291—315- 



BOOK IX. 



v. 315—334- 



249 



This hope of thee [O] let me bear away : 41 1 
The bolder shall I march to every chance." 
With smitten mind the Dardan sons shed 

tears ; 
'Fore all the fair lulus ; and his soul 
The picture of a filial duty touched : 
Then thus speaks forth: "Assure thyself 

that all 
Shall worthy prove of thy immense em- 
prise : 
For that thy mother shall be [such] to me, 
And fail alone Creusa's name, nor small 
The gratitude is waiting such a birth. 420 
Whatever chances follow thy exploit, 
By this my head I swear, whereby my sire 
Before me used, what I engage to thee 
On thy return, and with success, these same 
On both thy mother and thy race shall wait." 
Thus speaks he, weeping o'er him ; he at 

once 
His gilded falchion from his shoulder doffs, 
Which with surprising skill Lycaon, [son] 
Of Crete, had made, and fitted, handy 

[-formed], 
With iv'ry sheath. To Nisus Mnestheus 
gives 430 

A shaggy lion's hide and spoils ; [with him] 
Aletes stanch exchanges helm. Forthwith 
In armor clad they march : whom, pacing 

on, 
The band of chieftains all, alike of young 
And aged, to the gates attend with prayers. 
Aye fair lulus, too, beyond his years 
Bearing both gallantry and manly thought, 
Injunctions many gave to be conveyed 
T' his father : but the breezes scatter all, 
And, purposeless, bestow them on the 
clouds. 440 

They, sallying forth, the trenches over- 
pass, 
And through night's shade the camp, their 
foe, they seek, 

And I of him will gather patience. 
But there is no such man : for, brother, men 
Can counsel, and speak comfort to that grief, 
Which they themselves not feel ; but, tasting it, 
Their counsel turns to passion, which before 
Would give perceptial medicine to rage, 
Fetter strong madness in a silken thread, 
Charm ache with air, and agony with words. 
No, no ; 'tis all men's office to speak patience 
To those that wring under the load of sorrow, 
But no man's virtue, nor sufficiency, 
To be so moral, when he shall endure 
The like himself: therefore give me no counsel : 
My griefs cry louder than advertisement." 

Shakespeare, Much Ado about Nothing, v. 1. 

414. " He hath a tear for pity, and a hand 
Open as day for melting charity." 

2 K. Henry IV., iv. 4. 
442. Shakespeare has a fine description of a camp 
by night : 



Yet first of many doomed to be the death. 
At every step, in slumber and in wine 
Throughout the grass dispread, they bodies 

view ! 
In upward posture chariots on the shore ; 
Among the traces and the wheels the men; 
Together lying arms, together wines. 
First from his lip thus spake Hyrtacides : 
" Euryalus, with our right hand we must 

be bold : 450 

Th' occasion now invites us of itself : 
Here lies the route. Do thou, — lest any hand 
May lift itself against us from the rear, — 
Be on the watch, and keep a far look-out. 
These [regions] I a wilderness will make, 
And by a spacious pathway lead thee on. " 
So speaks he, and subdues his voice ; at once 
With sword attacks proud Rhamnes, who, 

by chance 
On elevated cushions pillowed up, 
From his whole chest was slumber puffing 

forth ; 460 

The same a king, and [he] to Turnus, king, 
Most welcome augur : but by augur's art 
He could not stave destruction off. Hard by 
Three lacqueys, heedlessly among their arms 
While lying, and the squire of Remus, he 
Destroys ; his charioteer, too, finding him 
Just at his very steeds ; and with the sword 
Their lolling necks he severs ; then of head 
Despoils their lord himself, and leaves the 

trunk 
With blood sob-breathing : warmed with 

sable gore, 470 

The earth and couches reek. Moreo'er, he 

slays both Lamyrus 

" Now entertain conjecture of a time, 
When creeping murmur, and the poring dark, 
Fill the wide vessel of the universe. 
From camp to camp, through the foul womb of 

night, 
The hum of either army stilly sounds, 
That the fix'd sentinels almost receive 
The secret whispers of each other's watch. 
Fire answers fire ; and through their paly flames 
Each battle sees the other's umber'd face. 
Steed threatens steed, in high and boastful neighs 
Piercing the Night's dull ear ; and from the tents 
The armorers, accomplishing the knights, 
With busy hammers closing rivets up, 
Give dreadful note of preparation. 
The country cocks do crow, the clocks do toll, 
And the third hour of drowsy morning name." 
K. He?iry V., iv. chorus. 

444. They probably had such thoughts as these : 
" Now, Sleep, still child of sable-hooded night, 
Befriend us ! P'rom the dark Lethean cell 
Up-conjure all thy store of drowsy charms : 
Lock fast their lids, o'erpower each torpid sense, 
That they awake not ere the deed be done." 
Hartson, Countess of Salisbury, v. 2. 

471. " The slaughter then all measure did surpasse ; 
Whilst victors rag'd, bloud from each hand did raine ; 



250 



v. 334—352. 



THE ^ENEID. 



v. 352—364. 



And Lamus, and the young Serranus, who 
Full much had revelled- on that night, in 

mien 
Distinguished, and was lying, in his limbs 
O'ermastered by a fulness of the god. 
O happy man ! if he without a pause 
Had made that revel even with the night, 
And eked it out till daylight :— as, unfed, 
A lion, raising through the crowded folds 
Alarms, — for spurs him hunger mad, — both 

grinds 480 

And rends the unresisting flock, and dumb 
With terror; roars he with a mouth of 

blood. 
Nor less the carnage of Euryalus : 
He too himself, afire, fumes on throughout, 
And in the midst a num'rous, nameless 

throng, 
E'en Fadus and Herbesus he attacks, 
And Rhesus, Abaris too, unaware : — 
Rhoetus awake, and viewing all ; but he 
Behind a mighty wassail-bowl in fear 
Ensconced himself : in whose confronting 

breast 490 

He, close upon him, as he rises up, 
Hid his whole blade, and with abundant 

death 
Withdrew it. Th' other spews the crimson 

life, 
And wines, commingled with the blood, 

returns, 
In dying. He upon his stratagem 
In ardor presses on ; and now advanced 
Up to the comrades of Messapus. There 
He saw the failing of their latest fire, 

The liquid rubies dropping downe the grasse, 
With scarlet streames the fatall fields did staine." • 
Stirling, JoiiatJian, 83. 

489. Had Rhoetus been more fortunate, he would 
have been paralleled by Braggadocchio. 
" To whom she thus. — But ere her words ensewd, 
Unto the bush her eye did suddein glaunce, 
In which vaine Braggadocchio was mewd, 
And saw it stirre : she lefte her percing launce, 
And towards gan a deadly shafte advaunce, 
In minde to marke the beast. At which sad 

stowre, 
Trompart forth stept, to stay the mortall chaunce, 
Out crying : ' O ! whatever hevenly powre, 
Or earthly wight thou be, withold this deadly howre ! 

" O ! stay thy hand ; for yonder is no game 
For thy hers arrowes, them to exercize ; 
But loe ! my lord, my liege, whose warlike name 
Is far renownd through many bold emprize ; 
And now in shade he shrowded yonder lies.' 
She staid : with that he crauld out of his nest, 
Forth creeping on his caitive hands and thies ; 
And standing stoutly up, his lofty crest 

Did fiercely shake, and rowze as comminglate from 
rest." Spenser, F. Q., ii. 3, 34, 5. 

493. The tutor might do well to point to v. 349, 
as evidence that purpureus does not necessarily 
mean/' purple." 



And duly tethered horses cropping grass : 
When briefly such like Nisus, — for he felt 
That he by too great slaughter and desire 
Was led away,— saith, "Let us cease; for 
nears 502 

Th' unfriendly light. Of vengeance there 

is spent 
Enough; a path is made among the foes." 
Both many arms of heroes, finished off 
With massive silver, do they leave behind, 
And bowls together, and fair figured stuffs. 
Euryalus th' accoutrements of Rhamnes 

[grasps], 
His belt, too, golden in its studs, which 

gifts 
To Remulus of Tibur whilom sent 5 10 

The passing wealthy Caedicus, what time 
He, absent, would unite him [to himself] 
In hospitage ; the other at his death 
Bequeaths them to his grandson to pos- 
sess ; — 
After his death the Rutuli in war, 
And in engagement, won them : — these he 
grasps, 

501, 2. " Danger without discretion to attempt 

Inglorious, beast-like, is." 

Spenser, F. Q., iii. 11, 23. 

" Some fortitude is seen in great exploits, 

That justice warrants, and that wisdom guides ; 
All else is towering phrensy and distraction." 
Addison, Cato, ii. 

" Be advis'd : 
Heat not a furnace for your foe so hot, 
That it do singe yourself. We may outrun, 
By violent swiftness, that which we run at, 
And lose by over-running. Know you not, 
The fire, that mounts the liquor till it run o'er, 
In seeming to augment it, wastes it. Be advis'd : 
I say again, there is no English soul 
More stronger to direct you than yourself ; 
If with the sap of reason you would quench, 
Or but allay, the fire of passion." 

Shakespeare, K. Henry VIII., i. 1. 

" But as it is not the mere punishment, 

But cause, that makes a martyr, so it is not 
Fighting, or dying, but the manner of it, 
Renders a man himself. A valiant man 
Ought not to undergo, or tempt a danger, 
But worthily, and by selected ways : 
He undertakes with reason, not by chance. 
His valour is the salt to his other virtues : 
They are all unseason'd without it." 

Ben Jonson, New Inn, iv. 3. 
" Temper 3-our heat, 
And lose not, by too sudden rashness, that 
Which, be but patient, will be offer'd to you. 
Security ushers ruin ; proud contempt 
Of an enemy three parts vanquished, with desire 
And greediness of spoil, have often wrested 
A certain victory from the conqueror's gripe. 
Discretion is the tutor of the war, 
Valour the pupil." 

Massinger, Maid of Honour, i. 3. 

502, 3. " The silent hours steal on, 
And flaky darkness breaks within the east." 

Shakespeare, A". Rtc/iard III., v. 3. 



v. 364—393' 



BOOK IX. 



v. 394—415. 



251 



And vainly to his gallant shoulders suits. 
He then Messapus' trimly fitting helm, 
And graced with plumes, puts on him. 

From the camp 
They draw away, and safety seek to gain. 
Meanwhile the horse, sent on from La- 

tium's city 5 21 

While the remainder of the host in line 
Is ling'ring on the plains, were on the march, 
And to king Turn us bringing on replies, — 
Three times a hundred, all equipped in 

shields, 
With Volscens chief. And they were near- 

ing now 
The camp, and ent'ring on the mounds, 

what time 
These winding by the left-hand path from far 
Descry they, and his helm Euryalus 
Hath in the glimm'ring shade of night be- 
trayed 530 
Unthoughtful, and, confronted to the beams, 
Flashed back. 'Twas not for naught the 

glimpse was gained. 
Aloud shouts Volscens from the squadron : 

"Halt! 
Ye warriors! What the object of your 

march ? 
Or who are ye in arms ? Or whither hold 
Your course ?" They make no effort at reply, 
But hasten on their flight upon the woods, 
And trust the night. The horse oppose 

themselves 
At byways known on this side and on that, 
And ev'ry outlet with a guard invest. 540 
There was a thicket, bristling wide with 

brakes 
And sable ilex, which had serried thorns 
Choked up in ev'ry quarter ; fitfully 
The pathway shone among the darkened 

walks. 
The gloom of branches, and his cumbrous 

spoil, 
Euryalus obstruct, and his alarm 
Conducts him from his line of route astray. 
Off Nisus starts : and now, not knowing 

[this], 
He had escaped the foemen, and the spots, 
Which since from Alba's name were ' ' Al- 

ban" called : — 550 

Then king Latinus [there] had lofty stalls : — 
When [still] he stood, and towards his 

absent friend 
In vain looked back : "Ill-starred Euryalus, 
Thee in what quarter have I left ? Or where 
Shall I pursue, again unrav'lling all 
The tangled pathway of the cheating wood?" 
At once e'en backward his examined steps 
He tracks, and wanders through the stilly 

brakes. 



He hears the horses, hears the din and signs 
Of those pursuing. Nor was long the time 
In th' interval, when reaches to his ears 
A shouting, and he sees Euryalus, 
Whom at this moment doth the squadron all, 
Through the deception of the place and 

night, 
With wild'ring hubbub on a sudden seize, 
O'erwhelmed and struggling [much,] full 

much in vain. 
What should he do ? With power what, 

what arms, 
The stripling to deliver should he dare, 
Or, death-doomed, fling him on the midst 

of swords, 
And speed by wounds a glorious death ? 

In haste 570 

A javelin hurling with his in-drawn arm, 
Up-gazing on the lofty Moon, he thus 
Prays with his voice : "Do thou, O god- 
dess, thou 
Propitious aid our task, O pride of stars, 
And thou Latonian guardian of the groves ; 
If any off 'rings to thy altars e'er 
On my behalf my father Hyrtacus 
Hath brought, if any by my hunts myself 
Have added, or upon thy dome hung up, 
Or fastened to thy holy pediments ; 580 
This troop do thou allow me to confound, 
And guide my missiles through the gales." 

He said ; 
And, as he strains with his whole frame, 

he hurls 
The steel. The winging spear asunder 

smites 
The shades of night, and swoops upon the 

back 
Of Sulmo, turned away, and there is 

snapped, 
And through his midriff shoots with rifted 

wood. 
He's rolled along, disgorging from his breast 
The fevered tide, death-cold, and smites 

his flanks 



574. " As Cynthia, from her wave - embattel'd 

shrouds 
Op'ning the west, comes streaming thro' the clouds, 
With shining troops of silver-tressed stars 
Attending on her, as her torch-bearers ; 
And all the lesser lights about her throne 
With admiration stand as lookers on ; 
Whilst she alone, in height of all her pride, 
The queen of light along her sphere doth glide." 
Drayton, Charles Brandon to Queen Mary oj 
France. 

589. " Death-cold. Yes, Felisarda, he is gone, 

that in 
The morning promis'd many years ; but death 
Hath in few hours made him as stiff, as all 
The winds of winter had thrown cold upon him, 
And whisper'd him to marble." 

Shirley, The Brothers, iv. 5. 



252 



v. 415—433- 



THE jENEID. 



v. 433—439- 



With long [-drawn] sobs. [In] diff'rent 

[quarters] round 590 

They gaze. Thereby the keener, he, the 

same, 
Lo ! poised another javelin from his tip 
Of ear. While they are in alarm the shaft 
Through both of Tagus' temples hissing 

passed, 
And, heated, to his pierced brain it cleaved. 
Fell Volscens storms, nor anywhere descries 
The sender of the lance, nor whither he, 
Should throw him all aglow. " Still, thou 

meanwhile 
With thy hot blood to me the penalties 
Shalt pay for both," he cries : at once 

with sword 600 

Unsheathed upon Euryalus he rushed. 
Then sooth affrighted, wildly Nisus shrieks ; 
Nor could he any longer shroud himself 
Within the gloom, or bear so sore a pan 



Me, 



-I'm here ! — [the man] who did 



the deed ; 

On me the falchion turn, O Rutuli ! 

Mine own is all the stratagem ; that [youth] 

Naught either dared or could ; this firma- 
ment 

And conscious stars to witness do I call. 

He only loved too well his hapless friend." 

Such like the words he uttered : but the 
sword, 611 

Thrust home with power, grided through 
his ribs, 

And brasts his snowy breast. Euryalus 



605. Eve says : 

' And to the place of judgment will return, 
There with my cries importune Heaven, that all 
The sentence, from thy head removed, may light 
On me, sole cause to thee of all this woe, 
Me, me only, first object of his ire." 

Milton, P. L., b. x. 

" Stop, O stop ! 
Hold your accursed hands ! On me, on me 
Pour all your torments." 

Brown, Barbarossa, v. 2. 

610. So Othello : 

" Speak of me as I am ; nothing extenuate, 

Nor set down aught in malice : then must you 

speak 
Of one, that lov'd not wisely, but too well." 

Shakespeare, Othello, end. 

613. "Which when that warriour heard, dismount- 
ing straict 
From his tall steed, he rusht into the thick, 
And soone arrived where that sad portraict 
Of death and dolour lay, halfe dead, halfe quick ; 
In whose white alabaster brest did stick 
A cruell knife that made a griesly wownd, 
From which forth gusht a stream of gore blood 

thick, 
That all her goodly garments staind arownd, 
And into a deepe sanguine dide the grassy grownd." 
Spenser, F. Q., ii. 1, 39. 



Is rolled in death, and o'er his comely limbs 
Gore gushes, and upon his shoulders sinks 
His fainting neck : as when a gaudy flower, 
Cut under by the plough, in dying flags ; 
Or poppies with a weary neck droop head, 
When haply they are cumbered by the rain. 
But Nisus hurtles on the midmost [foes], 
And singly through them all he Volscens 
seeks ; 621 



614. The same great poet, on Belphcebe's seeing 

the wounded Timias : 

" Shortly she came whereas thatwoefull squire 
With blood deformed lay in deadly swownd : 
In whose faire eyes, like lamps of quenched fire, 
The christall humour stood congealed rownd ; 
His locks, like faded leaves fallen to grownd, 
Knotted with blood in bounches rudely ran ; 
And his sweete lips, on which before that stownd 
The bud of youth to blossome faire began, 

Spoild of their rosy red were woxen pale and wan." 
F. Q., iii. 5, 29. 

614, 15. " See, his rich blood in purple torrents 

flows, 
And Nature sallies in unbidden groans ; 
Now mortal pangs distort his lovely form ; 
His rosy beauty fades, his starry eyes 
Now darkling swim, and fix their closing beams ; 
Now in short gasps his labouring spirit heaves, 
And weakly flutters on his faultering tongue, 
And struggles into sound." 

Smith, Phcedra and Hippolytus, act v. 

616. This beautiful figure is employed by the 
author of the elegy on the death of Sir Philip 
Sidney, entitled The Mourning Muse of TJiestylis. 
It was not written by Spenser, but is appended by 
him to his own charming Astrophel. 
" His lips waxt pale and wan, like damaske roses 
bud 
Cast from the stalke, or like in field to purple 

flowre, 
Which languisheth being shred by culter as it 
past." Lodowick Bryskett, in Spenser's Works. 

618. Demisere, v. 437, is plainly an aorist. 

" Yet in her side deep was the wound in fight : 

Her flowing life the shining armour stains : 
From that wide spring long rivers took their flight, 
With purple streams drowning the silver plains : 
Her cheerful colour now grows wan and pale, 
Which oft she strives with courage to recal, 
And rouse her fainting head, which down as oft 
would fall. 
All so a lily press'd with heavy rain, 

Which fills her cup with show'rs up to the 
brinks : 
The weary stalk no longer can sustain 

The head, but low beneath the burden sinks. 
Or as a virgin rose her leaves displays, 
Whom too hot scorching beams quite dis- 
arrays : 
Down flags her double ruff, and all her sweet 
decays." P. Fletcher, Purple Island, xi. 29, 30. 

" Thus the fair lily, when the sky's o'ercast, 
At first but shudders in the feeble blast ; 
But when the winds and weighty rains descend, 
The fair and upright stem is forc'd to bend ; 
Till broke at length, its snowy leaves are shed 
And strew with dying sweets their native bed." 
Young, Force of Religion, b. ii. end. 



v. 439—455- 



BOOK IX. 



v. 455—476. 



253 



On Volscens singly fixes thought. Whom 

round 
The clustered foes this side and that repulse 
With sword in hand. He presses none 

the less, 
And whirls his blade of lightning ; till 

within 
The yelling Rutulan's confronted mouth 
He buried it, and, as he dies, his foe 
Bereft of life. Then o'er his lifeless friend 
He forward flung himself, pierced through 

and through, 
And there at length in calm of death reposed. 
O happy pair ! If aught my lays can do, 
No day shall ever from a mindful age 632 
Erase you, long as shall ^Eneas' house 
Inhabit Capitoli urn's moveless rock, 
And sovereignty the Roman father hold. 

The conqu'ring Rutuli, of prey and spoils 
The masters, breathless Volscens to the 

camp 
A-weeping bare. Nor less in camp the woe, 
On Rhamnes being found deprived of life, 
And chiefs so many slain in common death, 
Serranus too, and Numa. Vast the throng 
E'en at the corses and the men half-dead, 

625. " I ne'er saw 

A lightning shoot so, as my servant did : 
His rapier was a meteor, and he waved it 
Over them, like a comet, as they fled him. 
I mark'd his manhood ! Every stoop he made 
Was like an eagle's at a flight of cranes." 

Ben Jonson, The New Inn, iv. 3. 

628, 9. " Suffolk first died, and York, all haggled 

over, 
Comes to him, where in gore he lay insteep'd, 
And takes him by the beard ; kisses the gashes, 
That bloodily did yawn upon his face ; 
And cries aloud : ' Tarry, dear cousin Suffolk ! 
My soul shall thine keep company to heaven : 
Tarry, sweet soul, for mine, then fly abreast ; 
As in this glorious and well-foughten field 
We kept together in our chivalry !' 
Upon these words I came, and cheer'd him up : 
He smil'd me in the face, raught me his hand, 
And, with a feeble gripe, says : ' Dear my lord, 
Commend my service to my sovereign.' 
So did he turn, and over Suffolk's neck 
He threw his wounded arm, and kiss'd his lips ; 
And so, espous'd to death, with blood he seal'd 
A testament of noble-ending love." 

Shakespeare, K. Henry V., iv. 6. 

To the poet himself may be applied the praise 
bestowed on Colin by Alexis. 
" By wondring at thy Cynthiaes praise, 

Colin, thyselfe thou mak'st us more to wonder, 

And her upraising doest thyselfe upraise." 

Spenser, Colin Clouts Come Home Again. 

632, 3. " You may sooner part the billows of the sea, 
And put a bar betwixt their fellowships, 
Than blot out my remembrance ; sooner shut 
Old Time into a den, and stay his motion ; 
Wash off the swift hours from his downy wings, 
Or steal eternity to stop his glass, 
Than shut the sweet idea I have in me." 

Fletcher, The Elder Brother, iii. 5. 



And at the spot, with milkwarm slaughter 

fresh, 643 

And runnels brimming with their foaming 

blood. 
They recognise the spoils among themselves, 
Alike the shining helmet of Messapus, 
And trappings with a flood of sweat regained. 
And now first sprent the lands with 

virgin light 
Aurora, leaving Tithon's saffron bed, 
The sun now shed upon them, objects now 
In light uncurtained. Tumus to their arms, 
In arms arrayed himself, his men awakes ; 
And musters each the bronzen lines his own, 
For battle, and with manifold reports 654 
They whet their wrath. Yea, — piteous to 

be seen, — 
Impale they on the points of hoisted spears 
Euryalus' and Nisus' very heads, 
And follow in full shout. The sturdy 

iEneadse 
Within the left-hand quarter of the walls 
Arrayed their line against them, — for the 

right 660 

Is girdled by the stream, — and occupy 
Their trenches vast, and on the lofty towers 
In melancholy do they stand ; at once 
The heroes' heads impaled [their spirit] 

roused, 
But too familiar to their wretched [friends], 
And dripping with a sable gore. Meanwhile, 
Throughout the quaking city flitting round, 
The winged courier Rumor posts, and glides 
On to Euryalus's mother's ears. 
But suddenly the wretched [lady's] bones 
Their heat forsook ; the shuttle from her 

hands 671 

649. " Aurora from old Tithon's frosty bed 
(Cold, wint'ry, wither'd Tithon) early creeps, 

Her cheek with grief was pale, with anger red, 
Out of her window close she blushing peeps ; 
Her weeping eyes in pearled dew she steeps." 
P. Fletcher, Piscatory Eclogues, vii. 1. 
657. So the Picts are said to have treated King 

Alpin : 

" That sacred head, 
Where late the Graces dwelt, and wisdom mild 
Subdued attention, ghastly, pale, deform'd, 
Of royalty despoil'd, by ruthless hands 
Fixt on a spear, the scoff of gazing crowds, 
Mean triumph, borne." 

Hamilton, Episode of tlie Thistle. 

668. " This tattling gossip hath a thousand eyes : 

Her airy body hath as many wings ; 

Now about Earth, now up to Heav'n she flies, 

And here and there with every breath she flings 

Hither and thither lies and tales she brings." 

Drayton, Legend 0/ Matilda t lie Fair, 14. 

" For evil news rides post, while good news baits." 
Milton, Samson Agonistes. 

671. " Too trew the famous Marinell it fownd ; 
Who, through late triall, on that wealthy strond 
Inglorious now lies in sencelesse swownd 
Through heavy stroke of Britomartis hond. 



254 



v. 476—483. 



THE JENEID. 



v. 483—494. 



Was shaken out, the web, too, tumbled o'er. 
Forth flies she hapless, and, with woman's 

shriek, 
With tattered hair, the walls and foremost 

bands 
She wildly seeks with speed : not she of 

men, 
Not she of risk and weapons, heedful ; 

heaven 
Thereon with her complainings does she 

fill: 
" Is't thus, Euryalus, I thee behold ? 
Couldst thou, that one, who wert the late 

repose 
Of my old age, O heartless, leave me lorn ? 
Neither to thee, upon such grievous risks 



Which when his mother dear did understond, 
And heavy tidings heard, whereas she playd 
Amongst her watry sisters by a pond, 
Gathering sweete daffadillyes, to have made 
Gay girlonds, from the Sun their forheads fayr to 
shade ; 

" Eftsoones both flowres and girlands far away 
She fiong, and her faire deawy lockes yrent ; 
To sorrow huge she turnd her former play, 
And gamesom merth to grievous dreriment : 
She threw herself down on the continent, 
Ne word did speake, but lay as in a swowne, 
Whiles all her sisters did for her lament 
With yelling outcries, and with shrieking sowne ; 

And every one did tear hir girlond from her crowne." 
Spenser, F. Q., iii. 4, 29, 30. 

674. " Her yellow locks that shone so bright and 
long, 
As sunny beames in fairest somers day, 
She fiersly tore, and with outragious wrong 
From her red cheeks the roses rent away : 
And her faire brest, the threasury of ioy, 
She spoyld thereof, and filled with annoy." 

Spenser, Astrophel, 27. 

" Th' inexorable hand of Fate 
Weighs down his eyelids, and the gloom of death 
His fleeting light eternally o'ershades. 
Him on Choaspes o'er the blooming verge 
A frantic mother shall bewail ; shall strew 
Her silver tresses in the crystal wave : 
While all the shores re-echo to the name 
Of Teribazus lost." Glover, Leonidas, b. viii. 

680. " My boy, my Arthur, my fair son ! 
My life, my joy, my food, my all the world ! 
My widow-comfort, and my sorrow's cure !" 

Shakespeare, A'. John, iii. 4. 

" Does the kind root bleed out his livelihood 
In parent distribution to his branches, 
Adorning them with all his glorious fruits, 
Proud that his pride is seen when he's unseen : 
And must not gratitude descend again 
To comfort his old limbs in fruitless winter ?" 
Massinger, The Old Law, i. 1. 

" Thou art the only comfort of my age ; 
Like an old tree I stand among the storms ; 
Thou art the only limb that I have left me, 
My dear green branch ; and how I prize thee. 

child, 
Heaven only knows." Lee, Theodosius, ii. 1. 



Sent secretly, t'address her latest word, 
To thy sad mother were the means vouch- 
safed ? 683 
Ah ! thou upon a land unknown, consigned 
A prey to Latin dogs and birds, dost lie ! 
Nor I thy mother, at thine obsequies 
Have led thee forth, or have I closed thine 

eyes, 
Or bathed thy wounds ; shrouding thee 

with the robe, 
Which I for thee quick hastened night and 

day, 
And with the loom an aged woman's cares 
Would comfort. Whither shall I follow 

thee ? 691 

Or now what land thy joints, and wrenched 

limbs, 
And mangled carcass holds ? Is't this that 

thou 
Returnest to me of thyself, my son ? 
Is't this I've followed both by land and sea ? 
Pierce me, if ye have any duteousness ; 
On me launch all your darts, O Rutulans ; 
Me first annihilate ye with the sword ; 



685. " parents ruthful, and heart-renting sight ! 

To see that son, that your soft bosoms fed, 

His mother's joy, his father's sole delight, 

That with much cost, yet with more care, was bred, 

A spectacle, ev'n able to affright 

A senseless thing, and terrify the dead ! 

His dear, dear blood upon the cold earth pour'd, 
His quarter'd corse of crows and kites devour'd." 
Drayton, Barons' Wars, ii. 67. 

" Besides remember this in chief: 
That, being executed, you deny 
To all his friends the rites of funeral, 
And cast his carcase out to dogs and fowls." 

J. Fletcher, The Bloody Brother, iii. 1. 

687. " Ah, too, the lustre of the eyes is fled ! 

Heavy and dull, their orbs neglect to roll, 

In motionless distortion stiff and fixed : 

Till by the trembling hand of watchful age .... 

Clos'd ; and, perhaps for ever ! ne'er again 

To open on the sphere, to drink the day." 

W. Thompson, Sickness, b. iii. 

692. " This country here hath bred me, brought me 

up, 
And shall I now refuse a grave in her ? 
I am in my second infancy, and children 
Ne'er sleep so sweetly in their nurse's cradle 
As in their natural mother's." 

Massinger, TJie Old Law, i. 1. 

694. Gtistawus ; as Arvida dies : 
" Friend ! brother ! speak. — He's gone ; — and here 

is all 
That's left of him, who was my life's best treasure. 
How art thou fall'n, thou greatly valiant man ! 
In ruin graceful, like the warrior spear, 
Tho' shiver'd in the dust." 

Brooke, Gustazws Vasa, v. 7. 

697, 8. " ' Why do I overlive? 

Why am I mock'd with death, and lengthen'd out 
To deathless pain ? How gladly would I meet 
Mortality, my sentence, and be earth 
Insensible ! How glad would lay me down 



v. 495— 502. 



BOOK IX. 



v. so*— ru. 



255 



Or thou, great sire of gods, compassion take, I 
And with thy bolt thrust down this hated 
head 700 

Beneath th' infernal realms ; since other- 
wise 
I cannot burst away a ruthless life." 
By this her weeping are their spirits shocked, 
And mournful wailing spreads among them 

all: 
Their shattered pow'rs are listless for the 

frays. 
Her, as their sorrows she inflames, Idseus 
And Actor, by direction of Ilioneus, 
And of lulus, weeping sorely, grasp, 
And 'tween their hands replace beneath 
her roof. 

As in my mother's lap ! There I should rest, 

And sleep secure Why comes not death,' 

Said he, ' with one thrice-acceptable stroke 

To end me?' " Milton, P. L., b. x. 

" O amiable lovely death ! . . . . 

Arise forth from the couch of lasting night, 

Thou hate and terror to prosperity, 

And I will kiss thy detestable bones ; 

And put my eye-balls in thy vaulty brows : 

And ring these fingers with thy household worms : 

And stop this gap of breath with fulsome dust, 

And be a carrion monster like thyself." 

Shakespeare, K. John, iii. 4. 
703. Grief is the greater suffering for the wantoi 

tears : 

" Is it at last then so ? Is he then dead ? 

What ! dead at last ? quite, quite, for ever dead ? 

There, there, I see him : there he lies, the blood 

Yet bubbling from his wounds. Oh, more than 
savage ! 

Had they or hearts or eyes that did this deed ? 

Could eyes endure to guide such cruel hands ? 

Are not my eyes guilty alike with theirs, 

That thus can gaze, and yet not turn to stone ? — 

I do not weep ! The springs of tears are dried ; 

And of a sudden I am calm, as if 

All things were well ; — and yet my husband's mur- 
dered ! 

Yes, yes, I know to mourn ! I'll sluice this heart, 

The source of woe, and let the torrent loose." 

Congreve, Mo7ir?iing Bride, end. 

705. " This melancholy flatters, but unmans you ; 
What is it else but penury of soul ; 
A lazy frost, a numbness of the mind, 
That locks up all the vigour to attempt?" 

Dryden, Cleomenes, i. 1. 

Glover attributes the same effect to tender music, 
and beautifully illustrates it : 

" In admiration mute, 
With nerves unbrac'd by rapture, he, entranc'd, 
Stands like an eagle, when his parting plumes 
The balm of sleep relaxes, and his wings 
Fall from his languid side." Leonidas, b. vi. 

709. They might have said to her : 

" Weep no more, nor sigh, nor groan ; 
Sorrow calls no time's that gone : 
Violets pluck'd the sweetest rain 
Makes not fresh, nor grow again. 
Trim thy locks, look cheerfully ; 
Fate's hid ends eyes cannot see : 
Joys as winged dreams fly fast ! 
Why should sadness longer last? 



But fearful din the trumpet from afar 
Clanged forth from ringing bronze : a shout 

ensues, 711 

And back the welkin roars. The Volsci haste 
At even pace, a vault of bucklers formed ; 
And they the trenches to fill up prepare, 
And root away the palisade. Some seek 
An entrance, and with scaling-gear to climb 
The ramparts, where the line is thin, and 

light 
The ring lets through, not so compact 

with men. 
On th' other hand the Teucri shower forth 
All sort[s] of weaponry, and thrust them 

down 720 

With sturdy poles, inured to guard their 

walls 
In their long war. Stones, too, with 

troublous weight 
They rolled, if they could any way break 

through 
The shielded line : while still it is their joy 
Beneath the serried vault of shields to bear 
All hazards. Neither do they now hold out : 
For, where th' enormous phalanx edges nigh, 
The Trojans roll alike and force along 
A monster pile, which whelmed the Rutuli 
Far- wide, and broke their canopy of arms. 
Nor further do the bold Rutulians seek 73 1 
In blind encounter to engage, but strive 
To drive them from the palisade with darts. 
Elsewhere Mezentius, fearful to be viewed, 
Swayed an Etruscan pine, and on them 

flings 
Smoke -yielding fires. Moreo'er Messapus, 
Steed-tamer, Neptune's son, the palisade 
Tears down, and calls for ladders 'gainst 

the walls. 
You, O Calliope, do I entreat, 
Breathe on me as I sing what massacres 
There then with steel, what deaths, did 

Turnus cause ; 741 

"What hero each despatched adown to hell ; 
And the great outlines of the war with me 
Do ye unfold : for ye, O goddesses, 
Alike remember, and ye can record. 

There was a tower of colossal height 
And [flanked] with lofty bridges, by its 

place 



Grief is but a wound to woe : 
Gentlest fair, mourn, mourn no mo." 
Fletcher, TJie Queen of Corinth, iii. 2. 

717. " And now redue'd on equal terms to fight, 
Their ships like wasted patrimonies show ; 

Where the thin scattering trees admit the light, 
And shun each other's shadows as they grow." 
Dryden, Annus Mirabilis, 126. 

746. " And lifted up his loftie towres thereby, 
That they began to threat the neighbour sky." 
Spenser, Motlier Hubbcrd's Tale. 



256 



v. 531—559- 



THE jENEID. 



v. 559—581. 



Of vantage ; which to th' utmost of their 

strength 
Th' Italians struggled all to take by storm, 
And raze with fullest effort of their powers. 
The Trojans, on the other hand, with stones 
Protect it, and through hollow loopholes, 

close, 752 

Their weapons launch upon them. In the 

van 
A flaring firebrand Turnus hurled amain, 
And to its side a blaze he fastened ; which 
All-potent through the wind, the plankings 

seized, 
And grappled to the uprights, inly gnawed. 
They, in confusion, are alarmed inside, 
And vainly from their evils wish escape. 
While they together crowd, and settle back 
Upon that side, which from the plague is 

free ; 761 

Then with the sudden weight down fell 

the tower, 
And all the welkin thunders with the crash. 
To earth half-lifeless, with a monster mass 
Pursuing them, and stabbed by their own 

darts, 
And through their breasts with rigid wood 

transpierced, 
They swoop. With difficulty one, Helenor 
And Lycus 'scaped : of whom the tender- 



Helenor, — whom to the Maeonian king 
The slave Licymnia covertly had borne, 
And in forbidden armor sent to Troy, — 
Was light [accoutred] with a naked sword, 
And with a blank escutcheon unrenowned. 
And he, — when he perceived himself amid 
The heart of Turnus' thousands, Latin 

troops 775 

On this side standing by, and troops on 

that ;— 
As [some] wild beast, which by a massive 

ring 
Of hunters pent, against their weapons 

storms, 
And flings her, not unknowing, on her 

death, 
And with a spring is borne beyond their 

spears : — 780 

Not otherwise the stripling, doomed to die, 
Hurtles upon the centre of his foes, 
And, where he sees the weapons thickest, 

darts. 
But Lycus, far superior with his feet, 
Alike amid the foes, and 'mid their arms, 
In flight is holding on the walls, and strives 
To clutch the lofty copings with his hand, 
And reach the right hands of his comrades : 

whom 
Turnus, at once pursuing with full speed 



And dart, upbraids triumphant in these 

[terms] : 790 

"Hast hoped, O madman, that thou 

couldst escape 
Our hands ?" At once he grasps him as 

he hangs, 
And with a mighty portion of the wall 
He tears him down : as when or hare, or 

swan 
Of snowy figure, hath the squire of Jove, 
Seeking the heights, upborne with hooky 

claws ; 
Or, by its mother sought with many a bleat, 

a lamb 
The wolf of Mars hath ravished from the 

cotes. 
In every quarter is a shout upraised. 
On rush they, and with rubbish fill the 

dykes : 800 

Some volley blazing torches to the heights. 
Ilioneus [lays prostrate] with a rock, 
E'en a stupendous fragment of a mount, 
Lucetius, as he closes on the gate, 
And carries fires ; Liger Emathion fells, 
Asilas Corynasus ; — one adept 
In javelin, in the far-deceiving bolt 
The other. Caeneus [kills] Ortygius, 
Turnus the conqu'ring Caeneus; Turnus 

[slays] 
Itys, and Clonius, Dioxippus, 810 

And Promolus, and Sagaris, and Idas, 
As he is standing for the tower tops ; 
Capys Privernus. Him Themilla's nimble 

spear 
At first had grazed : he, — buckler cast 

away, — 
A hand in madness to the wound applied : 
So towards him flew the arrow on its wings, 
And to his left side fast the hand was nailed, 
And, inly buried, with a deathful wound 
The spirit's breathing passages it burst. 
In peerless arms the son of Arcens stood, 

794. Spenser thus describes the whiteness of the 
swan: 

" With that I saw two swannes of goodly hewe 
Come softly swimming downe along the lee ; 
Two fairer birds I yet did never see : 
The snow, which doth the top of Pindus strew, 
Did never whiter shew, 

Nor Jove himselfe, when he a swan would be 
For love of Leda, whiter did appeare : 
Yet Leda was (they say) as white as he, 
Yet not so white as these, nor nothing near 
So purely white thej' were, 
That even the gentle stream, the which them 

bare, 
Seem'd foule to them, and bad his billowes spare 
To wet their silken feathers, least they might 
Soyle their fayre plumes with water not so fayre ; 
And marre their beauties bright, 
That shone as Heavens light." 

Protluilamion, st. 3. 



v. 582 — 605. 



BOOK IX. 



v. 606 — 609. 



257 



With needled cloak, and bright in dusky- 
dye 821 
Of Spain, distinguished in appearance ; 

whom 
His father Arcens had despatched, brought 

up 
Within his mother's grove, about the streams 
Of the Symaethus, where Palicus' altar 

[stands], 
Rich and appeasable. His whizzing sling, — 
Spears laid aside, — Mezentius e'en himself, 
Its thong indrawn thrice round his head, 

discharged, 
And in the centre clove apart his brows, 
As he confronted him, with molten lead, 
And stretched him prostrate on the plen- 
teous sand. 831 
Then first in battle is Ascanius said 
T' have aimed the nimble arrow, (hereto- 
fore 
Accustomed to alarm the flying beasts,) 
And with his hand t' have overthrown the 

brave 
Numanus, who had Remulus for surname ; 
And, lately wedded in the marriage bond, 
Had Turnus' younger sister [to his bride]. 
He, yelling out before the leading line 
[Words] seemly and unseemly to be named, 
And puffed in heart with novel kingship, 
stalked, 841 

And moved him on, a giant, with the cry : 
" Doth it not shame you to be closed again 
By siege and trench, ye Phrygians, cap- 

tived twice, 
And in the front of death to stretch your 

walls ? 
Lo ! [fools,] who matches with us claim to 

them 
By war ! What god, what madness, drove 

you on 
To Italy ? No sons of Atreus here, 
No, nor Ulysses, liar in his speech. 
Hardy from its original our race, 850 

Our children to the rivers from the first 
We carry down, and in the felon frost, 
And in the waves we steel them ; for the 

chase 
Our boys are wakeful, and they tire the 
woods ; 

852. " Heaven's arch is oft their roof, the pleasant 

shed 
Of oak and plane oft serves them for a bed. 
To suffer want, soft pleasure to despise, 
Run over panting mountains crown'd with ice, 
Rivers o'ercome, the wasted lakes appal, 
(Being to themselves oars, steerers, ships and all,) 
Is their renown : a brave all-daring race, 
Courageous, prudent, doth this climate grace." 

Drummond, The Speech of Caledonia. 
854. " Let Sloth lie softening till high noon in down, 
Or lolling fan her in the sultry town, 



Their pastime is to manage steeds, and 

shafts 
To aim from bow. Yea, tolerant of toils, 
And used to scantness, either doth our 

youth 
Tame earth with harrows, or thrill towns 

with war. 
With iron every stage of life is worn, 



Unnerv'd with rest : and turn her own disease, 

Or foster others in luxurious ease : 

I mount the courser, call the deep-mouth' d hounds, 

The fox unkennell'd flies to covert grounds ; 

I lead where stags through tangled thickets tread, 

And shake the saplings with their branching head : 

I make the faulcons wing their airy way, 

And soar to seize, or stooping strike their prey ; 

To snare the fish I fix the luring bait : 

To wound the fowl I load the gun with fate." 

Parnell, Health. 
855. " Oh ! he's all hero, scorns th' inglorious ease 
Of lazy Crete, delights to shine in arms, 
To wield the sword, and lanch the pointed spear : 
To tame the generous horse, that nobly wild 
Neighs on the hills, and dares the angry lion : 
To join the struggling coursers to his chariot, 
To make their stubborn necks the reins obey, 
To turn, to stop, or stretch along the plain." 

Smith, PJicedra and Hippolytus, i. 1. 

857. " To dare boldly, 

In a fair cause, and, for their country's safety, 
To run upon the cannon's mouth undaunted ; 
To obey their leaders, and shun mutinies ; 
To bear with patience the winter's cold, 
And summer's scorching heat, and not to faint, 
When plenty of provision fails, with hunger ; — 
Are the essential parts make up a soldier." 

Massinger, A New Way to Pay Old Debts, i. 

" Yet still, e'en here, content can spread a charm, 
Redress the clime, and all its rage disarm. 
Though poor the peasant's hut, his feasts though 

small, 
He sees his little lot the lot of all ; 
Sees no contiguous palace rear its head, 
To shame the meanness of his humble shed ; 
No costly lord the sumptuous banquet deal, 
To make him loathe his vegetable meal ; 
But calm, and bred in ignorance and toil, 
Each wish contracting, tits him to the soil. 
Cheerful at morn, he wakes from short repose, 
Breathes the keen air, and carols as he goes ; 
With patient angle trolls the finny deep, 
Or drives his vent'rous ploughshare to the steep ; 
Or seeks the den where snow-tracks mark the 

way, 
And drags the struggling savage into day. 
At night returning, ev'ry labour sped, 
He sits him down the monarch of a shed ; 
Smiles by his cheerful fire, and round surveys 
His children's looks, that brighten at the blaze 
While his lov'd partner, boastful of her hoard, 
Displays her cleanly platter on the board : 
And haply too some pilgrim, thither led, 
With many a tale repays the nightly bed." 

Goldsmith, Traveller. 

859. " Nature, a mother kind alike to all, 
Still grants her bliss at labour's earnest call ; 
With food as well the peasant is supply'd 
On Idra's cliff as Arno's shelvy side ; 
And though the rocky-crested summits frown, 
These rocks, by custom, turn to beds of down.'' 

Ibid. 
S 



258 



v. 609 — 620. 



THE &NE1D. 



v. 621 — 641. 



And with the spear reversed our bullocks' 

backs 860 

We harass ; nor doth sluggish eld impair 
The powers of our mind, and change their 

force. 
Hoar hairs with helm we press, and 'tis 

our joy 
To bring together booty ever fresh, 
And live by plunder. Broidered is your dress 
With saffron hue and shining purple dye ; 
Sloth is your heart['s delight] ; your joy it is 
To revel in the dance ; your tunics, too, 
Have sleeves, and lappets have your caps. 

O sooth 
Ye Phrygian girls, for you're no Phrygian 

men, 870 

Go through the lofty tops of Dindymus, 
Where gives the pipe to you, thereto inured, 
A melody [that rings] from double mouth. 
The timbrels, and the Berecynthian flute 
Of the Idsean mother summon you ; 
Leave arms to men, and from the sword 

withdraw." 

868. " Thee the voice, the dance, obey, 

Temper'd to thy warbled lay, 

O'er Idalia's velvet-green 

The rosy-crowned Loves are seen 

On Cytherea's day, 

With antic sports and blue-ey'd pleasures, 

Frisking light in frolic measures ; 

Now pursuing, now retreating, 

Now in circling troops they meet : 

To brisk notes in cadence beating, 

Glance their man3r-twinkling feet." 

Gray, The Progress of Poesy. 
870. " Where hast thou been since first the fight 
. began, 
Thou less than woman in the shape of man ?" 
Dryden, Tke Indiati Emperor, i. 2. 
873. " Lycis dies, 

For boist'rous war ill-chosen. He was skill'd 
To tune the lolling flute, and melt the heart ; 
Or with his pipe's awak'ning strain allure 
The lovely dames of Lydia to the dance. 
They on the verdant level graceful mov'd 
In vary'd measures ; while the cooling breeze 
Beneath their swelling garments wanton'd o'er 
Their snowy breasts, and smooth Cayster's 

stream, 
Soft-gliding, murmur'd by." 

Glover, Leonidas, b. viii. 
876. " Remember whom you are to cope withal : 
A sort of vagabonds, rascals, run-aways, 
A scum of Bretagnes, and base lackey peasants, 
Whom their o'er-cloyed country vomits forth 
To desp'rate ventures, and assur'd destruction. 
You sleeping safe, they bring you to unrest ; 
You having lands, and bless'd with beauteous 

wives, 
They would distrain the one, distain the other. 
And who doth lead them, but a paltry fellow, 
Long kept in Bretagne at our mother's cost ; 
A milksop, one that never in his life 
Felt so much cold as over shoes in snow? 
Let's whip these stragglers o'er the seas again ; 
Lash hence these over-weening rags of France, 
These famish'd beggars, weary of their lives ; 
Who, but for dreaming on this fond exploit, 



The like as brags he in his speech, and 

chants 
His awful taunts, Ascanius brooked him not ; 
And, right in front, upon the horse-hair 

string 
He stretched the bolt, and, drawing out 

his arms 880 

In opposite directions, took his stand, 
First humbly supplicating Jove by vows : 
" Almighty Jove, assist my bold emprise. 
Myself will, in thy honor, to thy fanes 
Bring yearly gifts, and 'fore thy altars place 
A snowy bullock with a gilded brow, 
And bearing on a level with the dam 
His head, who butts already with his horn, 
And tosses with his feet the sand." The 

father heard, 
And from a cloudless quarter of the sky 
He thundered on the left : the doom-fraught 

bow 891 

At the same instant gives a twang. Forth 

flies, 
As fearfully it whirrs, the indrawn shaft, 
And pierces through the head of Remulus, 
And with the steel bores through his hollow 

brows. 
' ' Go, mock our valor with thy haughty prate ! 
Twice-captived Phrygians these replies 

return 
To Rutulans." Ascanius this alone. 
The Teucri follow with acclaim, and shout 
With joy, and raise his courage to the stars. 
In the celestial region then by chance 901 
The tressed Apollo from above beheld 
The squadrons of Ausonia,and theirtown, — 
Sitting upon a cloud, — and in these [words] 
The conquering lulus he bespeaks : 
" Heav'n bless thee in thy virgin valor, boy j 



For want of means, poor rats, had hang'd them- 
selves : 
If we be conquer'd, let men conquer us." 

Shakespeare, K. Richard III., v. iii. 
900. " A valiant gentleman, whate'er thou art ! 
And, by mine honour, very nobly fought 
I have not seen, in all my life before, 
So young, and tender, and effeminate a face 
Father such rough and manly fortitude." 
Webster, The Weakest goeth to the Wall, v. 1. 
902. " When good men pursue 

The path mark'd out by virtue, the blest saints 
With joy look on it, and seraphick angels 
Clap their celestial wings in heavenly plaudits, 
To see a scene of grace so well presented, 
The fiends, and men made up of envy, mourn- 
ing." Massinger, The Maid of Honour, y. 1. 
" He is like 
Nothing that we have seen, yet doth resemble 
Apollo, as I oft have fancied him, 
When, rising from his bed, he stirs himself 
And snakes day from his hair." 
Beaumont and Fletcher, Cupid's Revenge, i. 3. 
906. " This brave youth, 

This bud of Mars, (for yet he is no riper,) 



v. 641 — 663. 



BOOK IX. 



v. 664 — 693. 



259 



Thus to the stars advance is made, thou 
By gods engendered, and to gender gods. 
All wars, which are by fate to come, beneath 
The line of Assarac shall duly sink 910 
To rest ; nor thee doth Troy confine." At 

once 
These having spoken forth, from heav'n on 

high 
He throws himself, disparts the breathing 

gales, 
And seek Ascanius. Then in shape of face 
Is metamorphosed into Butes aged. 
He to the Dardan[-sprung] Anchises erst 
Was squire, and trusty warder at his gates : 
His sire then to Ascanius as his mate 
Consigned him. Paced Apollo, p ;like in all 
The aged [man] both in his voice and hue, 
And hoary locks, and armor, fell with din ; 
And in these words the hot lulus he 922 
Accosts : " Be it enough, ^Eneas-bom, 
That by thy weapons hath Numanus fallen, 
With mischief none [to thee] : this maiden 

praise 
The great Apollo doth to thee allow, 
And grudgeth not equality in arms. 
For what remains, desist, O boy, from war." 
Thus saying, in the midst of his discourse 
Apollo quitted mortal ken, and far 930 
To filmy air he vanished from his eyes. 
The Dardan chieftains recognised the god, 
And heav'nly shafts, and in his flight they 

heard 
His quiver rattling. Therefore at the words 
And will divine of Phoebus they restrain 
Ascanius, greedy of the fight : themselves 
Into the battle-strife once more advance, 
And on unhidden dangers fling their lives. 



When once he had drawn blood, and fleshed his 

sword, 
Fitted his manly metal to his spirit, 
How he bestirred him ! What a lane he made, 
And through their fiery bullets thrust securely, 
The hardened villains wondering at his confidence !" 
J. Fletcher, The Lover's Progress, i. 2. 

Ascanius might have said, with Melantius in The 
Maid's Tragedy, by Beaumont and Fletcher, iv. 2 : 
" When I was a boy, 
I thrust myself into my country's cause, 
And did a deed that pluck'd five years from time, 
And styl'd me man then." 

" Come, brother John ; full bravely hast thou flesh'd 
Thy maiden sword." 

Shakespeare, 1 K. Henry IV., v. 4. 

928. Ascanius was probably inclined enough to 
quarrel with the inhibition. 

" K. James. And whither art thou going, pretty 

Ned? 
Ned. To seek some birds, and kill them, if I can : 
And now my schoolmaster is also gone, 
So have I liberty to ply my bow : 
For, when he comes, I stir not from my book." 
R. Greene, George-a-Greene. 



A shout careers along the battlements 
Throughout the walls ; they briskly bend 

the bows, 940 

And whirl the thong : with weapons all 

the ground 
Is strewed. Then bucklers and the hollow 

helms 
Give forth a ringing with the clash. A fight 
Fierce rises, fierce as, swooping from the 

west, 
Through [influence] of the rainy Kids, a 

shower 
Lashes the ground ; as storms, with plente- 
ous hail, 
Dash headlong on the floods, when Jupiter, 
With Austers dread, a wat'ry tempest hurls, 
And in the welkin brasts the hollow clouds . 
Pand'rus and Bitias, sprung from Ida-born 
Alcanor, whom within the holy wood 951 
Of Jove the sylvan [nymph] Iaera reared, — 
Youths on a level with their native firs 
And mounts, — the gate, which at the chief's 

command 
Was given to their charge, they open throw, 
Relying on their arms, and freely court 
The foe inside their walls. Themselves 

within 
Upon the right and left, before the towers 
Stand armed in steel, and glist'ring with 

their plumes 
Upon their stately heads : as, heaven-high, 
By rilling streams, or on the banks of Po, 
Or near sweet Athesis, in union mount 
A pair of oaks, and lift their heads un- 
shorn 963 
Up to the sky, and nod with tow'ring crest. 
The Rutuli burst in, when they beheld 
A passage lying open. Quercens straight, 
And, beauteous in his arms, Aquicolus, 
And Tmarus, rash of soul, and warlike 

Haemon, 
With all their troops, or, routed, turned 

their backs, 
Or in the very threshold of the gate 970 
Laid down their life. Then passion more 

and more 
Is waxing greater in their hostile souls ; 
And now, together massed, the Trojans 

crowd 
To the same point, and dare with hand to 

hand 
T' encounter, and to sally farther forth. 

To chieftain Turnus, at a diffrent side 
While storming, and confounding troops, 

is brought 
The tidings, that the foe is all afire 
With slaughter fresh, and proffers open gates. 

963. " Having their tops familiar with the sky." 
Drajtou. Polyolbion, vii. 
R 2 



260 



v. 694—717. 



THE ^ENEID. 



v. 717—748. 



He quits his enterprise, and, roused by wrath 
Ferocious, dashes to the Dardan gate, 981 
And the proud brothers ; and Antiphates 
The first, (for he himself presented first, ) 
The bastard issue from a Theban dame 
Of high Sarpedon, with a jav'lin hurled 
Does he lay low : th' Italian cornel wings 
Through balmy air, and, in the gorget stuck, 
It penetrates beneath his bosom deep : 
The cavern of the sable wound returns 
A frothing wave, and in his pierced lung 
The iron heats. Then Merops with his hand 
He fells, and Erymas, Aphidnus then ; 992 
Then Bitias, as he flashes with his eyes, 
And rages in his spirit, — not with dart: 
For not to dart would he have life resigned ; 
But, hissing loud, the whirled phalaric 

swooped, 
Shot like the levin ; which nor twain bull- 
hides, 
Nor trusty coat of mail, with double plate 
And gold withstood : together sinking fall 
His giant limbs. The earth gives forth a 
groan, 1000 

And o'er him thunders his colossal shield. 
Suchlike at times on the Euboean strand 
Of Baiae doth a stony structure sink, 
Which, whilom built of mountain piles, 

they fling 
In ocean : thus it headlong trails a wreck, 
And, dashed upon the shoals, sinks quite to 

rest ; 
The seas embroil them and the swarthy sands 
Are heaved. Then quakes with din high 

Prochyta, 
And, — flinty couching-place, — Inarime, 
By Jove's commands upon Typhosus placed. 
Here armor-puissant Mars imparted soul 



9S9. If "cavern" be thought too strong for 

English usage, it is easy to substitute " hollow " or 

"opening." 

1000, 1. Spenser speaks similarly of the fall of 

the giant's club, in the duel with Arthure : 

" Therewith the gyaunt buckled him to fight, 
Inflamd with scornefull wrath and high disdaine, 
And lifting up his dreadfull club on hight, 
All armd with ragged snubbes and knottie graine, 
Him thought at first encounter to have slaine. 
But wise and wary was that noble pere ; 
And, lightly leaping from so monstrous maine, 
Did fayre avoide the violence him nere ; 

It booted nought to thinke such thunderbolts to 
beare ; 

" Ne shame he thought to shonne so hideous might : 
The ydle stroke, enforcing furious way, 
Missing the marke of his misaymed sight, 
Did fall to ground, and with his heavy sway 
So deepely dinted in the driven clay, 
That three yardes deepe a furrow up did throw : 
The sad earth, wounded with so sore assay, 
Did grone full grievous underneath the blow ; 

A»d, trembling with strange feare, did like an 
erthquake show." F. Q., i. 8, 7, 8. 



And vigor to the Latins, and he turned 
His pungent goads beneath their breast, 

and sent 1013 

Upon the Trojans Flight and gloomy Fear. 
From ev'ry quarter they together flock, 
Since opportunity of fight is given, 
And on their spirit falls the warrior-god. 
As soon as Pandarus his brother sees 
With outstretched carcass, and in what estate 
Their fortune stands, what chance directs 

affairs : 1020 

The gate upon its veering hinge he wheels 
With force prodigious, with his shoulders 

broad 
Against it bearing, and leaves many of his 

[friends] 
In the sore contest from the walls shut out ; 
But others of them with himself shuts in, 
And as they rush along admits them : fool ! 
Who could not see in centre of the troop 
The king of the Rutulians hurtling on, 
But pent him in the town by his own act, 
Like [some] huge tiger 'mong the passive 

flocks. 1030 

Straight from his eyes beamed forth un- 
wonted light, 
And fearfully his armor clanged ; his plumes 
Of bloody color quiver on his head, 
And flashing levins from his shield he darts. 
The iEneads, troubled on a sudden, know 
His hated visage and his giant limbs. 
Then Pandarus, the mighty, forward springs, 
And, hot with choler at a brother's death, 
Speaks forth : " This is not, of thy dowry 

[share], 
Amata's palace ; nor doth Ardea's heart 
Incloister Turnus in his native walls. 1041 
Hostile encampments thou beholdest : hence 
There is no power to escape." To him 
The smiling Turnus with a breast composed : 
" Begin, if any prowess in thy soul 
[There dwelleth], and thy right hand close 

engage ; 
To Priam thou shalt say, that here as well 
There hath been an Achilles found :" he said. 
The other, straining with his utmost strength, 
A spear hurls forth upon him, rough with 

knots, 
And bark untrimmed. The gales caught 

up the wound ; 1 05 1 

Saturnian Juno coming turned it off, 
And on the gate the spear is stuck. ' ' But not 
This weapon, which with pow'r wields ?ny 

right hand, 
Shalt thou escape : for no such [warrior] he, 
The sender of the weapon and the wound." 



1029. Que, if rendered "and," would make th« 
passage unintelligible. 



v. 749—774- 



BOOK IX. 



v. 775—789. 



261 



Thus speaks he, and he rises up aloft 
On his uplifted sword, and with the steel 
His middle brow, betwixt the temples twain, 
He rives asunder, and the hairless cheeks, 
With an enormous wound. A crash is raised : 
The earth is with the giant load convulsed. 
His sinking limbs and arms, blood-stained 

with brains, 1063 

He stretches as he dies upon the ground ; 
And down his head on this side and on that 
In equal parts from either shoulder hung. 
The Trojans, wheeled around with quaking 

dread, 
In all directions fly, and if that thought 
Had straightway to the conqueror oc- 

curred, — 
To burst the bolts asunder with his hand, 
And through the gates to let his comrades 

in, — 1071 

That day would to the war and race have 

proved 
Their last. But frenzy, and the madding lust 
Of slaughter, drove him burning on his foes 
In front. First Phalaris he overtakes, 
And hamstrung Gyges ; then he flings the 

spears, 
Reft from them, on the fliers on their back : 
Juno the powers and the soul supplies. 
He Halys adds their comrade, Phegeus too, 
With shield transpierced ; then wareless on 

the walls, 1080 

And rousing Mars, Alcander e'en and 

Halius, 
Noemon too and Prytanis, 
Lynceus, against him moving in advance, 
And calling on his mates, with waving sword 
He, straining ev'ry effort, from the mound 
Deftly anticipates ; his head, struck off 
In close encounter at a single blow, 
Lay far away together with his helm. 
Next Amycus, destroyer of wild-beasts, 
Than whom none other was more fortunate 
In ointing jav'lins, and in arming steel 
With poison ; Clytius, too, of ^Eolus 1092 
The son, and Cretheus, of the Muses friend, 



1073. See note on I. 501, 2. 

1093-6. Ben Jonson has a noble passage, in 
which he contrasts the good poet with the bad : 
" I can refell opinion, and approve 
The state of poesy, such as it is, 
Blessed, eternal, and most true divine : 
Indeed, if you will look on poesy, 
As she appears in many, poor and lame, 
Patch'd up in remnants and old worn-out rags, 
Half starv'd for want of her peculiar food, 
Sacred invention ; then, I must confirm 
Both your conceit and censure of her merit : 
But view her in her glorious ornaments, 
Attired in the majesty of art, 
Set high in spirit with the precious taste 
Of sweet philosophy ; and, which is most, 



Cretheus, the Muses' comrade, in whose 

heart 
Songs ever [dwell], and citherns, and [the 

love] to strain 
His numbers on the strings : he ever used, 
Horses, and heroes' arms, and fights, to 

chant. 
At length, [when now] the slaughter of 

their men 
Is heard, the Trojan chiefs in conclave meet, 
Mnestheus and keen Serestus, and they see 
Their comrades flying and a foe let in. 
And Mnestheus : "Whither, whither next 

do ye 1 102 

Your flight advance?" he cries; "what 

other walls, 
What buildings, now beyond do ye possess ? 
Shall one man, — [he] too, O my citizens, 
Walled by your ramparts in on ev'ry side, 
Such fearful massacres have, unamerced, 
Throughout the city dealt ? So many chiefs 
Of youths despatched to Orcus ? Do ye not 
For your unhappy land, and ancient gods, 
And great yEneas, dastard [as ye be], 
Both pity feel and shame ?" They, fired by 

such, 1 1 12 

Are reassured, and stand in serried host. 
By slow degrees 'gan Turnus to retreat 



Crown'd with the rich traditions of a soul, 

That hates to have her dignity prophaned 

With any relish of an earthly thought : — 

Oh then how proud a presence doth she bear ! 

Then is she like herself, fit to be seen 

Of none but grave and consecrated eyes. 

Nor is it any blemish to her fame 

That such lean, ignorant, and blasted wits, 

Such brainless gulls, should utter their stolen 

wares 
With such applauses in our vulgar ears ; 
Or that their slubber'd lines have current pass 
From the fat judgments of the multitude ; 
But that this barren and infected age, 
Should set no difference 'twixt these empty spirits, 
And a true poet ; than which reverend name 
Nothing can more adorn humanity." 

Every Mail in his Humour, v. 1, Gifford's 
note, p. 157, ed. r8i6. 

102-12. " He call'd so loud, that all the hollow deep 
Of Hell resounded. ' Princes, potentates, 
Warriors, the flower of Heaven ! once yours, now 

lost; 
If such astonishment as this can seize 
Eternal spirits : or have ye chosen this place 
After the toil of battle to repose 
Your wearied virtue, for the ease you find 
To slumber here, as in the vales of Heaven? 
Or in this abject posture have ye sworn 
To adore the conqueror, who now beholds 
Cherub and seraph rolling in the flood, 
With scatter'd arms and ensigns ; till anon 
His swift pursuers from Heaven-gates discern 
The advantage, and, descending, tread us down 
Thus drooping, or with linked thunderbolts 
Transfix us to the bottom of this gulf? 
Awake, arise, or be for ever fallen !' " 

Milton, P. L., b. i. 



262 



v. 789—805. 



THE jENEID. 



v. 805—81 



From the engagement, and to seek the 

stream, 
And quarter which is skirted by its wave. 
Thereby more keenly, with a mighty shout, 
The Trojans ply them, and compact their 

band : 
As when a troop with hostile weapons galls 
A furious lion ; but affrighted he, 1120 

Fell, grimly scowling, backward draws 

away ; 
And neither rage nor prowess him allow 
To turn his back, nor, — sooth desiring 

this,— 
Is he against it able to advance, 
For weaponry and men. Not otherwise, 
The doubting Turnus back withdraws his 

steps, 
Not hurried, and his soul boils up with wrath. 
Moreo'er he even then had twice assailed 
The centre of his foes ; he turns their troops 
Along the ramparts routed twice in flight. 
But all the host in hurry from the camp 
Collects in one ; nor strength against them 

dares 1132 

Saturnian Juno to supply ; for Jove 
Sent down the airy Iris from the sky, 
Bearing his sister no silk-soft behests 
If Turnus from the Teucri's lofty walls 



Should not retire. So, neither with his 

shield, 
Nor his right hand, the youth so rude [a 

shock] 
Is able to withstand : he thus with darts, 
From all sides showered down, is over- 
whelmed. . 1 1 40 
Rings with unceasing clank the casque 

around 
His hollow brows, and with the stones [its 

plates] 
Of massive bronze gape open, and its plumes 
Are torn from off his head ; nor boss avails 
Against their dints : redouble with their 

spears 
Both Trojans, and e'en thundering Mnes- 

theus. Then 
All o'er his body perspiration drips, 
And drives, — nor pow'r to breathe, — a 

swarthy tide ; 
A sickly panting shakes his jaded joints. 
He then at length headforemost with a spring 
In all his armor flung him on the flood. 
This caught the comer with its yellow gulf, 
And bore him up on gentle waves, and 

blithe, 1 1 53 

The blood washed off, restored him to his 

mates. 



BOOK X. 



Meanwhile all-powerful Olympus' dome 
Is opened, and the father of the gods, 
And monarch of mankind, a congress 

calls 
To his star-gemmed abode, wherefrom 

aloft 
On all the lands he gazes, and the camp 
Of the Dardanians, and the Latin tribes. 
They take their seats in double-gated halls. 
Himself begins : " Great denizens of 

heaven, 
Pray why is your decision backward turned, 

Line 6. " The great seraphic lords and cherubim 
In close recess and secret conclave sat ; 
A thousand demigods on golden seats, 
Frequent and full." Milton, P. L., b. i. 

Olympus' gates unfold ; in heaven's high towers 
Appear in council all th' immortal powers. 
Great Jove above the rest exalted sate, 
And in his mind revolved succeeding fate ; 
His awful eye with ray superior shone, 
The thunder-grasping eagle guards his throne ; 
On silver clouds the great assembly laid, 
The great creation at one view surveyed." 

Gay, The Fan, ii. 1-8. 



And ye so fiercely strive with hostile souls ? 
I had refused that Italy in war 1 1 

Should clash with Teucer's sons; what 
variance this 



10. "Ay me! what thing on Earth, that all thing 

breeds, 
Might be the cause of so impatient plight? 
What furie, or what feend, with felon deeds 
Hath stirred up so mischievous despight ? 
Can griefe then enter into heavenly harts, 
And pierce immortall breasts withmortall smarts?" 
Spenser, Teares of the Muses, 8. 

12. The evil effects of dissension are charmingly 
described by Shakespeare, who makes Titania say 
to Oberon : 

" These are the forgeries of jealousy; 
And never, since the middle summer's spring, 
Met we on hill, in dale, forest, or mead, 
By paved fountain, or by rushy brook, 
Or on the beached margent of the sea, 
To dance our ringlets to the whistling wind, 
But with thy brawls thou hast disturbed our sport. 
Therefore the winds, piping to us in vain, 
As in revenge, have suck'd up from the sea 
Contagious fogs ; which, falling in the land, 
Have every pelting river made so proud, 
That they have overborne their continents : 



v. 9 — 26. 



BOOK X. 



v. 27—57. 



263 



Against my inhibition ? What alarm 

Or these, or those, hath moved to follow 

arms, 
And to provoke the sword ? The proper 

time, — 
Forestall it not, — for conflict will arrive, 
When fierce Carthago on the Roman 

heights 
One day gigantic ruin, and the Alps, 
Unlocked, shall loose. It then will be 

allowed 
To strive in hatred, then to force events. 
Now cease, and glad adjust a league 

agreed." 21 

These Jupiter in few ; but not a few 
The golden Venus in reply returns : 
1 ' O father, O thou everlasting power 
O'er men and things, — for now what is 

there else 
We can entreat ? — dost thou perceive how 

mock 
The Rutuli, and Turnus through the midst 
Is borne along, conspicuous in steeds, 
And dashes forward, puffed with fav'ring 

Mars ? 
Their fenced works screen not the Teucri 

now ; 30 

Moreo'er, they battle join inside the gates, 
And in the very bulwarks of the walls ; 
And overflow the trenches with their blood. 
yEneas, wareless of it, is away. 
Wilt thou ne'er let them be relieved from 

siege ? 
Once more upon the walls of infant Troy 



The ox hath therefore stretch'd his yoke in vain, 
The ploughman lost his sweat ; and the green corn 
Hath rotted, ere his youth attained a beard : 
The fold stands empty in the drowned field, 
And crows are fatted with the murrain flock : 
The nine men's morris is fill'd up with mud ; 
And the quaint mazes in the wanton green, 
For lack of tread are undistinguishable. 
The human mortals want their winter cheer ; 
No night is now with hymn or carol blest : — 
Therefore the moon, the governess of floods, 
Pale in her anger, washes all the air, 
That rheumatic diseases do abound. 
And thorough this distemperature, we see 
The seasons alter : hoary-headed frosts 
Fall in the fresh lap of the crimson rose ; 
And on old Hyems' chin, and icy crown, 
An odorous chaplet of sweet summer buds 
Is, as in mockery, set. The spring, the summer, 
The childing autumn, angry winter, change 
Their wonted liveries ; and the mazed world, 
By their increase, now knows not which is which : 
And this same progeny of evil comes 
From our debate, from our dissension : 
We are their parents and original," 

Midsummer Night's Dream, ii. 2. 

20. Does it not seem more natural to apply res 
rapuitse to the gods, whom Jupiter is addressing, 
and more dignified to make them anxious rather for 
activity than for plunder? 



The foeman hangs, aye e'en another host ; 
Once more, too, 'gainst the Trojans rises 

up 
From the iEtolian Arpi Tydeus' son. 
I sooth believe that wounds remain for me, 
And I, thy offspring, human arms await ! 
If without thy permission, and despite 42 
Thy heav'nly will, the Trojans Italy 
Have sought, — their errors let them ex- 
piate ; 
Neither do thou assist them with thy aid : 
But if, in their pursuance of replies 
So many, which the deities on high, 
And Manes, deigned ; why now can any 

one 
Upset thy laws, or why new fates devise ? 
For what should I recall the ships burnt up 
On Eryx's strand ? For what the king of 

storms 51 

And blasts of fury, from yEolia roused ? 
Or Iris, from the clouds despatched ? Now 

e'en 
The Manes, — this department of the world 
Remained untried, — she stirs, and, on the 

upper realms 
Let loose upon a sudden, hath throughout 
The central cities of the Itali 
Allecto revelled. Not a whit concerned 
For universal sway am I : those hopes 
We cherished while our fortune stood : let 

those 60 

Prevail, whom thou would'st rather should 

prevail. 
If lies no district, which to Teucer's sons 
Thy flinty consort may vouchsafe, — O sire, 
By ruined Troja's smoking wreck I crave, 
Be it allowed [to me] from arms to send 
Ascanius safe away ; be it allowed 
My grandson may survive. Let, — if you 

will, — 
^Eneas be on unknown billows tossed, 
And whatsoever path shall Fortune deign, 
Let him pursue : this [boy] may I have 

power 70 

To screen, and steal him from the awful 

fight. 
Amath is [mine, mine] lofty Paphus is, 
And high Cythera, and Idalia's home : 
Arms laid aside, here let him pass unfamed 
His life. With sovereign sway Carthago 

bid 
To gall Ausonia : naught to Tynan towns 
Shall from this quarter in resistance rise. 
What boots it to escape the plague of war, 
And midway to have fled through Grecian 

fires, 
And that so many dangers of the sea, 80 

80. See note on A£n. v. 854. 



264 



v. 57—79- 



THE ^NEID. 



V. 79 — IOT. 



And land unbounded, to their dregs are 

drained, 
While Latium and a re-arising Pergamus 
The Teucri seek ? Had it not better proved 
On the last ashes of their native land 
T' have settled down, and on the ground 

whereon 
Troy stood ? The Xanthus and the Simois, 
I pray, restore them [in their] wretched 

[plight] ; 
And Ilian's haps once more to undergo, 
O father, to the Teucer-race vouchsafe. " 
Then royal Juno, spurred by heavy rage : 
' ' Why dost thou drive me silence deep to 

break, 91 

And blaze abroad in words a smothered 

grief? 
Hath any one of men and gods compelled 
yEneas wars to follow, or himself 
A foe on king Latinus to inflict ? 
Italia, fates the movers, he hath sought : — 
Be it so ; — by Cassandra's frenzies driven : 
Have we advised him to forsake his camp, 
Or trust his life to winds ? Or to a boy 
The head administration of a war, 100 

Or ramparts, to confide ? and agitate 
A Tyrrhene covenant, or tribes at peace ? 
What deity, what rigid force of ours, 
Hath driven him to the blunder ? Where 

is here 
Juno, or Iris, from the clouds sent down ? 
A scandal is it that the Itali 
Your baby Troy with blazes should invest, 
And Turnus settle in his native land, 
Who had Pilumnus for his father's sire, 
Whose mother was Venilia the divine : — 
What ! are the Trojans with a murky torch 
Upon the Latins violence to bring? 112 
The fields of others 'neath their yoke to 

gall, 
And carry off the plunder? What ! to cheat 



84. " Wasted it is, as if it never were ; 

And all the rest, that me so honord made, 

And of the world admired ev'rie where, 

Is turnd to smoake, that doth to nothing fade ; 

And of that brightnes now appears no shade, 

But grieslie shades, such as doo haunt in hell 

With fearfull fiends, that in deep darknes dwell. 

" Where my high steeples whilom usde to stand, 
On which the lordly faulcon wont to towre, 
There now is but an heap of lyme and sand 
For the shriche-owle to build her balefull bowre : 
And where the nightingale wont forth to powre 
Her restles plaints, to comfort wakefull lovers, 
There now haunt yelling mewes and whining 

plovers." Spenser, The R tunes of Time, 18, 19. 
89. " Didst thou to Heaven address the forceful 
prayer, 

Fold thy fair hands, and raise the mournful eye, 
Implore each power benevolent to spare, 

And call down Pity from the golden sky ?" 

Langhorne, To Miss Cracroft, 1763. 



Brides' fathers, and from [people's] laps to 

filch 
Betrothed [maids] ? With hand to sue for 

peace, 
Ahead upon their ships to fasten arms ? 
./Eneas thou art able to withdraw 
From hands of Greeks, and in a hero's 

stead 
To spread in front a cloud and empty gales ; 
And thou art able to transshape his fleet 
Into as many nymphs : — that we, on th' 

other side, 122 

In aught should aid Rutulians, — is 't a 

crime ? 
/Eneas, wareless of it, is away, — 
And let him, wareless of it, be away. 
Paphus belongs to thee, Idalium too, 
And high Cythera : wherefore dost thou 

goad 
A city big with wars, and rugged hearts ? 
Are we 'gainst thee thy Phrygia's frail estate 
Attempting from its base to overthrow ? 
We ? or [the hero] who to Greeks exposed 
The wretched sons of Troy ? What was 

the ground 132 

That Europe e'en and Asia rose at once 
To arms, and broke the treaties by in- 
trigue ? 
With me for captain did th' adulterer 
[Of] Dardan [line] on Sparta make assault ? 
Or was it I that furnished him with arms ? 
Or have I fostered wars by means of lust ? 
It then became thee to have feared for 

thine ; 
Thou, now too late, with thy unrighteous 

plaints 140 

Art rising up, and flinging bootless brawls." 

In such did Juno plead ; and murmured 

all 
The denizens of heaven with assent 
Diversified : as first [-arising] gales, 
When intercepted, murmur in the woods, 
And roll the smothered whisperings along, 
To mariners disclosing blasts to come. 
Then the almighty father, [he], to whom 
The sovereign power o'er the universe 
[Belongs], commences. As he speaks, 150 
The gods' exalted mansion drops to rest, 

142, 3. " He scarce had finish'd, when such 

murmur fill'd 
Th' assembly, as when hollow rocks retain 
The sound of blustering winds, which all nightlong 
Had roused the sea, now with hoarse cadence lull 
Seafaring men o'er-watch'd, whose bark by chance, 
Or pinnace, anchors in a craggy bay 
After the tempest : such applause was heard 
As Mammon ended." Milton, P. L., b. ii. 

151. " But as the Colchian sorceress, renown'd 

In legends old, or Circe, when they fram'd 

A potent spell, to smoothness charm'd the main, 



V. 102 117- 



BOOK X. 



v. 118 — 145. 



265 



And earth, compelled to quiver to its base ; 
The lofty sky is hushed ; then Zephyrs 

lulled ; 
The ocean quells to calm his surface-waves. 
"Receive then in your minds, and these 

my words 
Imprint ye. Since that Ausons should be 

yoked 
In league with Teucer's sons 'tis not allowed, 
Nor your disunion of a close admits, 
Whatever fortune doth to each belong 
This day, whatever hope may each carve 

out, 160 

Whether he Trojan or Rutulian be, 
Without distinction I shall [all] regard : 
Whether through fates their camp is held 

by siege 
Of Itali, or through the ill mistake, 
And inauspicious oracles of Troy. 
Neither do I the Rutulans release. 
To each shall his own enterprises bring 
Or suff 'ring, or success : king Jupiter 
To all the same : the Fates a path shall 

find." 
He by his Stygian brother's floods, by 

banks, 170 

That seethe with pitch and sooty whirlpool, 

nods, 
And by the nod made all Olympus quake. 
This th' end of speaking. From his throne 

of gold 
Then Jove arises, whom the denizens 
Of heav'n amidst them to the doors escort. 



And lull'd iEolian rage by mystic song, 
Till not a billow heav'd against the shore, 
Nor ev'n the wanton-winged Zephyr breath'd 
The lightest whisper through the magic air : 
So, when thy voice, Leonidas, is heard, 
Confusion listens ; ire in silent awe 
Subsides." Glover, Leonidas, b. ix. 

174, 5. " Thus saying rose 

The Monarch, and prevented all reply. 
* * * * But they 

Dreaded not more th' adventure than his voice 
Forbidding ; and at once with him they rose : 
Their rising all at once was as the sound 
Of thunder heard remote. Towards him they bend 
With awful reverence prone. 

" The Stygian council thus dissolved: and forth 
In order came the grand infernal Peers. 
Midst came their mighty Paramount, and seem'd 
Alone th' antagonist of Heaven, nor less 
Than Hell's dread emperor, with pomp supreme 
And godlike imitated state : him round 
A globe of fiery Seraphim enclosed 
With bright emblazonry and horrid arms. 
Then of their session ended they bid cry 
With trumpets' regal sound the great result. 
Towards the four winds four speedy Cherubim 
Put to their mouths the sounding alchemy, 
By heralds' voice explain'd : the hollow abyss 
Heard far and wide, and all the host of Hell 
With deafening shout return'd them loud acclaim." 
Milton, P. L., b. ii. 



Meanwhile the Rutuli at all the gates 
Press round to lay the men in slaughter 

low, 
And wrap the walls in flames. But th' 

kneads' host 
Within their trenches by blockade are kept ; 
Nor any hope of their escape. Distressed, 
They stand upon the lofty tow'rs in vain, 
And with a scanty ring beset the walls. 
Asius Imbrasides, and Hicetaon-sprung 
Thymoetes, and the twain Assaraci, 184 
And Thymbris aged, with Castor — the 

front line. 
These both Sarpedon's brothers, Clarus 

e'en 
And Themon, company from Lycia high. 
With his whole body straining, brings a 

stone, 
Immense, no trifling portion of a mount, 
Lyrnesian Acmon, neither to his sire 190 
Clytius inferior, neither to his brother 
Menestheus. These with javelins, those 

with stones, 
Endeavor at defence, and fire to wield, 
And fit them arrows to the string. Him- 
self, 
Among the midmost the all-righteous 

care 
Of Venus, the Dardanian boy, behold ! 
Upon his comely head uncovered, gleams 
As doth a jewel, which the yellow gold 
Disparts, a grace to either neck or head ; 
Or as, through skilfulness inlaid in box, 
Or ebony Orician, iv'ry shines : — 201 

Whose streaming locks his milk-white 

neck receives, 
And band that ties them up with yielding 

gold. 
Thee also, Ism'rus, high-souled nations saw 
Wounds aiming, and with poison-arming 

bolts, 
O gentle scion from a Lydian house : 
Where tilths of richness work alike the 

swains, 
And waters them Pactolus with his gold. 
There, too, was Mnestheus, whom the late 

renown 
Of Turnus, from the bulwark of the walls 
Forced back, on high upraises ; Capys, too : 



207, 8. " Where palaces, and fanes, and villas rise, 
And gardens smile around, and cultur'd fields, 
And fountains gush ; and careless herds and flocks 
Securely stray ; a world within itself, 
Disdaining all assault. There let me draw 
Ethereal soul, there drink reviving gales, 
Profusely breathing from the spicy groves, 
And vales of fragrance ; there at distance hear 
The roaring floods, and cataracts, that sweep 
From disembowel'd Earth the virgin gold." 

Thomson, Summer. 



266 



v. 145 — 167. 



THE yENEID. 



v. 167 — 1! 



Hence is derived the Campan city's name. 
These 'tween them had the frays of rugged 
war 213 

Encountered : in the middle of the night 
The narrows was /Eneas cutting through. 
For when he, ent'ring the Etrurian camp, 
[Come] from Evander, to the king repairs, 
And tells the king alike his name and race ; 
E'en what he seeks, and what he brings 

himself ; 
What arms Mezentius to his party wins, 
And Turnus' furious passions, deep ex- 
plains ; 221 
Reminds him what should be the trust in 

human things ; 
And blends entreaties : — there is no delay : 
Tarcho unites his pow'rs, and strikes a 

league. 
Then uncontrolled by fate, on board their 

fleet 
Embarks the Lydian nation, by behests 
Of gods entrusted to a foreign chief. 
The galley of ^Eneas keeps the van, 
With Phrygian lions yoked beneath her 

beak ; 
An Ida overhangs them from above, 230 
All-pleasing to the wand'ring Teucri. Here 
The great ^Eneas sits, and with himself 
Revolves the diff 'rent issues of the war ; 
And Pallas, to his side upon the left 
Attached, now questions him about the 

stars, 
[Guides of] their voyage through the dark- 
some night ; 
Now what he bore alike by land and sea. 

Now open Helicon, O goddesses, 
And stir ye up my lays ; — what host mean- 
while 
Attends ^Eneas from the Tuscan coasts, 
And mans his ships, and o'er the deep is 
borne. 241 

First, in the bronze-beaked "Tigress" 
Massicus 
Cuts through the surface-waters, under 

whom 
There is a brigad of a thousand youths, 



228-30. The commentators here find a difficulty 
in explaining how, in the short space of a single 
day, a ship should be provided with a figure-head, 
embodying Trojan traditions. Forbiger seems to 
think that it is easily got rid of, by the plea, that 
Virgil writes as a poet, rather than as a historian ; 
and that, if he succeed in pleasing his readers, he 
has done all that can well be expected of him. Yet 
this seems but sorry argument, when an author 
outrages probability without the slightest necessity 
to justify it. Indeed it is quite amusing to see how 
the admirers of Virgil defend him on all occasions, 
no matter what he says. In the present instance it 
is evident enough that he has been guilty of an 
oversight, though he is allowed to be one of the 
most correct writers that ever wrote. 



Who Clusium's walls, and who the city 

Cosae, left : 
Whose weapons arrows be, and quivers 

light 
Upon their shoulders, and the deathful bow: 
Along with him the grisly Abas sailed : 
His squadron wholly in distinguished arms, 
And with a gilt Apollo gleamed the stern. 
His native Populonia had to him 251 

Six hundred youths vouchsafed, adepts in 

war ; 
But Ilva thrice a hundred men, an isle 
Bounteous in Chalybs' inexhausted mines. 
The third, Asylas, of mankind and gods 
That : famous seer, whom entrails of the 

flocks, 
Whom stars of heav'n, obey, and tongues 

of birds, 
And fires of flash foresightful, hurries on 
His thousand, close in line and bristling 

spears. 
These orders to be subject [to his sway] 
Pisa, Alphsean from its origin, 261 

A town in site Etruscan. Follows on 
All-beauteous Astur, Astur on his steed 
Relying, and in arms of motley hue. 
Three hundred, — in them all the one re- 
solve 
Of following him, — contribute they, who 

dwell 
In Caere's home, they who in Minio's fields : 
And ancient Pyrgi, and Graviscse healthless. 
I could not pass thee o'er, O Cinyra, 
The Ligurs' chief, all -chivalrous in war, 
And [thee,] Cupavo, companied by few, 
From crest of whom swan's plumes arise. 

Your fault 272 

Was love, and th' emblem of your father's 

shape. 



254. Garth describes other mines : 
" Now those profounder regions they explore, 
Where metals ripen in vast cakes of ore. 
Here, sullen to the sight, at large is spread 
The dull unwieldy mass of lumpish lead. 
There, glimmering in their dawning beds, are seen 
The light aspiring seeds of sprightly tin. 
The copper sparkles next in ruddy streaks, 
And in the gloom betrays its glowing cheeks. 
The silver then, with bright and burnish'd grace, 
Youth and a blooming lustre in his face, 
To th' arms of those more yielding metals flies, 
And in the folds of their embraces lies." 

Dispensary, c. vi. 71-82. 

Perhaps the line in the version ought to be ren- 
dered : 

" Bounteous in Chalybes' exhaustless mines :" 
that is, viewing inexJiaustis, v. 174, as if an adjec- 
tive in bilis; which principle must certainly be fol- 
lowed in'the case of invictum, v. 243. 

Marston and Milton have both " unvalued" for 
" invaluable." 



v. 189 — 214. 



BOOK X. 



v. 214 — 217. 



267 



For they report that Cycnus, in his woe 
For his beloved Phaeton, among 
The leaves of poplar and his sisters' shade, 
The while he chants, and comforts with his 

Muse 
His mournful love, old age brought on him, 

silv'ring o'er 
With downy feather, as he leaves the lands, 
And follows with his note the stars. His 

son, 280 

Attending in the fleet his fellow troops, 
The mighty " Centaur" forces on with oars : 
It stands upon the water, and, a rock 
Stupendous on the billows, threats aloft, 
And furrows seas profound with lengthful 

keel. 
Famed Ocnus,also, from his native coasts 
His host awakens, of prophetic Manto 
And of the Tuscan stream the son, who gave 
Thy walls, O Mantua, and his mother's 

name 
To thee, in ancestry, O Mantua, rich : 290 
But not the same the pedigree of all. 
A threefold race is her's ; quadruple tribes 
Under each race ; herself of tribes the head ; 
From Tuscan blood her strength [derived]. 

Here too 
Five hundred 'gainst himself Mezentius 

arms, 
Whom Mincius, from his sire Benacus 

[sprung], 
Encircled with a reed of ocean-green, 
Brought in a hostile galley to the seas. 
Unwieldy moves Aulestes, and the waves, 
Uprising, lashes with a hundred trees : 300 
The waters foam, their surface swept. 

Bears him 
The monster "Triton," e'en the sea-green 

floods 
Affrighting with his shell ; whose shaggy 

front, 
In swimming, to the waist the human shape 
Displays, the belly in a pristis ends ; 
In foam, below his semi-savage chest, 
The billow brawls. So many chosen chiefs 
Advanced in thrice ten vessels, for support 



274. In this difficult passage, which is either cor- 
rupted by the scribes, or discreditable to the poet, 
Trapp seems to take a sounder view than Wagner 
and Forbiger. It seems preferable to look upon 
vestrum, v. 188, as applying to Cinyra and Cupavo, 
regarding them as brothers. 

The que mfortnceque seems fatal to Wagner's in- 
terpretation ; while the main objection to Trapp's 
is the singular filius ; which may yet be we'll con- 
fined to Cinyra, who was evidently a person of 
greater consequence than the other. 

308. " Suppose that you have seen 

The well-appointed king at Hampton Pier 
Embark his royalty ; and his brave fleet 
With £.lken streamers the young Phoebus fanning 



Of Troy, and cut with bronze the plains of 

salt. 
And now had day retreated from the sky, 
And, bounteous, in her car that strays by 

night, 311 

Was Phcebe striking the meridian heaven : 
^Eneas, — for anxiety vouchsafes 

Play with your fancies, and in them behold 
Upon the hempen tackle ship-boys climbing ; 
Hear the shrill whistle, which doth order give 
To sounds confus'd ; behold the threaden sails, 
Borne with th' invisible and creeping wind, 
Draw the huge bottoms through the furrow'd sea, 
Breasting the lofty surge. O ! do but think 
You stand upon the rivage, and behold 
A city on th' inconstant billows dancing ; 
For so appears this fleet majestical, 
Holding due course to Harfleur." 

Shakespeare, K. Henry V., iii. chorus. 

313, 314. " Soft pow'r of slumbers, dewy-feather 'd 

Sleep, 
Kind nurse of nature ! whither art thou fled, 
A stranger to my senses, weary'd out 
With pain, and aching for thy presence ? Come, 
O come ! embrace me in thy liquid arms : 
Exert thy drowsy virtue ; wrap my limbs 
In downy indolence, and bathe in balm." 

" Indulgent quit 
Thy couch of poppies ! steal thyself on me, 
(In rory mists suffus'd and clouds of gold) 
On me, thou mildest cordial of the world ! 

" The shield his pillow in the tented field, 
By thee the soldier, bred in iron war, 
Forgets the mimic thunders of the day, 
Nor envies Luxury her bed of down. 
Rock'd by the blast, and cabin'd in the storm, 
The sailor hugs thee to the doddering mast, 
Of shipwreck negligent while thou art kind. 
The captive's freedom, thou ! the labourer's hire ; 
The beggar's store ; the miser's better gold ; 
The health of sickness, and the youth of age ! 
At thy approach the wrinkled front of Care 
Subsides into the smooth expanse of smiles ; 
And, stranger far ! the monarch, crowned by thee, 
Beneath his weight of glory gains repose. 

" What guilt is mine, that I alone am wake, 
Ev'n though my eyes are seal'd, am wake alone ? 
Ah ! seal'd, but not by thee." 

W. Thompson, Sickness, b. iv. 

" Thierry. One of you sleep ; 

Lie down and sleep here, that I may behold 
What blessed rest it is my eyes are robb'd of. 

[An Attendant lies down. 
See, he can sleep, sleep any where, sleep now, 
When he that wakes for him can never slumber ! 
Is't not a dainty ease ? 

Second Doctor. Your grace shall feel it. 

Thierry. Oh, never I, never. The eyes of heaven 
See but their certain motions, and then sleep ; 
The rages of the ocean have their slumbers 
And quiet silver calms ; each violence 
Crowns in his end a peace ; but my fix'd fires 
Shall never, never set !" 

Beaumont and Fletcher, Thierry and 
Theodore t, v. 2. 

Malevole cannot sleep from discontent : 
" I cannot sleep ; my eyes' ill-neighbouring lids 
Will hold no fellowship. O thou pale sober night, 
Thou that in sluggish fumes all sense dost steep ; 
Thou that giv'st all the world full leave to play, 



268 



v. 217 — 229. 



THE &NEID. 



v. 230 — 25: 



His limbs no rest, — himself e'en, sitting 

down, 
Both guides the tiller, and attends the sails. 
And To ! there meets him in his middle 

course 
A choir of his companion [maid]s : the 

Nymphs, 
Whom had the boon Cybebe bid enjoy 
The godship of the sea, and Nymphs be- 
come 
From ships, with even motion swam along, 
And cut the surges, many as ere while 321 
Bronze-beaked stems had rested by the 

shore. 
They at a distance recognise the king, 
And in their circling dances course around. 
Of whom the one, who was most learned 

in speech, 
Cymodocea, following in his wake, 
With right hand grasps the stern, and with 

her back 
Herself o'ertops [the deep], and with the left 
Behind him sculls upon the quiet waves. 
Then him, unknowing, thus doth she accost : 
" Art thou awake, ^Eneas, child of gods ? 
Be wakeful, and to sails let loose the sheets. 



Unbend'st the feeble veins of sweaty labour ! 
The galley-slave, that all the toilsome day 
Tugs at the oar against the stubborn wave, 
Straining his rugged veins, snores fast ; 
The stooping scythe-man, that doth barb the field, 
Thou mak'st wink sure. In night all creatures 

sleep : 
Only the malcontent, that 'gainst his fate 
Repines and quarrels ; alas, he's goodman tell- 

clock ; 
His sallow jaw-bones sink with wasting moan; 
Whilst other beds are down, his pillow's stone." 
Marston, The Malcontent, iii. 2. 

315. Perhaps some such thoughts occurred to 
./Eneas as those which Ferdinand expresses, when 
carrying firewood for Prospero's cell : 
" There be some sports are painful, and their labour 
Delight in them sets off: some kinds of baseness 
Are nobly undergone ; and most poor matters 
Point to rich ends. This my mean task 
Would be as heavy to me, as odious ; but 
The mistress which I serve quickens what's dead, 
And makes my labours pleasures." 

Shakespeare, Tempest, iii. 1. 

324. Like the dolphins seen by Falconer : 
" But now, beneath the lofty vessel's stern, 
A shoal of sportive dolphins they discern, 
Beaming from burnish'd scales refulgent rays, 
Till all the glowing ocean seems to blaze. 
In curling wreaths they wanton on the tide, 
Now bound aloft, now downward swiftly glide ; 
Awhile beneath the waves their tracks remain, 
And burn in silver streams along the liquid plain." 

Shipwreck, ii. 2. 
328. Ipsa, v. 226, evidently means the nymph, 
excluding her right hand ; the greatest portion of 
her form, — the nymph herself. But it is hard to 
render the word, so as to bring out its whole signi- 
fication, without an objectionable paraphrase. 



We, pines of Ida from its holy brow, 333 
Are Nymphs of ocean now, thy fleet. When 

us, 
On ruin's brink, with falchion and with fire, 
The traitorous Rutulian pressed, we, loth, 
Thy cables burst, and seek thee through 

the sea. 
This shape in ruth the Mother framed anew, 
And gave us to be goddesses, and life 
To pass below the surges. But thy boy 340 
Ascanius is by wall and trenches pent, 
Amid the midst of arms, and Latin [bandjs, 
Bristling with Mars. Now holds appointed 

posts, 
With brave Etruscan joined, the Arcad horse. 
To range against them intercepting troops, 
Lest they should with the camp unite, the 

mind 
Of Turnus is resolved. Come then, arise ! 
And on the coming dawn forthwith com- 
mand 
Thy comrades to be called to arms, and take 
The buckler, which the lord of fire himself 
Vouchsafed, unconquerable, and with gold 
Its edges bordered round. To-morrow's 

light, 352 

If mine thou shouldest deem no idle words, 
Of Rutulan destruction mountain heaps 
Shall view." She said ; and as she drew 

away 
With right hand urged, — not unaware of 

means, — 
The lofty stern. It flies along the waves, 
E'en fleeter than the jav'lin, and the bolt, 
That mates the winds. Thereon the others 

speed 
Their course. Anchises' Trojan son himself 
In ignorance is lost ; yet animates 361 

His spirit with the token. Then in brief, 

334, 5. It would bring out the meaning of v. 231 
with greater distinctness to render it thus : 
" Are nymphs of ocean now, thy navy [erst] 
When us, on ruin's brink, with sword and blaze," &c. 

351. Invictum, v. 243, is evidently the same as 
invincibilis . To say that a shield, which had never 
been tried in action, was "unconquered," would be 
absurd. See note on 1. 254. 

356. Heyne, Wagner, and Forbiger approve of 
the comment of Servius on Haud ignara modi, 
v. 247 ; who says that modi here means modera- 
tion, inasmuch as method would be a weak sense. 
Now, in the first place, it does not quite follow 
that, because an idea is weak, it cannot be Virgil's ; 
in the second place, the expression is weak ac- 
cording to either interpretation ; and in the third 
place, an examination of the context will show that 
there was no moderation about the matter. Under 
the impulsive hand of the nymph the ship abso- 
lutely flew; — nay, flew more swiftly than a javelin, 
or even than the winds themselves. The view in 
the version is that generally taken by the trans- 
lators. 



251 — 269. 



BOOK X. 



v. 269 — 274. 



269 



While gazing on the vault above, he prays : 

" O boon Idaean mother of the gods, 

T' whose heart the heights of Dindymus 

[are dear], 
And cities crowned with turrets, lions, too, 
In couples harnessed for the reins ; do thou 
For me be now the leader of the fight ; 
Do thou the omened issue duly haste, 369 
And for the Phrygians, goddess, be at hand 
With step of favor." He but uttered [this] ; 
And in the mean time, wheeled around, the 

day 
Was posting on with now a mellow light, 
And night had chased aloof. He firstlygives 
His mates commands, the signals to obey, 
And fit their souls for warfare, and for fight 
Prepare themselves. And now he holds in 

view 
The Teucri and the camp his own, as he 
Is standing on the lofty stern : when straight 
In his left hand his shield he lifted up 380 
Ablazing. Raise an outcry to the stars 
The Dardans from the walls : imparted hope 
Awakes resentments; weapons with the hand 
They fling : as underneath the sullen clouds 
Strymonian cranes give signals, and athwart 
The welkin with a din they scud, and flee 
The southern breezes with a happy cry. 
But these seemed wondrous to Rutulia's 

king 
And Auson chiefs, until they spy behind 
The galleys veered to shore, and all the 

main 390 



373. "As the morning steals upon the night, 
Melting the darkness." 

Shakespeare, Tempest, v. 1. 
381, 2. Similar effects are attributed to Satan's 
voice : 
" So Satan spake, and him Beelzebub 

Thus answer'd. Leader of those armies bright, 
Which but the Omnipotent none could havefoil'd ! 
If once they hear that voice, their liveliest pledge 
Of hope in fears and dangers, heard so oft 
In worst extremes, and on the perilous edge 
Of battle when it raged, in all assaults 
Their surest signal, they will soon resume 
New courage and revive." Milton, P. L., b. i. 
383. " Go show thyself to them, wave but thy 

sword, 
Ahd bid them follow thee ; not one of them 
But shall in speed and reckless fury mock 
The tyger of the desert. Where thou lead'st 
Shouting around thee they will sweep the plain, 
Spurning at opposition. . . . Away, Sicardo ! 
Our pledge of certain victory we possess 
In this beloved, this noble youth, whose presence 
Inspires the warrior's heart with martial fire, 
As the enlivening sun all nature warms. 
Shaded awhile in dim eclipse he left us, 
And clouds of pale dismay began to lour ; 
But now returning with recovered splendour, 
He in the sky of glory beams supreme, 
And we, in his bright influence exulting, 
Resume our ardour, and our foes defy." 

Macdonald, Fair Apostate, iv. a. 



With vessels gliding on. His helmet glows 
Above his head, and from the crest a blaze 
Is darted through its plumes, and monstrous 

flames 
The golden boss spews forth : not otherwise 
Than if at times in some translucent night 
Blood-tinted comets show a dismal red ; 
Or heat of Sirius, — he that carries drought 



396. " On the other side, 
Incensed with indignation, Satan stood 
Unterrified, and like a comet burn'd, 
That fires the length of Ophiuchus huge 
In th' Arctic sky, and from his horrid hair 
Shakes pestilence and war." 

Milton, P. L., b. ii. 

397. " And now the Sunne hath reared upp 

His fierie-footed teme, 
Making his way between the cupp 

And golden diademe ; 
The rampant lyon hunts he fast, 

With dogges of noisome breath, 
Whose baleful barking bringes in hast 

Pyne, plagues, and dreerie death." 

Spenser, Shepheards Calender, July. 

" Whose often prostitution hath begot 
More foul diseases than e'er yet the hot 
Sun bred thorough his burnings, whilst the Dog 
Pursues the raging Lion, throwing fog 
And deadly vapour from his angry breath, 
Filling the lower world with plague and death." 
J. Fletcher, The Faithful Shepherdess, i. 2. 

See Dyce's note on the passage. 

" Ha ! 'twas the king ! 
The king that parted hence ! frowning he went ; 
His eyes like meteors roll'd, then darted down 
Their red and angry beams : as if his sight 
Would, like the raging Dog-star, scorch the earth, 
And kindle ruin in its course." 

Congreve, The Mourning Bride, v. 3. 

" All is not well ; the pale-ey'd moon 
Curtains her head in clouds, the stars retire, 
Save from the sultry south alone 
The swart star flings his pestilential fires." 

Mason, Caractacus, Ode. 

The following description of thirst and heat, not, 
indeed, owing to the influence of Sirius, but to the 
operation of poison, is from Fletcher's A Wife for 
a Month : 

" [Alphonso is brought in on a couch by two 
Friars. 
Alphonso. Give me more air, air, more air! 
Blow, blow ! 
Open, thou eastern gate, and blow upon me ! 
Distil thy cold dews, oh, thou icy moon! 
And, rivers, run through my afflicted spirit! 
I am all fire, fire, fire ! The raging Dog-star 
Reigns in my blood ! Oh ! which way shall I turn 

me? 
jEtna, and all his flames, burn in my head ! 
Fling me into the ocean, or I perish ! 
Dig, dig, dig, till the springs fly up, 
The cold, cold springs, that I may leap into 'em, 
And bathe my scorch'd limbs in their purling plea- 
sures ! 
Or shoot me up into the higher region, 
Where treasures of delicious snow are nourish d, 
And banquets of sweet hail ! 

Rugio. Hold him fast, friar : 

Oh, how he burns ! 



270 



v. 274 — 2 ^4« 



THE ^NEID. 



v. 285 — 312. 



And sicknesses to ailing mortals, — rises up, 
And with disastrous light beglooms the sky. 

Howe'er his confidence did not forsake 
Bold Turnus, to preoccupy the shores, 401 
And as they come to drive them from the 

land. 
He e'en their spirits raises by his words, 
And e'en he chides them : "That, which 

ye in vows 
Have yearned after, is arrived, — [the foe] 
With your right hand to shatter. Mars 

himself 
Is in your hands, my heroes. Now let each 
Of his own spouse and home be mindful ; now 
Grand feats repeat, the praises of his sires. 
Unchallenged let us meet them at the wave, 
While in disorder, and, as they debark, 
Their first steps stagger. Fortune aids the 



bold.' 



412 



Alph. What, will ye sacrifice me ? 

Upon the altar lay my willing body, 
And pile your wood up, fling your holy incense ; 
And, as I turn me, you shall see all flame, 
Consuming flame. Stand off me, or you are ashes ! 

Rug. and Marco. Most miserable wretches ! 

Alph. Bring hither Charity, 

And let me hug her, friar : they say she's cold, 
Infinite cold ; devotion cannot warm her. 
Draw me a river of false lovers' tears 
Clean through my breast ; they are dull, cold, and 

forgetful, 
And will give ease. Let virgins sigh upon me, 
Forsaken souls : their sighs are precious ; 
Let them all sigh. Oh hell, hell, hell ! O horror ! 

Marco. To bed, good sir. 

Alph. My bed will burn about me : 

Like Phaeton in all-consuming flashes 
I am enclos'd. Let me fly, let me fly, give room ! 
Betwixt the cold Bear and the raging Lion 
Lies my safe way. Oh, for a cake of ice now 
To clap unto my heart to comfort me ! 
Decrepit Winter, hang upon my shoulders, 
And let me wear thy frozen icicles, 
Like jewels round about my head, to cool me ! 
My eyes burn out, and sink into their sockets, 
And my infected brain like brimstone boils ! 
I live in hell, and several Furies vex me ! 
Oh, carry me where no sun ever show'd yet 
A face of comfort, where the earth is crystal, 
Never to be dissolv'd ! Where nought inhabits 
But night and cold, and nipping frosts, and winds, 
That cut the stubborn rocks, and make them 

shiver ! 
Set me there, friends !" Act iv. 4. 

412. " Lo ! sluggish knight, the victor's happie 

pray ! 
So fortune friends the bold." 

Spenser, F. Q., iv. 2, 7. 

Yet she is not always so considerate : 
" He is the scorn of Fortune. But you'll say 

That she forsook him for his want of courage, 

But never leaves the bold : now by my hopes 

Of peace and quiet here, I never met 

A braver enemy." 

J. Fletcher, The Prophetess, iv. 5. 
" Let thy great deeds force Fate to change her 
mind : 

He that courts Fortune boldly makes her kind." 
Dryden, The Indian Queen, i. 1. 



These [words] he speaks, and ponders with 

himself 
Whom he can lead against them, or to whom 
He's able to intrust the leaguered walls. 
Meanwhile y£neas from the lofty ships 
His comrades lands by bridges. Many watch 
The ebbing motions of the slacking sea, 
And with a spring commit them to the 

flats; 
By oars the others. Tarchon having scanned 

the shores, 420 

Where shallows pant not, nor the broken 

surge 
Booms back, but unimpeded glides the main 
With rising tide, veers towards them sud- 
denly 
His prows, and he entreats his comrades : 

" Now, 
O chosen squadron, to your lusty oars 
Bend ye ! lift, drive your galleys ! with 

their beaks 
This hostile region cleave, and for itself 
A furrow let the very keel imprint. 
In such a roadstead do I not decline 
To break my vessel, once the land secured." 
The like whereof when once had Tarchon 

said, 431 

His comrades to their oars together rise, 
And to the Latin fields their foaming ships 
Force onward, till the beaks dry [land] 

possess, 
And all the keels uninjured came to rest : 
But, Tarcho, not thy craft. For, dashed 

on shoals, 
Upon a ridge unrighteous while it hangs, 
Long in suspense upheld, and tires the 

waves, 
'Tis broken up, and out it casts the crew 
Amid the waves ; whom shattered bits of 

oars 440 

And swimming benches hamper, and at 

once 
Their footing the withdrawing surge sup- 
plants. 
Nor Turnus does a slack delay restrain ; 
But hurries he in vigor his whole host 
Against the Teucri, and upon the beach 
Afront them marshals it. The signals sound. 
^Eneas first assailed the rustic troops, — 
An omen of the fray, — and prostrate laid 
The Latins, Thero being slaughtered, who, 
The tallest of their men, of free accord 450 



417. " They have alreadie plough'd th' unruly seas, 
And with their breasts, proofe 'gainst the battering 

waves, 
Dasht the bigge billowes into angry froth, 
And, spight of the contentious full-mouth'd gods 
Of sea and wind, have reacht the citty frontiers, 
And begirt her navigable skirts." 

Rawlins, The Rebellion, ii. 1. 



v. 313—340. 



BOOK X. 



v. 341 — 361. 



271 



Attacks /Eneas : with the sword he drains 
His side laid open, e'en through folds of 

bronze, 
Through gold-crisp tunic. Lichas next he 

smites, 
Ripped from a now dead mother, and to 

thee, 
Devote, O Phcebus, seeing 'twas allowed 
To him, a babe, to 'scape the risks of steel. 
Not far, firm Cisseus, giant Gyas too, 
Troops felling with his club, he stretched 

in death : 45^ 

Naught booted them the arms of Hercules, 
Nor able hands, nor yet their sire Melampus, 
Alcides' comrade, long as earth supplied 
Her toilsome travails. Lo! on Pharus, whilst 
He flings his idle pratings, hurling forth 
A dart, he plants it in the shouter's mouth. 
Thou also, whilst, ill-starred, thou followest 
Thy Clytius, yellowing o'er with virgin down 
His cheeks, — thy fresh delight, — O Cydon, 
By the Dardanian right hand overthrown, 
Set free from [pain] of loves, which aye 

hadst thou 
For striplings, wouldest, pitiable [youth], 
Have lain ; had not thy brethren's serried 

band 47 l 

Opposed it,— Phorcus' race, in number 

seven, 
And sev'nfold darts they launch. Some 

from his helm 
And from his shield rebound effectless; 

some 
Boon Venus, as they graze his body, turned 
Aside. ./Eneas stanch Achates speaks : 
"Supply me weapons! None shall my 

right hand 
In vain on Rutuli have hurled, [of those,] 
Which stood in corse of Greeks upon the 

plains 
Of Ilium." Then a mighty spear he grasps, 
And launches it. Upon the wing it smites 
Right through the bronze[n plate]s of M aeon's 

shield, 482 

And habergeon together with the breast 
It bursts. A brother to his succor comes, 
Alcanor, and his falling brother props 
With his right hand. Shot through his 

arm transpierced, 
Straight flies a spear, and, bloody, holds 

its course ; 



460. The English idiom will not allow of que, v. 
320, being rendered in the ordinary way. 
466. " And on his tender lips the downy heare 
Did now but freshly spring, and silken blossoms 

beare." Spenser, F. Q., ii. 12, 79. 

487. Dr. Trapp has a good note upon this pas- 
sage. However, it would not seem that servatque 
tenorem is any objection to the idea of the hasta, 



And his right hand, in dying, by the thews 
Down from the shoulder hung. Then 
Numitor, — 489 

A jav'lin from his brother's body reft, — 
./Eneas sought : but not to pierce as well 
Is it in turn allowed him, but it grazed 
The thigh of great Achates. Clausus here, 
Of Cures, trusting in his youthful frame, 
Comes up, and Diyops from afar he smites 
With lance unbending, underneath the chin 
Deep driven ; and at once the speaker's 

voice 
And life he reaves away, his throat trans- 
pierced : 
But th' other with his forehead strikes the 
earth, 499 

And clotted gore disgorges from his mouth. 
Three Thracians, also, of the highest strain 
Of Boreas, and three, whom doth their sire, 
Idas, and native [crests of] Ismarus, 
Despatch, by sundry fates he overthrows. 
Up runs Halesus, and Auruncan bands ; 
To aid them e'en the son of Neptune comes, 
Messapus, striking in his steeds. Now 

these, 
Now those, endeavor to drive out [the rest] : 
The congest at Ausonia's very door 
Is waged : as in the vasty firmament 510 
The jarring winds encounters raise, with 

heart 
And powers balanced : nor do they them- 
selves 
Among them, — neither clouds nor ocean, — 

yield ; 
The fray long doubtful ; all in struggle 

stand, 
Against [each other ranged] : not otherwise 
The Trojan lines and lines of Latium clash : 



v. 340, being a second spear. One spear, after 
passing through a man, may hold its course as well 
as another : for where a hero is invested with fabu- 
lous strength, shield and breastplate are but slight 
additional difficulties. 
516. " Now storming fury rose 

And clamour such as heard in Heaven till now 
Was never ; arms on armour clashing bray'd 
Horrible discord, and the madding wheels 
Of brazen chariots raged : dire was the noise 
Of conflict ; overhead the dismal hiss 
Of fiery darts in flaming volleys flew, 
And flying vaulted either host with fire. 
So under fiery cope together rush'd 
Both battles main, with ruinous assault 
And inextinguishable rage. All heaven 
Resounded : and had earth been then, all earth 
Had to her centre shook." Milton, P. L., b. vi. 

Fletcher has a spirited battle-scene in a song in 
The Mad Lover : 
" Arm, arm, arm, arm ! the scouts are all come in : 

Keep your ranks close, and now your honours 
win. 

Behold from yonder hill the foe appears ; 

Bows, bills, glaves, arrows, shields, and spears ! 



272 



v. 361 — 381. 



THE ^NEID. 



v. 382 — 414. 



Foot links with foot, and man close set 

with man. 
But in another quarter, where, far- wide 
The flood had forced along the rolling rocks, 
And bushes, torn asunder from its banks, 
The Arcads, unaccustomed to advance 521 
Their lines on foot, as soon as Pallas saw 
Turning their backs to Latium in pursuit ; 
Whom since the rugged nature of the spot 
Induced to let their horses go ; — [a course,] 
"Which only in the case of need remained ; — 
Now by entreaty, now by bitter words, 
He fires their valor : " Whither do ye fly, 
O comrades ? E'en by your heroic deeds 
[Do I conjure] you, by Evander's name, 
Your chief, and battles battled to the last, 
And my own hope, which of my father's 

praise 532 

Now emulous arises, trust not feet : 
With sword a way must through the foes 

be burst. 
Where thickest closes on that knot of men, 
By this your noble land claims you again, 
And Pallas your commander. 'Tis no 

gods pursue ! 
We, mortals, by a mortal foe are pressed ; 
With us alike as many lives and hands. 
Behold ! with huge sea-barrier pens us in 
The deep ; land now is lacking for a 

flight. 541 

Is it the main or Troy we are to seek ?" 
These words he speaks, and in the centre he 
Upon the serried foemen flings him forth. 
First Lagus meets him, lured by fates 

unkind : 
Him, whilst he plucks a rock of mighty 

weight, 

Like a dark wood he comes, or tempest pouring, 
Oh ! view the wings of horse the meadows 

scouring ! 
The vanguard marches bravely : hark the drums ! 
They meet, they meet, and now tbe battle comes : 

See how the arrows fly, 

That darken all the sky ! 

Hark how the trumpets sound ! 

Hark how the hills rebound ! 
Hark how the horses charge ! in, boys, boys in ! 
The battle totters ; now the wounds begin : 
Oh, how they cry ! 
Oh, how they die ! 
Room for the valiant Memnon, arm'd with 

thunder ! 
See how he breaks the ranks asunder : 
They fly, they fly ! Eumenes has the chase, 
And brave Polybius makes good his place, 

To the plains, to the woods, 

To the rocks, to the floods, 
Then fly for succour. Follow, follow, follow ! 
Hark how the soldiers hollow ! 

Brave Diodes is dead, 

And all his soldiers fled : 

The battle's won, and lost, 

That many a life hath cost." 

Song by Stremon, r. 4. 



He spears with whirled weapon, where the 

chine 
Along the middle caused a sev'rance, and 

the lance 
Recovers he while clinging to the bones. 
Whom Hisbo from above forestalls not, — he 
In sooth expecting this ; for Pallas first, 
As he is dashing on, the while he storms, 
Unwary through a comrade's ruthless death, 
Receives him, and his sword in his swoln 

lung 554 

He buries. Sthenelus he next assails, 
And Anchemol, from Rhaetus' ancient race, 
Who dared to stain a stepdame's bed. Ye, 

too, 
Twin [brother]s, fell upon Rutulian fields, 
O progeny of Daucus, most alike, 
Laride and Thymber, past distinguishment 
By their own parents, e'en their fond mis- 
take. 561 
But Pallas now stern marks of difference 
Bestowed upon you : for from thee, O 

Thymber, 
Thy head Evander's falchion reft away ; 
Thee, O Laride, its owner, thy right hand, 
Lopped off, is seeking, and, half-living, 

twitch 
The fingers, and the weapon grasp again. 
Arm mingled pain and shame against the 

foes, 
Th' Arcadians, by his warning set afire, 
And gazing on the hero's brilliant deeds. 
Then Pallas pierces Rhseteus through and 

through, 571 

While flying past him in his two-horse car. 
This — interval and so much respite proved 
To Ilus ; for at Ilus he from far 
A lusty spear had aimed, which, as he 

intervenes, 
Does Rhceteus intercept, best Teuthras, thee 
Avoiding and thy brother Tyre ; and, rolled 
From forth his chariot, smites he, half- 
alive, 
The fields of the Rutulians with his heels. 
And as, when gales are in the summer-tide 
Arisen to his wish, the shepherd sets 581 
Abroach upon the stubbles scattered fires ; 
Those in the centre on a sudden seized, 
Vulcan's dread battle-line at once is spread 
Throughout the spacious plains : he, while 

he sits, 
Looks down in triumph on th' exulting 

flames : 
Not elsewise all the prowess of thy mates 
Combines in one, and thee, O Pallas, aids. 
But, keen in wars, Halesus, on the foes 
Moves on, and gathers him within his arms. 
He here despatches Ladon, Pheres too, 
Demodocus too ; from Strymonius he 59 2 



v. 4 1 4— 444- 



BOOK X. 



v - 445—4 6 7. 



273 



Strikes off his right hand with his gleaming 

sword, 
Against his throat uplifted ; with a stone 
The face of Thoas batters, and his bones 
He scattered, blent with gory brains. 
Chanting his fates, his father in the woods 
Had hid Halesus : when the aged [sire] 
His eyeballs, filming white in death, re- 
laxed, 
Their hand upon him did the Parcae lay, 
And dedicated him t' Evander's darts. 601 
Whom Pallas seeks, thus having prayed 

before : 
" Grant now, O father Tiber, to the steel, 
Which, ready to be hurled, I poise, success 
And passage through the stern Halesus' 

breast : 
These arms and th' hero's spoils thy oak 

shall own." 
The god he heard it : while Halesus 

screened 
Imaon, he unhappily presents 
A breast unguarded to th' Arcadian dart. 
But Lausus, — mighty portion of the war, — 
Does not allow the troops to be dismayed 
By such great carnage on the hero's side. 612 
First, Abas, placed against him, he destroys, 
Alike the knot and lengthening of the fight. 
The offspring of Arcadia low is laid, 
The Tuscans are laid low, and, Teucri, ye, 

bodies undestroyed by Greeks. The hosts 
Engage them e'en with balanced chiefs and 

powers. 
Close crowd the furthest lines ; nor does the 

throng 
Their arms and hands allow of being stirred. 
Here Pallas closes in and spurs them on ; 
Against him Lausus there; nor differs much 
Their age ; in beauty peerless ; yet to whom 
Return to native land had Fate denied. 624 
Howe'er, the ruler of the mighty heaven 
With one another let them not engage : 
Their deaths soon wait them 'neath a nobler 

foe. 

Meanwhile his kindly sister warns to take 

The place of Lausus, — Turnus, who disparts 

The central squadron in his flying car. 630 

As soon as he his comrades viewed : " 'Tis 

time 
To cease from fight ; 'gainst Pallas I alone 
Am borne ; to me alone is Pallas due : 

1 would his sire himself were witness here." 
These saith he ; and his comrades from the 

plain, 
The subject of his order, have withdrawn. 



610. Manoah says of Samson 



Himself an army." 

Milton, Samton Agonistes. 



But on the Rutulans' retirement, then 
The youth, astounded at his haught com- 
mands, 
At Turnus is in wonder lost, and o'er 
His giant body rolls around his eyes, 640 
And all surveys aloof with grim. regard ; 
And with such words against the monarch's 

words 
Replies: "Or through the chiefest spoils, 

now seized, 
Or death distinguished, I shall be extolled : 
To either lot indiff'rent is my sire : 
Away thou with thy threats !" Fie, having 

said, 
Advances on the centre of the field. 
Acold around th' Arcadians' hearts their 

blood 
Congeals. Down Turnus from his chariot 

leaped ; 
Afoot prepares to meet him hand to hand. 
And as a lion, when he hath perceived 65 1 
From ;.his high watch-post, far upon tne 

plains, 
A bull to stand preparing for the frays, 
Flies up to him : no different the picture is 
Of Turnus swooping on. When him he 

deemed 
Within the compass of his vollied spear, 
Pallas was first to move, if any chance 
Would aid him, ventur.ng with ui equal 

powers ; 
And thus addresses he the mighty heaven : 
' ' By th' hospitage and table ? of my sire, 66 d 
Which thou a stranger hast approached, I 

thee 
Entreat, Alcides, aid my grand emprise. 
From him half-dead may he perceive me 

seize 
His bloody arms ; and may the dying eyes 
Of Turnus brook a conqueror !" Alcides 

heard 
The youth, and 'neath his deep of heart he 

checks 
A heavy groan,' and idle tears outpours. 
The sire then speaks his son in kindly 

words : 
" To each his day is fixed ; the term of life 



667. " Then like a torrent had been stopt before, 
Tears, sighs, and words, doubled together flow ; 
Confus'dly striving whether should do more, 
The true intelligence of grief to show. 
Sighs hinder'd words : words perish'd in their 

store ; 
Both, intermix'd in one, together grow." 

Daniell, Civil Vu ar, b. ii. 81. 

669. " Thou glimm'ring taper? by whose feeble ray 
In thoughtful solitude the night I waste, 
How dost thou warn me by thy swift decay, 

That equal to oblivion both we haste ! 
The vital oil that should our strength supply, 
Consuming wastes, and bids us learn to die. 

T 



274 



v. 467 — 468. 



THE JENEID. 



v. 468—493. 



Is short and irretrievable to all 



670 



" Touch'd by my hand, thy swift reviving light 
With new-gain'd force again is taught to glow : 
Lo, rising from surrounding troubles bright, 
My conscious soul begins herself to know ; 
And, from the ills of life emerging forth, 
Learns the just standard of her native worth. 

" J3ut see, in mists, thy fading lustre veil'd, 
Around thy head the dusky vapours play : 

So, by opposing fortune's clouds conceal'd, 
In vain to force a passage I essay : 

While round me, gathering thick, they daily 
spread, 

And living, I am number'd with the dead ! 

" But now thy flame diminish'd quick subsides, 
Too sure a presage that thy date is run : 
Alike I feel my life's decreasing tides, 

Soon will like thine my transient blaze be gone ! 
Instructive emblem ! — How our fates agree ! 
I haste to darkness, and resemble thee." 

Boyse, Stanzas to a Candle. 
670. " Like to the falling of a star, 
Or as the nights of eagles are, 
Or like the fresh spring's gaudy hue, 
Or silver drops of morning dew, 
Or like a wind that chafes the flood, 
Or bubbles which on water stood : 
Even such is man, whose borrowed light 
Is straight called in and paid to night : 
The wind blows out, the bubble dies, 
The spring intombed in autumn lies : 
The dew's dry'd up, the star is shot, 
The flight is past, and man forgot." 

F. Beaumont, On the Life of Man. 
Milton makes Satan say in his address to Sin, 
P. L., b. ii.: 

" Be this, or aught 
Than this more secret, now design'd, I haste 
To know ; and this once known, shall soon 

return 
And bring ye to the place where thou and Death 
Shall dwell at ease, and up and down unseen 
Wing silently the buxom air, embalm'd 
With odours ; there ye shall be fed and fill'd 
Immeasurably, all things shall be your prey." 

" O gentlemen ! the time of life is short : 

To spend that shortness basely were too long, 
If life did ride upon a dial's point, 
Still ending at th' arrival of an hour." 

Shakespeare, 1 King Henry IV., v. 2. 
" To-morrow, and to-morrow, and to-morrow, 
Creeps in this petty pace from day to day, 
To the last syllable of recorded time ; 
And all our yesterdays have lighted fools 
The way to dusty death. Out, out, brief candle ! 
Life's but a walking shadow ; a poor player, 
That struts and frets his hour upon the stage, 
And then is heard no more." Macbeth, v. 5. 
" Life ! What is life ? A shadow ! 
Its date is but th' immediate breath we draw : 
Nor have we surety for a second gale : 
Ten thousand accidents in ambush lie 
For the embodied dream. 
A frail and fickle tenement it is, 
Which, like the brittle glass, that measures time 
Is often broke, ere half its sands are run." 

Jones, The Earl of Essex, v. 3. 
" Time's but a hinge, whereon mortality, 
A narrow portal, turns: behind, before. 
Lies the wide main of being." 

Brooke, The Impostor, iv. 12. 



Butfame to lengthen by achievements, — this 
Is virtue's work. 'Neath Troja's stately walls 
So many children of the gods have fallen ; 
E'en fell with them Sarpedon, offspring 

mine. 
His destinies are calling Turnus too, 
And he hath reached the bounds of granted 

life." 
So speaks he, and turns off his eyes from 

fields 
Of Rutuli. But Pallas shoots a lance 
"With lusty pow'rs, and from its hollow 

sheath 
Tears forth his gleaming sword. This, 

flying, where 680 

The highest screenings of his shoulder rise, 
Alights, and having worked a passage 

through 
The edges of his buckler, at the last 
E'en grazed [a part] of Turnus' giant frame. 
Here Turnus, poising long the timber, tipped 
With sharpened iron, [this] at Pallas flings, 
And thus he speaks : ' ' Look, whether ours 

may prove 
A still more trenchant weapon." He had 

said ; 
But through the shield, — so many plates of 

steel, 
Of bronze so many, — though so many times 
The bull-hide span it, spread around, the 

point 691 

Strikes through its centre with a quiv'ring 

blow, 
And bores the mail's obstructions, and his 

giant chest. 
He tears the heated weapon from the wound 
All vainly : by the one and selfsame path 
The blood and spirit follow. Down he sinks 
Upon the wound : a clang above him gave 
His arms ; and as he dies he seeks the earth, 
His foeman, with a gory mouth. O'er whom, 
While standing by him, Turnus cries : 
" These words 700 

Of mine, Arcadians, mindfully report 
To your Evander : ' Such as he deserved 
I send him Pallas back. Whatever be 



671. " Our life is short, but to extend that span 
To vast eternity, is Virtue's work." 

Dryden, Troilus and Cressida, v. 1. 

675, 6. " For within the hollow crown, 

That rounds the mortal temples of a king, 
Keeps Death his court, and there the antic sits, 
Scoffing his state, and grinning at his pomp ; 
Allowing him a breath, a little scene, 
To monarchise, be fear'd, and kill with looks ; 
Infusing him with self and vain conceit. 
As if this flesh, which walls about our life, 
Were brass impregnable ; and, humour'd thus, 
Comes at the last, and with a little pin 
Bores through his castle wall, and — farewell 
king!" Shakespeare, A'. Richard II. , hi. 2. 



v. 493—502. 



BOOK X. 



v. 502 — 503. 



275 



The honor of a sepulchre, whate'er 

The comfort of a burial, I bestow. 

The hospitality t' JEneas [shown] 

Shall stand him in no trifle.' " And the like 

He having spoken pressed with his left foot 

The lifeless [stripling], as he tears away 

The belt's enormous weight, and graven 

guilt : — 710 

A band of youths within one wedding night 
Slain foully, and their marriage-beds in 

blood : 
Which Clonus, son of Eurytus, had carved 
In plenteous gold ; — in which, his trophy, 

now 
Turnus exults, and in possession joys. 
O mind of human beings, unaware 
Of fate and lot to come, and how to keep 



716. " Ah ! gentle pair, ye little think how nigh 
Your change approaches, when all these delights 
Will vanish, and deliver ye to woe ; 

More woe, the more your taste is now of joy ; 

Happy, but for so happy ill secured 

Long to continue." Milton, P. L., b. iv. 

" fleeting joys 
Of Paradise, dear bought with lasting woes !" 
Ibid., b. x. 

" Short is, alas ! the reign 
Of mortal pride : we play our parts awhile, 
And strut upon the stage ; the scene is chang'd, 
And offers us a dungeon for a throne. 
Wretched vicissitude ! for, after all 
His tinsel dreams of empire and renown, 
Fortune, capricious dame, withdraws at once 
The goodly prospect." 

Somerville, Hobbinol, c. iii. 

" Frail man, how various is thy lot below ! 
To-day though gales propitious blow, 
And Peace, soft gliding down the sky, 
Lead Love along and Harmony, 
To-morrow the gay scene deforms ; 
Then all around 
The thunder's sound 

Rolls rattling on through heaven's profound, 
And down rush all the storms." 

Beattie, Ode to Hope, ii. 3. 

" O, momentary grace of mortal men ! 
Which we more hunt for than the grace of God. 
Who builds his hope in air of your good looks 
Lives like a drunken sailor on a mast, 
Ready with every nod to tumble down 
Into the fatal bowels of the deep." 

Shakespeare, K. Richard III., iii. 4. 

717. " The withered primrose by the mourning river, 
The faded summers-sunne from weeping foun- 

taines, 
The light-blowne bubble, vanished for euer, 
The molten snow vpon the naked mountaines, — 
Are emblems that the treasures we vp-lay, 
Soone wither, vanish, fade, and melt away. 

" For as the snow, whose lawne did ouer-spread 
Th' ambitious hils, which giant-like did threat 
To pierce the heauen with their aspiring head, 
Naked and bare doth leaue their craggie seat, 
Whenas the bubble, which did empty flie 
The daliance of the vndiscerned winde, 
On whose calme rowling waues it did relie, 
Hath shipwrack made, where it did daliance finde : 



[Due] measure, when uplifted by success ! 
To Turnus there shall come a time, when he 
Will wish were purchased at a costly price, 

And when the sun-shine which dissolu'd the snow, 
Colourd the bubble with a pleasant varie, 
And made the rathe and timely primrose grow, 
Swarth clouds with-drawne (which longer time do 

tarie) 

— Oh what is praise, pompe, glory, ioy, but so 

As shine by fountaines, bubbles, flowers, or 
snow ?" 

Palinode, by E. Bolton, in England's Helicon. 

" Have you never 
Look'd from the prospect of your palace window. 
When some fair sky courted your eye to read 
The beauties of a day ; the glorious sun 
Enriching so the bosom of the earth, 
That trees and flowers appear'd but like so much 
Enamel upon gold ; the wanton birds, 
And every creature but the drudging ant, 
Despising providence, and at play ; and all 
That world you measure with your eye, so gay 
And proud, as winter were no more to shake 
His icy locks upon them, but the breath 
Of gentle zephyr to perfume their growth, 
And walk eternally upon the spring ! 
When, from a coast you see not, comes a cloud, 
Creeping as overladen with a storm, 
Dark as the womb of night, and with her wings 
Surprising all the glories you beheld, 
Leaves not your frighted eyes a light to see 
The ruins of that flattering day ?" 

Shirley, The Royal Master, ii. 2. 

718. " O how portentous is prosperity ! 

How, comet-like, it threatens while it shines I 1 
Few years but yield us proof of Death's ambition, 
To cull his victims from the fairest fold, 
And sheath his shafts in all the pride of life. 
When flooded with abundance, purpled o'er 
With recent honours, bloom'd with every bliss, 
Set up in ostentation, made the gaze, 
The gaudy centre, of the public eye ; 
When Fort-nne thus has toss'd her child in air, 
Snatcht from the covert of an humble state, 
How often have I seen him dropt at once, 
Our morning's envy, and our evening's sigh ! 
As if her bounties were the signal given, 
The flowery wreath to mark the sacrifice, 
And call Death's arrows on the destin'd prey." 
Young, Complaint, N. v. 

719, 20. " While music flows around, 
Perfumes, and oils, and wine, and wanton hours 
Amid the roses fierce Repentance rears 

Her snaky crest : a quick-returning pang 
Shoots through the conscious heart." 

Thomson, Spring, 997-1001. 

" When you awake from this lascivious dream, 
Repentance then will follow, like the sting 
Plac'd in the adder's tail." 

Webster, Vittoria Corombona, act ii. 

Wolsey's good wishes, like those of Turnus, came 

too late : 

" Farewell ! a long farewell to all my greatness ! 
This is the state of man : to-day he puts forth 
The tender leaves of hope, to-morrow blossoms 
And bears his blushing honours thick upon him : 
The third day comes a frost, a killing frost ; 
And, — when he thinks, good easy man, full surely 
His greatness is a ripening, — nips his root, 
And then he falls, as I do. I have ventur'd 
Like little wanton boys that swim on bladders. 



276 



v. 5<M— 513. 



THE ^NEID. 



v. 513—527. 






Pallas untouched ; and when these spoils 

and day 721 

He will regard with loathing. But his mates, 

With many a moan and tear, in crowds 

bring back 
Their Pallas on his buckler laid. O [thou], 
Doomed to thy parent to return, a pang 
And lofty honor ! this, thy op'ning day, 
Vouchsafed thee to the battle; this, the same 
Away cloth sweep thee, when thou, ne'er- 

theless, 
Colossal heaps of Rutuli dost leave ! 

Nor now [mere] rumor of calamity 730 
So grievous, but a surer voucher wings 
Its way t' ^Eneas, — that his [comrades] stood 
In death's strait crisis ; that [high] time it was 
To aid the routed Teucri. Down he mows 



This many summers in a sea of glory, 
But far beyond my depth : my high-blown pride 
At length broke under me ; and now has left me, 
Weary, and old with service, to the mercy 
Of a rude stream, that must for ever hide me. 
Vain pomp and glory of this world, I hate ye ! 
I feel my heart new open'd. Oh ! how wretched 
Is that poor man, that hangs on princes' favours. 
There is, betwixt that smile we would aspire to, 
That sweet aspect of princes, and their ruin, 
More pangs and fears than wars or women have ; 
And when he falls, he falls like Lucifer, 
Never to hope again." 

Shakespeare, K. Henry VIII., iii. 2. 

But Fletcher makes Dioclesian wiser : 

Suppose this done, or were it possible 

I could rise higher still, I am a man ; 

And all these glories, empires heap'd upon me, 

Confirm'd by constant friends and faithful guards, 

Cannot defend me from a shaking fever, 

Or bribe the uncorrupted dart of Death 

To spare me one short minute. Thus adorn'd 

In these triumphant robes, my body yields not 

A greater shadow than it did when I 

Liv'd both poor and obscure ; a sword's sharp 

point 
Enters my flesh as far ; dreams break my sleep, 
As when I was a private man ; my passions 
Are stronger tyrants on me ; nor is greatness 
A saving antidote to keep me from 
A traitor's poison. Shall I praise Fortune, 
Or raise the building of my happiness 
' On her uncertain favour? or presume 

She is my own, and sure, that yet was never 
Constant to any i" The Prophetess, iv. 5. 

, " Prosperity ! — a harlot, 

That smiles but to betray ! O shining ruin ! 
Thou nurse of passions, and thou bane of virtue ! 
O self-destroying monster ! that art blind, 
Yet putt'st out Reason's eye, that still should guide 

thee, — 
Then plungeth down some precipice unseen, 
And art no more ! Hear me, all-gracious Heaven ! 
Let me wear out my small remains of life ; 
Obscure, content with humble poverty, 
Or in Affliction's hard but wholesome school, 
If it must be : — I'll learn to know myself, 
And that's more worth than empire. But, O 

Heaven, 
Curse me no more with proud prosperity." 

Hughes, The Siege of Damascus, v. 2. 



Each nearest [object] with his sword, and 

through 
The wide-spread army forces, [all] afire, 
A passage with the steel, in quest of thee, 
O Turnus, of thy recent slaughter proud. 
Pallas, Evander, — in his very eyes 
Are all, — the boards which first, a stranger, 

he 740 

Just then approached, and right hands 

granted. Here, 
In Sulmo sired, four youths, as many more, 
Which Ufens rears, he grasps alive, whom he 
May butcher, off'rings to his shades, and 

drench 
With captive blood the blazes of his pyre. 
He next at Magus from afar had launched 
A hostile spear. In craft the other stoops ; 
But, quiv'ring over him, the javelin flies ; 
And he, his knees embracing, utters such 
Right humbly : "By the Manes of thy site 
And rising lulus' hopes, I thee entreat, 75 1 
This life preserve alike for son and sire. 
A stately house I own ; there lie within 
Of graven silver talents buried deep ; 

744. '•' They come like sacrifices in their trim, 
And to the fire-ey'd maid of smoky war, 
All hot, and bleeding, will we offer them : 
The mailed Mars shall on his altar sit, 
Up to the ears in blood." 

Shakespeare, 1 K. Henry IV., iv. t. 

754. "Would you corrupt our valour with your coin ? 
Or do you think the Spaniard is so poor, 
A little gold can make him sell his honour ? 
No J were your streets through stoned with 

diamonds, 
And you should dig them up to bring them hither ; 
Or were your houses, in the stead of slate, 
Covered with silver, and yourselves prepared 
To tear it off, and give it unto us : 
Nay, were your walls of purest chrysolite, 
And pulled beside their bounds for our own use, 
Yet would we scorn all this, and ten times more ; 
For we count honour sweetness of dominion : 
'Tis lordship that we come for, and to rule, 
More worth than millions." 
Webster, The Weakest goeth to the Wall, ii. 1. 

" Say, though thy heart be rock of adamant, 
Yet rocks are not impregnable to bribes : 
Instruct me how to bribe thee." 

Dryden, Don Sebastian, iii. 1. 

" When now the thunder roars, the lightning flics, 
And all the warring winds tumultuous rise ; 
When now the foaming surges, tost on high, 
Disclose the sands beneath, and touch the sky ; 
When Death draws near, the mariners aghast 
Look back with terror on their actions past ; 
Their courage sickens into deep dismay, 
Their hearts, through fear and anguish, melt 

away. 
Nor tears, nor prayers, the tempest can appease ; 
Now they devote their treasure to the seas ; 
Unload their shatter'd bark, though richly 

fraught, 
And think the hopes of life are cheaply bought 
With gems and gold : but oh, the storm so high ! 
Nor gems nor gold the hopes of life can buy." 
Young, Last Day, b. i. 



v. 527—553- 



BOOK X. 



v. 554—574- 



277 



Burdens of wrought and unwrought gold 

are mine. 
TheTeucri's conquest does not hinge on this ; 
Nor will one life so wide a diff 'rence cause." 
He spoke. To whom ^Eneas in reply 
Such-like returns : "Of silver and of gold 
The many talents, which thou namest, spare 
For thy own sons. These bargainings of war 
Hath Turnus been the first to abrogate, 762 
From th' instant of my Pallas being slain. 
The Manes of my sire Anchises this, 
This thinks lulus." Having spoken thus, 
The helmet he engrasps in his left hand, 
And in his neck bowed backward, as he sues, 
His falchion plunges to the hilt. Not far 
Haemonides, of Phoebus and of Trivia priest, 
Whose brows a fillet with its holy band 770 
Environed, all in glitter with his robe 
And with distinguished arms : encount'ring 

whom, 
He drives him through the plain, and 

standing o'er 
The fallen, offers him a sacrifice, 
And shrouds him in vast shade ; his gathered 

arms 
Serestus on his shoulders carries back, 
A trophy, king Gradivus, [gift] to thee. 
From Vulcan's stock begotten, Cseculus, 
And Umbro, coming from the Marsi's 

mounts, 
Rally the ranks. The son of Dardanus 780 
Against them rages. He had with the sword 
Anxur's left hand, and, wholly with its steel, 
His buckler's rim, struck off : — he some- 
thing big 
Had uttered, and supposed that in the 

speech 
There lay [some] virtue, and to heav'n his 

soul 
Was haply lifting up, and hoary hairs 
And length of years t' himself had guaran- 
teed : 
Tarquitus, leaping out on th' other side 
In sparkling arms, whom Dryope, the 

nymph, 
Had borne to Faunus, haunter of the 
woods, 790 

Exposed himself to meet the fiery [chief] : 
The other hampers with his indrawn lance 
His coat of mail, and buckler's mountain 
load. 

768. This is an uncommon, if not a solitary, ex- 
ample of applico (v. 536) being joined with an 
ablative. Some translators consider cervice to be 
in the absolute case ; and perhaps it may be so ; 
but then an ellipse must be the consequence, which 
they differ in supplying. If this view of the con- 
struction be preferred, the passage must be other- 
wise rendered : 
" And as the suitor's neck is backward bent," &c. 



His head, then, as he begs in vain, and 

many a word 
Prepares to say, he tumbles to the ground, 
And, rolling on the blood-warm trunk, he 

these 
Above it from a hostile bosom speaks : 
" Lie there now, O redoubtable ! Not thee 
Shall thy most worthy mother hearse in 

earth, 
And with a barrow of thy native land 800 
Thy limbs encumber. To the savage fowls 
Shalt thou be left ; or, sunken in the gulf, 
The surge shall sweep thee off, and fish, 

unfed, 
Thy wounds shall lick." Antaeus straight, 

and Lucas, 
Plead champion-men of Turnus, he pur- 
sues ; 
Brave Numa, too, and Camers yellow 

[-haired], 
From high-souled Volscens sprung, who 

was in land 
The richest of Ausonia's sons, and reigned 
O'er still Amyclae. Like ^Egeon, who, 
They tell us, had a hundred arms, and 

hands 810 

A hundred, and that from his fifty mouths 
And bosoms blazed there forth a flame, 

what time 
Against Jove's levins he with equal shields 
So many clanged, unsheathed so many 

swords. 
Thus o'er the plain thro' out ^Eneas storms, 
A conqueror, when once his sword-point 

warmed. 
Lo ! e'en against Niphaeus' four-yoked 

steeds, 
And their confronted chests, he marches 

on ; 
And when they saw him taking lengthful 

strides, 
And raging awfully, wheeled round with 
fright, 820 

And dashing back, e'en fling they out the 

chief, 
And hurry off the chariot to the shores. 



794. " Yet loe ! the seas I see by often beating 
Doe pearce the rockes ; and hardest marble weares ; 
But his hard rocky hart for no entreating 
Will yield, but, when my piteous plaints he heares, 
Is hardned more with my aboundant teares." 

, Spenser, F. Q., iv. 12, 7. 

But Marinell was only obdurate: iEneas was 
simply brutal. 

801. Spenser represents the birds as looking out 

for the future corpse ! 

" Loe ! loe already how the fowles in aire 
Doe flocke, awaiting shortly to obtayn 
Thy carcas for their pray, the guerdon of thy 
payn." J 1 . Q., ii. 6, 28. 



278 



v. 575 — 6oo. 



THE ^ENEID. 



v. 600—628. 



Meanwhile in car, with twain white coursers 

yoked, 
Leucagus on the midmost bears him down ; 
His brother Liger too ; but with the reins 
His brother sways the steeds, keen Leu- 
cagus 
His unsheathed falchion brandishes around. 
As they are fuming with such fiery heat, 
./Eneas brooked them not : he rushes on, 
And loomed a giant with a hostile spear. 
T' whom Liger [cries] : " Not steeds of 
Diomede, 831 

Nor chariot of Achilles, thou dost see, 
Or plains of Phrygia : now shall on these 

grounds 
The war's conclusion and thy life's be 

deigned." 
Such words from raving Liger widely fly : 
But 'tis not words Troy's hero e'en prepares 
In answer ; for a javelin on the foe 
He hurls. As Leucagus, while o'er the 

strokes 
He's stooping forward, with his weapon 

warned 
His twain-yoked steeds ; while with left 
foot advanced 840 

He fits him for the fight ; the spear runs 

through 
The lowest borders of his beaming shield ; 
Then pierces^his left groin : flung from his 

car, 
About to die, he o'er the fields is rolled. 
Whom good ^Eneas speaks in bitter terms : 
' ' O Leucagus, no plodding flight of steeds 
Thy car betrayed, or it have overturned 
Unreal phantoms from thy foes. Thyself 
Dost leave the chariot, vaulting from the 

wheels." 
These having spoken thus, the steeds he 
seized. 850 

His hapless brother stretched his feeble 

hands, 
Fall'n from the selfsame chariot : "By 

thyself, 
By parents thine, who such have thee 

begot, 
O Trojan hero, leave to me this life, 
And pity one who supplicates." To him 
iEneas, as he pleads in further [terms] : 
" Not such-like words thou late didst utter : 
die! 



And do not thou a brother, brother quit." 
Then with the sword-point he unlocks his 

breast, 
The spirit's shroud. Such deaths through- 
out the plains 860 
The Dardan leader dealt, while raging on 
In fashion of a sweeping stream, or inky 

storm. 
At last the boy Ascanius and the youth, 

' in vain, burst forth and leave the 



and 
870 



845. Say what the commentators please, pins 
(v. 591) is an unhappy term to apply to this hard- 
hearted man ; at least, in the present instance. 
Leucagus would have said no more than the truth, 
if he had addressed him in the language of 
Gloucester to the two murderers : 

" Your eyes drop millstones, when fools' eyes fall 
tears." Shakespeare, K. Richard III., i. 4. 



camp. 
Jove in the meanwhile Juno unaddressed 
Accosts : " O sister mine, and thou the same 
My dearest consort, as thou didst suppose, 
Venus, — nor doth thy judgment thee mis- 
lead, — 
Upholds the Trojan powers ; with her 

men 
No right hand is there quick for war, 

soul 
Of chivalry, and tolerant of risk." 
T' whom crest-fall'n Juno : "Why, O fairest 

spouse, 
Dost vex me, sick at heart, and fearing thy 

keen taunts ? 
Would heav'n there were that power in my 

love, 
Which there was once, and which 'twas 

right there was ! 
For this to me thou wouldest not deny, 

thou almighty, but that from the fray 

1 might be able Turnus to withdraw, 
And keep him for his father Daunus safe. 
Now let him perish, and to Teucer's sons 
Discharge amercements with his duteous 

blood. 881 

Still he from our original derives 
His title, and [within] the fourth [degree] 
Pilumnus is his sire ; and often has he 

heaped 
Thy courts with lavish hand and many a 
gift." 
To whom the monarch of empyreal 
heaven 
Thus shortly spake : "If from immediate 

death 
Reprieve and respite for the falling youth 
Be craved, and thou conceivest that I this 
Should thus ordain : bear Turnus off in 
flight, 890 

And rescue him from his impending fates. 
Thus far it is my pleasure thee t' indulge. 
But if there any higher favor lurks 
'Neath those entreaties, and the whole 

campaign 
Thou deemest can be shifted or be 

changed ; — 
Thou feedest idle hopes," And Juno [at 
the speech] 



v. 628 — 642. 



BOOK X. 



v. 642 — 649. 



279 



Tears shedding : " What if thou in mind 
shouldst grant 

What thou in voice declinest ; and, con- 
firmed 

To Turnus, should this life abide ? Now 
waits 

The guiltless [youth] a galling end ; or I, 

Mistaken in the truth, am swept along. 

Wherein, Oh ! would that I were rather 
mocked 9° 2 

By groundless dread, and for the better 
thou, 

Who 'rt able, would'st thy course begun 
reverse !" 

When uttered she these words, from heav'n 
on high 

Forthwith she flung her, driving through 
the air 

A tempest, girdled with a cloud ; and 
sought 

The Hi an army and Laurentine camp. 

Then doth the goddess, of a hollow mist 

A ghost, thin, strengthless, in iEneas' 
guise, — 9 IQ 

A prodigy astounding to be seen ! — 

Trick out in Dardan arms ; and counter- 
feits 

His shield, and helm-crests of his god-like 
head ; 

Gives empty words, gives sound without a 
soul, 

And represents the gait of one that walks : 

Such as the shapes, when death is under- 
gone, — 

The legend goes,— flit to and fro ; or 
dreams, 



897. Juno wished Jupiter to answer pretty much 
as the Groom replied to King Richard II. 
(Actv. 2) : 
" What my tongue dares not, that my heart shall 

say ;" 
holding, perhaps, with Suffolk, that 

" Things are often spoke, and seldom meant." 
2 K. Henry VI., iii. 1. 
916. " Such are those thick and gloomy shadows 

damp, 
Oft seen in charnel vaults and sepulchres 
Lingering, and sitting by a new-made grave, 
As loth to leave the body that it loved." 

Milton, Comus. 

Ford employs the notion with effect : 
" Peace and sweet rest sleep here ! Let not the 

touch 
Of this my impious hand profane the shrine 
Of fairest purity, which hovers yet 
About these blessed bones inhears'd within. 
If in the bosom of this sacred tomb, 
Bianca, thy disturbed ghost doth range, 
Behold, I offer up the sacrifice 
Of bleeding tears, shed from a faithful spring ; 
Pouring oblations of a mourning heart 
To thee, offended spirit." Love's Sacrifice, v. 4. 

917. See note on /En. vi. /. 398. ; 



Which drowsed senses mock. But frisks 

about 
The blithesome sprite before the leading 

lines, 
And chafes with arms the hero, and with 

voice 920 

Exasperates. On whom does Turnus press, 
And from a distance hurls a hissing spear : 
It, with its back presented, wheels its steps. 
Then sooth as soon as ever Turnus thought 
That, being turned away, iEneas yields, 
And, [all] in tumult in his soul, vain hope 
Drank in : " ^Eneas, whither dost thou fly ? 



919. It is well known that there are in reality as 
treacherous phenomena as the phantom which de- 
luded Turnus, though not quite of the same kind. 
" Perhaps, impatient as he stumbles on, 
Struck from the root of slimy rushes, blue, 
The wild-fire scatters round, or gather'd trails 
A length of flame deceitful o'er the moss ; 
Whither decoy'd by the fantastic blaze, 
Now lost, and now renew'd, he sinks absorpt, 
Rider and horse, amid the miry gulf : 
While still, from day to day, his pining wife 
And plaintive children his return await, 
In wild conjecture lost. At other times, 
Sent by the better genhis of the night, 
Innoxious, gleaming on the horse's mane, 
The meteor sits ; and shows the narrow path 
That winding leads through pits of death, or else 
Instructs him how to take the dangerous ford." 
Thomson, Atittimn. 
Collins is more particular ; but it would seem 
that he drew his ideas from the poem of his friend 
just quoted : 

" Let not dank Will mislead you to the heath : 
Dancing in mirky night, o'er fen and lake, 
He glows, to draw you downward to your death, 

In his bewitch'd, low, marshy willow brake ! 
What though far off, from some dark dell espied, 
His glimmering mazes cheer th' excursive sight, 
Yet turn, ye wanderers, turn your steps aside, 

Nor trust the guidance of that faithless light. 
For watchful, lurking, 'mid the unrustling reed, 

At those mirk hours the wily monster lies, 
And listens oft to hear the passing steed, 
And frequent round him rolls his sullen eyes, 
If chance his savage wrath may some weak wretch 
surprise." 

Ode on the Stiperstitio?is of the Highlands. 
927. "Demetrius. Lysander, speak again. 
Thou runaway, thou coward, art thou fled ? 
Speak ! In some bush ? Where dost thou hide thy 
head? 
Ptcck. Thou coward ! art thou bragging to the 
stars, 
Telling the bushes that thou look'st for wars, 
And wilt not come ? Come, recreant ; come, thou 

child ; 
I'll whip thee with a rod : he is defil'd 
That draws a sword on thee. 
Demetrius. Yea ; art thou there ? 

Puck. Follow my voice : we'll try no manhood 

here. 
Lysander. He goes before me, and still dares me 
on ! 
When I come where he calls, then he is gone. 
The villain is much lighter heel'd than I : 
I follow'd fast, but faster he did fly." 
Shakespeare, Midsummer Night's Dream, iii. 2. 



280 



v. 649—674. 



THE ^NEID. 



v. 674—686. 






Abandon not the plighted marriage-beds ! 
With this right hand shall be vouchsafed 

the soil 
Sought o'er the waves." He, shouting 

such, pursues, 930 

And brandishes his falchion-blade un- 
sheathed ; 
Nor sees the breezes bear away his joys. 
By chance a galley, moored to th' eminence 
Of steepy rock, with stretched-out ladders, 

stood, 
And gangway ready laid ; wherein the king 
Osinius was conveyed from Clusium's coasts. 
Hither, within its lurking-places, throws 

itself 
The flurried phantom of iEneas taking 

flight. 
Nor Turnus more inactive presses on, 
And obstacles surmounts, and springs across 
The lofty gangways. Scarce the prow he'd 

reached : — 941 

Saturnia snaps the rope, and tows away 
The wrenched vessel o'er the rolling seas. 
Then the light phantom now no further 

seeks 
The lurking spots, but, soaring up aloft, 
Itself it blended with a pitchy cloud. 
But him, not present [there], ^Eneas calls 
To combat : he despatches down to death 
The many hero-bodies in his way. 
When, in the meantime, on the midst of sea 
A storm sweeps Turnus off, he looks behind, 
Unconscious of events, and for escape 952 
Unthankful, and both hands, along with 

voice, 
He stretches to the stars : " Almighty sire, 
Hast deemed me worthy of so grave a 

charge, 
And willed that I such penalties should 

pay? 
Whither am I borne on ? Whence have I 

come ? 
What speed shall bring me back, or [bring 

me] what [in fame] ? 
Shall I once more Laurentum's walls and 

camp 
Behold ? What of that band of heroes, who 
Me and my arms have followed? all of 

whom — 961 

O guilt ! — in cursed death have I forsook ? 
And now I see them straggling, and I hear 

958. " My dear, dear lord, 

The purest treasure mortal times afford 
Is spotless reputation : that away, 
Men are but gilded loam, or painted clay. 
A jewel in a ten times barr'd-up chest 
Is a bold spirit in a loyal breast. 
Mine honour is my life ; both grow in one : 
Take honour from me, and my life is done." 
Shakespeare, K. Richard II., i. 1. 



The groan of those that fall. What is 't I 

do? 
Or now what deep of earth can wide 

enough 
Gape ope for me ? Ye rather, O ye winds, 
Have pity on me ! On the cliffs, on 

rocks, — 
I, Turnus, heartily do you beseech, — 
My vessel force along, and let it drive 
Upon the felon shallows of the Syrt, 970 
Whither nor Rutuli, nor conscious Rumor, 
May follow me." As he these [words] 

repeats, 
Now hither does he waver in his mind, 
Now thither : — whether he with point of 

sword 
Should wildly stab himself, because of such 
His deep disgrace, and through his ribs 

drive home 
The ruthless falchion ; or should fling him- 
self 
Upon the centre of the waves, and seek 
The winding shores by swimming, and 

again 
Return against the Teucri's arms. Three 

times 980 

Either expedient he essayed ; three times 
The highest Juno checked him, and, the 

youth 
Compassionating from her soul, restrained. 



966. " On the ground 

Outstretch'd he lay, on the cold ground ; and oft 

Cursed his creation : Death as oft accused 

Of tardy execution, since denounced 

The day of his offence. ' Why comes not Death,' 

Said he, ' with one thrice-acceptable stroke 

To end me ? Shall Truth fail to keep her word ? 

Justice divine not hasten to be just? 

But Death comes not at call ; Justice divine 

Mends not her slowest pace for prayers or cries. 

woods, O fountains, hillocks, dales, and bowers ! 
With other echo late I taught your shades 

To answer, and resound far other song.' " 

Milton, P. L., b. x. 

" Then hear me, Heaven, to whom I call for right, 
And you, fair twinkling stars, that crown the 

night ; 
And hear me, woods, and silence of this place, 
And ye, sad hours, that move a sullen pace ; 
Hear me, ye shadows, that delight to dwell 
In horrid darkness, and ye powers of hell, 
Whilst I breathe out my last." 
J. Fletcher, The Faithful Shepherdess, iv. 4. 

The misery of Turnus may call to mind the ex- 
clamation of the unhappy Richard : 

" ! that I were as great 
As is my grief, or lesser than my name, 
Or that I could forget what I have been, 
Or not remember what I must be now." 

Shakespeare, A". Richard II., iii. 3. 

973. " Talbot. My thoughts are whirled like a 
potter's wheel ; 

1 know not where I am, or what I do." 

Shakespeare, 1 A". Henry VI., i. 5. 



v. 687 — 7i! 



BOOK X. 



v. 718—73! 



281 



He glides, the sea-depths sundering, alike 
With surge and tide of favor, and is borne 
On to his father Daunus' ancient town. 

But meanwhile, by the impulses of Jove, 
Mezentius, burning, to the fight succeeds, 
And on the Teucrians, as they exult, 
He charges. Run in mass the Tuscan 
troops, 990 

And with all hate and crowding darts 
Upon one hero, [yea] on one, they rush. 
He, — like a cliff, which into ocean vast 
Juts out, exposed to frenzies of the winds, 
And open to the deep, bears all the brunt 
And threats alike of heav'n and of the sea, 
Itself abiding moveless : — Hebrus, son 
Of Dolichaon, fells to earth, with whom 
[He] Latagus and flying Palmus [slays] : 
But Latagus he with a rock, aye e'en 1000 
The mighty fragment of a mount, forestalls 
Upon the mouth and his confronted face : 
Palmus, with severed ham-string he allows 
Inactive to be tumbled, and his arms 
To Lausus on his shoulders grants to wear, 
And on his crest to plant his plumes. 

Moreo'er, 
He fells Evanth the Phrygian, Mimas too, 
[Of] equal [age] with Paris, and his mate, 
"Whom in one night Theano brought to light 
For Amycus his sire, and, pregnant with a 
torch, 1010 

The queen Cisseis Paris : Paris rests 
[Tombed] in the city of his ancestors : 
Mimas, unknown, Laurentum's coast con- 
tains. 
And like as, hounded by the fang of dogs 
From lofty mountains down, some famous 

boar, 
Whom piny Vesulus for many a year 
Bescreens, for many, too, the Laurent 

marsh, 
Fed in the reedy forest, when he once 
Among the nets is come, has ta'en his 

stand, 
And bellowed in his rage, and bristled up 
His shoulders ; nor has one the hardi- 
hood 1 02 1 
To show his wrath, and nearer to ap- 
proach ; 
But him with darts and shoutings safe afar 
They ply : still he, undaunted, slowly turns 
Towards ev'ry quarter, gnashing with his 

tusks, 
And from his side he shakes the lances 

down : 
No otherwise, not one of those, to whom 
Mezentius was the cause of righteous wrath, 
Has courage to engage with sword un- 
sheathed ; 
With missiles from afar and lusty shout 



They worry him. From Coryth's ancient 
bourns 103 1 

Had Acron come, a man [of] Grecian [line], 
An exile, leaving incomplete the rites 
Of marriage. Him when from afar he saw 
Discomfiting the central squadrons, gay 
In plumes and purple of his plighted bride : 
As oft a foodless lion, ranging o'er 
The lofty stalls, (for madding hunger 

prompts,) 
If haply he hath spied a flitting roe, 
Or hart with antlers tow'ring high, exults 
Hideously yawning, and hath raised his 
mane, 1041 

And to the entrails, couching o'er them, 

clings ; 
The noisome gore bewets his felon jaws : 
So, eager hurtles on his serried foes 
Mezentius. Hapless Acron low is laid, 
And, dying, with his heels the murky ground 
He smites, and smears with blood the shat- 
tered darts. 
And he, the same, deigned not to overthrow 
Orodes, as he's flying, nor to deal 
A wound invisible with darted lance : 1050 
He meets him in his path and to his face, 
And fell to the encounter man to man, 
Superior, not in guile, but gallant arms. 
Then with his foot placed o'er him, stricken 

clown, 
And leaning on his spear : ' ' Lies, warriors ! 

[here] 
No despicable portion of the war, 
The high Orodes." Following him, his 
mates 

1036. Acron, though not deficient in bravery, 
would not have been quite to the taste of the poor 
Captain in Ford's Unnatural Combat. Speaking 
of his armor, he says : 

" This hath past through 
A wood of pikes, and every one aimed at it, 
Yet scorn'd to take impression from their fury : 
With this, as still you see it, fresh and new, 
I've charg'd through fire that would have sing'd 

your sables, 
Black fox, and ermines, and changed the proud 

colour 
Of scarlet, though of the right Tyrian die. — 
But now, as if the trappijigs made the man, 
Such only are admir'd that come adorn'd 
With what's no part of them." Act iii. 3. 

1037. " What if the lion in his rage I meet! — 
Oft in the dust I view his printed feet ; 
And, fearful ! oft when Day's declining light 
Yields her pale empire to the mourner Night, 
By hunger rous'd, he scours the groaning plain, 
Gaunt wolves and sullen tigers in his train : 
Before them Death with shrieks directs their way, 
Fills the wild yell, and leads them to their prey." 
Collins, Oriental Eclogues, ii. 
1052. " Blood hath bought blood, and blows have 

answer'd blows ; 
Strength match'd with strength, and power con- 
fronted power." Shakespeare, K. John, ii. 2. 



282 



738 — 746. 



THE ^ENEID. 



v. 747—768. 



A joyful paean in a chorus shout. 
But, dying, he : " Not over me, un wreaked, 
Nor long, shalt thou, whoe'er thou art, exult 
In conquest : equal destinies await 106 1 
Thee, too, and soon thou'lt gripe the self- 
same fields." 
To whom Mezentius, smiling with mixt rage : 
' ' Now perish ! But the father of the gods 
And king of men will see to me." As this 
He speaks, he wrenched the weapon from 

the corpse : 
Stern rest and steely slumber press his orbs ; 
His eyes are shut in everlasting night. 



1067. " Death is an equall doome 

To good and bad, the common in of rest." 

Spenser, F. Q., ii. 1, 45. 

Beautifully of sleep in life and health : 
" The whyles his lord in silver slomber lay, 
Like to the evening starre adorn'd with deawy 
ray." F. Q., vi. 7, 19. 

Shakespeare, differently : 
" Till o'er their brows death-counterfeiting sleep, 
With leaden legs and batty wings, doth creep." 
Midsummer Night's Dream, iii. 2. 

Dryden, of Charles II. : 

" An iron slumber sat on his majestic eyes." 
Threnodia A tigustalis. 

1068. Perhaps in, v. 746, should be rendered by 
/or. 

" And when those pallid cheekes and ashe hew, 

In which sad Death his pourtraiture had writ, 

And when those hollow eyes and deadly view, 

On which the cloud of ghastly night did sit," &c. 

Spenser, Dafihnaida, iii. 2. 

" Then going forth, and finding in his way 
A souldier of the watch, who sleeping lay, 
Enrag'd to see the wretch neglect his part, 
He strikes his sword into his trembling heart : 
The hand of death, and iron dulnesse, takes 
Those leaden eyes, which nat'rall ease forsakes." 
Sir John Beaumont, Bosworth Field. 

" See, whilel speak, high on her sable wheel 
Old Night advancing climbs the eastern hill : 
Troops of dark clouds prepare her way ; behold 
How their brown pinions, edg'd with evening 

gold, 
Spread shadowing o'er the house, and glide away, 
Slowly pursuing the declining day ; 
O'er the broad roof they fly their circuit still, 
Thus days before they did, and days to come 

they will ; 
But the black cloud, that shadows o'er his eyes, 
Hangs there immoveable, and never flies : 
Fain would I bid the envious gloom be gone ; 
Ah, fruitless wish ! how are his curtains drawn 
For a long evening that despairs the dawn !" 

Watts. Lyric Poems, b. iii. To the Memory 
of Gunston. 

Gray uses the expression of Milton's blindness : 
" The living throne, the sapphire-blaze 
Where angels tremble while they gaze, 
He saw ! but, blasted with excess of light, 
Clos'd his eyes in endless night." 

The Progress of Poesy, iii. 2. 



Caedicus puts Alcathous to death, 
Sacrator [kills] Hydaspes ; Rapo, too, 1070 
Parthenius ; also, passing strong in might, 
Orses ; Messapus also Clonius [slays], 
And Ericetes of Lycaon['s line] ; 
That, — by the fall of his unruly steed, 
Lying on earth; — a footman this, — on foot. 
And Lycian Agis had advanced in front : 
Whom, yet, not lacking of the bravery 
Of ancestors, doth Valerus o'erthrow ; 
While Salius Thronius [puts to death], 
Likewise Nealces Salius, in the dart 1080 
Distinguished, and the far deceiving bolt. 
Now grisly Mars was balancing their 

woes 
And mutual slaught'rings : slew alike and 

fell alike 
The conq'rors and the conquered : flight 

was known 
Neither to these, nor those. The deities 
Within the courts of Jove compassion feel 
For th' idle wrath of both, and that such 

deep 
Distresses were [the lot] of mortal men : 
To this side Venus, on the other hand, 
To that, Saturnian Juno pays regard; 1090 
The wan Tisiphone, among the midst 
Of thousands, is in fury. But, in sooth, 
Mezentius, snaking his prodigious spear, 
[All] in a tumult, marches on the field : 
As great Orion, when afoot he walks 
Through central Nereus' vasty floods, his 

path 
Disparting, by his shoulder overtops 
The waves ; or, bringing down from moun- 
tain crests 
An aged ash, both stalks upon the ground, 
And hides his head among the clouds : 

such-like 1100 



" The torpid pow'rs 
Of heaviness weigh'd down my beamless eyes, 
And pressed them into night." 

W. Thompson, Sickness, b. i. 

" What mist weighs down 
My eyes already ! Oh, 'tis death, I see, 
In a long robe of darkness, is preparing 
To seal them up for ever." 

Shirley, Love's Cruelty, v. 2. 

" A mist hangs o'er mine eyes ; the sun's bright 
splendour 
Is clouded in an everlasting shadow." 

Ford, The Broken Heart, v. 3. 

1095. See note on sEn. iii. /. 931. 

1096. " Forthwith upright he rears from off the 

pool 
His mighty stature ; on each hand the flames, 
Driven backward, slope their pointing spires, and, 

roll'd 
In billows, leave i' the midst a horrid vale." 

Milton, P. L., b. i. 



v. 768—789. 



BOOK X. 



v. 790— 80$ 



283 



Mezentius bears him on in giant arms. 
./Eneas, on the other hand, prepares 
To meet him in advance, as him he spied 
In the long line. He undismayed remains, 
His high-souled foe awaiting, and he stands 
In his own bulk, and meting with his eyes 
A range, far as sufficient for his spear : 
"May my right hand, a deity to me, 
And dart, which, ready to be launched, I 
poise, 1 109 

Stand by me now ! 'Tis thee thyself that I, 
O Lausus, hallow, mantled in the spoils, 
Reft from the carcass of a pirate-knave, 
A trophy of ./Eneas." [Thus] he spake, 
And from a distance flung the hissing lance : 
But, flying, 'tis from off his buckler shot, 
And far the excellent Antores spears 
Between the side and loins ; Antores, mate 
Of Hercules, who had, from Argi sent, 
Held to Evander, and had settled down 
In his Italian city. He is felled, 1120 

Of evil fortune, by another's wound, 
And casts a look to heav'n, and, as he dies, 
Recalls the charming Argi to his soul. 
Then does the good /Eneas throw his spear : 
It through the hollow disk with triple bronze, 
Through folds of canvas, and the work, in- 
wove 
With three bull[-hide]s, careered, and came 

to rest 
Deep in the groin : but carried on its force 
No further. Quick his sword /Eneas, blithe 
At sight of Tuscan blood, tears from his 
thigh, _' 1 1 30 

And hotly presses on his wildered [foe]. 
Lausus, when he beheld it, deeply groaned, 
In his affection for his darling sire, 



1101. " Disdayne he called was, and did disdayne 
To be so cald, and who so did him call : 
Sterne was his looke, and full of stomacke vayne ; 
His portaunce terrible, and stature tall, 
Far passing th' hight of men terrestrial! ; 
Like an huge gyant of the Titans race ; 
That made him scorne all creatures great and 

small, 
And with his pride all others powre deface : 

More fltt emongst black fiendes then men to have 
his place." Spenser, F. Q., ii. 7, 41. 

" On th' other side, Satan, alarm'd, 
Collecting all his might, dilated stood, 
Like Teneriff or Atlas, unremoved : 
His stature reach'd the sky, and on his crest 
Sat Horror plum'd ; nor wanted in his grasp 
What seem'd both spear and shield." 

Milton, P. L„ b. iv. 

1 108. Mezentius was like Sansfoy : 
" At last him chaunst to meete upon the way 
A faithlesse Sarazin, all armde to point, 
In whose great shield was writ with letters gay 
Sans joy ; full large of limbe and every ioint 
He was, and cared not for God or man a point." 
Spenser, /'". Q., i. 2, 12. 



And tears came o'er his features coursing 

down. 
Here, the disaster of thy grievous death, 
And thy most glorious deeds, if any age 
Will credit to so great a work extend, 
I shall not sooth, nor thee shall I, O youth, 
Deserving record, pass in silence by. 
He, drawing back his foot, disabled e'en, 
And hampered, was retreating, and the 

hostile shaft 1 141 

Was trailing in his shield. Forth sprang 

the youth, 
And mingled him among their arms. And 

now 
He passed beneath ^Eneas' falchion-point, 
As with his right hand rises he on high, 
And deals a blow, and him by checking 

bore. 
His comrades second him with lusty cheer, 
While, guarded by the buckler of the son, 
The sire withdrew ; and darts together hurl, 
And from afar with missiles drive away 1 1 50 
The foe. /Eneas fumes, and keeps himself 
Ensconced. And as, if storms at times 
With drifted hail swoop downward, from 

the plains 
Hath ev'ry ploughman 'scaped, and ev'ry 

swain ; 
And in a safe retreat the traveller hides, 
Or by a river's banks, or by a vault 
Of tow'ring rock, while on the lands it rains, 
That they may, on returning of the sun, 
Be able to employ the day in toil : 



1 134. If attention to voice be insisted on, v. 790 
may be rendered thus : 

"And tears were forced in courses o'er his cheeks." 
1 137. Tcmto operi may fairly be looked upon as 
a reference to the poem itself. It is like Virgil, 
who, on the occasion of recording the feats of Nisus 
and Euryalus, uses a similar expression: si quid 
mea cannina possunt \ 

1 149. Guyomar says to his father Montezuma, in 
Dryden's hidian Emperor : 
" Fly, sir, while I give back that life you gave, 
Mine is well lost, if I your life can save." 

Act i. 2. 
1153. " The sulphurous hail 

Shot after us in storm, o'erblown, hath laid 
The fiery surge that from the precipice 
Of Heaven received us falling : and the thunder, 
Wing'd with red lightning, and impetuous rage, 
Perhaps hath spent his shafts, and ceases now 
To bellow through the vast and boundless deep." 
Milton, P. L., b. i. 
1158. " As when from mountain tops the dusky 

clouds 
Ascending, while the north wind sleeps, o'erspread 
Heaven's cheerful face, the lowering element 
Scowls o'er the darken'd landskip snow, or shower ; 
If chance the radiant sun with farewell sweet 
Extend his evening beam, the fields revive, 
The birds their notes renew, and bleating herds 
Attest their joy, that hill and valley rings." 

Ibid., b. ii. 



284 



v. 808 — 820. 



THE jENEID. 



v. 821 — 847. 



Thus, overwhelmed by darts on ev'ry side, 
iEneas bears the battle-storm, until 1161 
All thunder clears away ; and Lausus chides, 
And Lausus threatens : " Whither, doomed 

to die, 
Dost rush, and darest [deeds] above thy 

strength ? 
Thee, heedless [youth], thy piety mis- 
leads." 
Nor doth the other madly triumph less. 
And higher rises now the felon rage 
Of the Dardanian leader, and the Weirds 
For Lausus gather up the last of threads. 
For home iEneas drives his lusty sword 
Through the youth's midriff, and deep hides 

the whole. 1 1 7 1 

The falchion-point both traversed through 

his shield, 
The threat'ning [youth's] light armor, and 

the frock 
Which had his mother spun with ductile 

gold; 
And blood his bosom filled : then life 

through air 
Fled rueful to the Ghosts, and left the corse. 



1169. See note on Eel. iv. /. 62. 
" But grant man happy ; grant him happy long ; 
Add to life's prize her latest hour ; 
That hour, so late, is nimble in approach, 
That, like a post, comes on in full career : 
How swift the shuttle flies, that weaves thy 
shroud !" 

Gascoigne's Greene Knight would have wished 
it had in his case : 

" The fatal Sisters three, 

Which spun my slender twine, 
Knew wel how rotten was the yarne, 

Fro whence they drew their line : 
Yet haue they wouen the web, 

With care so manifolde, 
(Alas I woful wretch the while) 

As any cloth can holde : 
Yea though the threeds be cowrse, 

And such as others lothe, 
Yet must I wrap alwayes therin 

My bones and body both ; 
And weare it out at length, 

Which lasteth but too long : 
O weauer, weauer, work no more ; 

Thy warp hath done me wrong." 
Weedes : Complaint of the Gree?ie Knight. 

Chaucer has a different image : 
" For sikerly, whan I was borne, anon 
Deth drow the tappe of lif, and let it gon : 
And ever sith hath so the tappe yronne, 
Till that almost all empty is the tonne." 
Canterbury Tales: the R eve's Prologue. 
Shakespeare makes King John say : 
" The tackle of my heart is crack'd and burn'd ; 
And all the shrouds, wherewith my life should sail, 
Are turned to one thread, one little hair : 
My heart hath one poor string to stay it by, 
Which holds but till thy news be uttered, 
And then all this thou seest is but a clod, 
And model of confounded royalty." Act. v. 7. 



But when, in sooth, Anchises' offspring 

saw 
The face and features of the dying youth, — 
Features in w r ondrous fashion waxing wan ; 
Compassionating him he deeply groaned, 
And stretched his right hand forth, and to 
his mind 1181 

The picture of a father's love occurred. 
"What now to thee, O piteous youth, for 

these 
Thy merits, what can good ^Eneas grant, 
Worthy of such a noble nature ? [These] 

the arms 
Wherein thou hast rejoiced, keep thine, 

and thee 
I to the ghosts and ashes of thy sires, — 
If that have any interest, — resign. 
Yet thou herewith, ill-starred, sad death 

shalt cheer : — 
By great ./Eneas' right hand thou dost fall." 
Thereon he chides his loit'ring mates, and 
lifts 1 191 

Him up from earth, defiling with his blood 
His tresses, trimmed in customary form. 

Meanwhile his sire at Tiber's river- wave 
His wounds was stanching with its crystal- 
streams, 
And, leaning on a tree-bole, rested he his 

frame. 
Hangs from the boughs apart his helm of 

bronze, 
And on the mead his cumbrous arms repose. 
Choice youths around him stand ; he, faint 

himself, 
Gasping for breath, supports his neck, his 
beard I 200 

In forward culture flowing on his breast. 
Of Lausus many a question does he ask, 
And many a one he sends, to call him back 
And bear the orders of his mourning sire. 
But Lausus lifeless his companions bore 
Upon his arms, in tears, — a mighty [youth], 
And conquered by a mighty wound. A mind, 
Of ill foresightful, understood afar 
Their groan. His hoary hairs with plen- 
teous dust 
He mars, and stretches both his hands to 
heaven, 12 10 

And fastens on the body : ' ' O my son, 
Hath such a whelming appetite for life 
Held me, that I should in my stead allow 
To take my place beneath the foe's right 
hand 

1 190. So Olivia says : 
"If one should be a prey, how much the better 
To fall before the lion than the wolf!" 

Shakespeare, Twelfth Night, iii. 1. 

1202. " Stay, you imperfect speakers, tell me 
more." Shakespeare, Macbeth, i. 3. 



v. 848—869. 



BOOK X. 



v. 869- 



285 



Him whom I've sired ? By these thy wounds 

am I, 
Thy father, rescued, living by thy death ? 
Now, welaway ! to wretched me at length 
A hapless end ! A wound now driven deep ! 
I, son, the same, have stained thy name by 

guilt, 12 19 

From throne and sceptre of myfathers driven 
Through infamy. Had I a forfeit owed 
To native country and my [people's] hate, 
By every death would I myself had given 
My guilty spirit ! Now I live, nor yet 
Mankind and light I leave ! — but leave I 

will." 
At once, while saying this, he lifts him up 
Upon his sickly thigh, and, though his 

strength 
Foreslows him, owing to his deepsome 

wound, 
He, not cast down, his charger bids be 

brought. 
This was his pride, his comfort this ; with 

this 1230 

He issued conqueror from ev'ry war. 
He speaks the mourning [steed], and in the 

like 
Begins : " O Rhcebus, long, — if any thing 
Is long for mortal beings, — have we lived. 
Thou either conq'ror shalt to-day bring back 
Those bloody trophies and Eneas' head, 
And of the pangs of Lausus venger be 
With me ; or, if no pow'r disclose a way, 
Along with me shalt die. For deem not I, 
O thou most gallant [horse], that thou wilt 

deign 1240 

To brook outlandish rules and Trojan 

lords." 
He said ; and, on his back received, [there] 

placed 
His wonted limbs, and laded both his hands 
With pointed jav'lins, glitt'ring on his head 

1216. "No tomb shall hold thee 

But these two arms, no trickments but my tears ; 
Over thy hearse my sorrows, like sad arms, 
Shall hang for ever ; on the toughest marble 
Mine eyes shall weep thee out an epitaph : 
Love at thy feet shall kneel, his smart bow broken, 
Faith at thy head, Youth and the Graces mourners : 
Oh, sweet young man !" 

Fletcher, The Mad Lover, v. 4. 

1232. See note on AZn. iv. /. 101, and xi. /. 127. 

1242. Only for his wound, the following quotation 
might be appropriate : 

" I saw young Harry, with his beaver on, 
His ciiisses on his thighs, gallantly arm'd, 
Rise from the ground like feathered Mercury, 
And vaulted with such ease into his seat, 
As if an angel dropp'd down from the clouds, 
To turn and wind a fiery Pegasus, 
And witch the world with noble horsemanship." 
Shakespeare, 1 A". Henry IV., iv. 1. 



With bronze, and bristling with a horse- 
hair plume. 
Thus on the midmost, fleet, he sped his 

course. 
Seethes mighty shame within a single heart, 
And a deliriousness with mingled woe, 
And love by Furies racked, and conscious 

worth. 
And here iEneas thrice with lusty voice 
He called. Him sooth ^Eneas knew, and 

glad 125 1 

He prays : " So grant that mighty sire of 

gods ! 
So high Apollo ! To engage the hand 
Do thou begin." He uttered only this ; 
And goes to meet him with a hostile spear. 
But he : " How scare you me, thrice-brutal 

[wretch], 
My son reft from me ? This was th' only way, 
Whereby you could destroy. Nor dread we 

death, 
Nor any of the deities we spare. 
Surcease ! I now am coming, doomed to die, 
And these my gifts to thee I carry first." 



1256. What Caraza says to Irene might have 

been applied to Mezentius : 

" While unavailing anger crowds thy tongue 
With idle threats and fruitless exclamation, 
The fraudful moments ply their silent wings, 
And steal thy life away. Death's horrid angel 
Already shakes his bloody sabre o'er thee." 

Johnson, Irene, v. 9. 

1258. " And why not death, rather than living tor- 
ment? 
To die is to be banished from myself, 
And Silvia is myself: banish'd from her, 
Is self from self; a deadly banishment. 
What light is light, if Silvia be not seen ? 
What joy is joy, if Silvia be not by ? 
Unless it be to think that she is by, 
And feed upon the shadow of perfection. 
Except I be by Silvia in the night, 
There is no music in the nightingale ; 
Unless I look on Silvia in the day, 
There is no day for me to look upon. 
She is my essence ; and I leave to be, 
If I be not by her fair influence 
Foster'd, illumin'd, cherish'd, kept alive. 
I fly not death, to fly his deadly doom : 
Tarry I here, I but attend on death ; 
But, fly I hence, I fly away from life." 
Shakespeare, Two Gentlemen of Verona, iii. 1. 

" Why stare ye on me ? 
You cannot put on faces to affright me : 
In death I am a king still, and contemn ye. 
Where is that governor ? Methinks his manhood 
Should be well pleas'd to see my tragedy, 
And come to bathe his stern eyes in my sorrows : 
I dare him to the fight ; bring his scorns with him, 
And all his rugged threats." 

Fletcher, The Island Princess, ii. 5. 

" The sense of death is most in apprehension, 
And the poor beetle, that we tread upon, 
In corporal sufferance finds a pang, as great 
As when a giant dies." 

Shakespeare, Measure for Measure, iii. 1. 



286 



v. 882—895. 



THE ^ENEID. 



v. 895 — 908. 



He said, and whirled a jav'lin on the foe ; 
And after that moreover fastens firm 1263 
Another, and another, and he flies 
In spacious circuit : but the golden boss 
Supports them. Thrice around him, as he 

stands, 
He rode in circles to the left, his darts 
Forth launching from his hand ; thrice with 

himself 
The Trojan hero a prodigious wood 
Bears round upon his canopy of bronze. 
Then, when it irks him to have eked delays 
So many, darts so many to uproot, 1 272 
And, being in unequal fight engaged, 
Is harassed : stirring many [a thought] in 

mind, 
Now bursts he forth at last, and [right] be- 
tween 
The war-steed's hollow brows he hurls a 

spear. 
The quadruped rears upright, and the air 
Smites with its heels, and, following itself 
Upon the top of th' horseman, pitched 
abroad, 1279 

Encumbers him, and, falling on its face, 
On him, unseated, with its shoulder lies. 
Trojans alike and Latins with a yell 

1267. "Alexander. Was I a woman, when, like 

Mercury, 
I left the walls to fly amongst my foes, 
And, like a baited lion, dyed myself 
All over with the blood of those bold hunters ; 
Till, spent with toil, I battled on my knees, 
Plucked forth the darts, that made my shield a 

forest, 
And hurled them back with most unconquered 

fury !" Lee, The Rival Queetis, iv. 2. 



Set heav'n afire. ^Eneas to him flies, 
And from its scabbard draws his falchion 

forth, 
And o'er him these: "Where now Me- 

zentius fierce, 
And that wild force of soul ?" On th' other 

hand, 
The Tuscan, when, upgazing to the air, 
He drank in heaven, and recovered thought : 
" O bitter foeman, why dost thou upbraid 
And threaten death ? In shedding of my 

blood — 1290 

No crime ; nor have I on these terms 
To battle come ; nor hath my Lausus struck 
These covenants on my behalf with thee. 
This one thing by [the grace], — if any grace 
There is for conquered enemies, — I crave : 
That thou would'st let my corse be hearsed 

in earth. 
I know my [subjects'] bitter hate besets : 
This rage, I pray, ward off, and grant that I 
May be my son's co-partner in the grave." 
These speaks he, and, not unaware, receives 
Within his throat the falchion, and his life 
Spurts forth upon his arms with waving 

gore. 1302 

1296. " O, father abbot ! 

An old man, broken with the storms of state, 
Is come to lay his weary bones among ye ; 
Give him a little earth for charity." 

Shakespeare, A". Henry VIII., iv. 2. 

1302. There were some redeeming points in the 
character of Mezentius ; so that, if he had not been 
so irreligious and cruel, he might have deserved the 
wish of Queen Katherine for Wolsey : 
" So may he rest : his faults lie gently on him !" 



BOOK XI. 



Meanwhile Aurora rising ocean left. 
yEneas, though alike solicitudes 
Hurry him forward to devote the time 
To burying his comrades, and his mind 
Is troubled at their death, the off rings due 
To deities, as conqueror, he paid 
At th 'infant Dawn. A giant oak, its boughs 
On all sides lopped away, upon a knoll 
He reared, and tricks it out in gleaming 

arms, 
Spoils from the general Mezentius stript, 
To thee a trophy, puissant lord of war. 1 1 



Line 11. Glover well describes the erection of a 
trophy : 

" Green Psittalia there 
Full opposite exhibits, high and large, 
A new erected trophy. Twenty masts 



Thereto does he adjust the hero's plumes, 
With blood distilling, and his shattered 
darts, 

Appear, the tallest of Phoenician pines, 
In circular position. Round their base 
Are massive anchors, rudders, yards, and oars, 
Irregularly pil'd, with beaks of brass, 
And naval sculpture from barbarian sterns, 
Stupendous by confusion. Crested helms 
Above, bright mail, habergeons scal'd in gold 
And figur'd shields along the spiry wood, 
Up to th' aerial heads in order wind, 
Tremendous emblems of gigantic Mars. 
Spears, bristling through the intervals, uprear 
Their points obliquely : gilded staves project 
Embroider'd colours ; darts and arrows hang 
In glitt'ring clusters. On the topmost height 
Th' imperial standard broad, from Asia won, 
Blaz'd in the sun, and floated in the wind." 

Athenaid, b. xvii. 



v. 9 — 29. 



BOOK XL 



v. 29—47. 



287 



His cuirass also, point of aim, and pierced 
In twice six places, and his targe of bronze 
He fastens to the left side underneath, 
And hangs his sword of iv'ry from the 

neck. 
His comrades then, — for all the crowded 

staff 
Of chieftains closed him in, — beginning thus, 
He heartens in their triumph : " An event 
Of deepest moment is, O warriors, brought 

to pass ; 21 

All fear avaunt in what remains ! these be 
The spoils and first-fruits of a haughty 

prince ; 
And in my hands here stands Mezentius. 

Now 
There is a passage for us to the king 
And walls of Latium. Get ye ready arms ; 
With courage and with hope forestall the 

war ; 
Lest any obstacle, while unaware, 
When first the heav'nly powers shall allow 
To pluck the standards up, and march the 

youth 30 

From out th' encampment, may embarrass 

you; 
Or purpose stay you, listless through alarm. 
Meanwhile let us to earth commit our mates, 
And their un buried corses, which alone 
The honor is 'neath lowest Acheron. 
Go ye," saith he ; " the passing noble souls, 
Who have by their own blood this country 

won 
For us, do ye with latest duties grace ; 
And to Evander's mourning city first 
Let Pallas be conveyed, whom lacking not 
Of prowess, hath a day of darkness reft, 41 
And in untimely dissolution plunged." 
Thus speaks he weeping, and withdraws 

his step 

40. " Let us go find the body where it lies, 
Soak'd in his enemies' blood ; and from the stream 
With lavers pure, and cleansing herbs, wash off 
The clotted gore. I, with what speed the while, 
(Gaza is not in plight to say us nay,) 

Will send for all my kindred, all my friends, 
To fetch him hence, and solemnly attend 
With silent obsequy, and funeral train, 
Home to his father's house." 

Milton, Samson, end. 

41. "0 grief! and could one day 

Have force such excellence to take away? 
Could a swift flying moment, ah ! deface 
Those matchless gifts, that grace, 
Which art and nature had in thee combin'd 
To make thy body paragon thy mind ? 
Hath all pass'd like a cloud, 
And doth eternal silence now them shroud ? 
Is that, so much admir'c', now naught but dust, 
Of which a stone hath trust ? 
O change ! O cruel change ! thou to our sight 
Show'st the Fates' rigour equal to their might?" 
Drummond, Sonnets, &>c, ii. 13, 4. 



To [his own] thresholds, where, laid out, the 

corse 
Of lifeless Pallas old Accetes watched ; 
Who to Evander of Parrhasia erst 
Was armor-bearer ; but with auspices, 
Not equally propitious, then assigned 48 
The guardian to a darling son, he marched. 
Around e'en all the band of servants [stood], 
And throng of Trojans, and the llian dames, 
With mourning locks, in customary form 
Let loose. But when ^Eneas passed inside 
The stately gates, a mighty groan do they 
With smitten bosoms to the stars upraise, 
And with a wail of woe the palace rang. 
Himself, when snow-like Pallas' cushioned 

head 
And face he saw, and in his glossy breast 
The yawning wound of the Ausonian lance, 
On this wise speaks with springing tears : 

"Hath thee," 60 

He cries, " O pitiable youth, what time 
She came propitious, Fortune grudged to 

me ; 
That thou our kingdoms mightest not 

behold, 
Nor conq'ror to thy father's seat be borne ? 
'Twas not these pledges of thee to thy sire, 
Evander, at departing I had given, 
When, me embracing as I went away, 
He sent me to acquire a mighty rule, 



51. " Infinite ben the sorwes and the teres 
Of olde folk, and folk of tendre yeres, 
In all the toun for deth of this Theban : 
For him ther wepeth bothe childe and man. 
So gret a weping was ther now certain, 
Whan Hector was ybrought, all fresh yslain 
To Troy, alas ! the pitee that was there, 
Cratching of chekes, rending eke of here." 

Chaucer, The Knightes Tale. 

60. " And she believes 

That you are dead ; and as she now scorn'd life, 
Death lends her cheeks his paleness, and her eyes 
Tell down their drops of silver to the earth, 
Wishing her tears might rain upon your grave, 
To make the gentle earth produce some flower 
Should bear your names and memories." 

Shirley, The Grateful Servant, iii. 3. " 

62. " But what we couet most 

or chiefest holde in price, 
With greedie gripe of darting death 
is reaved with a trice. 

" The cruell Sisters three 
were all in one agreede, 
To let the spindle runne no more 
but shrid the fatall threede. 

" And Fortune, (to expresse 

What swing and sway she bare.) 
Allowde them leaue to vse their force 
vpon this Jewell rare. 

" Thus hath the Welkin wunne, 
and we a losse sustainde : 
Thus hath hir corse a Vaute found out, 
hir sprite the Heauens gainde." 
Turberville, On the Death 0/ Elizabeth Arhundle. 



v. 47 — 66. 



THE sENEID. 



v. 66 — 90. 



And, fearing, warned me that the men were 

fierce ; 
That with a hardy nation were the frays. 
And now he, sooth, deep-duped by idle 
hope, 71 

Is peradventure e'en discharging vows, 
And piling up high altars with his gifts : 
We [this] unbreathing youth, and one that 

now 
Owes naught to any of the heav'nly powers, 
Attend in sorrow with a fruitless pomp. 
Ill-starred ! Thy son's heart-rending funeral 
Shalt thou behold ! Can these be our 

returns, 
And looked-for triumphs ? This my lofty 

trust ? 
But thou, Evander, shalt not look on him, 
[As one] discomfited by shameful wounds ; 
Nor thou a father for a son unhurt 82 

A death accursed shalt desire. Ah me ! 
How great a bulwark, O Ausonia [thou], 
How great dost thou, too, O lulus, lose !" 
When these in tears he ended, he com- 
mands 
The piteous corse to be upraised, and sends 
A thousand men from all the army culled, 
The closing ceremony to attend, 
And in his father's tears to bear a part : 90 
A scanty comfort for a mighty grief", 
But to a wretched father due. Not slow 
Weave hurdles others, and a pliant bier, 
Of arbute switches and of oaken twig, 
And with a canopy of leaf o'ershade 



84. "So have I seen some tender slip 

Saved with care from winter's nip, 

The pride of her carnation train, 

Plucked up by some unheedy swain, 

Who only thought to crop the flower 

New shot up from vernal shower : 

But the fair blossom hangs the head 

Sideways, as on a dying bed, 

And those pearls of dew, she wears, 

Prove to be presaging tears, 

Which the sad morn had let fall, 

On her hastening funeral." Milton, Odes. 

" Young Damon of the vale is dead, 
Ye lowland hamlets, moan ; 
A dewy turf lies o'er his head, 
And at his feet a stone. 

" His shroud, which Death's cold damps destroy, 
Of snow-white threads was made : 
All mourn'd to see so sweet a boy 
In earth for ever laid. 

" Pale pansies o'er his corpse were plac'd, 

Which, pluck'd before their time, 

Bestrew'd the boy, like him to waste, 

And wither in their prime. 

" But will he ne'er return, whose tongue 
Could tune the rural lay ? 
Ah, no ! his bell of peace is rung, 
His lips are cold as clay." 

Collins, Song; end of Poems. 



The high-raised couch. On rustic litter here 
The youth they lay aloft : just like a flower, 
Dissevered by the finger of a maid, 
Either of violet soft, or drooping martagon, 
Whose brilliance not as yet hath passedaway, 
Nor yet its beauteousness : no more does 

earth, 10 1 

Its mother, foster it and strength purvey. 
Then vestures twain, stiff both with gold 

and dye 
Of purple, forth ^Eneas brought, the which 

for him, 
Blithe at her travails, had with her own 

hands, 
Herself Sidonian Dido whilom made, 
And with thin gold diversified the web. 
In one of these the youth in sorrow he 
Arrays, the closing honor ; and his hair, 
About to burn, he muffles in a veil ; 1 10 
And many a prize of the Laurentine war 
Moreo'er he piles, and orders that the spoil 
In lengthful train be led. He adds the steeds 
And arms, which he had from the foeman 

stript. 
And he had bound behind their backs 

their hands, 
Whom he might send as off rings to his 

shades, 
With butchered blood about to dew the 

flame ; 
Pie orders, too, the chiefs themselves to 

bring 
Tree-boles, in armor of their foes arrayed, 
And that their hostile names should be 

engraved. 120 

Ill-starred Accetes, spent with age, is led, 
His breasts now marring with closed hands, 

his face 
Now with his nails ; and he is prostrate laid, 
Full length flung forward on the earth. 

And they 
Lead on the chariots, with Rutulian blood 
Bespattered. Next, its trappings laid aside, 
His war-steed /Ethon weeping goes, and 

wets 



98. Spenser introduces'a less merciful despoiler 

of floral beauties : 

" Great enimy to it, and t' all the rest 
That in the Garden of Adonis springs, 
Is wicked Time ; who with his scyth addrest 
Does mow the flowring herbes and goodly things, 
And all their glory to the grownd downe flings, 
Where they do wither and are fowly mard : 
Ne flyes about, and with his flaggy wings 
Beates downe both leaves and buds without 
regard, 

Ne ever pitty may relent his malice hard." 

Faerie Queene, iii. 6, 39. 
127, 8. It is well known that some .animals shed 

tears in distress ; but who ever heard of a weeping 



v. 90 — 97- 



BOOK XL 



289 



With bulky drops its cheeks. His spear 

and helm 
Bear others ; for the conq'ring Turnus holds 

the rest. 
A mournful squadron then, both Teucrians, 
And Tyrrhenes, and Arcadians, follow, all 
With arms inverted. After all the train 
Of the attendants far ahead had marched, 
yEneas halted, and these [words] subjoined 
With groaning deep : "To tears for others, 

hence 135 

The same dread fates of battle call us off. 
Most noble Pallas ! fare thee well, to me 



horse ? The British poets continually allude to the 

dying sorrows of the stag : 

" His once so vivid nerves, 
So full of buoyant spirit, now no more 
Inspire the course ; but fainting breathless toil, 
Sick, seizes on his heart : he stands at bay ; 
And puts his last weak refuge in despair. 
The big round tears run down his dappled face ; 
He groans in anguish : while the growling pack, 
Blood-happy, hang at his fair jutting chest, 
And mark his beauteous checker'd sides with 
gore." Thomson, Autumn. 

" Rouse ye the lofty stag, and with my bell-horn 
Ring him a knell, that all the woods shall mourn 

him, 
Till, in his funeral tears, he fall before me." 

J. Fletcher, Beggar's Busk, iii. 4. 

135. " Oh, my heart 

Is witness how I lov'd him ! Would he had not 
Led me unto his grave, but sacrific'd 
His sorrows upon mine ! He was my friend, 
My noble friend ; I will bewail his ashes : 
His fortunes and poor mine were born together, 
And I will weep 'em both : I will kneel by him, 
And on his hallow'd earth do my last duties ; 
I'll gather all the pride of spring to deck him ; 
Woodbines shall grow upon his honour'd grave, 
And, as they prosper, clasp to show our friendship, 
And, when they wither, I'll die too." 

J. Fletcher, TJie Lovers' Progress, iv. 3. 

137. Tickell, in his beautiful poem On the Death 

of Addis 071, says : 

" Can I forget the dismal night that gave 
My soul's best part for ever to the grave? 
How silent did his old companions tread, 
By midnight lamps, the mansions of the dead, 
Through breathing statues, then unheeded things, 
Through rows of warriors, and through walks of 

kings ! 
What awe did the slow solemn knell inspire, 
The pealing organ, and the pausing choir ; 
The duties by the lawn-rob'd prelate paid ; 
And the last words thardust to dust convey'd ! 
While speechless o'er thy closing grave we bend, 
Accept these tears, thou dear departed friend. 
O, gone for ever ! take this long adieu ; 
And sleep in peace next thy lov'd Montague. 

" Farewell the hopes of Britain ! 
Thou royal graft, farewell for ever ! Time and 

Death, 
Ye have done your worst. Fortune, now see, now 

proudly 
Pluck off thy veil, and view thy triumph ! Look, 
Look what thou hast brought this land to ! O, 

fair flower, 



For ever, and for ever fare thee well !" 
Nor further speaking, to the lofty walls 
He marched, and moved his footstep to 

the camp. 140 

And now came envoys from the Latin 

town, 
With boughs of olive decked, and craving 

grace : — 
That he the bodies, which along the plains 
Lay scattered by the falchion, would restore, 
And let them pass beneath a mound of earth: 
That strife there could be none with con- 
quered men, 
And those devoid of breath : that he would 

spare 
Who once were titled hosts and sires of 

brides. 
Whom, suing in no despicable prayers, 
The good ^Eneas with the grace presents, 
And these in words moreover he subjoins : 
"Pray what unworthy chance hath you 

involved, 152 

ye Latini, in so sharp a war, 

Who us decline as friends ? Crave ye of me 
Peace for the dead, and slain by chance of 
Mars ? 

1 sooth would grant it to the living too ; 
Nor had I come, save fates a place and 

home 
Had deigned. Nor is it with your race 

that I 
Am waging war : the king hath hospitage 
With us forsook, and rather placed his trust 
On arms of Turnus. Fairer had it been 
For Turnus to expose him to this death. 
If with his hand to terminate the war, 163 
If to eject the Teucri, he prepares, 
It had been meet that in these arms with me 
He should engage : he would have lived, 

to whom 
The god or his right hand had granted life. 



How lovely yet thy ruins show, how sweetly 
Even Death embraces thee ! The peace of Heaven, 
The fellowship of all great souls, be with thee !" 
Beaumont and Fletcher, Bonduca, v. 5. 

145. " No, great king : 

I come to thee for charitable license, 
That we may wander o'er this bloody field, 
To look our dead, and then to bury them ; 
To sort our nobles from our common men ; 
For many of our princes, — woe the while ! 
Lie drown'd and soak'd in mercenary blood : 
So do our vulgar drench their peasant limbs 
In blood of princes, and their wounded steeds 
Fret fetlock deep in gore, and with wild rage 
Yerk out their armed heels at their dead masters 
Killing them twice. O ! give us leave, great king 
To view the field in safety, and dispose 
Of their dead bodies." 

Shakespeare, K. Henry V., iv. 7. 

157. The perfect here, v. 112, would be intoler- 
able. 

U 



290 



v. 119—134- 



THE JENEID. 



v. 135— 151. 



Now go, and fire do ye apply beneath 
Your hapless countrymen." ./Eneas said. 
In wonder were they stricken dumb, and 

kept 170 

Their eyes and faces on each other turned. 
Then Drances aged, and aye with hate and 

charge 
To youthful Turnus hostile, thus in turn 
[These] op'ning accents utters with his lips : 
" O great by rumor, greater by thine arms, 
Thou Trojan hero, by what lauds should I 
Thee level bring with heaven ? Or at thee 
Should marvel rather for thy righteousness, 
Or toils of war? We sooth will these 

[replies] 
T' our native city thankfully take home, 
And thee, if any fortune shall vouchsafe 
The path, to king Latinus will unite : 182 
Let Turnus look for treaties for himself ! 
Yea too, thy walls' predestinated piles 
To raise, and on oar shoulders to upbear 
The stones of Troja, will be our delight." 
These spake he, and they all with single 

voice 
Shouted assent. [An armistice] they framed 
For twice six days, and in the mediate 

truce, 
Thro' out the forests on the mountain brows, 
The Teucri and the Latins, mingled, ranged 



172. "Man, hard of heart to man! Of horrid 
things 
Most horrid ! 'Mid stupendous, highly strange ! 
Yet oft his courtesies are smoother wrongs ; 
Pride brandishes the favour he confers, 
And contumelious his humanity : 
What then his vengeance ? Hear it not, ye stars ! 
And thou, pale moon ! turn paler at the sound : 
Man is to man the sorest, surest ill. 
A previous blast foretells the rising storm ; 
O'ervvhelming turrets threaten ere they fall ; 
Volcanoes bellow ere they disembogue ; 
Earth trembles ere her yawning jaws devour ; 
And smoke betrays the wide-consuming fire : 
Ruin from man is most conceal'd when near, 
And sends the dreadful tidings in the blow." 

Young, The Complaint, N. iii. 

" Or wouldst thou change the scene, and quit the 

den, 
Behold the Heav'n-deserted fen, 
Where spleen, by vapours dense begot and bred, 
Hardness of heart and heaviness of head, 
Have raised their darksome walls, and placed 

their thorny bed ; 
There may'st thou all thy bitterness unload, 
There may'st thou croak in concert with the toad. 
With thee the hollow howling winds shall join, 

Nor shall the bittern her base throat deny, 
The querulous frogs shall mix their dirge with 

thine, 
Th' ear-piercing hern, the plovers screaming 

high, 
Millions of humming gnats fit oestrum shall 

supply." Smart, Ode vi. On Ill-Nature. 

188. " Assent." To translate eadem, v. 132, 
literally, would involve a great awkwardness. 



Without disturbance. Rings with two- 
edged steel 192 
The stately ash ; they overthrow the pines, 
Projected to the stars ; nor hearts of oak, 
And cedar sweet, with wedges do they cease 
To split, and carry elms on groaning drays. 
And Rumor flying now, of woe so great 
The harbinger, Evander and the courts 
And city of Evander fills, who late 
To Latium Pallas conqueror announced. 
Th' Arcadians hurry to the gates, and seized, 
After the olden fashion, fun'ral brands. 
The pathway gleams with lengthful train 
of fires, 203 
And far and near distinctly marks the fields. 
In the reverse direction coming on, 
A band of Phrygians joins the wailing hosts. 
Whom when the dames once saw approach 

their homes, 
They fire the sorrowed city with their 

shrieks. 
Yet power none is able to restrain 
Evander; but he rushes on the midst. 210 
The bier deposited, he forward fell 
O'er Pallas, and he clings, both shedding 

tears, 
And groaning, and a passage for his voice 
At last was scarcely loosened through his 
grief: 



197, &c. Far finer is Dryden. Speaking of 
Charles II. 's death : 

" Soon as the ill-omen'd rumour reach'd his ear, 
(111 news is wing'd with fate, and flies apace ;) 
Who can describe the amazement of his face ? 
Horror in all his pomp was there, 
Mute and magnificent without a tear." 

Tkrenodia A ugustalis. 

211. Henry VI. shrank from contact with his 
uncle Humphrey's corpse : 

" Fain would I go to chafe his paly lips 
With twenty thousand kisses, and to rain 
Upon his face an ocean of salt-tears, 
To tellmy love unto his dumb deaf tmnk, 
And with my fingers feel his hand unfeeling ; 
But all in vain are these mean obsequies, 
And to survey his dead and earthy image, 
What were it but to make my sorrow greater?" 
Shakespeare, 2 K. Henry VI., iii. 2. 

212. " These arms of mine shall be thy winding- 
sheet ; 
My heart, sweet boy, shall be thy sepulchre, 
For from my heart thy image ne'er shall go ; 
My sighing breast shall be thy funeral bell." 
Shakespeare, 3 A". Henry VI., ii. 5. 

" But chiefly 
Him that you term'd the good old lord Gonzalo : 
The tears run down his beard, like winter's drops 
From eaves of reeds." Tempest, v. i. 

214. " Who, when he saw his sonne so ill bedight 
With bleeding wounds, brought home upon a 

beare 
By a faire lady and a straunger knight, 
Was inly touched with compassion deare. 



v. 152 — 167. 



BOOK XL 



v. 167 — 181, 



291 



"Not these engagements, O my Pallas, 
thou 

Hadst given to thy parent. Would to 
heaven 

That thou more circumspectly hadst de- 
sired 

To trust thyself to unrelenting Mars ! 

Not unaware was I, how great a power 

Had new renown in arms, and, passing 
sweet, 220 

The glory in a maiden combat. Sad 

Youth's budding feats, and sore th' essays 

Of war at hand, and vows and prayers of 
mine, 

Regarded by not one of gods ! And thou, 

holiest consort, blessed in thy death, 
Nor to this anguish kept ! On th' other 

hand, 
By living I have overpassed my fates, — 
That a surviving father I abide. 
[Him,] who has followed Trojans' fed'rate 

arms, 
Would heav'n the Rutuli with darts had 

whelmed ! 230 

1 freely would have given up my life, 
And back this pageant should have brought 

home me, 
Not Pallas. Trojans, I could blame nor 

you, 
Nor leagues, nor right hands, which in 

hospitage 
We've linked ; that lot to our old age was 

due. 
But if a timeless death my son awaited, 

And deare affection of so dolefull dreare, 
And he these words burst forth : ' Ah ! sory boy ! 
Is this the hope that to my hoary heare 
Thou brings ? aie me ! is this the timely ioy 
Which I expected long, now turnd to sad annoy ?' " 
Spenser, F. Q., vi. 3, 4. 
217. As if he had thought : 
" You may as well spread out the unsunn'd heaps 
Of miser's treasure by an outlaw's den, 
And tell me it is safe, as bid me hope 
Danger will wink on Opportunity." 

Milton, Comus. 
219. Morton's address to the Earl of Northum- 
berland on Percy's death would have been equally 
applicable to Evander : 

"It was your pre-surmise, 
That, in the dole of blows your son might drop ; 
You knew he walk'd o'er perils, on an edge, 
More likely to fall in than to get o'er ; 
You were advis'd his flesh was capable 
Of wounds and scars, and that his forward spirit 
Would lift him where most trade of danger rang'd : 
Yet did you say : Go forth ; and none of (ins, 
Though strongly apprehended, could restrain 
The stiff-borne action. What hath then befallen, 
Or what hath this bold enterprise brought forth, 
More than that being which was like to be '(" 
Shakespeare, 2 K. Henry IV., i. 1. 
236. Jt Untimely issue for a timeless grave." 

Drayton, Moses. 



With thousands of the Volsci slaughtered 

first, 
'Twould be a happiness that he had fallen, 
The Teucri leading into Latium. Yet 
I could not thee, Pallas, worthy deem 
Of other fun'ral than the good ^Eneas 

[deems], 241 

And [deem] the mighty Phrygians, aye 

and [deem] 
The Tyrrhene chieftains, all the Tyrrhenes' 

host. 
They bear grand trophies, which thy right 

hand gave 
To death. Thou also wouldst be standing 

now 
A giant trunk in arms, had equal been 
My age, and from my years my strength the 

same, 

Turnus. But ill-fortuned, why should I 
The Teucri stay from arms ? Go ye, and 

these 
My orders mindful to your king take back : 
' That I a hated life am ling' ring out, — 
My Pallas slain, — thy right hand is the 

cause ; 252 

Which thou dost see it Turnus owes alike 
To son and sire. This place alone is void 
For thy deserts and fortune. Joys for life 

1 do not seek, nor is it lawful ; but [this news] 
To bring my son beneath the lowest shades.' " 

" Him while fresh and fragrant Time 
Cherish'd in his golden prime ; 
Ere Hebe's hand had overlaid 
His smooth cheeks with a downy shade ; 
The rush of Death's unruly wave 
Swept him off into his grave." 

Crashaw, Epitaph on Herrys. 

241. It is impossible to translate the thrice- 
repeated qtiam, v. 170, without a weakness. 

251. " To mourn thy fall, I'll fly the hated light, 
And hide my head in shades of endless night : 
For thou wert light, and life, and health, to me : 
The sun but thankless shines, that shows not thee. 
Wert thou not lovely, graceful, good, and young 'i 
The joy of sight, the talk of every tongue ? 
Did ever branch so sweet a blossom bear ? 
Or ever early fruit appear so fair? 
Did ever youth so far his years transcend? 
Did ever life so prematurely end? .... 
There let me fall, there, there lamenting lie, 
There grieving grow to earth, despair, and die." 
Congreve, Fears of Amaryllis. 

" Now my soul's palace is become a prison : 
Ah ! would she break from hence, that this my 

body 
Might in the ground be closed up in rest ; 
For never henceforth shall I joy again." 

Shakespeare, 3 A". Henry VI., ii. 1. 

256. " For which I mourn, and will for ever mourn ; 
Nor will I change these black and dismal robes, 
Or ever dry these swollen and watery eyes, 
Or ever taste content, or peace of heart, 
While I have life, and thought of my Alphonso." 
Congreve, Mourning Bride, i. 7.. 
U 2 



292 



V. 182 — Ii 



THE ^NEID. 



v. 188—203. 



Meanwhile Aurore had bounteous light 

brought forth 
To wretched mortals, bringing back their 

tasks 
And toils. Now sire ^Eneas, Tarchon now, 
Upon the winding strand constructed pyres. 
They hither each the bodies of their 

[friends], 262 

In fashion of" their ancestors, conveyed ; 
And, — sooty fires beneath them laid, — 

high heaven 
Is shrouded into darkness with the murk. 
Three times around the kindled fun'ral 

piles, 



The whole passage from v. 177-181, owing to its 
brevity, is somewhat obscure, but a little examina- 
tion will make the meaning tolerably plain. This 
would seem to be its significance : 

Go, and carefully report these my charges to 
your Prince. Tell him that life has become hateful 
to me, now that Pallas is no more ; and that there 
is but one reason why I do not lay violent hands 
upon myself, and put an end to it at once. The 
sole cause of my delaying the suicidal act lies in 
himself alone ; for to him alone can I look for that 
vengeance upon my enemy, which I must see ex- 
acted before I die. I live, because Turnus lives ; 
and I must continue to live, until the right hand of 
./Eneas shall accomplish the destruction of the man 
who has destroyed my child. That that right hand 
owes this debt both to my son and to me, must be 
evident, even to himself. Great as are his merits 
and his fortune ; many as are the obligations under 
which he has already laid me ; yet there is one act, 
— though but one, — which still remains for him to 
perform, in order to crown his own career, and to 
complete his services to me. — Turnus must fall. I 
desire no enjoyments for myself as a living man ; 
nor, were I so inclined, would it be decorous in me, 
after the irreparable loss that I have sustained. It 
is of Pallas that I am thinking, and not of myself ; 
of his happiness below, and not of my own above. 
In this life I seek for nothing now, but the power of 
carrying down to my son, in the infernal realms, 
the happy intelligence, that the man who slew him, 
has himself been slain. 

258. " Hail to thy living light, 
Ambrosial morn ! all hail thy roseat ray ! 
That bids young Nature all her charms display. 

In varied beauty bright ; 
That bids each dewy-spangled flowret rise, 
And dart around its vermeil dyes ; 
Bids silver lustre grace yon sparkling tide, 
That winding warbles down the mountain's side. 

Away ! ye goblins all, 
Wont the bewilder'd traveller to daunt, 
Whose vagrant feet have traced your secret haunt 

Beside some lonely wall, 
Or shatter'd ruin of some moss-grown tow'r, 
Where, at pale mid n'ght's stillest hour, 
Through each rough chink the solemn orb of night 
Pours momentary gleams of trembling light. 

Away ! ye elves, away ! 

Shrink at ambrosial morning's living ray ; 
That living ray, whose pow'r benign 

Unfolds the scene of glory to our eye, 

Where, thron'd in artless majesty, 
The cherub Beauty sits on Nature's rustic shrine." 
Mason, Elfrida, 1st Ode. 



Arrayed in gleaming arms, they marched; 

three times 
The fun'ral's doleful fire they compassed 

round 
On steeds, and shriekings uttered from their 

lips. 
E'en earth is sprent with tears, and sprent 

are arms ; 270 

Scales heav'n both cry of men and din of 

trumps. 
Then some — the spoils, from slaughtered 

Latins reft, 
Fling on the fire, their helmets, and their 

swords 
Of beauty, bridles too, and glowing 

wheels ; — 
Some — well-known off 'rings, bucklers of 

their own, 
And not successful darts. Of oxen round 
Are many bodies sacrificed to Death, 
And bristly boars, and, seized from all the 

fields, 
Sheep for the flame they butcher. Then 

throughout 
The strand they gaze upon their burning 

mates, 280 

And pyres half-burnt are watching ; nor 

can they 
Be torn away, until the moistful night 
Inverts the heav'n, enchased with blazing 

stars. 
No less the miserable Latins too, 



267. The tutor will of course point out the tech- 
nical use oidecurro, v. 189. 

282, 3. " Now came still Evening on, and Twilight 
gray 
Had in her sober livery all things clad. 
Silence accompanied : for beast and bird, 
They to their grassy couch, these to their nests, 
Were slunk, all but the wakeful nightingale : 
She all night long her amorous descant sung. 
Silence was pleas'd. Now glow'd the firmament 
With living sapphires : Hesperus, that led 
The starry host, rode brightest, till the Moon, 
Rising in clouded majesty, at length 
Apparent queen unveil'd her peerless light, 
And o'er the dark her silver mantle threw." 

Milton, P. L., b. iv. 

" How, like a widow in her weeds, the Night, 
Amid her glimmering tapers, silent sits ! 
How sorrowful, how desolate, she weeps 
Perpetual dews, and saddens Nature's scene ! 

. . . . O majestic Night! 
Nature's great ancestor, Day's elder-born ! 
And fated to survive the transient Sun ! 
By mortals and immortals seen with awe ! 
A starry crown thy raven brow adorns, 
An azure zone thy waist ; clouds, in Heaven's loom 
Wrought through varieties of shape and shade, 
In ample folds of drapery divine, 
Thy flowing mantle form ; and Heaven through- 
out 
Voluminously pour thy pompous train." 

Young, The Complaint, N. 9. 



v. 203 — 22 5« 



BOOK XL 



v. 226 — 254. 



293 



Reared in a diff'rent quarter countless 

pyres, 
And many a corse of heroes in the earth 
Partly inter, and partly raise them up, 
And cart them off upon the neighb'ring 

fields, 
And send them to their city home. The rest, 
Of huddled slaughter e'en a mountain heap, 
With neither count nor compliment, they 

burn ; 291 

In all directions then the spacious fields 
Shine out in rivalry with frequent fires. 
Third light [of day] the icy shade from 

heaven 
Had chased aloof : a-mourning, th' ashes 

deep 
And jumbled bones they ransacked on the 

hearths, 
And laded with a milk-warm mound of 

earth. 
But now within the dwellings, in the town 
Of passing rich Latinus, chief the din, 
And greatest portion of the lengthful woe. 
Here mothers, and their sons' unhappy 

wives, 301 

Here grieving sisters' loving breasts, and 

boys, 
Of parents orphaned, curse the awful war, 
And Turnus' nuptials. They insist that he, 
Himself, the quarrel should decide by arms, 
Aye by the sword himself, who claims t' 

himself 
Italia's realm and dignities the first. 
These [feelings] bitter Drances aggravates, 
And witnesses that he alone is called, 
Alone is Turnus challenged to the frays. 
At the same time, upon the other hand, 
Extensive suffrage with diverse debates 
[Lies] on the side of Turnus, and the 

queen's 313 

High name o'ershades him ; much of fame 

supports 
The hero with his trophies, duly earned. 
'Mid these excitements, 'mid the burning 

coil, 



290. " A thousand glorious actions, that might 
claim 
Triumphant laurels and immortal fame, 
Confus'd in crowds of glorious actions lie, 
And troops of heroes undistinguish'd die." 

Addison, The Campaign. 
308. " The specious shield, which private malice 
bears, 
Is ever blazon'd with some public good : 
Behind that artful fence skulk low, conceal'd, 
The bloody purpose and the poison'd shaft. 
Ambition there and envy nestle close, 
From whence they take their fatal aim unseen, 
And honest merit is their destin'd mark." 

Jones, The Earl of Essex, i. 1. 

316. Or: "Amid these stirs, amid the burning broil." 



Behold, moreo'er, in woe, th' ambassadors 
From Diomed's great city bring replies : 
" With all the cost of toil so great— naught 

done ; 
Naught gifts, nor gold, nor earnest prayers, 

availed ; 320 

Arms other by the Latins should be sought, 
Or peace entreated from the Trojan prince." 
In anguish deep sinks e'en the king himself 
Latinus. That yEneas, [child] of fate, 
Was carried on by potent will divine, — 
Warns him the wrath of gods, and graves 

[still] fresh 
Before his eyes. Accordingly 
A grave assembly, and the leading men 
Of his own people, summoned to the throne, 
Inside his lofty portals he convenes. 330 
They flocked together, and from brimming 

roads 
Flow to the royal courts. Amidst them sits 
E'en most advanced in age, and first in 

sway, 
Latinus, with no blithesome brow. And 

here, 
The envoys, from th' yEtolian towns sent 

back, 
He bids announce what [tidings] they 

report, 
And in their order all replies demands. 
Thereon was silence with their tongues 

observed, 
And Venulus, his word obeying, thus 
Begins to speak : ' ' We have, O citizens, 
Seen Diomedes and the Argive camp ; 341 
And, meting out the journey, overpassed 
All hazards, and have touched the hand, 

whereby 
Fell Ilium's region. He Argyripa, 
His city, from his native city's name, 
A conqueror, was founding in the fields 
Of Iapygian Garganus. When once 
Entered within, and means of speaking 

deigned, 
Before him we our gifts present, and tell 
Our name and country ; who have brought 

the war 350 

On us ; what cause hath us to Arpi drawn. 
To these, when heard, he thus with gentle lip 
These [words] returned : ' O nations, happy 

starred, 
Saturnian realms, Ausonians dating high, 
What fortune is it rouses you at rest, 
And prompts you unknown battles to pro- 
voke ? 



356. " And who would run, that's moderately wise, 
A certain danger for a doubtful prize? .... 
You draw, insensibly, destruction near, 
And love the danger, which you ought to fear." 
Pomfret, Love Triwnphant over Reason. 



294 



255—274- 



THE jENEID. 



v. 274—297. 



Whoe'er of us have outraged with the sword 
The fields of Ilium, — I those [woes of ours] 
Pass by, which to the very dregs were 

drained, 
In battling underneath her stately walls ; 
What heroes that their Simois confines ; — 
We all, unutterable punishments 362 

Throughout the globe, and pains of crimes, 

have paid, 
A band, that pity e'en at Priam's hands 
Deserves ; [this] knows Minerva's plagueful 

star, 
And the Eubcean rocks, Caphareus too, 
Avenger. Since that warfare to a varied 

coast 
Forth driven, Menelaus, Atreus' son, 
As far as Proteus' pillars homeless roams ; 
Th' ^Etnean Cyclops hath Ulysses seen. 
Should I the realms of Neoptolemus 371 
Relate, Idomeneus' Penates, too, 
O'erthrown ? Or Locri, dwelling on the 

shore 
Of Libya ? E'en himself the Mycene chief 
Of mighty Greeks, by right hand of his 

spouse, 
Accursed, within his foremost thresholds 

died ; 
Crushed Asia the adulterer forelaid. 
[Why tell] that gods begrudged me, that, 

restored 
To altars of my country I should see 
My longed-for spouse, and Calydonthe fair ? 
Now too, of frightful aspect, monster forms 
Pursue me, and my comrades, lost, have 

sought 
The air with wings, and wander o'er the 

floods 383 

As birds, — ah ! awful vengeance on my 

[friends] — 



364. Even Shore pitied his erring wife : 

And can she hear it ? Can that delicate frame 

Endure the beating of a storm so rude ? 

Can she, for whom the various seasons chang'd, 

To court her appetite, and crown her board, 

For whom the foreign vintages were press'd, 

For whom the merchant spread his silken stores, 

Can she — 

Intreat for bread, and want the needful raiment 

To wrap her shiv'ring bosom from the weather ? 

When she was mine, no care came ever nigh her. 

I thought the gentlest breeze that wakes the 

spring 
Too rough to breathe upon her ; cheerfulness 
Danc'd all the day before her ; and at night 
Soft slumber waited on her downy pillow : — 
Now sad and shelterless, perhaps, she lies, 
Where piercing winds blow sharp, and the chill 

rain 
Drops from some pent-house on her wretched 

head, 
Drenches her locks, and kills her with the cold. 
It is too much ; — hence with her past offences ; 
They are aton'd at full." 

Rowe, Jane Shore, act v. 



And with their tearful voices fill the cliffs. 
These [ills], indeed, thenceforward were by 

me 
Anticipated, when a madman I 
Desired the heav'nly bodies for my sword, 
And Venus' right hand with a wound pro- 
faned. 
Sooth do not, do not drive me to such frays. 
Nor have I with the Trojans any war 391 
Since Pergamus was ruined ; nor do I 
Their ancient woes remember, nor [therein] 
Rejoice. The presents, which ye bring to 

me 
From your paternal coasts, do ye transfer 
T' ^Eneas. We have stood against his arms 
Of fierceness, and have hand with hand 

engaged : 
Trust one who has tried, — how grand he 

rises to his shield ! 
With what a whirlwind does he fling his 

lance ! 
If two such heroes the Idsean land 400 
Had borne besides, unchallenged would 

have come 
The Dardan to the towns of Inachus, 
And Greece would mourn her destinies re- 
versed. 
Whate'er delay was caused before the walls 
Of iron Troy, the conquest by the Greeks 
Halted through Hector's and ./Eneas' hand, 
And till the tenth year backward traced its 

steps : 
Both marked for courage, both for peerless 

arms ; 
This in his piety superior. Let right hands 
Unite for leagues, as far as 'tis vouch- 
safed : 410 
But have a care lest arms with arms may 

clash.' 
At once both what are th' answers of the 

king, 
O king most worthy, thou hast heard, and 

what 
Is his decision on the mighty war." 

These scarce the envoys ; when a varied 
buzz 
Throughout the Ausons' troubled lips there 



398. So Abdalla of Demetrius : 
" Too well I know him, since on Thracia's plains 
I felt the force of his tempestuous arm, 
And saw my scattered squadrons fly before him." 
Johnson, Irene, iv. 4. 

400. " Two more such women 

Would save their sex." 
J. Fletcher, Thierry and Theodoret, iv. 1. 

414. Surely responsa and sententia, vy. 294, 5, 
refer to the same person, — Diomed. Virgil fre- 
quently omits his prepositions ; and to make bello a 
person seems very forced. 



v. 29: 



■319. 



BOOK XL 



v. 320—337. 



295 



As when the rocks delay the sweepy 

streams, 
A din arises from the prisoned gulf, 
And boom the neighb'ring banks with 

brawling waves. 
As soon as minds were calmed, and troub- 
lous tongues 420 
Were silent, having first addressed the gods, 
The king commences from his lofty throne : 
" Erenow, in sooth, that of our highest 
weal 
We had determined, Latins, I could both 
Desire, and it had been the better [course], 
At such an hour not council to convene, 
What time the foe is leaguering our walls. 
O citizens, unfitting warfare with a race 
Of gods, and with unconquered heroes, we 
Are waging, whom no battles weary out, 
Nor can they, vanquished, from the sword 

refrain. 431 

If any hope in the /Etolians' arms, 
Invited to us, ye have had, lay [this] 
Aside : a hope must each be to himself : 
But this, how spare, ye see. In what a 

wreck 
The rest of your affairs lie overwhelmed, 
Is all before your eyes and in your hands : 
Nor do I any one upbraid. What could 
The fullest valor be, has been ; the strife 
With the whole kingdom's force has been 

maintained. 440 

Now then, what be the notion of my 

wav'ring mind 
Will I unfold, and — your attention give — 
In [words] a few will teach. To me belongs 
An ancient region, next the Tuscan tide, 
Extended westward, far as and beyond 
The bourns of the Sicanians ; the Aurunci 
And the Rutuhans sow, and work with 

share 
The churlish hills, and graze their wildest 

[spots]. 

434. " No thought of flight, 

None of retreat, no unbecoming deed, 
That argued fear ; each on himself relied, 
As only on his arm the moment lay 
Of victory." Milton, P. L., b. vi. 

" We are circled round 
With danger ; o'er our heads, with sail-stretch'd 

wings, 
Destruction hovers, and a cloud of mischief 
Ready to break on us ; no hope left us 
That may divert it, but our sleeping virtue, 
Roused up by brave Timoleon." 

Massinger, 'The Bondman, i. 3. 
" I'll tell thee, my Tamira, 
Even at my falling fortune's deepest ebb, 
While all my outward state was most forlorn, 
Within I was a king." 

Macdonald, Fair Apostate, iii. end. 
448. " My soul, turn from them, turn we to survey 
Where rougher climes a nobler race display, 



Let all this district, and the piny tract 
Of lofty mountain be surrendered up 450 
To friendship with the Trojans ; and let us 
Impartial terms of covenant pronounce, 
And woo them to our kingdom as allies. 
Let them, if such a strong desire there be, 
Take up a settlement, and cities build. 
But if it is their mind, of other bourns to 

take 
Possession, and another nation['s land], 
And from our ground they can depart : let 

us 
Build twice ten vessels of Italian oak, 
Or more, if they can man them : by the 

wave 460 

Lies all material ; let themselves prescribe 
Both number and the model for the barks ; 
Give we the bronze, the hands, the naval 

stores. 
Moreo'er, to bear our message, and cement 
The leagues, it is our pleasure there should 

g° 

A hundred Latin envoys from our chiefest 
tribe, 

And in their hand outstretch the boughs of 
peace-; 

Our presents bearing, talents e'en of gold 

And iv'ry, and the badges of our realm, 

The chair and trabea. For the common- 
weal 470 

Deliberate, and aid our weakly state." 
Then the same hostile Drances, whom 
the fame 

Of Turnus spurred with crooked jealousy, 



Where the bleak Swiss their stormy mansions 

tread, 
And force a churlish soil for scanty bread. 
No product here the barren hills afford 
But man and steel, the soldier and his sword. 
No vernal blooms their torpid rocks array, 
But Winter ling'ring chills the lap of May ; 
No Zephyr fondly sues the mountain's breast, 
But meteors glare, and stormy glooms invest." 
Goldsmith, The Traveller. 

472, &c. Drances could not have said with Iden : 
" I seek not to wax great by others waning." 
Shakespeare, 2 K. Henry VI., iv. 10. 

He was more like Belial, as Milton describes him : 

" On the other side uprose 
Belial, in act more graceful and humane : 
A fairer person lost not Heaven ; he seem'd 
For dignity compos'd, and high exploit : 
But all was false and hollow. Though his tongue 
Dropp'd manna, and could make the worse appear 
The better reason, to perplex and dash 
Maturest counsels : for his thoughts were low ; 
To vice industrious, but to nobler deeds 
Timorous and slothful." P. L., b. ii. 

473. " Envy the next, Envy with squinted eyes ; 
Sick of a strange disease, his neighbour's 
health : 
Best lives he then, when any better dies ; 
Is never poor but in another's wealth. 



296 



v. 338—351. 



THE &NEID. 



v. 351—373. 



And bitter stings, wealth-rife, and in his 

tongue 
Superior, but his right hand chill in war; 
In counsels deemed no weak authority; 
In faction strong ; his mother's noble rank 
Proud birth bestowed him ; from his father | 

he 
A questionable one maintained ; — gets up 
And loads him with these taunts, and swells 

their wrath : 480 

" Upon a matter, that is dark to none, 
Nor needing voice of ours, thou seek'st 

advice, 
O gracious sovereign. All allow they know 
What may the welfare of the nation claim ; 
But hesitate to say. Let him vouchsafe 
Freedom of speech, and arrogance abate, 
Because of whose ill-omened management, 
And evil dealings,— truly I will speak, 
Though he may threaten me with arms and 

death, — 
So many lights of leaders see we set, 490 
And all the city sitting down in woe, 
The while he tempts the Trojan camp, on 

flight 



On best men's harms and griefs he feeds his fill ; 
Else his own maw doth eat with spiteful will : 
111 must the temper be, where diet is so ill. 

Each eye through divers optics slily leers, 

Which both his sight and objects self bely ; 
So greatest virtue as a moat appears, 

And molehill faults to mountains multiply. 
When needs he must, yet faintly then he praises ; 
Somewhat the deed, much more the means he 

raises : 
So marreth what he makes, and, praising most, 

dispraises." 

P. Fletcher, The Purple Island, vii. 66, 7. 

" Accursed jealousy ! 
O merciless, wild and unforgiving fiend ! 
Blindfold it runs to undistinguish'd mischief, 
And murders all it meets. Curst be its rage, 
For there is none so deadly ; doubly curs'd 
Be all those easy fools who give it harbour ; 
Who turn a monster on mankind, 
Fiercer than famine, war, or spotted pestilence ; 
Baneful as death, and horrible as hell." 

Rowe, Jane Shore, act iv. 

Peace, slave ; he is my noble friend, of noble 

blood, 
Whose fame's above the level of those tongues, 
That bark by custom at the brightest virtues, 
As dogs do at the moon." 
Tuke, The Adventures of Five Hours, act v. 

474, 5. So Queen Katherine says of Wolsey : 

" Your words, 
Domestics to you, serve your will, as 't please 
Yourself pronounce their office." 

Shakespeare, K. Henry VIII., ii. 4. 

3o. '• And yet there may 

Be malice in complaints. The flourishing oak, 
For his extent of branches, stature, growth, 
The darling, and the idol of the wood, 
Whose awful nod the under trees adore, 



Depending, and the sky affrights with arms. 
One also to those gifts, which thou dost bid, 
Full many, to the Dardans to be sent 
And gaged, thou, best of monarchs, one 

shouldst add ; 
Nor let the violence of any man 
O'erpow'r thee, that, a sire, thou shouldst 

not give 
Thy daughter to a peerless son-in-law, 
And worthy match, and by an endless 

league 500 

This peace cement. But if so great a dread 
Our minds and breasts there holds, let us 

beseech 
Himself, and crave the favor from himself : 
That he would yield ; — their proper right 

resign 
To king and country. Why so many times 
On open dangers dost thou send adrift 
Thy wretched citizens, O thou to Latium 
Of these calamities the head and source ? 
No safety [lies] in war ; a peace of thee 
We all, O Turnus, beg, — along with [this] 
The one inviolable pledge of peace. 511 
I first, whom thou imaginest thy foe, — 
And I at being so am naught concerned, — 
Lo ! suitor, come. Compassionate thine 

own ; 
Lay wrath aside, and, routed, go thy way. 
We deaths enough, discomfited, have seen, 
And made a wilderness of spacious fields. 
Or if renown hath influence, if thou 
Enwombest such high courage in thy breast, 
And if a palace, as thy dower, be 520 

So in thine heart ; — dare thou, and trust- 
fully 
Thy bosom bear confronted on the foe. 
Aye that indeed to Turnus there may fall 
A royal bride, we, despicable souls, 
A rout unsepulchred and undeplored, 
Are prostrate to be tumbled on the plains ! 
And now do thou, if any might be thine, 

Shook by a tempest, and thrown down, must 

needs 
Submit his curled head, and full-grown limbs 
To every common axe ; be patient, while 
The torture's put to every joint, the saws 
And engines making, with their very noise, 
The forests groan and tremble ; but not one, 
When it was in its strength and state, revil'd it, 
Whom poverty of soul, and envy, sends 
To gather sticks from the tree's wish'd-for ruin, 
The great man's emblem !" 

Shirley, The Royal Master, v. 2. 

505. " But, above all, 

Avoid the politic, the factious fool, 
The busy, buzzing, taking, hardened knave, 
The quaint smooth rogue, that sins against his 

reason, 
Calls saucy loud suspicion public zeal, 
And mutiny the dictates of his spirit." 

Otway, The Orp/uw, iii. 1. 



v. 374— 3»5- 



BOOK XL 



v. 385—397. 



297 



If thou hast any of thy native Mars, 
Look him, who challenges thee, in the 

face." 
Up kindled Turnus' passion at such 
words : 530 

He gives a groan, and from his bosom's 

depth 
These accents forces forth : " O Drances, 

sooth, 
Thou ever hast a plenteous store of prate 
Then, when the battles call for deeds ; and 

thou 
Art with the summoned fathers present first. 
But with thy words the court must not be 

palled, 
Which safely fly magnific from thee, whilst 
The ramparts' mound is holding back the 

foe, 
Nor are the trenches flowing o'er with blood. 
Then thunder on in eloquence, thy wont, 
And me with cowardice, thou Drances, 

charge, 
Since thy right hand hath caused so many 

heaps 542 

Of Trojans' slaughter, and each where thou 

mark'st 



530. " See, see ! King Richard doth himself appear, 
As doth the blushing discontented sun 
From out the fiery portal of the east, 
When he perceises the envious clouds are bent 
To dim his glory, and to stain the track 
Of his bright passage to the Occident." 

Shakespeare, K. Richard II., iii. 3. 
531. A bystander might have exclaimed : 
" Look down, ye spirits above ; for if there be 
A sight on earth worthy of you to see, 
'Tis a brave man, pursu'd by unjust hate, 
Bravely contending with his adverse fate." 
Tuke, The Adventures of Five Hours, act v. 
534. " There is no vice so simple, but assumes 
Some mark of virtue on his outward parts. 
How many cowards, whose hearts are all as false 
As stairs of sand, wear yet upon their chins 
The beards of Hercules and frowning Mars, 
Who, inward search'd, have livers white as milk !" 
Shakespeare, Merchant of Venice, iii. 2. 
540. "Thence on maturer judgment's anvil wrought, 
The polish'd falsehood's into public brought : 
Quick circulating slanders mirth afford, 
And reputation bleeds in ev'ry word." 

Churchill, The Apology. 
Goldsmith's village schoolmaster was likewise an 
egregious talker ; though the comparison does 
Drances too much honour : 
" In arguing, too, the parson own'd his skill, 

For ev'n though vanquish'd he could argue still ; 
While words of learned length, and thund'ring 

sound, 
Amaz'd the gazing rustics rang'd around ; 
And still they gaz'd, and still the wonder grew, 
That one small head should carry all he knew." 

Deserted Village. 
Yet Drances was not to be despised : 

" Throw but a stone, the giant dies." 

Matthew Green, The Spleen. 



The fields with trophies. What thy lively 

valor may 
Avail, thou mayest put to proof : not far, 
In sooth, have foemen to be sought by us : 
On every side do they beset the walls. 
March we against our enemies ? Why pause ? 
Shall aye thy Mars be in thy empty tongue, 
And in those feet [of thine] that run away ? 
1 /routed ?' Or can fairly any man, 551 
Thou scum, tax me with being routed, who 
Shall see swoln Tiber rise with Ilian blood, 
And, root and branch, Evander's family 
Fall'n prostrate, and the Arcads strip t of 

arms ? 
Not so have Bitias and huge Pandarus 
Found me on trial, and the thousand, whom 
I, conq'ror, in a day 'neath Tart'rus sent, 

549. " True courage scorns 
To vent her prowess in a storm of words ; 
And to the valiant actions speak alone : 
Then let my deeds approve me." 

Smollett, The Regicide, ii. 7. 

Ulysses says the opposite of Troilus : 
" Speaking in deeds, and deedless in his tongue." 
Shakespeare, Troilus a?id Cressida, iv. 5. 

" You cannot blast me with your tongue, and that's 
The strongest part you have about you." 
Beaumont and Fletcher, The Maid's Tragedy, 
iv. 2. 

550. " The grim logician puts them in a fright : 
'Tis easier far to flourish than to fight." 

Dryden, H ind and Pant/ier, P. iii. 

" Where was your soldiership? Why went not you 

out ? 
Why met you not the Tartar, and defied him? 
Drew your dead-doing^sword, and buckled with 

him? 
Shot through his squadrons like a fiery meteor? 
And, as we see a dreadful clap of thunder 
Rend the stiff-hearted oaks and toss their roots up, 
Why did not you so charge him ? You were sick 

then ; 
You, that dare taint my credit, slipp'd to bed then, 
Stewing and fainting with the fears you had." 
J. Fletcher, The Loyal Subject, iv. 5. 
The first two lines are quoted s£n. ii. /. 533. 

558. _ " I know no court but martial ; 

No oily language but the shock of arms ; 

No dalliance but with death ; no lofty measures, 

But weary and sad marches, cold and hunger, 

'Larums at midnight Valour's self would shake at : 

Yet I ne'er shrunk. Balls of consuming wildfire, 

That lick'd men up like lightning, have I laugh'd at, 

And toss'd 'em back again like children's trifles ; 

Upon the edges of my enemies' swords 

I have march'd like whirlwinds. Fury at this hand 

waiting, 
Death at my right ; Fortune my forlorn hope, 
When I have grappled with Destruction, 
And tugg'd with pale-fac'd Ruin, Night, and Mis- 
chief, 
Frighted to see a new day break in blood : 
And every where I conquer'd, — and for you, sir." 
J. Fletcher, The Mad Lover, i. 1. 

Turnus might have exclaimed with the exiled 
Duke: 



298 



v. 398 — 4 o6 » 



THE ^ENEID. 



v. 406 — 425. 



Cooped in their walls, and by a hostile trench 
Enclosed. ' No safety [lies] in war !' Chant 
thou 560 

The like, O madman, to the Dardan chief, 
And thine own int'rest. Then with whelm- 
ing fear 
Cease not to trouble all, and raise on high 
The powers of a nation conquered twice ; 
On th' other hand to sink Latinus' arms. 
Now e'en the chiefs of Myrmidonians quail 
At Phrygian arms ; now even Tydeus' son, 
Achilles, too, of Larissaean [birth] ; 
And backward from the Hadriatic waves 
The river Aufidus retreats. Aye when 570 

" Blow, blow, thou winter wind, 
Thou art not so unkind 

As man's ingratitude ; 
Thy tooth is not so keen, 
Because thou art not seen, 

Although thy breath be rude. 

" Freeze, freeze, thou bitter sky, 
That dost not bite so nigh 

As benefits forgot : 
Though thou the waters warp, 
Thy sting is not so sharp 
As friend remember'd not." 

Shakespeare, As You Like It, ii. 7. 

560. " Yes, peace has sweets 

That Hybla never knew ; it sleeps on down, 
CulPd gently from beneath the cherub's wing : — 
No bed for mortals ; man is warfare ; all 
A hurricane within." 

Brooke, Gustavus Vasa, ii. 8. 

562. " For public good to bellow all abroad 
Serves well the purposes of private fraud. 
Prudence by public good intends her own : 
If you mean otherwise, you stand alone." 

Churchill, The Conference. 

570. The commentators tell us that Quintilian 
has praised some archaism in v. 406 ; but, as he 
has not informed us whereabouts it lies, why should 
we fasten it upon vel guum, when the words, in 
their ordinary use, supply an excellent sense ? Vel 
is plainly a particle of transition ; and though the 
whole construction of the sentence which it intro- 
duces is different from that which precedes, yet it 
is just what might have been expected from a 
speaker who was in a state of great excitement. 
The bravery of Turnus had been impugned, and so 
he is naturally angry, and therefore abrupt. The 
meaning of the passage seems to be this : Turnus 
being most anxious for the war to proceed, seeks to 
weaken all the arguments which Drances had urged 
against it, by showing that they proceeded from 
sheer cowardice on the part of his adversary. 
First addressing Drances, he says : " Go on throw- 
ing everything into confusion by exciting the alarms 
of the weak ; magnify the powers of a race who 
have already been beaten twice, — once by Her- 
cules, and the other day by the Greeks ; detract 
from the prowess of your own nation, and the army 
of your prince ; tell us that Grecian chiefs are now 
obliged to quake at Trojan arms ; that Diomed is 
in dread, and Achilles panic-stricken ; and that 
such a horror has been raised by the very name of 
./Eneas, that even the rivers of Italy recoil in their 
courses, and fly backward from the sea. Do all 
this, and continue to do it, — because you are a 
coward. 



The villain of a hypocrite pretends 
That he is frighted at his brawls with me, 
And aggravates his charge with his alarm, — 
Thou never such a soul by this right hand, — 
Cease to be discomposed, — shalt lose ; with 

thee 
It may abide, and in that bosom rest. 

Now I to thee and to thy grand debates, 
O sire, return. If in our arms no hope 
Thou any further dost repose ; if we 
Are so forlorn, and with the army once 
Discomfited are utterly undone, 581 

Nor backward step hath Fortune ; peace let us 
Entreat, and slack right hands stretch forth. 

Yet, oh ! 
If aught we had of our accustomed worth, 
Before all others in my view is he 
Both blest in travails, and of spirit rare, 
Who, lest he aught the like should see, hath 

fallen 
In death, and with his mouth once champed 

the earth. 
But if with us there e'en resources [rest], 
And youth as yet uninjured, and for aid 
Cities and clans of Italy abound ; — 591 
But if, too, fame hath to the Trojans come 
With plenteous blood — their funerals have 

they, 
And o'er us all alike the storm [hath 

swept] ; — 
Why is it we disreputably faint 
In the first entrance ? Why before the trump 
Does quaking seize our limbs ? A length 

of time, 
And changeful travail of a chequered life 

" Aye, even when " (turning to the audience) 
" this hypocritical knave affects to feel afraid of 
violence at my hands, and magnifies the miserable 
grounds, which he may plead for the apprehension, 
by his own assumed terror ; though he speaks 
false, and knows it, yet he has counterfeited the 
fear, — only because he is a coward. But," (turn- 
ing to Drances,) "you need not be afraid ; for do 
not flatter yourself that I ever could condescend to 
sully my sword with the blood of such a dastard as 
you. Keep that pitiful spirit of yours, for all you 
need fear from me ; it may dwell with you for ever, 
for ever continue to animate that wretched breast, 
before I could stoop to disturb you in so con- 
temptible a possession." 
574. "He, when the nipping blasts of envy rise, 

Its guilt can pity, and its rage despise." 

Young, The Instalment. 

" Away, lewd railer ! Not thy slanderous throat, 
So fruitful of invectives, shall provoke me 
To wreak unworthy vengeance on thee." 

Smollett, The Regicide, ii. 7. 

Though an inferior spirit to Turnus might have 
counselled with Gloster : 

"Why should he live? to fill the world with 
words ?" Shakespeare, 3 K. Henry VI,, v. 5. 

588. See note on Mn. x. I. 670, &c. 



v. 426 — 44 8 - 



BOOK XL 



v. 449 — 466. 



299 



Hath matters to a better [state] restored ; 
Her visits paying o'er again by turns, 600 
Hath Fortune many mocked, and on firm 

ground 
Once more hath placed them. The iEtolian 

[prince] 
And Arpi will not stand to us for aid : 
But [yet] Messapus will, Tolumnius, too, 
The blest, and leaders whom so many tribes 
Have sent ; nor shall a scant renown attend 
The chos'n from Latium and Laurentine 

fields. 
With us, too, is, from Volscians' noble race, 
Camilla, leading on her troop of horse, 
And her battalions, blossoming in bronze. 
But if the Teucri for the contests me 611 
Alone demand, and that your pleasure 

proves, 
And I so much withstand the common good : 
Not so hath Conquest in aversion fled 
These hands, that I for such a glorious hope 
Should any thing to enterprise decline. 
With courage I against him will advance ; 
Though e'en the great Achilles he surpass, 
And don like armor, forged by Vulcan's 

hands. 
To you and to my consort's sire, Latinus, 
This life I, Turnus, second not to one 621 
Of those of olden days in bravery, 
Have hallowed. Me ^Eneas challenges 
Alone : and may he challenge me ! I pray. 
Nor Drances let the rather, — whether this 
Be wrath of gods, — atone for it by death ; 
Or prowess be and fame, — bear off [the 

palm]." 
They these [discussions] on their doubt- 
ful state 
With one another in contention held : 
./Eneas was advancing camp and line. 630 
A courier through the courts of royalty 
In mighty agitation, lo ! darts on, 
And with immense alarms the city fills : — 

614. " Grant me license 

To answer this defiance. What intelligence 
Holds your proud master with the will of Heaven, 
That, ere the uncertain die of war be thrown, 
He dares assure himself the victory ? 
Are his unjust invading arms of fire? 
Or those we put on, in defence of right, 
Like chaff, to be consumed in the encounter ? 
I look on your dimensions, and find not 
Mine own of lesser size ; the blood, that fills 
My veins, as hot as yours ; my sword as sharp, 
My nerves of equal strength, my heart as good ; 
And, confident we have the better cause, 
Why should we fear the trial '<" 

Massinger, The Bashful Lover, i. 2. 

624. " Neither are we 

bo unprovided as you think, my lord : 
He shall not need to seek us ; we will meet him, 
And prove the fortune of a day, perhaps 
Sooner than he expects." Ibid. 



That, in array embattled, from the flood 
Of Tiber Trojans and the Tyrrhene band 
Were swooping down throughout the plains. 

Forthwith 
Their minds were troubled, and the com- 
mons' breasts 
Convulsed, and wrath by no soft stimulants 
Uproused. They, flurried, call for arms in 

hand ; 
" Arms !" yell the youth. The mourning * 
fathers weep 640 

And mutter. Here on every side a cry, 
With changeful discord, rises loud to air : 
Not otherwise than in a lofty grove 
When flocks of birds by chance have lighted 

down, 
Or in Padusa's fishful stream hoarse swans 
Give forth a noise throughout the babbling 

pools. 
" Aye sooth !" cries Turnus, "O ye citizens, 
Seizing your opportunity, convene 
A council, and, ye sitters, praise a peace : 
Let them in arms upon the kingdom rush." 
Nor speaking more he tore himself away, 
And from the stately chamber quick with- 
drew. 
' ' Do thou, Volusus, to the Volscians' bands 
Give orders to be armed ; and lead, " saith he, 
" The Rutuli. The cavalry in arms, 655 
Messapus, Coras with thy brother, too, 
Spread o'er the spacious plains. Let some 
secure 

640. " Peace is despair'd ; 

For who can think submission ? War, then, war, 
Open or understood, must be resolved." 

Milton, P. L., b. i. 
649. Of course Turnus meant : 

" Shame on that friend, 
Who in the hour of danger can deliberate, 
And sit at ease, debating with Dame Counsel, 
While Action frowns and beckons him away." 
Macdonald, The Fair Apostate, i. 2. 
653. This activity on the part of Turnus, in spite 
of all that Drances had said, no doubt proceeded 
upon the principle, which Wolsey justifies to the 
king: 

" If I am 
Traduc'd by ignorant tongues, which neither know 
My faculties, nor person, yet will be 
The chronicles of my doing, let me say, 
'Tis but the fate of place, and the rough brake 
That virtue must go through. We must not stint 
Our necessary actions, in the fear 
To cope malicious censurers ; which ever, 
As ravenous fishes, do a vessel follow 
That is new trimm'd, but benefit no farther 
Than vainly longing, what we oft do best, 
By sick interpreters, (once weak ones,) is 
Not ours, or not allow'd ; what worst, as oft, 
Hitting a grosser quality, is cried up 
For our best act. If we shall stand still, 
In fear our motion will be mock'd or carp'd at, 
We should take root here, where we sit, or sit 
State statues only." 

Shakespeare, K. Henry VIII. t i. 2. 



300 



v. 466—487. 



THE ^NEID. 



487—508. 



The city avenues, and man the towers ; 
Let the remainder of the force with me 
Bring arms to bear, where'er shall I com- 
mand." 660 
They straight thro'out the city to the walls 
Run to and fro. The council and his grand 

designs 
Does he himself, the sire Latinus, quit, 
And, troubled at the dismal crisis, he 
Adjourns them, and heaps many a reproach 
Upon himself, that he had not received 
Dardan ./Eneas of his own accord, 
And to the city as his daughter's spouse 
Admitted him. Some delve before the gates, 
Or carry stones and stakes. The trumpet 
hoarse 670 

The bloody signal for the battle gives. 
Mothers and boys then crowned with motley 

ring 
The walls ; their latest travail summons all. 
Moreover, to the fane and highest towers 
Of Pallas, with a bevy vast of dames, 
The queen is carried up, presenting gifts, 
And her companion by her side, the maid 
Lavinia, fountain of calamity 
So grievous, downcast in her lovely eyes. 
Pass in the matrons, and with incense fume 
The fane, and from the lofty gate outpour 
Sad words : "Arms-puissant, patroness of 
war, 682 

Tritonian maiden, shatter with thy hand 
The Phrygian pirate's weapon, and himself 
Do thou lay prostrate headlong on the earth, 
And fling him forth beneath the lofty gates. " 
In emulation storming, Turnus' self 
Is girded for the conflicts. And so now 



679. So Davenant represents Gartha : 
' Thro' all the camp she moves with fun'ral pace, 
And still bowes meekly down to all she saw ; 
Her grief gave speaking beauty to her face, 
Which lowly look'd, that it might pitty draw." 
Gondibert, ii. 3, 51. 

' When graceful Sorrow in her pomp appears, 
Sure she is dress'd in Melesinda's tears. 
Your head reclin'd, (as hiding grief from view,) 
Droops like a rose surcharg'd with morning dew." 
Dryden, Aurtmgzebe, iii. 1. 

683. So Nennius, at the temple of the Druids : 

' Thou great Tiranes, whom our sacred priests, 
Armed with dreadful thunder, place on high 
Above the rest of the immortal gods, 
Send thy consuming fires and deadly bolts, 
And shoot 'em home ; stick in each Roman heart 
A fear fit for confusion ; blast their spirits, 
Dwell in 'em to destruction ; thorough their 

phalanx 
Strike, as thou strik'st a proud tree ; shake their 

bodies, 
Make their strengths totter, and their topless 

fortunes 
Unroot, and reel to ruin." 

Beaumont and Fletcher, Bonduca, iii. 1. 



In his Rutulian habergeon bedight, 
In scales of bronze he bristled, and his legs 
Had cased in gold, still bare upon his brows, 
And to his side had buckled on his sword, 
And, from the lofty fortress posting down, 
[All] gold he sparkled, and in spirit bounds, 
And now in hope anticipates the foe : 695 
As when, his fetters burst, the racks hath fled 
The courser, free at last, and having gained 
The open field, he either bends [his way] 
To feeding grounds, and to the herds of 

mares, 
Or, in the water's well-known rivulet 700 
Accustomed to be bathed, he sallies forth, 
And, wantoning with crest high lifted, 

neighs, 
And o'er his neck, o'er shoulders, plays his 

mane. 
Whom coming in his path Camilla meets, 
A squadron of the Volsci in her train, 
And from her charger, 'neath the very gates, 
Down sprang the queen, whom copying, 

all the troop, 
With horses left, dropped down upon the 

ground : 
Then such she speaks : " If, Turnus, any 

trust 
Of self dwells justly in the brave, I dare, 
And I engage to meet the yEneads' band, 
And march alone against the Tuscan horse. 
Let me with hand essay war's op'ning risks ; 
Do thou on foot continue by the walls, 714 
And guard the city." Turnus [saith] to 

these, 
On the dread maiden riveting his eyes :' 
' ' O maid, Italia's pride, what thanks to 

speak, 



697. "Where, fearless of the hunt, the hart se- 
curely stood, 

And every where walk'd free, a burgess of the 
wood." Drayton, Polyolbion, s. 18. 

" The exile feels 
Returning warmth, like some neglected steed 
Of noblest temper, from his wonted haunts 
Who long hath languish'd in the lazy stall ; 
Call'd forth, he paws, he snuffs th' enliv'ning air; 
His strength he proffers in a cheerful neigh 
To scour the vale, to mount the shelving hill, 
Or dash from thickets close the sprinkling dew." 
Glover, Athenaid, b. v. 

" Nature imprints upon whate'er we see, 
That has a heart and life in it, Be free. 
The beasts are charter'd ; neither age nor force 
Can quell the love of freedom in a horse : 
He breaks the cord, that held him at the rack ; 
And, conscious of an unincumber'd back, 
Snuffs up the morning air, forgets the rein ; 
Loose fly his forelock and his ample mane ; 
Responsive to the distant neigh he neighs ; 
Nor stops, till, overcoming all delays, 
He finds the pasture where his fellows graze." 
Cowper, Charity. 



v. 509—538. 



BOOK XL 



v. 539—559- 



301 



Or what to recompense, can I prepare ? 
But now, since stands that soul above all 

[risks] 
Do thou along with me partake the toil, 
^neas, as report and scouts despatched 
Assurance bring, light weaponed cavalry- 
Hath in advance unscrupulously sent, 723 
That they may scour the champaign; he 

himself 
Along a mountain's unfrequented heights, 
Its brow o'erpassing, nigh the city draws. 
I in a winding pathway of the wood 
Plan crafts of war, — with soldiery in arms 
To block the entrance with its twain defiles. 
Do thou the Tyrrhene horsemen, standards 

joined, 730 

Engage ; with thee will be Messapus fierce, 
And Latium's brigads, and Tiburtus' bands : 
Do thou as well the gen'ral's charge assume." 
On this wise speaks he, and with like address 
Cheers on Messapus and the fed'rate chiefs 
To battle, and advances on the foe. 
A glen there is with serpentizing bend, 
Suited for ambush and the wiles of war ; 
Which either side dark hems with clustered 

leaves ; 
"Whither a scanty path conducts, and lead 
Confined defiles and jealous avenues. 741 
Above this [glen], upon the mountain-heights 
And topmost crest, there lies a flat unknown, 
And safe retreats ; or if upon the right 
And on the left you list to meet the fray, 
Or from the brows attack, and roll huge 

stones. 
Hither along the path's familiar line 
The youth is borne, and on the post he 

seized, 
And couched in ambush in unrighteous 

woods. 
Meanwhile Latonia in the seats above 
Fleet Opis, one of her companion maids, 
And of her holy retinue, addressed, 752 
And these sad accents uttered from her lip : 
" Camilla marches to the murd'rous war, 
O maid, and in our arms is girt in vain, 
To me beyond [all] other [virgins] dear ; 
For not to Dian fresh this love hath come, 
And stirred her spirit with a sudden charm. 



737. " O'erbreath'd we come where, 'twixt impend- 
ing hills, 
Ran the joint current of two gurgling rills ; 
On either hand, adown each fearful steep, 
Hung forth the shaggy horrors, dark and deep : 
Here, thro' brown umbrage, glow'd the vivid green, 
And headlong slopes, and winding paths between ; 
Growth above growth, tall trees arose, 
The tops of these scarce veil'd the roots of those ; 
A winding court where wandering Fancy walk'd, 
And to herself responsive Echo talk'd." 

Brooke, The Fox-Chase. 



Forced from his realm through [popular] 
dislike, 759 

And his haught violence, when Metabus 
Departed from Privernum['s] ancient town, 
He flying right amid the frays of war, 
The babe, the partner in his banishment, 
Bore off, and from its mother's name, ' Cas- 

milla,' 
He called her, — by a portion of it changed, — 
' Camilla.' In his bosom he himself 
Before him carrying [the infant], sought 
The distant summit of the lonely woods. 
Fell weapons harassed him on every side, 
And, with their soldiery dispread around, 
[About him] did the Volsci hover. Lo ! 
Amid his flight, upon its highest banks 77 2 
The Amasenus overflowing foamed ; 
So great a shower from the clouds had burst. 
He, as to swim it he prepares, is stayed 
By his affection for the babe, and fears 
For his beloved burden. In a trice, 
In him, revolving all within himself, 
Scarce settled this resolve : — a weapon huge, 
Which in his stalwart hand the warrior 

chanced 780 

To carry, hard with knots and fire- dried 

oak : — 
To this his child, in bark and wild- wood 

cork 
Encased, he binds, and deftly fitted, round 
He ties her to the centre of the lance ; 
Whom poising in his giant right hand, thus 
He speaks to heav'n : ' Boon patroness of 

woods, 
To thee this [babe], Latonian maid, do I, 
Her sire, myself thy servant dedicate ; 
Thine arms, her first, she grasping, through 

the air 
Is in submission flying from her foe. 790 

759. " Thus kings, by grasping more than they 
could hold, 
First made their subjects by oppression bold ; 
And popular sway, by forcing kings to give 
More than was fit for subjects to receive, 
Ran to the same extremes ; and one excess 
Made both, by striving to be greater, less." 

Sir John Denham, Cooper's Hill. 

766. Chaucer has a touching instance of parental 
tenderness ; in which the following occurs : 
" Hire litel child lay weping in hire arm, 
And kneling pitously to him she said : 
Pees, litel sone, I wol do thee no harm. 
With that hire couverchief of hire hed she braid, 
And over his litel eyen she it laid, 
And in hire arme she lulleth it ful fast, 
And into the heven hire eyen up she cast." 

'1 he Man of Laives Tale. 

769. " The sword behind him flash'd ; before him 
roar'd, 
Deaf to his woes, the deep. Forlorn, around 
He roll'd his eye." 

Thomson, Liberty, P. iv. 662^5. 



302 



v. 560 — 582. 



THE ^NEID. 



v. 582—594. 



Receive, goddess, I entreat, thine own, 
Who now is trusted to uncertain winds.' 
He said, and with his indrawn arm he flings 
The spear-shaft whirled around ; the billows 

boomed ; 
Ill-starred Camilla o'er the sweepy tide 
On whizzing jav'lin flies. But Metabus, — 
Now nearer closing him a mighty troop, — 
Resigns him to the flood, and, in success, 
The jav'lin with the maid he tears away, 
A gift to Trivia from the grassy turf. 800 
Him not within their dwellings, nor their 

walls, 
Admitted any cities : nor would he 
Have stooped to them himself through 

fierceness : e'en 
In lonely mounts he passed a shepherd's life. 
His daughter here in brakes, and 'mid dread 

haunts, 
Upon the dugs and wild milk of a mare, 
Belonging to the herd, he nourished up, 
Milking its nipples in her tender lips. 
And soon as ever with her footsoles first 
The babe her steps had planted [on the 

ground], 810 

With pointed javelin did he arm her hands, 
And from the shoulder of the tiny [maid] 
Hung arrows and a bow. For hairy gold, 
For the investment of a trailing robe, 
Along her back down wimples from her neck 
A tiger's hide. E'en then her babish darts 
From dainty hand she flung, and round her 

head 
A sling she flourished with a rounded thong, 
And Strymon's crane, or snowy swan, struck 

down. 
Her many a mother through the Tuscan 

towns 820 

Desired for their daughter-in-law in vain : 



796. Telum, hasta, hastile, and jaculum (v. 
545-563) are all used of the same weapon, unless 
hastile means the shaft ; which is doubtful. 

805. Camilla might have said with Comus : 
" I know each lane, and every alley green, 
Dingle, or bushy dell of this wild wood, 
And every bosky bourn from side to side, 
My daily walks and ancient neighbourhood." 
Milton, Comus. 
" What art thou, that into this dismal place, 
Which nothing could find out but misery, 
Thus boldly step'st ? Comfort was never here ; 
Here is no food, nor beds, nor any house 
Built by a better architect than beasts ; 
And ere you get a dwelling from one of them, 
You must fight for it." 
Beaumont and Fletcher, Cupid 's Revenge, v. 4. 
807. How armentalis eqitoe can be tortured into 
" brood-mare," is hard to comprehend. Is not the 
expression exactly equivalent to Homer's /3oy? 
ayeAaia {Iliad, 11, 728), which means, "still in 
the herd," i. e., "wild?" 

821. Or: " In vain desired as partner for a son." 



She, only with Diana satisfied, 
The deathless love of darts and maidenhood 
Unsullied cherishes. I [fain] could wish 
She had not been by such a warfare seized, 
The Teucer-race essaying to attack : 
How precious would she be to me, and one 
Of my attendant maids ! But come, since she 
Is pressed by bitter destinies, glide down, 
O Nymph, from heav'n, and visit Latium's 

bourns, 830 

Where is with luckless omen set abroach 
The rueful fray. Take these, and from its 

sheath 
Draw forth a vengeful bolt : herewith, 

whoe'er 
Her hallowed body shall have by a wound 
Profaned, — a Trojan or Italian, — he 
To me in equal sort shall by his blood 
Pay forfeit. I then in a hollow cloud 
The pitiable [virgin's] corse, and arms 
Unplundered, to the sepulchre will bear, 

822. So Chaucer, of Zenobia : 

" From hire childhode I finde that she fledde 
Office of woman, and to wode she went ; 
And many a wilde harte's blood she shedde 
With arwes brode, that she to hem sent ; 
She was so swift, that she anon hem hent. 
And whan that she was elder, she wold kille 
Leons, lepards, and beres al to-rent, 
And in hire armes weld hem at hire wille. 

" She dorst the wilde bestes dennes seke 
And rennen in the mountaignes all the night, 
And sleep under the bush." The Monkes Tale. 

823. Perhaps she might have been less resolute, 
had her shepherd-wooers learned the art of court- 
ship from Marlow's exquisite song : 

" Come Hue with me, and be my loue, 
And we will all the pleasures proue, 
That vallies, groues, hills, and fields, 
Woods, or steepie mountaine yeelds. 

" And we will sit vpon the rockes, 
Seeing the shepheards feede their flockes 
By shallow riuers ; to whose falls 
Melodious birds sing madrigalls. 

" And I will make thee beds of roses, 
And a thousand fragrant poesies, 
A cap of flowers, and a kirtle 
Imbroydered all with leaues of mirtle. 

" A gowne made of the finest wooll, 
Which from our pretty lambs we pull ; 
Faire lined slippers for the cold, 
With buckles of the purest gold. 

" A belt of straw, and iuie buds, 
With coral clasps and amber studs : 
And if these pleasures may thee moue, 
Then Hue with me, and be my loue. 

*' The shepheard swaines shall dance and sing, 
For thy delight each May-morning : 
If these delights thy minde may moue, 
Then liue with me and be my loue." 

England's Helicon, The Passionate She/heard 
to his Loue. 



v. 594— 6i: 



BOOK XL 



v. 618 — 649. 



303 



And reinstate them in her native land." 

She said; but through the buoyant gales 

of heaven 841 

The other swooping down gave forth a sound, 

In murky whirlwind vested round her form. 

But meanwhile to the walls the Trojan 

band 

Draws near, and Tuscan chiefs, and all the 

host 
Of horsemen ranged by number into troops. 
Through the whole champaign neighs the 

prancing steed, 
And fights against the tightened reins, 

whirled round 
To this side and to that. Then far and wide 
A field of iron bristles with their spears, 
And glow the plains with arms on high. 
Messapus, too, 851 

Upon the other side, and Latins fleet," 
And, with his brother, Coras, and the maid 
Camilla's wing, confronted on the field, 
Appear, and, with their right hands drawn 

aback, 
Their lances to a distance they outstretch, 
And whirl their missiles ; and th' approach 

of men, 
And snort of horses waxes louder still. 
And now, within a javelin-cast advanced, 
Each [host] had halted : with a sudden shout 
They burst away, and cheer their fuming 
steeds. 861 

They pour at once on every side their darts, 
Thick in the guise of snow, and heav'n is 

veiled 
In shade. Straight, forcing with confronted 

spears, 
Hurtle Tyrrhenus and Aconteus keen, 
And are the first to cause a crash, with din 
Prodigious, and their horses' battered chests 
To chests they dash. Aconteus, pitched 

abroad, 
In fashion of a thunderbolt, or charge, 
Shot from an engine, headlong flings [him- 
self] 870 
Afar, and life he scatters to the gales. 
The lines are straight discomfited, and back 

840. If the reader should wish to be introduced 
into the kind of scene, which the poet briefly de- 
scribes in the foregoing passage, let him read the 
6th canto of the 3rd book of the Faerie Queene ; 
and he will be charmed. 

841. " I see His ministers ; I see, diffus'd 
In radiant orders, essences sublime, 
Of various offices, of various plume, 
In heavenly liveries, distinctly clad, 
Azure, green, purple, pearl, or downy gold, 
Orallcommix'd. They stand, with wings outspread, 
Listening to catch the Master's least command, 
And fly through Nature, ere the moment ends ; 
Numbers innumerable." 

Young, The Complaint, N. «. 



The routed Latins throw away their shields, 
And towards Sthe city wheel around their 

steeds. 
The Trojans hunt them : at their head the 

troops 
Leads on Asilas. And they now approached 
The portals, and the Latins raise again 
A shout, and pliant necks turn round : these 

And with full granted reins are carried back : 
As when, advancing -with alternate flood, 
The ocean now swoops onward to the lands, 
And with its surge the rocks o'erlays, in 
foam, 882 

And drenches with its curve the farthest 

sand ; 
Now backwards swift, and sucking in again 
The shingle by the tide rolled back, it flies, 
And with retreating shallow quits the shore. 
Twice did the Tuscans to their walls pursue 
The routed Rutuli : they, twice rebuffed, 
Face towards them as they screen their 

backs with arms. 
But when they for the third encounters met, 
They mutually entangled their whole lines, 
And singled man his man. Then sooth 
[ensues] 892 

E'en groan of those in death, and in deep 

blood 
Both arms, and corses, and half-living steeds, 
With heroes' carnage blent, are rolled along. 
A battle fierce springs up. Orsilochus 
On Remulus's charger, since himself 
He dreaded to assail, hurled forth a lance, 
And left the steel behind, beneath its ear ; 
With which its stroke the charger fumes aloft, 
And, of the wound impatient, tosses high 
Its legs, with chest uplifted. He, unhorsed, 
Is rolled along the ground. Catillus [fells] 
Iollas, and, a giant in his soul, 
A giant in his body and in arms, 
Herminius overthrows : on whose bare head 
[Wave] yellow locks ; his shoulders, too, 

are bare; 
Nor him do wounds alarm : so much he lies 
Exposed to weapons. Through his shoulders 

broad 
The driven spear stands quiv'ring, and, shot 
through, 910 

It doubles up the warrior with the pang. 
In every quarter sable gore is shed ; 
They, vying, deal destruction with the sword, 
And seek by wounds an honorable death. 
But 'mid the centre of the slaughtered 
heaps, 
Forth prances an Amazon, on one breast 



916. In the face of exsultat Amazon, v. 648, is 
one to write: "An Amazon forth prances," &c. \ 



304 



v. 649 — 679. 



THE ^NEID. 



v. 679 — 708. 



Stript for the fight, Camilla, quiver-armed, 
And, scatt'ring with her hand, now showers 

thick 
The limber jav'lins; now with her right 

hand 
A sturdy battle-axe with double edge 920 
Unwearied seizes. From her shoulder rings 
A golden bow, and Dian's armory. 
She, too, if ever, driven rearward, she 
Retired, aims arrows flying from a bow 
Reversed. But round [her stood] choice 

virgin-mates, 
Alike the maid Larine, and Tulla [too], 
Tarpeia, also, swaying axe of bronze, 
Italian ladies ; whom t' herself a grace, 
Herself divine Camilla singled out, 
Her worthy handmaids both in peace and 

war. 930 

Such as when Thracian Amazonians strike 
Thermodon's floods, and fight in painted 

arms; 
Or' round Hippolyte, or when returns 
Mars-sired Penthesilea in her car, 
And with loud yelling uproar women-troops 
Bound forth with moony shields. Whom 

first with dart, 
Whom last, fierce damsel, dost thou over- 
throw ? 
Or what the count of dying bodies thou 
Upon the ground dost prostrate lay ? The 

first, 
Eunaeus, of his father Clytius [sired], 940 
Whose opened bosom, as he stands in front, 
She with a lengthful fir[-shaft] pierces thro'. 
He, rivulets of blood disgorging, falls, 
And bites the gory ground, and as he dies 
He writhes himself about upon his wound. 
Then Liris [she destroys], and Pagasus be- 
sides : 
Of whom the one, rolled backward from his 

horse, 
Beneath him wounded, while he gathers up 
The reins ; the other, while he comes in aid, 
And towards him, as he sinks, a weak right 

hand 950 

Outstretches ; — headlong and at once they 

fall. 
To these Amaster, son of Hippotas, 
She adds, and, plying with her spear afar, 
Pursues both Tereus, and Harpalycus, 
Alike Demophoon and Chromis ; and as 

many darts 
As, from her hand discharged, the maiden 

launched, 
So many Phrygian heroes fell. Far off, 
The hunter Ornytus, in armor strange, 
And on an Iapygian steed, is borne, 
Whose shoulders broad, a warrior, palls a 

hide 960 



Reft from a steer ; a wolfs huge grinning 

mouth, 
And jaws with snowy grinders, screened 

his head ; 
And arms his hands a clownish truncheon ; he 
Is in continued motion 'mid the troops, 
And by a head entire above them stands. 
Him, intercepted, — for it was no toil, 
His troop discomfited, — she pierces through. 
And these, moreover, speaks with hostile 

breast : 
"Didst thou imagine, Tuscan, thou didst 

chase 
Wild animals in woods? The day hath come, 
Which by a woman's arms will have dis- 
proved 971 
Your words. Still this, no light distinc- 
tion, thou 
Shalt carry to the Manes of thy sires, — 
That thou hast fallen by Camilla's dart." 
She next Orsilochus and Butes [slays], 
Of Teucer's sons thetwain most bulky frames : 
But Butes, turned away, with point of spear 
Between the corselet and the casque she 

pierced, 
Where, as he sits, conspicuous is his neck, 
And from his left arm down his buckler 

hangs : 980 

Fleeing, and hunted thro' a spacious ring, 
In circle narrower, Orsilochus 
She mocks, and her pursuer she pursues. 
Then her stout axe both thro' the hero's arms, 
And thro' his bones, uprising higher, whilst 
He's suing, and outpouring many a prayer, 
She drives and drives again : with his hot 

brains 
The wound bedews his face. Across her 

came, 
And halted, at the sudden sight appalled, 
Haunter of Apennine, the warrior-son 990 
Of Aunus, of Ligurians not the last, 
While destinies permitted him to cheat. 
He too, when now he sees that by no flight 
He can escape the fray, nor turn aside 
The pressing queen : — essaying to contrive 
His stratagems with policy and craft, 
Begins these [words] : " What so surpassing 

[feat], if thou, 
A woman, trustest to a gallant steed ? 
Forego thy [means of] flight, and hand to 

hand 
With me commit thee to the righteous 

ground, 1000 

And gird thee for a fight on foot ; thou soon 
Shalt know to whom vain bragging brings 

the praise." 



998. That is, though a woman ; for it weakens 
the passage to make femina, v. 705, the vocative 



v. 709—731- 



BOOK XL 



v. 732—759. 



305 



He said ; but she in fury, and afire 
With keen vexation, to a comrade hands 

her horse, 
And stands opposed to him in even arms, 
Afoot with naked falchion, and unawed 
With spotless buckler. But the youth 

himself, 
Supposing he had triumphed by his trick, 
Flies off, — there's no delay, — and with the 

reins 
Shifted around, a runagate, is borne away, 
And tires his nimble steed with ironed heel. 
' ' False Ligur, and in vain with haughty soul 
Uplifted, idly thou, a slipp'ry [knave], 
Thy country's crafts hast tried, nor shall thy 

guile 1014 

To lying Aunus thee in safety bear." 
These speaks the maiden, and with nimble 

soles, 
Flame-like, outstrips him with the pace of 

steeds ; 
And, bridle seized, she meets him to his 

face, 
And takes her vengeance on his hostile 

blood : 
As readily a falcon, hallowed bird, 1 020 
Pursues with pinions from a lofty rock, 
A dove high poised in cloud, and gripes her 

clutched, 
And disembowels her with hooky claws ; 
Then blood and rifled feathers drop from 

heaven. 
But, watching these with not unheedful 

eyes, 
The sire of men and gods sits on' the crest 
Of heav'n aloft. The father rouses up 
Tyrrhenian Tarcho to the felon fights, 
And with no mild incentives wrath instils. 
So Tarcho 'mid the slaughter, and the 

yielding troops, 1030 

Is borne upon his steed, and goads the wings 
In sundry accents, calling each by name, 
And rallies to the frays his routed men. 



1032. So Talbot was equally horrified by his 
countryman's behaviour, on the attack by Joan of 
Arc: 

" My thoughts are whirled like a potter's wheel ; 
I know not where I am, or what I do. 
A witch by fear, not force, like Hannibal, 
Drives back our troops, and conquers as she lists : 
So bees with smoke, and doves with noisome 

stench, 
Are from their hives and houses driven away. 
They call'd us for our fierceness English dogs ; 
Now, like to whelps, we crying run away. 
Hark, countrymen ! either renew the fight, 
Or tear the lions out of England's coat ; 
Renounce your soil, give sheep in lions' stead : 
Sheep run not half so timorous from the wolf, 
Or horse, or oxen, from the leopard, 
As you fly from your oft-subdued slaves." 

Shakespeare, 1 K. IIe?iry VI., i. 5. 



"What fear, O ye who ne'er will feel 

aggrieved, 
O ever mopish Tuscans, what such gross 
Poltroonery within your souls hath come ? 
You rovers doth a woman hound, and turns 
These your battalions ? Wherefore sword, 

or why 
These unavailing weapons, do we bear 
In our right hands ? But not for Venus slow 
And .nightly brawls, or, when the bending 

pipe 1 04 1 

Of Bacchus hath proclaimed the choirs, to 

wait 
The cates and goblets of the plenteous 

board, — 
This is your passion, this your aim, — the 

while 
Auspicious seer his holy tidings tells, 
And fatted victim calls to lofty groves." 
These having uttered, on the midmost he. 
That e'en would die himself, his charger 

spurs, 
And, charing, bears him against Venulus, 
And, torn from off his horse,he grasps the foe 
With his right hand, and with prodigious 

force 105 1 

Before his bosom quickly bears him off. 
A shouting to the welkin is upraised, 
And all the Latins turned about their eyes. 
The fiery Tarcho flies along the plain, 
His arms and hero bearing ; then from off 
His own lance-tip he snaps away the steel, 
And ransacks the uncovered parts, where he 
May deal the deathful wound; on th' other 

hand, 
Against him th' other fighting, from his throat 
His right hand stays, and parries force by 

force. 
And as what time the golden eagless, high 
Upon the wing, bears off a serpent clutched, 
And into him hath doubled in her claws, 
And fastened with her pounces ; but the 

snake, 1065 

Wound-stricken, writhes about his coiling 

folds, 
And bristles with his elevated scales, 
And hisses with his mouth, uprising tall ; 
Him, as he struggles, none the less she plies 
With hooky beak ; she at the same time flaps 
The welkin with her wings : not otherwise, 
His booty from the men of Tibur's troop, 
Off Tarcho bears in triumph. Following 
The pattern and the fortune of their chief, 
Mseonia's sons rush on. Then Arruns, due 



1074. " But those fears, 

Feeling but once the fires of nobler thoughts, 
Fly, like the shapes of clouds we form, to nothing." 
Beaumont and Fletcher, Thierry and 
Tlicodoret, iv. 1 . 



306 



v. 759—794- 



THE jENEID. 



v. 794—819. 



To fates, with jav'lin, and with ample skill, 
Careers round fleet Camilla in advance, 1077 
And what may be his readiest chance essays. 
Where'er herself the chafing maiden threw 
In centre of the host, there Arruns comes 
Hard by, and silently surveys her steps : 
Where conq'ress she returns, and from the 
foe 1082 

Withdraws her foot, here stealthily the youth 
Turns off the hasty reins. Approaches these, 
And now approaches those, he traverses, 
And every circling range on every side ; 
And shakes the caitiff his unerring spear. 
By chance Chloreus, to Cybele devote, 
And erst her priest, distinguished shone afar 
In Phrygian arms, and urged his foaming 
steed, 1090 

Which a gold-buckled skin with scales of 

bronze, 
In feather-fashion palled. Himself, all- 
bright 
In foreign steely-blue and purple dye, 
Shot Cretan arrows from a Lycian bow ; 
Forth from his shoulders rings the bow of 

gold, 
And golden was the prophet's helm ; he next 
Both saffron cloak, and rustling folds of 

lawn, 
With tawny gold had gathered into knot ; 
His tunic, and his legs' outlandish greaves, 
With needle broidered. Him the huntress- 
maid, — 1 100 
Whether that she might on the temples'front 
His Trojan weapons fasten, or that she 
Might figure in his captured gold, — alone 
From all the battle's contest blind pursued, 
And heedlessly through all the army burned 
With woman's love of booty and of spoils : 
When Arruns, — his occasion seized at last, — 
A weapon from his ambush shoots, and thus 
The ,heav'nly pow'rs beseeches with his 

voice : 
"Most high of gods, divine Soracte's guard, 
Apollo, whom we foremost venerate, 1 1 1 1 
Whose blaze of fir is fuelled by a pile, 
And we, thy vot'ries, on our holiness 
Relying, through the centre of the fire 
Our footsteps plant on plenteous living coal ; 
Vouchsafe, almighty sire, that this disgrace 
Be from our arms expunged ! Not stript-off 

gear 
Or trophy of a vanquished maid, or aught 
Of plunder do I seek. My other feats 
Shall bring me credit. So that this dread 
plague, 1 120 

Struck by a wound from me, may fall, un- 

famed 
I to my native city shall return." 
Apollo heard, and granted in his soul 



That of the prayer a part should reach its 

end ; 
A part he scattered to the wingy gales. 
That he should fell by sudden death the 

mazed 
Camilla, to the suitor he vouchsafes ; 
That him, returned, his glorious native land 
Should see, — he granted not ; and [this] 

request 
The tempests turned away upon the winds. 
Accordingly, when, from his hand dis- 
charged, 1 131 
The lance along the breezes gave a sound, 
The Volsci all their keen attention bent, 
And carried towards the queen their eyes. 

She naught 
Regardful, neither of the breeze, nor sound, 
Nor of the weapon swooping from the sky ; 
Till, plunged beneath her bosom bared, the 

lance 
It stuck, and, driven home, deep drank her 

maiden blood. 
Her wildered retinue together haste, 
And raise their fallen mistress. Arruns flies, 
Stunned above all with joy and mingled 

fright; 1 141 

Nor dares he venture any more to trust 
His spear, nor meet the weapons of the maid. 
And as, before the hostile darts pursue, 
Some famous wolf hath straight to lofty 

mounts, 
From path aloof, retired, — a shepherd slain 
Or stately steer, — aware of his bold deed, 
And, drawing in his tail, that shakes with 

fear, 
Hath laid it 'neath his paunch, and sought 

the woods : 
Not otherwise, wild Arruns from their view 
Removed himself, and satisfied with flight, 
He mixed him up among the central arms. 
She, dying, with her hand the bolt with- 
draws ; JI 53 
But in her ribs, among the bones, stands 

[fixed] 
The steely spear-point in the deepsome 

wound. 
She bloodless sinks ; sink cold in death her 

eyes ; 



1125. Milton alludes to the same idea : 

" To Heaven their prayers 
Flew up, nor miss'd the way, by envious winds 
Blown vagabond or frustrate." 

P. L., b. xi. 14-16. 
1129. Or: " his voice." 

1 140. " But hollow men, like horses hot at hand, 
Make gallant show and promise of their mettle ; 
But when they should endure the bloody spur, 
They fall their crests, and, like deceitful jades, 
Sink in the trial." 

Shakespeare, Julius C&sar, iv. 2. 



v. 8 19 — 851. 



BOOK XL 



v. 851- 



307 



The hue, once rosy, hath her features left. 
Then, as she dies, she Acca thus accosts, 
One of her fellows, who before the rest 
Alone was to Camilla true, with whom 
She used to share her cares ; and these thus 
speaks: I 161 

" Thus far I, sister Acca, have availed ; 
A bitter wound now brings me to my end, 
And all in murk is waxing dark around. 
Fly off, and carry these my last behests 
To Turnus : to the fight t' advance, and drive 
The Trojans from the town. And now fare- 
well !" 
At the same instant with these words she 

loosed 
The reins, as she is sinking to the earth 
Not of her own free will. Then, cold, by 
slow degrees 1 1 70 

From her whole body she herself released, 
And her lithe neck and death-caught head 

laid down, 
Her arms abandoning ; and with a groan 
The life disdainful flies beneath the shades. 
Then of a truth past measure, does a cry 
Arising, strike the golden stars ; the fray 
More bloody grows, Camilla overthrown ; 
At once close hurtle all the Teucri's host, 
And Tuscan chieftains, and Evander's 
Arcad wings. 
But long since Opis, Trivia's sentinel, 
Aloft is sitting on the mountain-tops, 1181 
And gazing on their tourneys unalarmed. 
And when afar, amid the yell of youths 
In frenzy, she Camilla spied, amerced 
In rueful death, she both gave forth a groan, 
And heaved these accents from her lowest 

breast : 
" Ah ! too, too barbarous a penalty, 
O maiden, thou hast paid, for having tried 
The Teucri to provoke in war ! Nor thee, 
All lonely in the brakes, hath it bestead 
Diana to have worshipped, or have worn 
Our quivers on thy shoulder. Still, thy queen 
Hath not forsaken thee, dishonored, now 
In death's extremity ; nor this thy end 
Shall thro' the nations be without renown, 
Or shalt thou bear the scandal of a maid, 
Unwreaked ; for whosoe'er by wound pro- 
faned 1 197 
Thy body, shall atone by death condign." 
Beneath a lofty mountain lay immense, 
The sepulchre of th' old Laurentine king, 
Dercennus, [fashioned] of a mound of earth, 

1157. " Such ruby lips, and such a lovely bloom, 
Disdaining all adulterate aids of art, 
Kept a perpetual spring upon her face, 
As Death himself lamented, being forced 
To blast it with his paleness." 

Massinger, The U7inatural Combat, i. 3. 



And bowered by a shady holm. Here first 
The passing lovely goddess plants herself 
With effort quick, and from the stately tomb 
Observes she Arruns. When she him 

beheld 1205 

Joying in soul, and venting idle vaunts : 
"Why," cries she, " goest thou off a dif- 

f'rent way ? 
Direct thy footstep hither ; hither come, 
O [thou who 'rt] doomed to die, that 

guerdons thou 
Deserving of Camilla may'st receive. 1210 
Shalt thou, too, perish by Diana's shafts ?" 
She said, and from her quiver, trimmed 

with gold, 
The Thracian [nymph] drew forth a wingy 

bolt, 
And, angered, strained the bow, and drew 

it far, 
Until the ends imbowed together met ; 
And now with [both] her hands alike she 

touched, — 
The sharpened point of th' iron with her 

left, — 
Her bosom with her right and with the 

string. 
Forthwith the weapon's whirr and whizzing 

air 
Together Arruns heard, and in his frame 
The iron stuck. Him, breathing out [his 

soul], _ 1 22 1 

And heaving forth his latest groans, his 

mates, 
Regardless, on the champaign'sunknown dust 
Abandon : Opis on her wings away 
Is wafted to the empyrean heaven. 

First flies, their mistress lost, Camilla's 

wing 
Light[-armed] ; the Rutulans disordered fly ; 
Flies fierce Atinas ; and the routed chiefs 
And companies forlorn seek safe [retreats], 
And, turned aloof, upon their chargers they 
Speed to the city. Nor hath one the power 
With darts to bear the Teucri pressing on, 
And dealing death, or 'gainst them make a 

stand ; 1233 

But on their feeble shoulders bear they off 
Their bows unstraitened ; and in their career 
The hoof of horses shakes the mould'ring 

plain. 
The agitated dust in pitchy gloom 
Is volumed to the walls, and from the heights 
The bosom-strickened dames their woman's 

shout 
Raise to the stars of heaven. Who in flight 
Dashed forward first to open gates, — on 

these 1 24 1 

A hostile multitude in jumbled host 
Is closing : nor escape they dismal death : 

X 2 



3o8 



v. 881—894. 



THE ^ENEID. 



v. 894—915- 



But in the very threshold, by their native 

walls, 
And 'mid the shelter of their homes, they, 

pierced, 
Breathe forth their spirits. Some begin to 

shut the gates ; 
Nor for their comrades dare to ope a way, 
Nor take them, craving it, inside the walls ; 
And slaughter most deplorable begins 
Of those that guard the passes with their 

arms, 1250 

And those upon [these] arms who rush. [The 

men,] 
Barred out before their weeping parents' eyes 
And faces, some, — destruction driving on, — 
Into the steepy dykes are rolled ; some, 

blind and quick, 
With slackened bridles batter on the gates 
And gate-posts, sturdy through a barricade. 
In utmost rivalry the very dames, 
From off the walls, (true love of country 

guides,) 
Like as they saw Camilla, from their hand 
Throw weapons, flurried, and with stub- 
born oak, 1260 
With stakes, and bludgeons, hardened in 

the fire, 



1259. It is by no means easy to see what is the 
exact force of ut videre C<Z7?iilla7/i, v. 892. Of all 
the views which have been put forward, that is 
adopted which seems to be the least unsatisfactory ; 
though tit, in the sense of " like as," would appear 
to require viderant. Yet Virgil at times employs an 
unexpected tense. The passage, taken by itself, 
would at once suggest that Camillam meant the 
body of Camilla ; but, unfortunately for this view, 
Diana had already declared to Opis, that she would 
convey it away on her death. Trapp's answer to 
this objection is not tenable for a moment. It 
cannot be imagined that the goddess would have 
allowed the corpse to be carried to the town, before 
she removed it from public gaze. She declares 
that after the death of Axmns— post — she would 
bear it to the sepulchre. 



In headlong hurry do they mimic steel, 
And foremost for their city burn to die. 
Meanwhile the cruellest intelligence 
Fills Turnus in the woods, and to the youth 
Acca announces the prodigious coil : — 
" Annihilated were the Volscians' lines, 
Camilla fall'n, the furious foe rush on, 
And with Mars fav'ring, every [spot] had 

seized ; 
That terror now was carried to the town." 
He, frantic, — even thus Jove's fell decrees 
Require, — abandons the beleaguered hills, 
Quits the rough woods. He'd scarce gone 

out of sight, 1273 

And gained the plain, when sire iEneas, 
On open passes entered, both surmounts 
The ridge, and issues from the gloomy grove. 
Thus both, impetuous, and with all their 

host, 
Are hurried to the walls, nor stand apart 
By paces long between them. And as soon 
As from afar iEneas spied the plains, 1280 
Smoking with dust, and saw Laurentum's 

bands, 
And Turnus fell ^Eneas knew in arms, 
And heard th' approach of foot and snorts 

of steeds : — 
They even instantly upon the fights 
Would enter, and essay encounters, did 

not now 
His jaded coursers rosy Phoebus dip 
Within Iberia's gulf, and night restore, 
The day declining. In their camp they rest 
Before the city, and the walls invest. 

1287. " The gaudy, blabbing, and remorseful day 

Is crept into the bosom of the sea, 

And now loud-howling wolves arouse the jades, 

That drag the tragic melancholy night ; 

Who with their drowsy, slow, and flagging wings 

Clip dead men's graves, and from their misty jaws 

Breathe foul contagious darkness in the air." 

Shakespeare, 2 K. Henry VI., iv. 1, 1-7. 



BOOK XIL 



As soon as Turnus sees that, broken down 
By hostile Mars, the Latins heart had lost ; 
That his own pledges were exacted now ; 
That he himself was marked by every 

eye ;— 
Of his own motion, not to be appeased, 
He blazes, and his courage raises high. 
Such-like, as in the Carthaginians' fields 

Line 4. Or, more literally: "marked out by 
their eyes. " 



Some famous lion, by a heavy wound 8 
From hunters in the bosom stricken, then 
At length prepares for battle, and delights, 
Shaking the maned thews upon his neck, 
And fearless breaks the robber's bolt infixed, 
And roars with gory mouth : not otherwise 

8, 9. The genitive case is not always possessive 
in the ordinary sense. Compare venantum vulnere, 
v. 5, with dona Minerva. ^En. ii. 189. 

10. Movct arma, v. 6, is too technical an expres- 
sion to bear a literal version. 



v. 9 — 4°« 



BOOK XII. 



v. 40 — 56. 



309 



In Turnus, set afire, does fury swell. 
Then thus he speaks the king, and so begins 
In agitation : ' ' There is no delay 
In Turnus ; naught [of pretext] is there why 
The dastard kneads should revoke their 

words, 
Nor what they've covenanted should decline. 
To combat do I march. O father bring 20 
The holy off rings, and do thou draw up 
The league. I either will with this right hand 
The Dardan renegade of Asia send 
'Neath Tart'rus, — let the Latins sit and 

see ! — 
And singly with the sword will I rebut 
The universal charge : or let him hold 
Us conquered ; let Lavinia yield, his bride." 

To him Latinus with a heart composed 
Replied : " O youth of spirit rare, as much 
As in fierce gallantry thou dost excel, 30 
So much the more devotedly 'tis right 
That I take thought for thee, and that in fear 
I weigh all risks. Thy father Daunus' realms 
Are thine ; towns many, taken by thy hand, 
Are [thine] : yea, too, both gold and [kindly] 

mind 
Latinus owneth : other spouseless maids 
In Latium be, and in Laurentine fields, 
Nor they unnoble in their pedigree. 
Allow me, reservations laid aside, 
To open these, not balmy to be told ; 40 
This at the same time in thy mind imbibe. 
To none of former suitors was it right 
That I my daughter should espouse, and this 
Did all, both gods and men, pronounce. 
O'erwhelmed by love of thee, by kindred 

blood 
O'erwhelmed, and by my mourning consort's 

tears, 
All ties I burst ; reft from my daughter's 

spouse 
His fianced [bride] ; ungodly arms took up. 
What misadventures from that [hour], what 

wars, 
Pursue me, thou, O Turnus, dost behold ; 
What grievous travails thou in chief dost 

bear. 5 1 

Twice conquered in the mighty fray, we 

scarce 
Italia's hopes within the city guard ; 
With blood of ours still warm are Tiber's 

streams, 
And spacious plains are bleaching with our 

bones. 
Whither am I so often driven back ? 
What frenzy shifts my mind ? If, Turnus 

dead, 
I'm ready to invite them as allies, 
Why do I not the rather, while he's safe, 
Remove disputes ? What will the Rutulans, 



My kinsfolk, what the rest of Italy say, 61 
Should I, — may Fortune give my words the 

lie ! — 
Have thee betrayed to death, while thou 

dost woo 
My daughter and the nuptial link with us ? 
Reflect upon the diverse haps in war ; 
Have pity on thy aged sire, whom now, 
In woe, his native Ardea severs far 
[From us]." In no wise is the vehemence 
Of Turnus by his language swayed : he 

swells 
The more, and in the curing waxes sick. 70 
As soon as he could speak, he thus began 
From out his lip : " What care on my account 
Thou entertainest,this, most worthy [prince] 
For my sake, I beseech thee, lay aside, 
And suffer me to barter death for praise. 
We, too, O father, darts and no weak steel 
Scatter from our right hand, and from the 

wound 
Of our [infliction] follows blood. From him 
His goddess-mother will be far, who screens 
A runagate within a woman-cloud, 80 

And shrouds him over with her empty 

shades." 
But, at the novel posture of the fray 
The queen affrighted wept, and, death-pre- 
pared, 
Her daughter's fiery spouse she held : " O 

Turnus, I 
Of thee, by these my tears, by reverence 



75. " Behold in awful march, and dread array, 
The long-extended squadrons shape their way ! 
Death, in approaching terrible, imparts 
An anxious horror to the bravest hearts ; 
Yet do their beating breasts demand the strife, 
And thirst of glory quells the love of life." 

Addison, The Campaign. 

79. Wagner considers that the clause guce .... 
jimbris, refers to the thoughts of vEneas ; which is, 
no doubt, true in the main : but it is evident that 
some of the terms express the feelings of the speaker 
himself. If the view taken in the version is right, 
the passage may be thus paraphrased : 

We too, my father, can wield weapons, and 
launch no puny darts ; our swords can draw blood 
as well as theirs. As to this goddess-mother, (of 
whom y^neas prates,) we need be under no appre- 
hension from her, — she will be far enough away 
from him ( — for his mother is no goddess at all : the 
whole story is a mere fable). We need not be 
alarmed (whether he fancies or affects) that she 
will protect him ( — runaway that he is !) by a cloud, 
( — shame upon the soldier that looks to a female 
for aid in war ! — ) and muffle him up in shades 
(which, we know full well, are all fictitious). 

85. " Oh, I can't bear this cold contempt of death ! 

This rigid virtue, that prefers your glory 

To liberty or life. O cruel man ! 

By these sad sighs, by these poor streaming eyes, 

By that dear love that makes us now unhappy, 

By the near danger of that precious life, 

Heaven knows 1 value much above my own : — 



3io 



v. 56 — 67. 



THE yENEID. 



v. 67—74. 



For thy Amata, if doth any touch 
Thy spirit, — thou art now the single hope, 
Thou art the peace, of my unhappy eld ; 
Latinus' dignity and sovereign sway 
Are in thy hands ; our falling house on thee 
All leans : — this single [favor] do I crave : 
Forbear with Trojans to engage thy hand. 
Whatever chances in that strife wait thee, 
Wait me, too, Turnus. I with thee will leave 
These hated lights, nor consort of my child 
Will I, a captived [dame], ^Eneas see." 96 
Lavinia listened to her mother's voice, 
With tears besprinkled o'er her glowing 

cheeks ; 
In whom a plenteous blushing raised a fire, 
And through her heated lineaments careered. 
As if with ruddy purple should some [hand] 

What ! Not yet mov'd ! Are you resolv'd on death ? 
Then, ere 'tis night, I swear by all the powers, 
This steel shall end my fears and life together." 
Smith, Phcedra and Hippolytns, act ii. 

92. " Forbear, Demetrius, 'tis Aspasia calls thee ; 
Thy love, Aspasia, calls ; restrain thy sword ; 
Nor rush on useless wounds with idle courage." 
Johnson, Irene, v. 4. 

98. " With that adowne out of her christall eyne 
New trickling teares she softly forth let fall, 
That like two orient perles did purely shyne 
Upon her snowy cheeke." 

Spenser, of Florimell, F. Q., iii. 7, 9. 

" The godlike maid, awhile all silent stood, 

And down to th' earth let fall her humble eyes ; 
While modest thoughts shot up the naming blood, 

Which fir'd her scarlet cheek with rosy dyes : 
But soon to quench the heat, that lordly reigns, 
From her fair eye a show'r of crystal rains, 
Which with his silver streams o'erruns the beau- 
teous plains." P. Fletcher, Purple Islafid, xi. 10. 

The following extract but partly applies to the 
case of the unhappy Lavinia ; but it is altogether a 
most beautiful passage : 
" Her eye did seem to labour with a tear, 
Which suddenly took birth, but, overweigh'd 
With its own swelling, dropp'd upon her bosom, 
Which, by reflection of her light, appear'd 
As nature meant her sorrow for an ornament. 
After, her looks grew cheerful, and I saw 
A smile shoot graceful upward from her eyes, 
As they had gain'd a victory o'er grief, 
And with it many beams twisted themselves, 
Upon whose golden threads the angels walk 
To and again from heaven." 

Shirley, The Brothers, i. 1. 

" In tears your beauteous daughter drowns her 

sight, 
Silent as dews that fall in dead of night." 

Dryden, The Indian Emperor, iii. 3. 

99. " The bashfull blood her snowy cheekes did 
dye, 

That her became, as polisht yvory, 

Which cunning craftesman hand hath overlayd 

With fayre vermillion or pure castory." 

Spenser, F. Q., ii. 9, 41. 

"'Tis beauty truly blent, whose red and white 
Nature's own sweet and cunning hand laid on." 
Shakespeare, Twelfth Night, i. 5. 



Have stained the ivory of Ind ; or when 
Blush snowy lilies, blent with many a rose : 
Such hues the damsel on her visage raised. 
Him love confounds, and fastens he his looks 
Upon the maid ; he burns for arms the more, 
And speaks in few Amata : " Do not, pray, 
Do not with tears, nor such a grave presage, 
Attend me, O my mother, as I go 
To the encounters of relentless Mars ; 1 10 



103. " The lilly in the field, 

That glories in his white, 
For purenesse now must yeeld, 
And render up his right. 

Heauen, pictur'd in her face, 
Doth promise ioy and grace. 

" Faire Cynthiaes siluer light, 

That beates on running streames, 
Compares not with her white, 
Whose haires are all sun-beames. 
So bright my Nimph doth shine, 
As day unto my eyne. 

" With this there is a red 

Exceedes the damaske-rose, 
Which in her cheekes is spred, 
Whence euery fauor growes. 
In skie there is no starre, 
But she surmounts it farre. 

" When Phoebus from the bed 
Of Thetis doth arise, 
The morning blushing red, 
In faire carnation wise, 

He shewes in my Nimphs face 
As queene of euery grace. 

" This pleasant lilly white, 
This taint of roseate red, 
This Cynthiaes siluer light, 
This sweet faire Dea spred, 

These sun-beames in mine eye, — 
These beauties make me die." 
Earle of Oxenforde, in England's Helicon. 

" O ruddier than the cherry ! 
O sweeter than the berry ! 
O Nymph more bright 
Than moonshine night, 
Like kidlings blithe and merry ! 
Ripe as the melting cluster, 
No lily has such lustre." 

Gay, Acis and Galatea. 

105. " O do not wanton with those eyes, 
Lest I be sick of seeing ; 
Nor cast them down, but let them rise, 
Lest shame destroy their being. 

" be not angry with those fires, 

For then their threats will kill me : 
Nor look too kind on my desires, 
For then my hopes will spill me. 

" do not steep them in thy tears, 
For so will sorrow slay me : 
Nor spread them as distract with fears : 
Mine own enough betray me." 
Ben Jonson, U?iderwoods, Miscellaneous 
Poems, ii. 
" Who can but doat on this humility, 
That sweetens, — Lovely in her tears ! — The 

fetters, 
That seem'd to lessen in their weight but now, 
By this grow heavier on me." 

Massinger, The Unnatural Combat, iv. 1. 



v. 74—95- 



BOOK XII. 



95—114- 



311 



For death's delay is not to Turnus free. 
Do thou, O herald Idmon, carry forth 
Unto the Phrygian despot these my words, 
That are not doomed to please : ' When first, 
In heaven of to-morrow wafted on 
Upon her purplish wheels, Aurore shall 

blush, 
'Gainst Rutulans let him not Teucri lead ; 
Let Trojans' arms, and Rutuli repose ; 
By our own blood the war let us decide ; 
The bride Lavinia on that plain be sought. ' " 
These words when uttered he, and quick 

withdrew 121 

Within the palace, he demands his steeds, 
And joys in gazing on them as they neigh 
Before his eyes ; which Orithyia's self 
Presented as an honorable gift 
To [sire] Pilumnus, such as might surpass 
The snows in whiteness, in career the gales. 
Round stand officious grooms, and stimulate 
Their bosoms, patted with their hollow 

hands, 
And comb their maned necks. Then he 

himself 130 

Around his shoulders dons his coat of mail, 
With gold and sheeny orichalcum crisp ; 
At the same time for service does he fit 
His falchion e'en, and buckler, and the 

cones 
Of his encrimsoned plume ; the falchion, 

which 
The deity, [who reigns] the lord of fire, 
Himself had for his father Daunus forged, 
And plunged it, glowing, in the Stygian 

wave. 
Next seizes he with force his sturdy spear, 
Which, resting on a giant pillar, stood 140 
Amid the dome, Auruncan Actor's spoil, 
And shakes it quiv'ring, lifting up his voice : 



122. Glover, of Xerxes' chariot and horses : 
" The monarch will'd ; and suddenly he heard 
His trampling horses. High on silver wheels 
The iv'ry car with azure sapphires shone, 
Cerulean beryls, and the jasper green, 
The emerald, the ruby's glowing blush, 
The naming topaz with its golden beam, 
The pearl, th' empurpled amethyst, and all 
The various gems, which India's mines afford 
To deck the pomp of kings. In burnish'd gold 
A sculptur'd eagle from behind display'd 
His stately neck, and o'er the royal head 
Outstretch'd his dazzling wings. Eight gen'rous 

steeds, 
Which on the fam'd Nissean plain were nurs'd 
In wintry Media, drew the radiant car." 

Leonidas, b. iv. 

134, 5. " Diomedon 

Led on the slaughter. From his nodding crest 
The sable plumes shook terrour. Asia's host 
Shrunk back, as blasted by the piercing beams 
Of that unconquerable sword, which fell 
With lightning's swiftness on dissever'd helms." 
Ibid., b. v. 



" Now, O thou spear, that never balked my 

calls, 
The time is now at hand ; thee [wielded] 

once 
Thrice gallant Actor ; wields thee the right 

hand 
Of Turnus now : vouchsafe me low to lay 
The body of this Phrygian, half a man, 
And rend with stalwart hand his wrenched 

mail, 
And in the dust his tresses to defile, 
With heated iron curled, and soaked in 

myrrh." 150 

By these his frenzies he is hounded on ; 
And from the burning [warrior's] face 

throughout 
Sparks fly ; fire flashes from his furious eyes. 
As when tremendous bellowings the bull 
Wakes for the first encounters, and essays 
His anger to concentrate in his horns, 
Against some tree-bole butting, and the 

winds 
Provokes with thrusts, and with the scat- 
tered sand 
Beforehand practises against the fray. 

Nor less, meanwhile in his maternal arms 
Ferocious does ^Eneas sharpen Mars, 161 
And rouse himself with wrath, rejoicing o'er 
The war's adjustment through the proffered 

league. 
His comrades then, and sad lulus' fear, 
He comforts, teaching them the fates ; and 

bids 
To king Latinus envoys to return 
His sure replies, and name the terms of 

peace. 
Next Dawn arisen scarce besprent with 

light 
The mountain-tops, when first upraise their 

forms 



153. " Dauntless on his native sands 

The dragon-son of Mona stands ; 
In glittering arms and glory drest, 
High he rears his ruby crest. 
There the thundering strokes begin, 
There the press, and there the din ; 
Talymafra's rocky shore 
Echoing to the battle's roar ; 
Where his glowing eye-balls turn, 
Thousand banners round him burn." 

Gray, The '1 'riu >>ij>hs of Owen . 

168, 9. " And now the taller sons (whom Titan 

warns) 
Of unshorn mountains, blown with easy winds, 
Dandled the morning's childhood in their arms." 

Giles Fletcher, Christ's Triumph after 
Death, si. 3. 

" The Summer Sunne hath guilded faire 
With morning rayes the mountaines ; 
The birds doe caroll in the ayre, 
And naked Niniphs in fountaines." 
Theorello, by E. liolton, in E?igland $ Helicon. 



3 I2 



v. ii4 — J2 9- 



THE JENEID. 



v. 129 — 162. 



From the deep gulf the horses of the Sun, 
And forth from lifted nostrils breathe 

the light : — 171 

A field for their encounter, underneath 
The stately city's walls, both Rutulan 
And Trojan warriors having meted out, 
Arranged it ; and, within the centre, hearths 
And turfy altars to their common gods. 
Others alike spring-water brought and fire, 
In apron mantled, and upon their brows 
With vervain garlanded. There marches 

forth 
A legion of Ausonia's denizens, 180 

And javelined brigads ''pour from crowded 

gates. 
Here all the Trojan and Tyrrhenian host 
Swoops on in motley arms, equipped in steel, 
Not otherwise than if the cruel fight 
Of Mars should call. Moreover, in the midst 
Of thousands do the generals themselves 
Flit to and fro, in gold and purple graced ; — 
E'en Mnestheus, offspring of Assaracus, 
And brave Asylas, and Messapus [too], 
Of steeds the tamer, Neptune's son. And 

when, 190 

" From the red wave rising bright, 
Lift on high thy golden head ; 
O'er the misty mountains spread 
Thy smiling rays of orient light !" 

Langhorne, Hyimi to the Rising Sun. 

170, &c. " Hark ! hark ! the watchful chanticler 
Tells us the day's bright harbinger 
Peeps o'er the eastern hills, to awe, 
And warn night's sovereign to withdraw. 

" The morning curtains now are drawn, 
And now appears the blushing dawn ; 
Aurora has her roses shed, 
To strew the way Sol's steeds must tread. 

" Xanthus and iEthon harness'd are, 
To roll away the burning car, 
And, snorting flame, impatient bear 
The dressing of the charioteer." 

Charles Cotton, The Morning Quatrains, 4-6. 

" Till, as a giant strong, a bridegroom gay, 
The Sun springs dancing thro' the gates of day ; 
He shakes his dewy locks, and hurls his beams 
O'er the proud hills, and down the glowing 

streams. 
His fiery coursers bound above the main, 
And whirl the car along th' ethereal plain : 
The fiery coursers and the car display 
A stream of glory, and a flood of day." 

Broome, Paraphrase on Job. 

" For see, fair Thetis hath undone the bars 

To Phcebus' team ; and his unrivall'd light 
• Hath chas'd the morning's modest blush away." 
J. Fletcher, The Woman-Hater, i. 1. 

187. " All furnish'd, all in arms, 

All plum'd like estridges that wing the wind, 
Bated like eagles having lately bath'd ; 
Glittering in golden coats like images ; 
As full of spirit as the month of May, 
And gorgeous as the sun at midsummer." 

Shakespeare, 1 K. Henry IV., iv. 1. 



The signal given, to their posts hath each 
Withdrawn, down plunge they in the earth 

their spears, 
And rest their shields. Then, pouring forth 

in zeal, 
Dames, and th' unweaponed rout, and weak 

old men, 
Of tow'rs and houses' roofs possession seized: 
The others by the stately portals take their 

stand. 
But Juno from the eminence, which now 
Is Alban called, — then neither name at- 
tached, 
Nor dignity, or glory, to the mount ; — 
Gazing abroad, was poring on the field, 200 
And both Lauren tines' and the Troj ans' lines, 
And city of Latinus. In a trice 
On this wise Turnus' sister she addressed, — 
The deity — a goddess, who presides 
O'er standing waters and the booming 

floods : — 
This dignity on her the lofty king 
Of th' Empyrean, Jove, for maidhood reft 
Bestowed: — "Nymph, pride of rivers, of 

my soul 
Chief favorite, thou know'st that thee alone 
To all [the maids], whoe'er of Latian [birth] 
Have mounted high-souled Jove's offensive 

bed, 211 

I have preferred, and in a share of heaven 
Have freely placed thee : O Juturna, learn, — 
That thou mayst not upbraid me, — thy own 

woe. 
Where Fortune seemed to suffer it, and 

Fates 
Allowed affairs with Latium to advance, 
I Turnus and thy city have bescreened. 
The youth now see I with unequal fates 
Engaging, and the day and hostile power 
Of Fates approaches. Not this fight, not 

leagues, 220 

View can I with mine eyes. Do thou, if thou 
Dost aught more ready for thy brother's sake 
Adventure, go ; it thee beseems : perchance 
Th' unfortunate will better [fates] attend." 
She scarcely these, when eye-drops from her 

eyes 
Outpoured Juturna, and three times and four 
She smote her dainty bosom with her hand. 
"This," cries Saturnian Juno, " is no time 
For tears : haste, and, if any means there be, 
Thy brother snatch from death ; or wars do 

thou 230 

Awake, and shatter their concerted league : 
The instigator of thy daring I." 
Thus having urged, she left her in suspense, 
And troubled by a woeful wound of soul. 

Meanwhile the kings, — Latinus, of a frame 
Gigantic, in a four-horse car is borne, 



v. 162 — 191. 



BOOK XII. 



v. 191 — 214. 



313 



Whose sheeny brows around twice six gilt 

beams, 
The token of his ancestor the Sun, 
Encircle ; — Turnus in a chariot goes, 
With twain white coursers, swaying in his 
hand 240 

Two javelins with broad steel. From th' 

other side 
The sire /Eneas, source of Roma's race, 
Blazing in starry shield and heav'nly arms, 
And by his side Ascanius, second hope 
Of mighty Rome, march forward from the 

camp ; 
And in a spotless garment did the priest 
Bring up the youngling of a bristly swine, 
A ewe-lamb too unshorn, of two years old, 
And to the flaring altars led the beasts. 
They, with their eyes turned towards the 
rising sun, 250 

Present the salted meal within their hands, 
And with the steel the victims' temple-tips 
They mark, and drench the altars from the 

bowls. 
Then good vEneas, with his falchion drawn, 
Thus prays : "Be witness now, O Sun, for 

me, 
Who call upon thee, and this Land, for 

whom 
Such grievous toils have I availed to bear ; 
And, O almighty father, and O thou 
Saturnian consort, now more placable, 
Now, goddess, I entreat ; and thou, famed 
Mars, 260 

Who every war, O sire, 'neath thy decree 
Dost bend ; on Springs, too, and on Floods I 

call ; 
And what the Sanctity in Air aloft, 
And what the Pow'rs be in the azure 

Deep : — 
If conquest shall to Auson Turnus chance 
To fall, it is agreed the conquered [side] 
Shall to Evander's city draw away; 
lulus from [these] regions shall retire ; 
Nor shall thereafter the ^Enean sons, 
Renewing warfare, any arms repeat, 270 
Or vex these realms with steel. But if 

to us 
Shall Conquest signify that Mars is ours, — 
As I the rather deem, and may the gods 
The rather stablish it by their decree ! — 
I will not either on Italians call 
The Trojans to obey, nor do I seek 
Their kingdoms for myself. On equal terms 
Let both unconquered nations meet for 
leagues, 

253. It is very doubtful that the poet contem- 
plated any difference between aris, v. 171, and 
altar ia, v. 174, though he unquestionably contrasts 
the terms in Eel. v. 56. 



Unending. Holy rites and gods I'll give ; 
Arms let my consort's sire Latinus hold ; \ 

My consort's sire his customary rule. 281 
For me the Teucri shall my walls construct, 
And to my town Lavinia deign her name." 
VEneas thus the foremost [spake] ; thus next 
Latinus follows, looking up to heaven, 
And stretches forth his right hand to the 

. stars : 
"yEneas, by these same, Land, Ocean, 

Stars, 
I swear, and by Latona's twin descent, 
And Janus double-faced, and hellish power 
Of deities, and by the hallowed courts 290 
Of ruthless Dis ; may these the father hear, 
Who with his levin ratifieth leagues ! 
I touch the altars ; I the central fires 
And deities to witness take ; no day, 
Upon th' Italians' part, this peace, or league 
Shall rupture, howsoe'er events shall fall ; 
Nor shall there any force with my consent 
Warp me ; — no, if it should outpour the land 
Upon the waves, in deluge blending it, 
And crumble into Tartarus the heaven. 3C0 
As this my sceptre," (for in his right hand 
His sceptre wielded he by chance, ) ' ' shall 

ne'er 
Shoot forth with filmy leafage sprays nor 

shades, 
Since once within the forests, lopped away 
From lowest stem, its parent [tree] it lacks, 
And down hath laid through steel its leaves 

and sprigs ; 
Erstwhile a sapling ; now the craftsman's 

hand 
Hath prisoned it in ornamental bronze, 
And giv'n it to the Latin sires to bear." 
In suchlike words between them they the 

leagues 310 

Established 'mid the nobles' presence. Then, 
Duly devote, beasts stab they for the blaze, 



279. The poet intends his hero to be distinguished 
for religion : how far the man, who treated the 
unfortunate Dido as he did, was suited for an apostle, 
or a model, is another consideration. 

292. This mention of Jove's thunder may refer 
to the vengeance he would take on perjury : so the 
Queen in Fletcher's Queen of Corinth : 

" May the gods, 
That look into king's actions, smile upon 
The league we have concluded ; and their justice 
Find me out to revenge it, if I break 
One article." Act i. 3. 

299. " Hence, in old dusky time, a deluge came : 
When the deep-cleft disparting orb, that arch'd 
The central waters round, impetuous rush'd, 
With universal burst, into the gulph, 
And o'er the high-pil'd hills of fractur'd earth 
Wide dash'd the waves, in undulation vast ; 
Till, from the centre to the streaming clouds, 
A shoreless ocean tumbled round the globe. " 
Thomson, Spring. 



3H 



v. 214 — 2 45- 



THE ^NEID. 



v. 245 — 265. 



And draw the bowels from them while alive, 
And pile the altars with the chargers heaped. 

But to the Rutuli, sooth, long erewhile 
Unfair appeared that combat, and their 

breasts 
With changeable emotion are turmoiled ; 
The more so then, when closer they contend 
With pow'rs unequal. Helps [this state of 

soul] 
Turnus advancing with a silent gait, 320 
And th' altar worshipping with downcast 

eye 
In prayerful posture ; and his sunken cheeks, 
The wanness, too, throughout his youthful 

frame. 
Which disputation soon as e'er Juturn, 
His sister, saw gain ground, and wavering 
The populace's fluctuating hearts : 
Upon the centre of the troops, in shape 
To Camers likened ; — [one,] to whom be- 
longed 
A noble lineage from his ancestors, 
And, from the valor of a father [gained], 
A brilliant name, and he himself in arms 331 
Thrice-gallant ; — on the centre of the troops 
She flings her, of their state not unaware, 
And sundry rumors sows, and speaks the 

like: 
" Doth it not shame you, O ye Rutuli, 
For all, his like, a single life t' expose ! 
In count or powers are we not their peers ? 
Lo ! these are all, — as well the men of Troy, 
As the Arcadians, and the fateful band, 
Etruria, — in hostility to Turnus. If 340 
We should, each second man of us, engage, 
Scarce an antagonist have we. He, sooth, 
To heav'nly powers, for whose altars he 
Devotes himself, shall in renown advance, 
And deathless through the mouths [of men] 

be noised : 
We, — country lost, — shall haughty lords be 

forced 
T' obey, [we,] who are idly seated now 
Upon the fields." The feeling of the youths 
By suchlike words is fired now more and 

more, 
And through the troops a murmur creeps : 

e'en changed 350 

Are the Laurentines, e'en the Latins too. 
Those, who erewhile were hoping for them- 
selves 
Repose from fight, and safety for the state, 
Now wish for arms, and pray the league 

unmade, 
And feel compassion at th' unrighteous lot 
Of Turnus. To these [thoughts] Juturnaadds 
Another greater [stimulant], and gives 
A signal from the height of heav'n, than 

which 



None troubled more effectively the minds 
Of th' Itali, and by its ill portent 360 

Deceived. For, flying in the ruddy sky, 
Jove's tawny bird was chasing fowls of shore, 
And noisy bevy of the winged host ; 
When, swooping in a trice upon the waves, 
The felon trusses with his hooky claws 
A peerless swan. Th' Italians roused their 

souls, 
And all the birds with screaming wheel their 

flight,— 
A marvel to be seen ! — and with their wings 
Bedim the sky, and, forming in a cloud, 
The foe they harass thro' the air, until 370 
O'erwhelmed by force and by his very load, 
The bird gave way, and from his talons 

dashed 
His quarry in the stream, and flew afar 
Into the clouds. Then sooth Rutulians greet 
The omen with a cheer, and hands prepare ; 
And first Tolumnius the augur cries : 
" 'Twas this, this, what with prayers I often 

sought : 
I welcome it, and recognise the gods. 
With me, with me, your leader, seize the 

sword, 
O wretched, whom a felon foreigner 380 
Thro' battle strikes with fear, as weakly birds, 
And ravages with violence your coasts. 
To flight shall he resort, and set his sails 
Afar upon the deep. With one consent 
Do ye compact your squadrons, and your 

king, 



365. " A cast of haggard falcons, by me mann'd, 
Eying the prey at first, appear as if 
They did turn tail ; but with their labouring wings 
Getting above her, with a thought their pinions 
Cleaving the purer element, make in, 
And by turns bind with her ;* the frighted fowl, 
Lying at her defence upon her back, 
With her dreadful beak, awhile defers her death." 
Massinger, The Guardian. 

370. " Have you not seen, when, whistled from the 
fist, 
Some falcon stoops at what her eye design'd, 
And with her eagerness the quarry miss'd, 

Straight flies at check, and clips it down the 
wind? 

" The dastard crow, that to the wood made wing, 

And sees the groves no shelter can afford, 

With her loud kaws her craven kind does bring, 

Who safe in numbers cuff the noble bird." 

Dryden, Annus Mirabilis, 86, 7. 

Spenser somewhat differently : 
" Like as a goshauke, that in foote doth beare 
A trembling culver, having spide on hight 
An eagle that with plumy wings doth sheare 
The subtile ayre stouping with all his might, 
The quarrey throwes to ground with fell despight." 
F. Q., iii. 7, 39. 



* " Bind with her ;" a term in falconry, mean- 
ing to seize. See Gifford's note. 



v. 265 — 298. 



BOOK XII. 



v. 298 — 322. 



3i5 



Reft from you, in the battle guard." He said, 
And on the foes confronted to him hurled 
A javelin, as he forward runs. A twang 
Emits the whirring corneil, and the air 389 
Unerring cuts. At once this [feat is done], 
At once a mighty shout, — and all the rows 
Are troubled, and with turmoil heated be 
Their hearts. The flying spear, as by a chance 
Nine brothers' fairest forms against it stood, — 
Whom had, so many, one true Tyrrhene wife 
Borne to Gylippus [of] Arcadian [line]; — 
Of these, one at the midriff, where the belt, 
With stitches joined, is by his stomach 

chafed, 
And gripes a brooch the meetings of its 

ends, — 
A youth preeminent in comeliness, 400 
And beaming arms ; — transpierces in the 

ribs, 
And flings him forward on the golden sand. 
Yet do the brotherhood, — a mettled troop, 
And fired by grief,— with hands some draw 

their swords, 
Some clutch the missive steel, and blindly 

rush : 
'Gainst whom the bands of the Laurentines 

dash 
Amain. Next Trojans overflow in crowds 
Once more, and Agyllini, Arcads too, 
With their bepainted arms. Thus one desire 
Holds all, — the strife to settle with the steel. 
They've sacked the altars ; all through 

heav'n there shoots 411 

A rageful hurricane of darts, and down 
An iron shower sluices ; bowls alike 
And hearths they carry off. Latinus' self 
Decamps, conveying back his outraged gods, 
The league dissolved. Their chariots others 

yoke, 
Or mount them with a vault upon their 

steeds, 
And with their falchions drawn do they ap- 
pear. 
Messapus, eager to upset the league, 
With his confronted charger scares away 
A king, and wearing th' emblem of a king, 
Tyrrhene Aulestes : he retreating falls, 
And on the altars, planted in his way 423 
Behind him, he, the pitiable [man] 
Is on his head and shoulders tossed abroad. 
But hot flies up Messapus with a lance, 
And with his beamy weapon from above, 
Aloft upon his horse, as many a prayer 
He offers, sorely smites him, and thus 

speaks : 
" He has it ! to the mighty gods is given 
This richer sacrifice." Together run 431 
The Itali, and strip his tepid limbs. 
To meet [the foeman] Corynwus grasps 



A brand from off the altar partly burnt, 
I And with the flames the face of Ebusus 
Assails he, as he comes and aims a blow. 
Gleamed his huge beard, and, singed, gave 

forth a scent. 
1 The other, following on, with his left hand 
' The tresses of the wildered foeman grasps, 
And, leaning on him with imbedded knee, 
. He rivets him to earth : in such a plight 
, He smites his side with his unbending blade. 
On Alsus, shepherd, and in foremost line 
While dashing through the darts, with 

naked sword 444 

Does Podalirius, dogging him, o'erhang : 
With axe drawn back the middle brow and 

chin 
Of his antagonist he rives apart, 
And wide his armor dews with spattered 

gore. 
Stern rest and steely slumber press his eyes ; 
Their orbs are sealed for everlasting night. 
But good yEneas stretched out his right 

hand, 451 

Unweaponed, with uncovered head, and 

called 
His [comrades] with the outcry : ' ' Whither 

rush ? 
Or what that sudden strife that rises up ? 
O curb your anger ! Now the league is 

struck, 
And all its terms arranged. The right t' 

engage 
Is mine alone : let me ; and banish fears. 
The leagues will I make stable with my 

hand ; 
These holy rites now Turnus owe to me." 
Amid these accents, right amid such words, 
Lo ! to the hero whizzing on its wings 461 
There flew an arrow; — doubtful by what 

hand 
'Twas driven, by what whirling power shot ; 
What, — whether accident or god, — renown 
So high may to the Rutulans have brought 

449. Gray uses the same metaphor : 
" Hie thee hence, and boast at home, 
That never shall inquirer come 
To break my iron sleep again 
Till Lok has burst his tenfold chain." 

The Descent of Odin, end. 

450. " The sun sets on my fortune, red and bloody, 
And everlasting night begins to close me : 
Tis time to die." 

J. Fletcher, The Double Marriage, iv. 3. 

452. " Anone one sent out of the thicket neare 
A cruell shaft headed with deadly ill, 
And fethered with an unlucky quill : 
The wicked Steele stayd not till it did light 
In his left thigh, and deepely did it thrill. 
Exceeding griefe that wound in him empight, 

But more that with his foes he could not come to 
fight." Spenser, F. Q., hi. 5, 20. 



3 i6 



v. 322 — 33^. 



THE ^NEID. 



336—355. 



The credit of the noted deed is sunk ; 
Nor vaunted any in Eneas' wound. 
Turnus, as soon as he ^Eneas saw- 
Withdrawing from the army, and the chiefs 
Confounded, glowing burns with sudden 

hope. 470 

He calls at once for horses and for arms, 
And with a bound proud springs upon his 

car, 
And manages the reins in his own hands. 
Hov'ring around, he many a gallant frame 
Of heroes gives to death ; rolls many o'er 
Half-dead, or 'neath his chariot grinds the 

troops, 
Or lances, seized, pours on them as they flee. 
As when, aroused by icy Hebrus' streams, 
The bloody Mavors clatters with his shield, 
And, kindling wars, lets loose his fuming 

steeds : 480 

They on the open champaign Southern gales 
And Western breeze outfly : the farthest 

Thrace 
Groans with the tramping of their feet ; 

and round 
The features of grim Fear, and Wrath, and 

Stratagem, 

469. Turnus was unfortunately too sanguine. 
Glover beautifully illustrates Artemisia's retreat : 
" With her last effort whelming, as she steer'd, 
One Grecian more beneath devouring waves, 
Retreats illustrious. So in trails of light 
To Night's embrace departs the golden Sun, 
Still in remembrance shining ; none believe 
His rays impair'd, none doubt his rise again 
In wonted splendour to emblaze the sky." 

Atkenaid, b. vi. 

479. " Devouring War, imprison'd in the North, 
Shall at our call in horrid pomp break forth, 
And when, his chariot wheels with thunder hung, 
Fell Discord braying with her brazen tongue, 
Death in the van, with Anger, Hate, and Fear, 
And Desolation stalking in the rear, 
Revenge, by Justice guided, in his train, 
He drives impetuous o'er the trembling plain," &c. 
Collins, The Prophecy of Famine. 

484. " Thou, to whom the world unknown 
With all its shadowy shapes is shown ; 
Who seest appall'd th' unreal scene, 
While Fancy lifts the veil between : 

Ah, Fear ! ah, frantic Fear ! 

I see, I see thee near. 
I know thy hurried step, thy haggard eye ! 
Like thee I start, like thee disorder'd fly ; 
For, lo ! what monsters in thy train appear ! 
Danger, whose limbs of giant mould 
What mortal eye can fixt behold ? 
Who stalks his round, a hideous form, 
Howling amidst the midnight storm, 
Or throws him on the ridgy steep 
Of some loose hanging rock to sleep ; 
And with him thousand phantoms join'd, 
Who prompt to deeds accurs'd the mind : 
And those, the fiends, who, near allied, 
O'er Nature's wounds and wrecks preside: 
While Vengeance, in the lurid air, 
Lifts her red arm, expos'd and bare : 



The escort of the god, are hurried on. 
Like eager, Turnus 'mid the central fights 
His coursers urges, reeking in their sweat, 
Trampling upon his sadly slaughtered foes ; 
The nimble hoof bescatters dews of blood, 
And gore is trodden down with blended 



sand. 



490 



And now to death he gave both Sthenelus, 
And Thamyris, and Pholus, this and that 
Engaging close,— the other, from afar ; 
[E'en] from afar both sons of Imbrasus, 
Glaucus and Lades, whom had Imbrasus 
Himself brought up in Lycia, and arrayed 
In arms alike, or hand to hand to fight, 
Or on the charger to outstrip the winds. 
In other quarter on the midmost frays 
Is borne Eumedes, ancient Dolon's son, 500 
Illustrious in battle, by his name 
His grandsire representing, by his soul 
And deeds his sire, who whilom, when a spy 
He sallied to th' encampment of the Greeks, 
Pelides' car his guerdon dared to claim. 
Him with another guerdon did the son 
Of Tydeus treat for such his bold attempts ; 
Nor does he to Achilles' steeds aspire. 
When Turnus at a distance him espied 
On th' open champaign, first with javelin light 
Pursuing him throughout the stretching void, 
He brings his twain-yoked coursers to a 
stand, 512 



On whom that ravening brood of Fate, 
Who lap the blood of Sorrow, wait ; 
Who, Fear, this ghastly train can see, 
And look not madly wild like thee ?" 

Collins, Ode to Fear. 

" And him beside rides fierce revenging Wrath, 
Upon a lion, loth for to be led ; 
And in his hand a burning brond he hath, 
The which he brandisheth about his hed : 
His eies did hurle forth sparcles fiery red, 
And stared sterne on all that him beheld ; 
As ashes pale of hew, and seeming ded ; 
And on his dagger still his hand he held, 

Trembling through hasty rage, when choler in him 
sweld. 

" Full many mischiefes follow cruell Wrath ; 
Abhorred Bloodshed, and tumultuous Strife, 
Unmanly Murder, and unthrifty Scath, 
Bitter Despight with Rancours rusty Knife ; 
And fretting Griefe, the enemy of life : 
All these, and many moe haunt Ire 
The swelling Splene, and Frenzy raging rife, 
The shaking Palsey, and Saint Fraunces fire : 

Such one was Wrath, the last of this ungodly tire." 
Spenser, F. Q., i. 4, 33, 35. 

Fletcher calls "Anger the twin of Sorrow." 

The Bloody Brother, iv. 3. 
Ben Jonson has a magnificent description of 
bloodshed in war ; Catiline, i. 1 : 
" Slaughter bestrid the streets, and stretch'd himself 
To seem more huge ; whilst to his stained thighs 
The gore he drew flow'd up, and carried down 
Whole heaps of limbs and bodies through his 
arch." 



v. 355—384- 



BOOK XII. 



v. 384—396. 



317 



And from his chariot down he springs, and 

comes 
Upon him half-alive and fall'n along, 
And, with his foot imbedded in his neck, 
The falchion wrenches out of his right hand, 
And bathes it glitt'ring in his deep of throat, 
And these withal subjoins: "Behold the 

fields, 
And, [that] which in the war, O Trojan, thou 
Hast sought, Hesperia measure as thou liest : 
These guerdons they, who with the sword 

have dared 521 

T' assail me, reap ; they thus construct their 

walls." 
As his companion, with a hurtled lance 
He sends Asbutes,Chloreustoo,and Sybaris, 
And Dares, and Thersilochus ; Thymcetes 

too, 
Fall'n from his rider-flinging horse's neck. 
And as, what time Edonian Boreas' blast 
Roars on th'yEgean deep, and hunts to shore 
The billows ; where the winds have plied 

[their force], 
Clouds speed their flight from heav'n : to 

Turnus thus, 53° 

Where'er he cuts his way, the squadrons 

yield, 
And, wheeled about, off dash the lines ; 

himself 
His ardor hurries onward, and the gale, — 
The car confronted, — shakes his flutt'ring 

plume. 
Him, bearing on, and gnashing in his rage, 
Phegeus did not endure ; himself he flung 
Before the chariot, and with his right hand 
Twisted aside the speeding coursers' mouths, 
While frothing on their bits. Whilst he is 

dragged, 
And hangs upon their collars, a broad spear 
Him, undefended, reaches, and, infixed, 
The mail twain-tissued brasts, and with a 

wound 54 2 

The surface of his body grazes. Yet 
He, turned upon the foe, with shield op- 
posed 
Advanced, and succor sought from his 

drawn blade : 
When wheel and axle, urged in their career, 
Him headlong drove, and pitches him on 

earth ; 
And Turnus following, 'tween his helmet's 

base 
And edges of his corselet-top, with sword 

cut off 
His head, and left the trunk upon the sand. 
Now, whilst deals conq'ring Turnus on 

the plains 55 1 

These deaths, meanwhile have Mnestheus, 

and the stanch 



Achates, and Ascanius their companion, 
Within the camp iEneas placed, blood- 
stained, 
Supporting with a long spear-end his steps 
Alternately. He rages, and, — the shaft 

. snapped off, — 
Strains to out-wrest the weapon, and the path 
To succor, which the nearest [lies], de- 
mands : — 
That with the broad sword they would cut 

the wound, 
And deep within lay ope the missile's shroud, 
And send him to the battles back. And now 
Stood by, of Phoebus loved before all else, 
lapis, son of Iasus ; to whom 563 

By violent affection erst enslaved, 
Apollo's self glad proffered his own crafts, 
His favors, — augury, and lyre, and nimble 

bolts. 
He, that his laid out father's destinies 
He might protract, to know the pow'rs of 
herbs, 



554. " Support your master, legges, a little further ; 
Faint not, bolde heart, with anguish of my wound ; 
Try further yet : can bloud weigh down my soul ?" 
Marston, The Insatiate Conntesse, iii. 

556. "Whom so dismaydwhen Cambellhad espide, 
Againe he drove at him with double might, 
That nought mote stay the Steele, till in his side 
The mortale point most cruelly empight ; 
Where fast infixed, whilest he sought by slight 
It forth to wrest, the staffe asunder brake, 
And left the head behinde : with which despight 

He all enrag'd his shivering speare did shake." 
Spenser, F. Q., iv. 3, 10. 

562. Spenser adds the charm of music to the 
physician's care : 

" Home is brought, and layd in sumptuous bed ; 
Where many skilfull leaches him abide 
To salve his hurts, that yet still freshly bled. 
In wine and oyle they wash his woundes wide, 
And softly gan embalme on everie side. 
And all the while most heavenly melody 
About the bed sweet musicke did divide, 
Him to beguile of grief and agony." 

F. Q; i- 5, 17. 

568. " From creeping moss to soaring cedar thou 

Dost all the powers and several portions know, 

Which father — Sun, and mother — Earth below, 

On their green infants here bestow : 
Canst all those magic virtues from them draw, 
That keep Disease and Death in awe." 

Cowley, To Dr. Scarborough. 

" Care and utmost shifts, 
How to secure the Lady from surprisal, 
Brought to my mind a certain shepherd lad, 
Of small regard to see to, yet well skill'd 
In every virtuous plant, and healing herb, 
That spreads her verdant leaf to the morning ray. 
He loved me well, and oft would beg me sing ; 
Which when I did, he on the tender grass 
Would sit and hearken even to ecstasy, 
And in requital ope his leathern scrip, 
And show me simples of a thousand names, 
Telling their strange and vigorous faculties." 

Milton, Comus. 



3i8 



v. 396 — 418. 



THE ^NEID. 



v. 419—435. 



The practice too of healing, rather chose, 
And fameless exercise the silent arts. 570 
Bitterly chafing did ^Eneas stand, 
While leaning on a mighty spear, with 

flocking vast 
Of youths and of lulus sad [at heart], — 
By tears immovable. The famed old man, 
In garb drawn'back, tucked up in Paeon mode, 
With healing palm, and Phoebus' sovereign 

plants, 
Makes many an anxious effort all in vain ; 
In vain the barbs with his right hand he 

shakes, 
And with his griping pincers grasps the steel. 
No Fortune indicates the course, naught aids 
His guide Apollo ; spreads, too, more and 

more 581 

Fierce terror on the field, and nigher lies 
The evil. Heav'n now see they stand in 

dust ; 
And cavalry advance, and thick the darts 
Amid th' encampment drop. A dismal cry 
Ascends to ether of the battling youths, 
And those that fall beneath remorseless 

Mars. 
Here, by th' unrightful suff ring of her son, 
His mother Venus, shocked, culls dittany 
From Cretan Ida, stalk with downy leaves, 
And tufting with a purple flow'r : those 

herbs 59 * 

To the wild goats are not unknown, what 

time 
Have wingy arrows fastened in their back. 
This Venus, compassed with a darkling cloud 
About her face, brought down ; with this 

the stream, 
Poured out in sheeny basins, she impregns, 
In secret healing it ; and sprinkles o'er 

573. lulus felt with Aminta : 

" Oh ! but your wounds 
How fearfully they gape ! and every one 
To me is a sepulchre : if I lov'd truly, 
(Wise men affirm that true love can do wonders,) 
These bath'd in my warm tears would soon be cur'd, 
And leave no orifice behind. Pray, give me leave 
To play the surgeon, and bind 'em up ; 
The raw air rankles 'em." 

J. Fletcher, The Sea-Voyage, ii. 1. 

577. " What has been left untried that art can do ? 
The hoary wrinkled leech has watch'd and toil'd, 
Tried every health-restoring herb and gum, 
And wearied out his painful skill in vain." 

Rowe, Lady Jane Gray, act i. 

594. " Here lights Hygeia, ardent to fulfill 
Mercy's behest. Light she sprung 
Along th' empyreal road : her locks distill'd 
Salubrious spirit on the stars. Full soon 
She pass'd the gate of pearl, and down the sky, 
Precipitant, upon the ev ning-wing 
Cleaves the live ether, and with healthy balm 
Impregnates, and fecundity of sweets." 

W. Thompson, Sickness, b. iv. 



The juices of Ambrosia fraught with health, 
And perfumed panacee. With lotion this 
lapis aged, unknowing, stuped the wound, 
And in a trice sooth vanished from his frame 
All smart ; at the wound's root stanched 
all the blood. 602 

And now the arrow, as it tracks the hand, 
None forcing it, drops out, and fresh re- 
turned 
His powers to their former state. " His arms 
Quick hasten for the hero ! Wherefore 

stand ?" 
lapis shouts, and first their souls he fires 
Against the foe : " Not these by mortal 

might, 
Nor by the mastership of skill, accrue ; 
Nor thee doth my right hand, /Eneas, save : 
A god more puissant acts, and sends thee back 
To grander feats." He, eager for the fight, 
His legs had cased in gold this side and that, 
And loathes delays, and brandishes his lance. 
When once his shield is fitted to his side, 
And corselet to his back, with arms out- 
spread 616 
He clasps Ascanius round, and, through his 

casque 
The surface of his lips bekissing, speaks : 
"Learn valor and true hardness, child, 
from me, 



604. This whole scene may remind Spenser's 
readers of Belphcebe's curing Prince Arthur : 
" Unto the woods thenceforth in haste shee went, 
To seeke for hearbes that mote him remedy ; 
For shee of herbes had great intendiment, 
Taught of the nymphe, which from her infancy 
Her nourced had in trew nobility : 
There, whether yt divine tobacco were, 
Or panachasa, or polygony, 
She fownd, and brought it to her patient deare, 
Who al this while lay bleding out his hart-blood 

neare. 
" The soveraine weede betwixt two marbles plaine 
Shee pownded small, and did in peeces bruze ; 
And then atweene her lilly handcs twaine 
Into his wound the juice thereof did scruze ; 
And round about, as she couid well it uze, 
The flesh therewith she suppled and did steepe, 
T' abate all spasme and soke the swelling bruze ; 
And, after having searcht the intuse deepe, 
She with her scarf did bind the wound, from cold 
tokeepe." F. Q., iii. 5, 32, 33. 

616. Glover has a fine passage, describing the 
parting scene between Leonidas and his family ; at 
the end of which the following occurs : 

" On ev'ry side his children press, 
Hang on his knees, and kiss his honour'd hand, 
His soul no longer struggles to confine 
Her agitation. Down the hero's cheek, 
Down flows the manly sorrow. Great in woe 
Amid his children, who enclose him round, 
He stands, indulging tenderness and love 
In graceful tears." Leonidas, b. i. 

619. " Ev'n present, in the very lap of love 
Inglorious laid : while music flows around, 



v. 436— 44i. 



BOOK XII 



v. 441—465. 



319 



Success from others. Now shall my right 
hand, 620 

By means of battle, render thee secure, 
And lead thee through my noble guerdons. 

See 
That thou [thereof] be mindful, when ere- 
long 
Thy age shall have advanced [to] ripe 

[estate], 
And thee, as thou recallest in thy mind 
Thy [fathers'] patterns, let alike thy sire 
./Eneas and thy uncle Hector rouse." 

These words when he delivered, from the 
gates 



Perfumes, and oils, and wine, and wanton hours ; 
Amid the roses fierce Repentance rears 
Her snaky crest : a quick returning pang 
Shoots through the conscious heart, where honour 

still, 
And great design, against the oppressive load 
Of luxury, by fits, impatient heave." 

Thomson, Spring. 

" But happen what there can, I will be just ; 

My fortune may forsake me, but not my virtue." 
Ben Jonson, Catiline, iv. 6, end. 

" Have a full man within you : . . . 
Perfumes, the more they are chafed, the more they 

render 
Their pleasing scents ; and so affliction 
Lxpresseth virtue fully, whether true, 
Or else adulterate." 

Webster, Vittoria Coroinbona, act i. 

" Who trained thee up in arms but I ? Who taught 
thee, 
Men were men only when they durst look down 
With scorn on death and danger, and contemned 
All opposition, till plumed Victory 
Had made her constant stand upon their helmets? 
Under my shield thou hast fought as securely 
As the young eaglet, covered with the wings 
Of her fierce dam, learns how and where to prey." 
Massinger, The Unnatural Combat, ii. 1. 

620. " Without misfortune Vertue hath no glory." 

Marston, Sophonisba, ii. 1. 

621. " Young Ned, for thee, thine uncles and myself 
Have in our armours watch"d the winter's night ; 
Went all a-foot in summer's scalding heat, 

That thou might'st repossess the crown in peace ; 
And of our labours thou shalt reap the gain." 

Shakespeare, 3 K. Henry VI., v. 7. 

626. " Hang all your rooms with one large pedi- 
gree ; 
'Tis virtue alone is true nobility : 
Which virtue from your father, ripe, will fall ; 
Study illustrious him, and you have all." 

Ben Jonson, Underwoods, cix. 8. 

Arcite laments to Palamon : 

" No issue know us, 
No figure of ourselves shall we e'er see, 
To glad our age, and like young eagles teach 'em 
Boldly to gaze against bright arms, and say, 
' Remember what your fathers were, and conquer !' " 
Shakespeare and Fletcher, The Two Noble 
Kinsmen, ii. 1. 



He sallied forth, a giant, swaying in his hand 
A javelin huge : at once in serried troop 630 
Antheus alike, and Mnestheus, dash amain, 
And from the quitted camp tides all the 

throng. 
The field is then with dingy dust tunnoiled, 
And quakes with tramp of feet the startled 

earth. 
Turnus beheld them, coming from the mound 
In front ; Ausons beheld them ; and a thrill, 
Ice-cold, careered throughout their inmost 

bones. 
Juturna first 'fore all the Latins heard, 
And knew the noise, and frightened fled 

away. 
He flies, and hurries through the open plain 
His dusky brigad: as when towards the 

lands, 641 

From constellation burst, a storm-cloud 

swoops 
Along 'mid ocean ; ah ! in wretched swains 
Their far foresightful hearts begin to dread : 
'Twill downfall deal to trees, and overthrow 
To standing corn ; . all far and wide 'twill 

wreck : 
Winds fly ahead, and waft a din to shore. 
Such the Rhcetean chieftain leads his troop 
Against the fronting foes ; they mass them 

close 
All in compacted wedges. With the sword 
Thymbrasus ponderous Osiris smites, 651 
Mnestheus Archetius, slays Achates Epulo, 
And Gyas Ufens ; falls the augur's self, 
Tolumnius, who first a dart had hurled 
Against the fronting foes. A shout is raised 
To heav'n, and, routed in their turn, the 

Rutuli 
Show dusty backs in flight thro'out the fields. 
Himself nor deigns to overthrow for death 
Those turned away ; nor those with even foot 
Closely engaged, nor those, who hurtle darts, 



629. " In peace, there's nothing so becomes a man, 
As modest stillness and humility ; 
But when the blast of war blows in our ears, 
Then imitate the action of the tiger: 
Stiffen the sinews, summon up the blood, 
Disguise fair nature with hard-favour'd rage : 
Then lend the eye a terrible aspect ; 
Let it pry through the portage of the head, 
Like the brass cannon ; let the brow o'erwhelm it, 
As fearfully as doth a galled rock 
O'erhang and jutty his confounded base, 
Swill'd with the wild and wasteful ocean. 
Now set the teeth, and stretch the nostril wide ; 
Hold hard the breath, and bend up every spirit 
To his full height !" 

Shakespeare, K. Henry V., iii. 1. 

658. " Merciful heaven ! 

Thou rather with thy sharp and sulphurous bolt 
Split'st the unwedgeable and gnarled oak, 
Than the soft myrtle." 

Shakespeare, Measure for Measure, ii. 2. 



320 



v. 466 — 49^« 



THE jENEID. 



v. 497—523- 



Pursues : he, searching, Turnus tracks alone 
In the thick cloud ; claims him alone for fight. 
Shocked by this apprehension in her soul, 
Juturna, manly maid, amid the reins 664 
Metiscus, Turnus' charioteer, unseats, 
And leaves him fallen from the pole afar. 
She takes his place herself, and with her 

hands 
The waving reins she guides, assuming all, 
Alike Metiscus' voice, and form, and arms. 
As when the dusky swallow wings her way 
Through noble mansions of a wealthy lord, 
And on her pinions round the lofty courts, 
Her scanty diet culling, and the food 673 
For babbling nests ; and now in void arcades, 
Now round the moistful pools, she twit- 
ters : — like 
[To her] Juturna on the midmost foes 
Is carried by the steeds, and, flying on, 
Through all she passes in the speeding car ; 
And here now, and now there, her brother 

shows 
Exulting , neither does she him allow 680 
T' engage his hand ; far flies she from the 

paths. 
No less, to meet him, does /Eneas thread 
The writhing circuits, and the hero tracks, 
And calls through scattered troops with 

thund'ring voice. 
As oft as on the foe he cast his eyes, 
And the wing-footed coursers' flight essayed 
In his career, — the chariot, veered away, 
So oft Juturna wheeled aside. Alas ! 
What could he do ? Upon a shifting tide 
He vainly wavers, and discordant cares 
Invite his spirit to opposing [plans]. 691 
At him Messapus, as in his left hand 
By chance he wielded, fleet in his career, 
Two lithe spear-handles, tipped with steel ; 

of these 
One launching, aims it with unerring blow. 
./Eneas halted, and within his arms 
His form he gathered sinking on his knee : 
Yet swift the lance his helm-top bore away, 
And from his head struck off the topmost 

plumes. 
Then, sooth, upstarts his wrath and, over- 
matched 700 
By stratagem, when feels he that the steeds, 
Turned from him, and the car were driven 

back, 
In many a word to witness calling Jove, 
And altars of the violated league, 



674. " Her young meanwhile, 

Callow and cold, from their moss-woven nest 
Peep forth ; they stretch their little eager throats 
Broad to the wind, and plead to the lone spray 
Their famish'd plaint importunately shrill." 

Mason, English Gay-den, b. iii. 



He now at length upon the midmost swoops, 
And, dreadful through a favorable Mars, 
Without distinction hideous slaughter wakes, 
And all the reins of anger flings adrift. 

What god can now to me so many scenes 
Of bitterness, what [god] can in the song 
The varied havoc, and the death of chiefs, 
Whom all thro'out the plain, and in his turn, 
Now Turnus, now the Trojan hero, hunts, — 
Develop ? Was it thy decree, O Jove, 714 
That in such fierce excitement should engage 
The nations, doomed to live in endless peace ? 
./Eneas Sucro of Rutulia[n birth], 
This combat first the hurtling Teucri fixed 
In [one] position, — causing him no great 

delay, 
Receives upon his side, and where the fates 
Are speediest, drives home the ruthless blade 
Right thro' his ribs and fences of his breast. 
Turnus, on foot encount'ring Amycus, 723 
Down from his charger flung, Dioies too, 
His brother, smites the one with lengthful 

spear, 
As up he comes, the other with the sword ; 
And in his car the severed heads of both 
Hangs up, and bears them stilling with their 

blood. 
The other Talos to his death, and Tanais, 
And brave Cethegus, three in one assault, 
And sad Onytes sends, Echion's name, 
And of his mother Peridia son ; 732 

This [slays] the brotherhood, from Lycia 

sent 
And from Apollo's fields ; Mencetes too, 
An Arcad youth, detesting wars in vain, 
Whose handicraft and indigent abode 
Had been about the fishful Lerna's streams : 
Nor were th' employments of the pow'rful 

known ; 
And in a rented land his father sowed. 
And like as fires, from diff'rent quarters 

loosed 740 

Upon the parching wood, and coppices, 
That crack with bay ; or when in swift 

descent 



707. " Stand out, and witness this, unhappy Spain 
Lift up to view the mountains of thy slain : 
Tell how thy heroes yielded to their fear, 
When Stanhope rous'd the thunder of the war ; 
With what fierce tumults of severe delight 
Th' impetuous hero plung'd into the fight. 
How he the dreadful front of Death defac'd, 
Pour'd on the foe, and laid the battle waste. 
Did not his arm the ranks of war deform, 
And point the hovering tumult where to storm ? 
Did not his sword through legions cleave his way, 
Break their dark squadrons, and let in the day? 
Did not he lead the terrible attack, 
Push Conquest on, and bring her bleeding back ? 
Throw wide the scenes of horrour and despair, 
The tide of conflict, and the stream of war'/'' 

Pitt, On the Death of Earl Stanhope. 



v. 523—548. 



BOOK XII 



v. 548 — 580. 



321 



Adown from lofty mounts the foamy floods 
Give forth a din, and hurry to the seas, 
Each turning his own passage into waste : — 
No slower Turnus and /Eneas, both, 
Dash through th' [em]battle[d linejs ; now, 

now their wrath 
Surges within ; their breasts are being burst, 
Unknowing to be overpowered ; now 
On wounds they rush with all their might 

and main. 750 

The one — Murranus, vaunting ancestry, 
And ancient titles of his father's sires, 
And pedigree, all traced through Latin 

kings, 
Headforemost with a rock, and whirling-cast 
Of monstrous stone, o'er throws, and flings 

him out 
Upon the ground. Him 'neath the reins 

and yokes 
The car rolled forward ; with repeated blow 
Down tramples him, above, the hurried hoof 
Of horses, not regardful of their lord. 
The other — Hyllus, as he hurtles on, 
And rages hideously with passion, meets, 
And whirls a javelin at his gilded brows ; 
Stood in his brain, through helmet pierced, 

the spear. 763 

Nor did thy right hand thee, most brave of 

Greeks, 
O Cretheus, save from Turnus ; nor his gods 
Bescreen Cupencus, when /Eneas comes : 
His bosom proffered he to meet the steel; 
Nor did reprieve of bronzen shield bestead 
The wretched man. Thee, ^Eolus, as well, 
Laurentine fields saw perish, and the earth 
Wide cov'ring over with thy back. Thou 

diest, 771 

Whom could not Argive phalanxes lay low, 
Nor the demolisher of Priam's realms, 
Achilles : here for thee were goals of death; 
A stately mansion under Ida [stands], 
A stately mansion at Lyrnese [for thee], 
In the Laurentine ground thy grave. So 

much 



744. " Smooth to the shelving brink a copious flood 

Rolls fair, and placid ; where, collected all 

In one impetuous torrent, down the steep 

It thundering shoots, and shakes the country round. 

At first, an azure sheet, it rushes broad ; 

Then whitening by degrees, as prone it falls, 

And from the loud resounding rocks below 

Dash'd in a cloud of foam, it sends aloft 

A hoary mist, and forms a ceaseless shower. 

Nor can the tortur'd wave here find repose : 

But, raging still amid the shaggy rocks, 

Now flashes o'er the scatter'd fragments, now 

Aslant the hollow channel rapid darts ; 

And, falling fast from gradual slope to slope, 

With wild infracted course, and lessen'd roar, 

It gains a safer bed, and steals at last 

Along the mazes of the quiet vale." 

Thomson, Summer. 



The hosts are wholly on each other turned, 
E'en all the Latins, all the Dardan sons : 
Mnestheus, and keen Serestus, and Mes- 
sapus, 780 

Steeds-tamer, and Asilas brave, and band 
Of Tuscans, and Evander's Arcad wings. 
According to their strength the warriors each 
Strive with the utmost effort of their powers : 
Nor stay, nor rest ; in struggle vast they 
strain. 
Here did his fairest mother send the 
thought 
T' /Eneas, to the walls to march, and turn 
His army to the city with despatch, 
And with a sudden slaughter to confound 
The Latins. He, when through the diff'rent 
ranks 790 

In tracking Turnus, he this side and that 
His eyes turned round, the city sees exempt 
From war so sore, and unchastised at ease. 
Forthwith the notion of a grander fray 
Inflames him. Mnestheus and Sergestus he 
Calls up, and brave Serestus, chiefs, and takes 
Possession of a knoll ; to which [resort] 
Flocks the remaining host of Teucer's sons; 
Neither their bucklers or their darts do they, 
Close[-filed], lay down. Upon the lofty 
mound 800 

He, standing central, speaks : ' ' Be no demur 
To my injunctions ; Jove on this side stands: 
Nor may there any, from the suddenness 
Of my emprise, for me the slower move. 
To-day the city, of the war the cause, 
Latinus' very realm, unless they pledge 

themselves 
To take the bit, and conquered to succumb, 
Will I uproot, and even with the earth 
Their smoking roof-tops lay. Am I, for- 
sooth, 
To wait till please it Turnus to endure 810 
Our fight, and he again may choose t' en- 
gage, 
[Though] conquered? This the head, O 

citizens, 
This is the front of the accursed war. 
Bring torches quick, and redemand the 

league 
With blazes." He had said, and they at 

once 
With emulating souls all form a wedge, 
And in a mass compacted, to the walls 
Are hurried forward. Unexpectedly 
Have ladders and a sudden fire appeared. 
Some run from diff'rent quarters to the gates 
And massacre the first ; some whirl the steel, 
And overshade the welkin with their darts. 
Himself /Eneas, 'mid the foremost ranks, 
His right hand stretches forth below the 
walls, 824 

Y 



322 



v. 580—594. 



THE ^ENEID. 



594—61: 



And chides Latinus with a thund'ring voice ; 
And calls the gods to witness, that again 
To battles is he driven ; that now twice 
Th' Italians were become his foes ; that this 
Was now the second league which had been 

broke. 
Up springs among the quaking citizens 830 
A strife. Some bid the city to unbar, 
And ope the portals to the Dardan sons, 
And to the ramparts drag their very king ; 
Arms others bear, and march to guard the 

walls. 
As when, within a shroudy pumice -rock 
Ensconced, a shepherd hath [a swarm of] 

bees 
Traced out, and filled it up with pungent 

smoke ; 
They in the inside, trembling for the state, 
Throughout their camp of wax run to and fro, 
And with their lusty buzzings whet their 

wrath ; 840 

A sooty stench is volumed to the roofs : 
Then with mysterious humming ring the 

rocks 
Within ; smoke rises to the empty air. 

This hap the harassed Latins too befell, 
Wliich the whole city from its base convulsed 



835. " Through subterranean cells, 

Where searching sunbeams scarce can find a way, 
Earth animated heaves. The flowery leaf 
Wants not its soft inhabitants. Secure 
Within its winding citadel, the stone 
Holds multitudes." Thomson, Summer. 

837. Or, more clearly : 
" And filled [their home] with pungent smoke." 

" Ah ! see, where robb'd and murder'd, in that pit 
Lies the still heaving hive ! At evening snatch'd 
Beneath the cloud of guilt-concealing night, 
And fix'd o'er sulphur : while, not dreaming ill, 
The happy people, in their waxen cells, 
Sat tending public cares, and planning schemes 
Of temperance, for Winter poor ; rejoic'd 
To mark, full flowing round, their copious stores. 
Sudden the dark oppressive steam ascends ; 
And, us'd to milder scents, the tender race, 
By thousands, tumble from their honey'd domes, 
Convolv'd, and agonising in the dust. 
And was it then for this you roam'd the Spring, 
Intent from flower to flower ? for this you toil'd 
Ceaseless the burning Summer-heats away '? 
For this in Autumn search'd the blooming waste, 
Nor lost one sunny gleam ? for this sad fate ? 
O, man ! tyrannic lord ! how long, how long, 
Shall prostrate Nature groan beneath your rage, 
Awaiting renovation ? When oblig'd, 
Must you destroy? Of their ambrosial food 
Can you not borrow ; and, in just return, 
Afford them shelter from the wintry winds ? 
Or, as the sharp year pinches, with their own 
Again regale them on some smiling day ? 
See where the stony bottom of their town 
Looks desolate and wild ; with here and there 
A helpless number, who the ruin'd state, 
Survive, lamenting weak, cast out to death." 
Thomson, Autumn. 



With woe. The queen, when she the foe- 
man spies 
Advancing on the town, the walls assailed, 
Fires flying to the roofs ; on th' other side 
Nowhere Rutulian bands, not any troops 
Of Turnus ; — evil-starred, believes the youth 
In strife of battle quenched, and in her mind 
Bewildered with the sudden pang, cries out 
That she is source, and guilty cause, and 

head 853 

Of their mishaps ; and, venting many a 

word, 
Distraught, in rueful frenzy, with her hand 
Her purple garments she, about to die, 
Asunder rends, and from a beam aloft 
Inweaves the noose of an unsightly death. 
The which calamity when once, in woe, 
The Latin ladies learnt, her daughter first, 
Lavinia, lacerated by her hand 861 

In amber tresses, and in rosy cheeks, 
Then the remaining throng around her, 

raves : 
Wide rings again the palace with their wails. 
The wretched rumor hence is noised abroad 
Through the whole city. They their souls 

depress ; 
Latinus paces with his raiment rent, 
Stunned by his consort's fates and city's 

wreck, 
His hoary hairs, besprent with dust unclean, 
Defiling ; and himself he much upbraids, 
For that he had not heretofore received 
^Eneas [of] Dardanian [line], and him 872 
Admitted freely as his daughter's spouse. 
Meanwhile upon the plain['s] remotest 

[part] 
The warrior Turnus hunts a straggling few, 
Now more inactive, and now less and less 
Delighting in his coursers' blest career. 
The breeze this outcry wafted to him, blent 

866. Shakespeare gives the following graphic 

picture of a disheartened host : 

" Why do you stay so long, my lords of France ? 
Yond' island carrions, desperate of their bones, 
Ill-favour'dly become the morning field : 
Their ragged curtains poorly are let loose, 
And our air shakes them passing scornfully. 
Big Mars seems bankrupt in their beggar'd host, 
And faintly through a rusty beaver peeps. 
The horsemen sit like fixed candlesticks, 
With torch-staves in their hand ; and their poor 

jades 
Lob down their heads, dropping the hides and 

hips, 
The gum down-roping from their pale-dead eyes, 
And in their pale dull mouths the gimmal bit 
Lies foul with chew'd grass, still and motionless ; 
And their executors, the knavish crows, 
Fly o'er them, all impatient for their hour. 
Description cannot suit itself in words, 
To demonstrate the life of such a battle, 
In life so lifeless as it shows itself." 

K. Henry V., iv. 2. 



v. 618 — 647. 



BOOK XII. 



v. 647 — 676. 



323 



With dark alarms, and struck his ears up- 
roused 
The wildered city's noise and joyless din. 
" Ah me ! why be the bulwarks with a wail 
So soreturmoiled? Or what such grievous cry 
Bursts from the city on a diff 'rent side ?" 
So speaks he, and distraught, with reins 

indrawn, 884 

Stood still. And him his sister, as, trans- 
shaped 
Into his charioteer Metiscus' guise, 
Alike the car, and steeds, and reins she ruled, 
Meets with such accents : " Turnus, by this 

[path] 
Let us pursue the sons of Troy, where first 
A passage conquest opes ; there others be, 
Who by their valor can protect their homes. 
^Fneas swoops upon the Itali, 892 

And blends the frays ; let us, too, with the 

hand 
Upon the Teucri send remorseless deaths. 
Inferior neither in the tale [of slain], 
Nor glory of the fight, shalt thou retire." 
Turnus to these : " O sister, e'en long since 
I knew thee, when at first thou didst by craft 
Unhinge the leagues, and gav'st thee for 

these wars ; 
And now, [though] goddess, thou deceiv'st 

in vain. 900 

But who hath willed that thou, sent down 

from heaven, 
Shouldst bear such grievous suff'rings ? 

Is't that thou 
Thy wretched brother's ruthless death 

shouldst see ? 
For what am I to do ? Or Fortune what 
Now pledges safety ? I myself beheld 
Before my eyes, calling me with his voice, 
Murranus, [one, ] than whom more dear to me 
Survives no other, die, a mighty man, 
And by a mighty wound subdued. Hath 

fallen 
The luckless Ufens, lest he our disgrace 910 
Should view ; the Teucri hold his corpse 

and arms. 
Our houses to be razed (this single [woe] 
Was lacking to our state ;) shall I endure ? 
Neither shall I with [this] right hand rebut 
The taunts of Drances ? Shall I turn my 

back? 
And Turnus flying shall this land behold ? 
Is it so very sad a thing to die ? 
Ye, O ye gods below, to me be kind, 



883. " What meanes this capering eccho? Or from 

whence 
Did this so lively counterfeit of thunder 
Breake out to liberty ? 

'Tis from the city." 
Rawlins, The Rebellion, act ii. 



Since hostile is the will of gods above. 
To you, a holy soul, and of that fault 920 
Unknowing, shall I downward go, not e'er 
Unworthy of my mighty ancestors." 

Scarce these he'd said, — lo ! through the 

midst of foes 
Flies Saces, carried on a foaming steed, 
By hostile arrow wounded in the face, 
And rushes forward, Turnus by his name 
Beseeching : " Turnus, [resting is] on thee 
Our last relief; have pity on thine own ! 
Thunders iEneas in his ai-ms, and threats 
That he will overthrow the topmost towers 
Of Itali, and [these] consign to wreck; 931 
E'en now the brands are flying to the roofs. 
On thee their faces do the Latins turn, 
On thee their eyes : the king Latinus' self 
Is musing, whom his sons-in-law to call, 
Or to which covenants himself to bend. 
Moreo'er the queen, all-faithful [she] to thee, 
Herself hath fallen by her own right hand, 
And, frighted, fled the light. Before the 

gates 
Alone Messapus and Atinas brave 940 

Support the fight. Round these on either side 
The phalanxes stand close, and with drawn 

blades 
A crop of iron bristles ; thou thy car 
Art wheeling round upon a waste of grass." 
Mazed by the chequered picture of their 

state, 
Was Turnus stunned, and stood in silent 

gaze. 
Seethes mighty in a single heart a shame, 
And madness with a mingled grief, and love, 
By Furies racked, and conscious worth. 

When first 
Were shades dispersed, and light was to his 

mind 950 

Restored, his flaming eyeballs to the walls 
He wildly rolled around, and from the 

car 
Towards the great city cast a look behind. 
But lo ! with blazes volumed through the 

floors, 
To heav'n there waved a crest, and seized a 

tower, — 
The tow'r, which he himself with jointed 

beams 
Had reared, and underneath applied the 

wheels, 
And overlaid with bridges high. " Now, 

now, 
O sister, do the Destinies prevail ; 



920. " Then free from fear or guilt, I'll wait my 

doom : 
W hate'er 's my fault, no stain shall blot my glory. 
I'll guard my honour, you dispose my life." 

Smith, PJuedra and Hippolytus, act ii. 
Y 2 



324 



v. 676 — 702. 



THE &NEID. 



v. 702 — 718. 



Forbear to stay me ; whither calls a god, 
And whither rigid Fortune, follow we. 961 
'Tis fixed that with yEneas I engage 
My hand ; 'tis fixed, whate'er of bitterness 
There is in death, to bear it ; nor shalt 

thou, 
O sister, me unhonored longer see. 
Pray, let me rave this raving first." He said, 
And from the chariot quickly made a spring 
Upon the fields ; and through the foes, 

through darts, 
He rushes, and his sorrowed sister quits, 
And bursts in fleet career the central ranks. 
And as when from a mountain's crest a rock 
In hurry rushes, by a tempest wrenched, — 
Whether a rageful show'r hath washed it 

off, 973 

Or stealing age hath loosened it by years, — 
Adown the steep the felon mount is borne 
With mighty swoop, and on the ground 

it vaults, 
Sweeping away with it woods, herds, and 

men : 
Among the scattered squadrons Turnus thus 
Swoops to the city walls, where reeks full 

much 
Of earth with gush of blood, and screech 

the gales 980 

With javelins ; and he beckons with his 

hand, 
And with a lusty voice at once begins : 
" Forbear now, Rutulans ; and, Latins, ye 
Your darts withhold : whatever Fortune is, 
Is mine ; it fairer is that I alone 
On your behalf should expiate the league, 
And [this our quarrel] by the sword 

decide." 
All in the midst withdrew, and gave him 

room. 
But sire ^Eneas, when was heard the 

name 
Of Turnus, quits alike the walls, and quits 
The tower-heights, and hurries all delays, 
Breaks off all labors, bounding with delight, 
And terribly enthunders in his arms : 993 
As huge as Athos, or as Eryx huge, 
Or huge as father Apennine himself, 

977. Beaumont and Fletcher employ a similar 
illustration with a wholly different design : 
" Like a wild overflow, that swoops before him 
A golden stack, and with it shakes down bridges, 
Cracks the strong hearts of pines, whose cable- 
roots 
Held out a thousand storms, a thousand thunders, 
And, so made mightier, takes whole villages 
Upon his back, and in that heat of pride 
Charges strong towns, towers, castles, palaces, 
And lays them desolate : so shall thy head, 
Thy noble head, bury the lives of thousands, 
That must bleed with thee like a sacrifice, 
In thy red ruins." Philaster, v. 3. 



When with his waving holms he roars, and 

joys, 

With snowy crest uplifting him to heaven. 
Now sooth in eagerness e'en Rutulans, 
And Trojans, and Italians, all, their eyes 
Turned towards them ; likewise those who 

occupied 1000 

The walls aloft, and those who battered with 

the ram 
The walls below ; and from their shoulders 

they 
Laid down their arms. Latinus is himself 
Astounded at the giant heroes, born 
In distant quarters of the universe, 
In mutual fight engaging, and [the strife] 
Deciding by the sword. Now they, what 

time 
The plains lay open with a vacant sward, 
In swift advance, with lances hurled from far, 
Commence the fray with shields and clank- 
ing bronze. 1010 
The earth gives forth a groaning ; then 

with swords 
Repeated blows do they redouble : chance 
And bravery are blent in one. And as, 
In vasty Sila, or Taburnus' crest, 
What time two bulls with brow r s confronted 

rush 
Upon the hostile frays ; in fright have fled 



999. " Methinks I see Death and the Furies waiting 
What we will do, and all the heaven at leisure 
For the great spectacle." 

Ben Jonson, Catiline, v. 5. 

1012. " Each at the head 

Levell'd his deadly aim ; their fatal hands 

No second stroke intend ; and such a frown 

Each cast at the other, as when two black clouds, 

With Heaven's artillery fraught, come rattling on 

Over the Caspian, then stand front to front, 

Hovering a space, till winds the signal blow 

To join their dark encounter in mid air : 

So frown'd the mighty combatants, that Hell 

Grew darker at their frown, so match'd they stood ; 

For never but once more was either like 

To meet so great a foe." Milton, P. L., b. ii. 

" Now waved their fiery swords, and in the air 
Made horrid circles ; two broad suns their shields 
Blazed opposite, while Expectation stood 
In horror. From each hand with speed retired, 
Where erst was thickest fight, the angelic throng, 
And left large field, unsafe within the wind 
Of such commotion ; such as, to set forth 
Great things by small, if, Nature's concord broke, 
Among the constellations war were sprung, 
Two planets, rushing from aspect malign 
Of fiercest opposition, in mid sky- 
Should combat, and their jarring spheres con- 
found." Ibid., b. vi. 

1016, 17. So Shakespeare makes the Severn flee 
at the sight of the encounter between Mortimer and 
Glendower : 

" Three times they breath'd, and three times did 
they drink, 

Upon agreement, of swift Severn's flood ; 



v. 7i8— 74 : 



BOOK XII 



v. 741—769. 



325 



The herdsmen ! all the flock stands dumb 

with fear, 
And muse the heifers who shall rule the 

lawn, 
Whom all the droves should follow : 'tween 

them they 
With lusty violence commingle wounds, 
And, as they butt, their horns infix, and 

bathe ' 1021 

Their necks and shoulders with abundant 

blood ; 
The pasture all rebellows with their roar. 
Not otherwise ^Eneas, sprung from Troy, 
And th' Daunian hero with their bucklers tilt 
Together ; crash prodigious fills the sky. 
Jove's self twain scales with balanced tongue 

upholds, 
And puts therein the diff'rent fates of 

both : — 
Whom may his travail doom, and whither 

Death 
May with his weight incline. Here forward 

springs 1030 

Imagining [he might] unharmed, and high 
With his whole body rises Turnus up 
Upon his sword uplifted, and he strikes. 
The Trojans and the quaking Latins shriek, 
And hosts of both are lifted [in suspense]. 
But broken is the traitor sword, and quits 
[The warrior] as he glows amid the stroke : 
[The prey of death,] save flight advance for 

aid. 
He flees more swift than Eurus, when he 

viewed io 39 

A hilt unknown, a right hand, too, unarmed. 
There is a legend, that, in headlong haste, 
What time he mounted for the op'ning frays 
His collared steeds, his father's falchion left, 
While he is in confusion, — he had seized 
His charioteer Metiscus' sword, and long 
This fully served him, while their flying 

backs 
The Trojans offered : after that it came 
To the Vulcanian armor of a god 1048 

The mortal falchion, like the brittle ice, 
In all directions shivered with the stroke ; 

Who then, affrighted with their bloody looks, 
Ran fearfully among the trembling reeds, 
And hid his crisp head in the hollow bank, 
Blood-stained with these valiant combatants." 
1 Henry IV., i. 3. 

1027. Milton imitates this at the end of the 4th 
book of the Paradise Lost. 

Murphy introduces a new and pleasing idea : 
" Heav*n holds its golden ballance forth, and weighs 

Zaphimri's and the Tartar's destiny, 

While hov'ring angels tremble round the beam." 
The Orphan of China, act iii. 

1038. The tutor must fill up the ellipsis in v. 733 
as best he may. 



The splinters glisten on the tawny sand. 
Therefore does Turnus wildly seek in flight 
The [field's] wide distant plains, and hither 

now, 
Then thither, mazy circuits he inweaves : 
For in all quarters with compacted ring 
The Teucri hemmed him in ; and on this side 
A swamp immense, on that high walls, en- 
close. 
Nor less iEneas, though from hamp'ring 

shaft 
At times his knees obstruct him, and decline 
The race, pursues, and hotly with his foot 
Presses the foot of his affrighted [foe]. 1061 
As if at times when lighting on a hart, 
Imprisoned by a stream, or by the cord 
Of crimson feather hedged, a hunter-dog 
With speed and bayings plies him hard 

but he, 
Scared by the ambush and the steepy bank, 
Flies and flies back [again] a thousand ways ; 
But th' active Umbrian, as wide he gapes, 
Is closing on him, and now now he gripes, 
And, like to one [who's in the] griping [act], 
Hath chided with his jaws, and is bemocked 
With bootless bite. Then sooth up springs 

a shout, 1072 

And banks and lakes return the echo round, 
And all the welkin thunders with the coiL 
At once the other, flying, chides at once 
All the Rutulians, calling each by name, 
And earnestly entreats his well-known 

sword. 
^Fneas, on the other hand, threats death, 
And ruin prompt, should any one approach, 
And frights the tremblers, threat'ning he 

would raze 1080 

Their city ; and [though] wounded presses on. 
Five circuits they complete in their career, 
And trace as many back this side and that : 
For neither light or gamesome meeds are 

sought ; 
But they for Turnus' life and blood contend. 
By chance, devote to Faunus, here had stood 
A wilding-olive with its bitter leaves, 
To seamen erst a wood to be revered, 
Where, rescued from the billows, they were 

used 1089 

To fix their off 'rings to Laurentum's god, 
And hang aloft their consecrated gear ; 



1080. " We will assail you like rebounding rocks. 
Bandied against the battlements of heaven ; 
We'll turn thy city into desart plains ; 
And thy proud spires, that seem to kiss the clouds, 
Shall with their gilt tops pave the miry streets." 
Heywood, The Foure Prentices of London. 

./Eneas may not have been absolutely unjust, for 
refusing to allow Turnus to get his own sword ; but 
he lost a good opportunity of earning a character 
for magnanimity. 



326 



v. 77o — 8oi. 



THE jENEID. 



v. 801 



30. 



But its religious stem had Teucer's sons 
With no distinction cleared away, that they 
Might hurtle on a naked field. Here stood 
The javelin of ^Eneas ; to this spot 
His whelming impulse had transported it, 
And kept it firmed within th' unyielding 

root. 
Leaned Dardanus' descendant [to the toil], 
And with his hand was minded to out- wrest 
The steel, and with the weapon to pursue 
Him, whom he could not capture in the race. 
Then sooth, distraught with terror, Turnus 

cries: 1102 

" O Faunus, pray have pity, and do thou, 
O earth thrice-excellent, hold fast the steel, 
If I have ever reverenced your dignities, 
Which, on the other hand, the ^Eneadae 
Have treated as unholy by the war." 
He said, and called the succor of the god 
To no effectless prayers. For, struggling 

long 
And dallying upon th' unyielding stem, 
By no exertions had ^Eneas power 
The clutches of the timber to unclinch. 
While keen he strains, and presses on, once 

more 1113 

Into the charioteer Metiscus' guise 
Transshaped, the Daunian goddess forward 

runs, 
And to her brother renders back his sword. 
At which [her act], that it should be allowed 
To the bold Nymph, in wrath drew Venus 

near, 
And tore the lance from out the deepsome 

root. 
They, lifted high, in armor and in soul 
Refreshed, — the one relying on his sword, 
The other, stern and stately with his spear, — 
Stand face to face in panting Battle's fray. 
Meanwhile the monarch of almighty 

heaven 11 24 

Addresses Juno, from a golden cloud 
Gazing upon the fights : "Where now shall be 
An end, O consort ? What in fine remains ? 
Thou knowest of thyself, and dost confess 
Thou know'st, y£neas as a hero- god 
Is due to heav'n, and by the Destinies 1130 
Is wafted to the stars. What plannest thou ? 
Or with what hope among the icy clouds 
Dost linger ? Was it seemly that a god 
Should be dishonored by a mortal wound ? 
Or that the sword, — for without thee what 

could 
Juturna ? — should when reft to Turnus be 
Restored, and to the conquered strength 

accrue ? 
Cease now at last, and by our prayers be 

swayed. 
Nor let such grievous anguish prey on thee 



In silence, and to me thy gloomy cares 1 140 
Oft from thy honeyed mouth return. The end 
We now have reached. By land or waves 

to vex 
The Trojans thou hast had the pow'r ; curst 

war 
To kindle up ; to mar the house ; and blend 
With woe the nuptials. Further to attempt 
Do I forbid thee." Jupiter thus spake ; 
Thus, on the other hand, with crestfall'n look 
[Spake] the Satumian goddess : " Sooth 

because 
That will of thine was known to me, great 

Jove, 
Both Turnus and the lands, unwilling I 
Have quitted ; nor should'st thou behold 

me now 1151 

Alone in [this our] skyey seat endure 
Things worthy, things unworthy ; but with 

flames 
Begirt, I in the very line would stand, 
And draw the Teucri to the hostile frays. 
Juturna, I acknowledge, I induced 
To help her wretched brother, and approved 
Her making greater ventures for his life ; 
Yet not that she should javelins [hurl], nor 

bend 
A bow : I swear by fountain-head of Styx, 
That cannot be appeased, which is assigned 
The single object of religious awe 1162 
To gods above. And now in sooth I yield, 
And loathing quit the fights. Of thee this 

[boon], — 
Which by no law of destiny is held, — 
I crave for Latium, for the dignity 
Of thine : when now by their auspicious 

match 
Peace, — be it so ! — shall they adjust; when 

now 
Laws and alliances they shall unite : 
Command not that the soil-born Latins 

change I I 70 

Their ancient name, nor Trojans should 

become, 
And Teucrians be called, or that the men 
Their speech should alter, or should change 

their garb. 
Let it be Latium ; Alban be their kings 
For ever ; puissant be the Roman race 
By prowess of Italia ; Troy hath fall'n, 
And suffer it t' havd fallen with its name." 
Smiling on her, [thi^s speaks] of men and 

things ' 

The author : ' ' Thou the sister art of Jove, 

1 163. " But prayer against His absolute decree 
No more avails than breath against the wind, 
Blown stifling back on him that breathes it forth : 
Therefore to His great bidding I submit." 

Milton, P. L., b. xL 



v. 830— 851. 



BOOK XII. 



v. 851—868. 



327 



And Saturn's other offspring : thou dost roll 
Such mountain waves of anger in thy breast ! 
But come, and quell a rage conceived in 

vain. 1 182 

I grant what thou dost wish ; and, e'en 

subdued 
And willing, I myself resign. Their native 

speech 
And customs the Ausonians shall retain : 
And as it [now] is, [so] the name shall be : 
Only, incorporated in the state, 
The Teucrians shall sink. The form and 

rites 
Of their religious [worship] I will add, 
And make them Latins, of one language all. 
The strain, which, blended with Ausonian 

blood, 1 19 1 

Shall hence arise, above mankind, above 
The gods, in piety thou'lt see advance ; 
Nor any race thy services alike 
Shall solemnise." To these doth Juno bow, 
And in delight veered round her mind. 

Meanwhile 
She issues from the sky, and quits the 

cloud. 
These done, the Sire himself within him- 
self 
Revolves another [purpose], and prepares 
To part Juturna from her brother's arms. 
Twin Fiends are called by name " The 

Furies," whom, 1201 

And Tartaran Megaera, dismal Night 
At one and at the selfsame birth produced, 
And girt about with equal coils of snakes, 
And added stormy wings. These at the 

throne 
Of Jove, and in their rageful monarch's 

court, 
Appear, and sharpen ailing mortals' dread, 
If ever fearful death and sicknesses 



1208. Parnell shows that properly " death " is not 
fearful : 

" Now from yon black and funeral yew, 
That bathes the charnel-house with dew 
Methinks I hear a voice begin : 
(Ye ravens, cease your croaking din, 
Ye tolling clocks, no time resound 
O'er the long lake and midnight ground !) 
It sends a peal of hollow groans, 
Thus speaking from among the bones : 

' When men my scythe and darts supply, 
How great a king of fears am I ! 
They view me like the last of things ; 
They make, and then they dread, my stings. 
Fools ! if you less provok'd your fears, 
No more my spectre-form appears. 
Death's but a path that must be trod, 
If man would ever pass to God : 
A port of calms, a state to ease 
From the rough rage of swelling seas.' 

Why then thy flowing sable stoles, 
Deep pendent cypress, mourning poles, 



The king of gods designs, or frights with war 
The cities that deserve it. One of these 
Jove quick sent down from th' empyrean's 

height, 121 1 

And ordered her Juturna to oppose, 
For a portent. She flies, and to the earth 
With sweepy whirl is borne : not otherwise 
Than, from the string projected through a 

cloud, 
The shaft, which, armed with gall of felon 

bane, 
Hath Parthian, Parthian or Cydonian, 

shot, — 
A cureless bolt, — flies whizzing and un- 

kenned 
Athwart the posting shadows. In such sort 
Night's daughter sped her way, and sought 

the lands. 122c 

When once she spies the Ilian lines, and 

troops 
Of Turnus, dwindled to the sudden form 
Of [that] small bird, which sometimes on 

the tombs, 
Or lonely gables, sitting in the night, 
Late chants, of evil omen, through the 

shades ; — 
Into this guise transshaped, 'fore Turnus' 

face 
The fiend now swoopeth on, now swoopeth 

off, 
Screaming, and with her pinions flops his 

shield. 
His limbs strange numbness with affright 

relaxed, 
And [stood] his hair on end with dread, 

and voice 1230 



Loose scarfs to fall athwart thy weeds, 
Long palls, drawn hearses, cover'd steeds, 
And plumes of black, that, as they tread, 
Nod o'er the scutcheons of the dead ?" 

A Night-Piece on Death. 
1228. " The ominous raven often doth he hear, 
Whose croaking him of following horror tells, 
Begetting strange imaginary fear, 
With heavy echoes, like to passing bells : 
The howling dog a doleful part doth bear, 
As though they chim'd his last sad burying knells: 
Under his eave the buzzing screech-owl sings, 
Beating the windows with her fatal wings." 

Drayton, Barons' Wars, v. 43. 
1230. " I am thane of Cawdor : 

If good, why do I yield to that suggestion, 
Whose horrid image doth unfix my hair, 
And make my seated heart knock at my ribs, 
Against the use of nature ?" 

Shakespeare, Macbeth, i. 3. 
" I could a tale unfold, whose lightest word 
Would harrow up thy soul, freeze thy young 

blood, 
Make thy two eyes, like stars, start from their 

spheres, 
Thy knotted and combined locks to part, 
Like quills upon the fretful porcupine." 

Hamlet, i. 5. 



328 



v. 868—884. 



THE ^ENEID. 



v. 884 — 907. 



Clave to his jaws. But when afar she knew 
The whirring of the Fury and her wings, 
Juturna, his unhappy sister, tears 
Her streaming tresses, marring with her 

nails 
Her features, and her breast with clenched 

hands. 
" What can thy sister aid thee,Turnus, now ? 
Or what for heartless me doth now remain ? 
By what device may I now stay the light 
For thee ? Can I to such a prodigy 
Myself oppose? Now, now, I leave the 

lines. 1240 

Affright me not, afraid, ill-omened birds : 
Your pinions' strokes I know and deathly 

din j 
Nor 'scape me haught behests of high- 

souled Jove. 
These for my maidenhood doth he requite ? 
For what vouchsafed me everlasting life ? 
Why are death's circumstances reft away ? 
Such grievous woes now surely I could end, 
And comrade to my wretched brother pass 
Among the shades. Immortal I ? Or what 
Of my [enjoyments] will to me be sweet 
Without thee, O my brother ? Oh ! what 

earth 1251 

Can yawn sufficiently profound for me, 

1232. " Those baleful unclean birds, 

Those lazy owls, who, perch'd near fortune's top, 
Sit only watchful with their heavy wings 
To cuff down new-fledg'd virtues, that would rise 
To nobler heights, and make the grove harmo- 
nious." Otway, Venice Preserved, ii. 2. 

1244. Had Juturna been more virtuous, she had 
been more powerful. Even Clorin says : 

" Sure I am mortal, 
The daughter of a shepherd ; he was mortal, 
And she that bore me mortal : prick my hand, 
And it will bleed : a fever shakes me, and 
The selfsame wind that makes the young lambs 

shrink 
Makes me a-cold : my fear says I am mortal. 
Yet I have heard, (my mother told it me, 
And now I do believe it,) if I keep 
My virgin flower uncropt, pure, chaste, and fair, 
No goblin, wood-god, fairy, elf, or fiend, 
Satyr, or other power that haunts the groves, 
Shall hurt my body, or by vain illusion 
Draw me to wander after idle fires ; 
Or voices calling me in dead of night, 
To make me follow, and so tole me on, 
Through mire and standing pools to find my ruin." 

J. Fletcher, The Faithful Shepherdess, i. 1. 
1251. " Then all is lost ! 

Why pauses ruin, and suspends the stroke 1 
Is it to lengthen out affliction's term, 
And feed productive woe ? Where shall the groans 
Of innocence deserted find redress ? 
Shall I exclaim to Heav'n ? Already Heav'n 
It's pity and protection has withdrawn. 
Earth, yield me refuge then ; give me to lie 
Within thy cheerless bosom ; there put oft" 
Th' uneasy robe of being ; there lay down 
The load of my distress." 

Smollett, The Regicide, iii. 1. 



And sink a goddess to the lowest ghosts ?" 
She thus much having uttered, veiled her 

head 
With sea-green mantle, heaving many a 

. groan, 
And plunged herself within the deepsome 

flood. 
iEneas presses on the other side, 
And waves a weapon, vasty, like a tree, 
And from a furious bosom thus he speaks : 
' ' What after all is now th' impediment ? 
Or wherefore, Turnus, now dost thou recoil ? 
'Tis not in running that we have to fight, 
'Tis hand to hand with ruthless weapons. 

Turn thyself 1263 

Into all guises ; muster, too, whate'er 
Thou'rt able or by courage or by skill ; 
Desire on wings the lofty stars to track, 
And, jailed, to hide thee in the womby 

earth." 
He, waving to and fro his head, [replies] : 
' ' Thy fiery words, O savage, fright me not ; 
Fright me the gods and Jupiter my foe." 
Nor utt'ring more, he spies a monster stone, 
An ancient stone, a monster, which by 

chance 1272 

Was lying on the plain, a land-mark placed, 
To settle disputation for the fields. 
This scarce would twice six chosen [men] 

support 
Upon their neck, — such frames of men as 

now 
The earth brings forth. [This], seized with 

hurried hand, 
The famous hero launched against the foe, 
Uprising higher, and hasting with a run. 
But, neither as he runs, himself he knows, 
Nor as he walks, nor lifting with his hand, 
And wielding the huge stone. His knees 

give way ; 1282 

His icy blood has curdled with a chill. 
Then e'en the hero's rock, through th' 

empty void 
Whirled on, nor all the distance overpassed, 



1270. " Tell it, ye conscious walls ; 

Bear it, ye winds, upon your pitying wings ; 
Resound it, Fame, with all your hundred tongues. 
Oh ! hapless youth ! all heaven combines against 
you !" 
Smith, Phcedra and Hippolytus, act iv. end. 

1272. Spenser had probably this passage in view, 
when describing the last attack of Maleger on 
Prince Arthure : 

" Thereby there lay 
An huge great stone, which stood upon one end, 
And had not bene removed many a day ; 
Some land-marke seemd to bee, or signe of sundry 

way : 

****** 
The same he snatcht, and with exceeding sway 
Threw at his foe." F. Q., ii. 11, 35-6. 



v. 907— 934. 



BOOK XII 



v. 934—947- 



329 



Nor carried home its blow. And as in 

dreams, 
When fainty rest hath sealed the eyes at night, 
In vain to stretch the eager race we seem 
To wish, and in the midst of our attempts 
Sink feeble down : availeth not the tongue ; 
Suffice not in the frame familiar powers ; 
Nor voice [n]or words ensue : to Turnus 
thus, 1292 

By whatsoever might a path he sought, 
Success the demon dread denies him. Then 
Within his bosom sundry thoughts are 

whirled. 
Upon the Rutulans he casts an eye, 
And on the city, and demurs through fear, 
And shudders at the swooping of the lance ; 
Nor [sees he] whither he may 'scape away, 
Nor with what power he may make ad- 
vance i3°o 
Against the foe, nor anywhere descries 
His chariot, and his sister-charioteer. 
Against the waverer his doomful lance 
.Emeas vibrates, having with his eyes 
Marked out the destined spot, and it from far 
With all his bodyf's effort] on him hurls. 
From mural engine shot, ne'er stones thus 

roar, 
Nor from the flash burst forth such mighty 

peals. 
In likeness of a sooty whirlwind flies, 
Destruction awful bringing on, the spear, 
And open lays the borders of his mail, 
And farthest circles of his sev'n-fold shield ; 
Through his mid thigh it hissing grides. 
Down falls 1313 

The giant Turnus, smitten to the earth 
With doubled knee. Uprise at once with 

groan 
The Rutuli, and all the mount rebellows 

round, 
And wide the deepsome groves return the 

cry. 
He, lowly and in prayerful form, his eyes 
And right hand stretching forward, saith : 
" [This] sooth have I deserved, nor de- 
precate ; 1320 
Enjoy thy fortune. If can thee affect 
Any concern for an unhappy sire ; 
I pray thee, — thou hadst such a father, too, 



1290. " I strive to call, my tongue has lost its sound : 
Like rooted oaks, my feet benumb'd are bound." 
Gay, Dione, iv. 1. 

" But as in slumbers, when we fain would run 
From our imagin'd fears, our idle feet 
Grow to the ground, our struggling voice dies in- 
ward : 
So now. when I would force myself to cheer you, 
My falt'ring tongue can give no glad presage." 
Drydcn, Troilus and Cressida, v. 1. 



Anchises, — pity Daunus' eld, and me ! 
Or, if thou wouldest rather, robbed of light, 
My body to my [friends], restore. 'Tis 

thou 
Hast conquered, and the conquered stretch 

his hands 
Have Ausons seen. Lavinia is thy bride ; 
Persist no further in thy hate." Grim stood 
In arms ^Eneas, rolling [round] his eyes, 
And right hand checked, and still and still 
the more 133 1 

The wav'rer had the speech begun to bend ; 
When on his tow'ring shoulder there ap- 
peared 
The luckless sash, and with familiar studs 
The bawdrick of the youthful Pallas gleamed, 
Whom, conquered by a wound, had Turnus 

felled, 
And on his shoulders wore the foeman's 



He, — after the memorials of fell woe, 
And spoils, he with his eyes drank in, in- 
flamed 
By frenzies, and terrific in his wrath : — 
' ' Shalt thou, tricked out in plunder of my 
[friends], 1341 



1328. " Soft beauty is the gallant soldier's due ; 
For you they conquer, and they bleed for you." 

Tickell, On the Prospect of Peace. 

1329. " Isabella. Yet show some pity. 
Angelo. I show it most of all, when I show jus- 
tice ; 

For then I pity those I do not know, 
Which a dismiss'd offence would often gall, 
And do him right, that, answering one foul wrong, 
Lives not to act another. 

Isabella. Oh ! it is excellent 

To have a giant's strength ; but it is tyrannous 
To use it like a giant." 

Shakespeare, Meastirefor Measure, ii. 2. 

Had the unfortunate Turnus fully known the man 
with whom he had to deal, he might, perhaps, have 
addressed him thus : 

" When I have number'd 
A few sad minutes, thou shalt be reveng'd, 
And I shall never trouble thee. If this 
Be not enough, extend thy malice further, 
And, if thou find'st one man that lov'd me, living, 
Will honour this cold body with a grave, 
Be cruel, and corrupt his charity." 

Shirley, The Constant Maid, v. 3. 

1340. " Forbear ! the ashy paleness of my cheek 
Is scarletted in ruddy flakes of wrath ; 

And like some bearded meteor shall suck up, 
With swiftest terror, all those dusky mists, 
That overcloud compassion in our breast. 
You have roused a sleeping lion, whom no art, 
No fawning smoothness shall reclaim, but blood." 
Ford, Love's Sacrifice, iv. 1 . 

1 341. "Was't not enough that thou hadst mur- 
der'd him ; 

i But tliou must triumph in thy guilt, and wear 
1 His bleeding spoils? Oh! let me tear them from 
tliee !" Whitehead, The Roman Father, v. 1. 

/. 



33° 



v. 948—949- 



THE ^ENEID. 



v. 949—952. 



Be hence delivered from me ? By this wound 
'Tis Pallas, Pallas, victimiseth thee, 



Gustavus Vasa differently : 

" Thro' my ranks, 
My circling troops, the fell Gustavus rush'd : 
' Vengeance !' he cried ; and with one eager hand 
Griped fast my diadem ; his other arm 
High rear'd the deathful steel, — suspended yet : 
For in his eye, and thro' his varying face, 
Conflicting passions fought. He look'd, — he stood 
In wrath reluctant ; — then, with gentler voice, 
' Christina, thou hast conquered ! Go,' he cried, 
' I yield thee to her virtues.' " 

Brooke, Gustavus Vasa, v. 4. 

What numbers might have said to iEneas : 
" Thy narrow soul 
Knows not the godlike glory of forgiving : 
Nor can thy cold, thy ruthless heart conceive 
How large the power, how fix'd the empire is, 
Which benefits confer on generous minds. 



And taketh vengeance on thy cursed blood." 
This saying, he within his hostile breast 
The falchion hotly buries : but his limbs 
Are with death-chill relaxed, and with a 

groan 
The life disdainful flies beneath the shades. 

Goodness prevails upon the stubborn foes, 
And conquers more than ever Caesar's sword did." 
Rowe, Lady Jane Gray, act v. 

And Mneas himself might have considered — 
"That his virtues 
Will plead like angels, trumpet-tongued, against 
The deep damnation of his taking-off ; 
And Pity, like a naked new-born babe, 
Striding the blast, or heaven's cherubin, hors'd 
Upon the sightless couriers of the air, 
Shall blow the horrid deed in every eye, 
That tears shall drown the wind." 

Shakespeare, Macbeth, i. 7. 



ERRATA. 



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5o. 


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60. 




80. 


55 


84. 


55 


95- 


55 


96. 


55 


168. 


55 


173. 


55 


174. 


55 


177. 


55 


202. 


55 


221. 


55 


264. 



9" 



Note, line 43, for " tendenti" read " tondenti." 
,, ,, 150, ,, "Leneothoe" ,, "Leucothoe." 
,, ,, 531, ,, "Antony" ,, "Antonio." 
Line 714, „ "in" ' „ "with." 

349, ,, "airs" 
Note, line 714, dele last line. 
Dele Note, line 106. 
Note, line 792, for 

Jonson." 

Note, line 820, for " 792 " read " 790." 
Before quotation from Milton insert " 967." 
In second column, last line but one, read " meed" for 
Line 18, for the second " as " read " while." 
Line 172, insert " do " before " I." 
Note, line 1225, for "fort" read "port." 
Line 1022, for "they" read "thou." 
88, dele " V 



" 792 " read " 790," and insert " 792" before " Ben 



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Hamilton's (Lady, the Mistress of Lord Nelson) Attitudes, 
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Art and Letters, an Illustrated Magazine of Fine Art and 
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Stewart's (Dugald) Collected Works, best edition, edited 
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Biographical Memoirs of Adam Smith, Principal Robert- 
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History of the War of Frederick I. against the Conwiunes 
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Martineau (Harriet) — The History of British Rule in 
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Matheivs (Charles James, the Actor) — Life of, chiefly 
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and superstitions are singularly interesting." — St James s Gazette. 

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physical science." — Vanitv Fair. 

Patterson (R. H.) — The New Golden Age, and Influence 

of the Precious Metals upon the War, 2 vols, 8vo, cloth (pub 

31s 6d), 6s, Blackwood & Sons. 

Contents. 

Vol I. — The Period of Discovery and Romance of the New Golden 
Age, 1848-56. — The First Tidings — Scientific Fears, and General Enthusiasm — 
The Great Emigration — General Effects of the Gold Discoveries upon Commerce 
— Position of Great Britain, and First Effects on it of the Gold Discoveries — The 
Golden Age in California and Australia — Life at the Mines. A Retrospect. — 
History and Influence of the Precious Metals down to the Birth of Modern 
Europe — The Silver Age in America— Effects of the Silver Age upon Europe — 
Production of the Precious Metals during the Silver Age (1492-1810) — Effects of 
the Silver Age upon the Value of Money (1492-1800). 

Vol II. — Period of Renewed Scarcity. — Renewed Scarcity of the Precious 
Metals, a.d. 1800-30 — The Period of Scarcity. Part II. — Effects upon Great 
Britain — The Scarcity lessens — Beginnings of a New Gold Supply — General 
Distress before the Gold Discoveries. "Cheap" and "Dear" Money— On 
the Effects of Changes in the Quantity and Value of Money. The New Golden 
Age. — First Getting of the New Gold — First Diffusion of the New Gold — Indus- 
trial Enterprise in Europe — Vast Expansion of Trade with the East (a.d. 1855- 
75) — Total Amount of the New Gold and Silver — Its Influence upon the World 
at large — Close of the Golden Age, 1876-80 — Total Production of Gold and 
Silver. Period 1492-1848. — Production of Gold and Silver subsequent to 1848 — 
Changes in the Value of Money subsequent to a.d. 1492. Period a.d. 1848 
and subsequently. Period a.d. 1782-1865. — Illusive Character of the Board of 
Trade Returns since 1853 — Growth of our National Wealth. 

Richardson and Watts' Complete Practical Treatise on 
Acids, Alkalies, and Salts, their Manufacture and Application, 
by Thomas Richardson, Ph.D., F.R.S., &c, and Henry Watts, 
F.R.S., F.C.S., &c, illustrated with numerous wood engravings, 
3 thick 8vo vols, cloth (pub £4. 10s), 8s 6d, London. 

Tunis, Past and Present, with a Narrative of the French 

Conquest of the Regency, by A. M. Broadley, Correspondent of 

the Ii)iies during the War in Tunis, with numerous illustrations 

and maps, 2 vols, post 8vp, cloth (pub 25s), 6s, Blackwood & Sons. 

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volumes. Possessing a thorough knowledge of Arabic, he has for years acted as 

confidential adviser to the Bey. . . . The information which he is able to place 

before the reader is novel and amusing. ... A standard work on Tunis has 

been long required. This deficiency has been admirably supplied by the author. " 

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Cerva?ites — History of the Ingenious Gentleman, Don 
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Dyer (Thomas H, LL.D.) — Imitative Art, its Principles 
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Junior Etching Club — Passages from Modern English 
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Smith (J. Moyr) — Ancient Greek Female Costume, illus- 
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Strutfs Sylva Britannice et Scotiaz ; or, Portraits of 
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imp. folio, half morocco extra, gilt top, a handsome volume (pub 
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Walpotis (Horace) A?iecdotes of Pai?iting in England, 
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James Dallaway ; and Vertue's Catalogue of Engravers who have 
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Warren's (Samuel) Works — Original and early editions 
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Now and Then ; Through a Glass Darkly, early edition, 

crown 8vo, cloth (pub 6s), is 6d. Blackwood, 1853. 
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Arnold's {Cecil) Great Sayings of Shakespeare, a Com- 
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of Allusions, Reflections, Images, Familiar and Descriptive Pas- 
sages, and Sentiments from the Poems and Plays of Shakespeare, 
Alphabetically Arranged and Classified under Appropriate Head- 
ings, one handsome volume of 422 pages, thick 8vo, cloth (pub 
7s 6d), 3s. Bickers. 

Arranged in a manner similar to Southgate's " Many Thoughts of Many 
Minds." This index differs from all other books in being much more com- 
prehensive, while care has been taken to follow the most accurate text, and to 
cope, in the best manner possible, with the difficulties of correct classification. 

Bacon (Brands, Lord) — ■ Works, both English and Latin, 
with an Introductory Essay, Biographical and Critical, and 
copious Indices, steel portrait, 2 vols, royal 8vo, cloth (originally 
pub £2 2s,) 12s, 1879. 
" All his works are, for expression as well as thought, the glory of our nation, 

and of all later ages." — Sheffield, Duke of Buckinghamshire. 

"Lord Bacon was more and more known, and his books more and more 

delighted in ; so that those men who had more than ordinary knowledge in 

human affairs, esteemed him one of the most capable spirits of that age." 

Burnet (Bishop) — History of the Reformation of the 
Church of England, with numerous Illustrative Notes and copious 
Index, 2 vols, royal 8vo, cloth (pub 20s), 10s, Reeves & Turner, 
1880. 
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religion in this country as long as any religion remains among us. Burnet is, 

without doubt, the English Eusebius." — Dr Apthorpe. 

Burnet s History of his Own Ti?ne, from the Restoration 
of Charles II. to the Treaty of the Peace of Utrecht, with 
Historical and Biographical Notes, and a copious Index, com- 
plete in I thick volume, imperial 8vo, portrait, cloth (pub £1 5s), 
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the stark wickedness that actually gave the momentutn to national actors ; none 
of that cursed Humeian indifference, so cold, and unnatural, and inhuman," &c. 
— Charles Lamb. 

Dante — The Divina Conimedia, translated into English 
Verse by James Ford, A.M., medallion frontispiece, 430 pages, 
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cannot refrain from acknowledging the many good qualities of Mr Ford's trans- 
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those who enjoy true poetry to study once more the masterpiece of that literature 
from whence the great founders of English poetry drew so much of their sweet- 
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Dobs on { W. T.) — The Classic Poets, their Lives and their 
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Paradise Regained. 

English Literature : A Study of the Prologue and 
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Johnson {Doctor) — His Friends and his Critics, by 
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conditions of strange life and folk. ... A better antidote to recent gloomy 
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Duncan (John, Scotch Weayer and Botanist) 

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of his work or, when that was slack, taking ahand at the harvest, form an interest- 
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enhanced by detailed descriptions of the district he lived in, and of his numerous 
friends and acquaintance." — Athenceum. 

Scots (Ancient)— An Examination of the An- 
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the Origin of the Scots ; Ireland not the Hibernia of the 
Ancients ; Interpolations in Bede's Ecclesiastical History and 
other Ancient Annals affecting the Early History of Scotland 
and Ireland — the three Essays in one volume, crown 8vo, cloth 
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early History of Ireland and Iceland, in order to ascertain which has the better 
claim to be considered the original country of the Scots. In the second and 
third an attempt is made to show that Iceland was the ancient Hibernia, and 
the country from which the Scots came to Scotland ; and further, contain a 
review of the evidence furnished by the more genuine of the early British Annals 
against the idea that Ireland was the ancient Scoti't. 

Magic and Astrology — Grant (James)— The 

Mysteries of all Nations : Rise and Progress of Superstition, 
Laws against and Trials of Witches, Ancient and Modern 
Delusions, together with Strange Customs, Fables, and Tales 
relating to Mythology, Miracles, Poets, and Superstition, 
Demonology, Magic and Astrology, Trials by Ordeal, Super- 
stition in the Nineteenth Century, &c, I thick vol, 8vo, cloth 
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actual observation during a period of nearly forty years. 

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A Story of the Shetland Isles. 

Saxby {Jessie M., author of " Da a la-Mist," &>c.) — Rock- 
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Burn (R. Scott) — The Practical Directory for the Lm- 
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Economic Cultivation of its Farms (the most valuable work on 
the subject), plates and woodcuts, 2 vols, 4to, cloth (pub ^3 3s), 
15s, Paterson. 

Burnefs Treatise on Painting, illustrated by ijo Etchings 
from celebrated pictures of the Italian, Venetian, Flemish, Dutch, 
and English Schools, also woodcuts, thick 4to, half morocco, gilt 
top (pub £4. 10s), £2 2S. 

The Costumes of all Nations, Ancient and Modern, 
exhibiting the Dresses and Habits of all Classes, Male and Female, 
from the Earliest Historical Records to the Nineteenth Century, 
by Albert Kretschmer and Dr Rohrbach, 104 coloured plates 
displaying nearly 2000 full-length figures, complete in one hand- 
some volume, 4to, half morocco (pub £4 4s), 45s, Sotheran. 

Dryderts Dramatic Works, Library Edition, with Notes 
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Lessing's {Dr J.) Ancient Orie?ilal Carpet Patterns, after 
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The most beautiful Work on the " Stately Homes of England." 
Nash's Mansions of England in the Olden Time, 104 
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new and complete history of each Mansion, by Anderson, 4 vols 
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Richardson's- (Samuel) Works, Library Edition, with 
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cloth extra, impression strictly limited to 750 copies (pub £6 6s), 
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